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Alphacrucis College (AC, formerly Commonwealth Bible College and Southern Cross College) is a Christian tertiary college and is the official ministry training college of Australian Christian Churches, the Assemblies of God in Australia. The College has several campuses, with the main campus in Parramatta, New South Wales, Australia. The College has programmes running in various colleges and churches around Australia. Since the College was founded in 1948, over 3,000 students have been trained and the graduates are engaged in ministry all around the world. AC offers several vocational education and training courses in ministry, business, music, chaplaincy and counselling; accredited by the Australian Skills Quality Authority. It is also a non-self-accrediting higher education institution, authorised to provide a limited range of theology, ministry, business, leadership, and arts degrees up to doctorate level, including a Korean language programme. The college ethos is based on a Pentecostal/Charismatic orientation. In 2009, the college had an Equivalent Full Time Student Load of over 500. AC began as "Commonwealth Bible College" in 1948 in Melbourne, after an abortive attempt by Henry Wiggins to set up the college in the 1930s. In 1949 the college moved to Brisbane, first to New Farm, and in 1961 to a purpose-built campus on the Brisbane River which was destroyed in the 1974 Brisbane flood. After a year of temporary operation at Glad Tidings Tabernacle in Brisbane, a new campus was obtained and refurbished at Katoomba, New South Wales in the former Palais Royale guesthouse. The facilities of the Illawara Bible College were later added to the campus. The college remained at Katoomba until 1995. In 1993 the name was changed, first to "Southern Cross Bible College" and then to "Southern Cross College of the Assemblies of God in Australia Ltd" (not to be confused with Southern Cross University). From early 1996 to August 2011, the college was at Chester Hill, New South Wales. For a period during this time, the college was associated with the Sydney College of Divinity. On 27 April 2009 at the Australian Christian Churches National Conference, Southern Cross College officially changed it name to "Alphacrucis". The new name derives from the star that sits at the foot of the Southern Cross constellation named Alpha Crucis. The principal, Stephen Fogarty, says, “Alphacrucis is the brightest star in the Southern Cross, and it’s at the foot of the cross. […] We want our students to shine brightly at the foot of the cross.” In September 2011, AC relocated its main campus to 30 Cowper Street, Parramatta, Sydney (formally opening it in March 2012); and also re-opened its Brisbane campus at the site of iSEE CHURCH – 308 Seventeen Mile Rocks Road, Seventeen Mile Rocks, Brisbane. In early 2014, the AC Brisbane campus relocated to 35 Thompson Street, Bowen Hills, Brisbane – on the grounds of Hope Centre International. The faculty of Alphacrucis includes fourteen staff with doctoral level qualifications. The college has set up the Australasian Pentecostal Heritage Centre, which includes an online repository of historical Pentecostal journals – including issues of the "Australian Evangel" back to 1927. They have also created a refereed journal, "Australasian Pentecostal Studies". As of 2008, the college library had over 19,000 volumes.

This small tree is very slow growing, reaching about in height with a trunk diameter of . The tree is essentially evergreen throughout most of its native range. The leaves are compound, in length, and wide. The blue flowers have five petals that yield a bright-yellow-orange fruit with red flesh and black seeds. "G. officinale" is one of two species yielding the true lignum vitae, the other being "Guaiacum sanctum". Guaiac, a natural resin extracted from the wood, is a colorless compound that turns blue when placed in contact with substances that have peroxidase activity and then are exposed to hydrogen peroxide. Guaiac cards are impregnated with the resin and are used in determining whether stool contains blood. The heme portion of hemoglobin contains peroxidase and will catalyze the oxidation of guaiaconic acid when hydrogen peroxide is placed on the Guaiac card if blood is present in the stool. Roughbark lignum-vitae was listed as an endangered species by the IUCN in 1998. It has been overexploited for its valuable wood and medicinal products. International trade of this species is restricted because of its placement in CITES Appendix II.

Æthelric (died c. 1076) was the second to last medieval Bishop of Selsey in England before the see was moved to Chichester. Consecrated a bishop in 1058, he was deposed in 1070 for unknown reasons and then imprisoned by King William I of England. He was considered one of the best legal experts of his time, and was even brought from his prison to attend the trial on Penenden Heath where he gave testimony about English law before the Norman Conquest of England. Æthelric was a monk at Christ Church Priory at Canterbury prior to his becoming a bishop. Several historians opine that he might have been the same as the Æthelric who was a monk of Canterbury and a relative of Godwin, Earl of Wessex. That Æthelric was elected by the monks of Canterbury to be Archbishop of Canterbury in 1050, but was not confirmed by King Edward the Confessor who insisted on Robert of Jumièges becoming archbishop instead. The evidence is not merely that they shared the same name, because the name was a relatively common one in Anglo-Saxon England. Other evidence pointing to the possibility of them being the same person includes the fact that he was felt to have been unfairly deposed in 1070 as well as the bishop's great age in 1076. Æthelric was consecrated bishop in 1058 by Stigand, the Archbishop of Canterbury. Æthelric was consecrated by Stigand, unlike most of the English bishops of the time period, because at that point, Stigand held a valid pallium, or symbol of an archbishop's authority and ability to consecrate bishops. Æthelric was deposed by the Council of Windsor on 24 May 1070 and imprisoned at Marlborough, being replaced by Stigand (not the same as the archbishop), who later moved the seat of the diocese to Chichester. It is possible, that his deposition was tied to the fact that about that time, King Harold of England's mother and sister took refuge with the count of Flanders. If Æthelric was related to the Godwin's, King William I of England may have feared that the bishop would use his diocese to launch a rebellion. Other reasons put forward include the fact that Æthelric had been consecrated by Stigand, but the other bishop that Stigand had consecrated, Siward the Bishop of Rochester was not deposed. Æthelric was a monk, and while not having a great reputation for sanctity, he was not held to be immoral either. The pope did not feel that his deposition had been handled correctly, so his deposition was confirmed at the Council of Winchester on 1 April 1076. It continued to be considered uncanonical, but Æthelric was never restored to his bishopric. He was carted from imprisonment to the Trial of Penenden Heath of Odo of Bayeux, earl of Kent. This took place sometime between 1072 and 1076. At that time, he was the most prominent legalist in England. He helped clarify Anglo-Saxon land laws, as the trial was concerned with the attempts of Lanfranc to recover lands from Odo. The medieval writer Eadmer also consulted Æthelric for information on Eadmer's "Life of St Dunstan". Presumably Æthelric died soon after the trial, as he was already an old man when he attended the trial.

The Brocklebank–Nelson–Beecher House (circa 1668) is a First Period Colonial house located at 108 East Main Street (Route 133), Georgetown, Massachusetts. It is now a nonprofit museum owned by the Georgetown Historical Society. An admission fee is charged. In 1661, the house's land was granted to Captain Samuel Brocklebank, a surveyor who had come from England in 1638. It is believed that Brocklebank built the house shortly after his marriage in 1668, near a brook where he had kept cattle penned previously. Brocklebank, a captain in the militia, was killed with his entire company in Sudbury in 1676 in a skirmish with Indians during King Philip's War. The house remained within the family until 1754, when it was acquired by Dudley Tyler for use as a tavern, which use continued under Solomon Nelson who purchased the property in 1767. In 1858 the house was bought by Rev Charles Beecher, brother of Harriet Beecher Stowe and Henry Ward Beecher. In 1880 the house was purchased by M. G. Spofford and in 1931 by furniture manufacturer Everett Spaulding, a tenth generation Brocklebank descendant who sold the property to the Society in 1975. The original house was extended several times in its early years, and is now a gambrel roofed, 5-bay, center chimney dwelling of early eighteenth century appearance. A number of items are exhibited within, including many of Capt. Brocklebank's journals. There are also many historically accurate pieces within as well as a display of a small back yard shoe shop.

Chetan Bhagat (born 22 April 1974) is an Indian author, columnist, screenwriter, television personality and motivational speaker, known for his English-language dramedy novels about young urban middle-class Indians. A noted public figure, Bhagat also writes for columns about youth, career development and current affairs for "The Times of India" (in English) and "Dainik Bhaskar" (in Hindi). Bhagat's novels have sold over seven million copies. In 2008, "The New York Times" cited Bhagat as "the biggest selling English language novelist in India’s history". Bhagat's screenwriting efforts have included the dramedies "Kai Po Che!" (2013), "2 States" (2014), the action-superhero movie "Kick" (2015), and "Half Girlfriend" (2017). He won the Filmfare Award for Best Screenplay for "Kai Po Che!" at the 59th Filmfare Awards in January 2014. Bhagat was born on 22 April 1974 in New Delhi, India. His father was an army officer and his mother was a government employee in the agricultural department. His younger brother, Ketan Bhagat, is also a novelist., He completed his school years at The Army Public School, Dhaula Kuan in Delhi. He received his undergraduate degree in mechanical engineering from the Indian Institute of Technology Delhi in 1995 and his MBA degree from the Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad in 1997. Bhagat recounted in an interview with Newslaundry that he applied after his studies to the investment banking company Goldman Sachs, where he was finally selected after 27 internal interviews. Bhagat worked for Goldman Sachs in their Hong Kong office as an investment banker for nearly a decade and wrote "Five Point Someone" while in Hong Kong. When he got fired, he then had to move to Mumbai to focus full-time on his writing career. He has been married to Anusha Suryanarayanan since 1998. She hails from Tamil Nadu and was his classmate at IIM Ahmedabad. Bhagat is the author of bestselling novels "Five Point Someone" (2004), "One Night @ the Call Center" (2005), "The 3 Mistakes of My Life" (2008), ' (2009), ' (2011), "What Young India Wants" (2012) (speeches and columns), "Half Girlfriend" (2014), "Making India Awesome" (2015) and One Indian Girl (2016) All the books have remained bestsellers since their release and five have inspired Bollywood films (including the hit films 3 Idiots, "Kai Po Che! ", "2 States," Half Girlfriend and Hello). In 2008, "The New York Times" cited Bhagat as "the biggest selling English language novelist in India’s history". "Time" magazine named him as one of the 100 Most Influential People in the World. Bhagat voices his opinion frequently at leading events. He quit his investment banking career in 2009, to focus on writing. He debuted as a screenplay writer with the 2014 film "Kick". Bhagat has columns in "The Times of India" and "Hindustan Times". Apart from writing,Chetan has worked on TV as well as scripted several Bollywood movies.He was a judge on the Voice of India "Star Anchor Hunt". Chetan Bhagat also hosts 7 RCR on ABP news, which began airing 11 January 2014. The show features a series of biographies of India's prime ministerial candidates. Bhagat has received wide recognition across the multilingual and diverse Indian society, Such recognition is unprecedented for a an English language writer. Bhagat was interviewed on "Comedy Nights with Kapil" and also interviewed on Kapil Sharma Show while he was promoting his movie Half Girlfriend in 2017. Among his other activities, Bhagat is known for delivering speeches on programmes organised by corporations, educational institutes, newspapers and media houses like "Dainik Bhaskar", "The Times of India" and at other conferences apart from writing columns for the above. He was the judge of the dance reality show "Nach Baliye". He was featured in "Forbes India" magazine as one of the top celebrities of India in 2016. He was listed 40th out of 100.

The Birthday Party (1957) is the second full-length play by Harold Pinter. It is one of his best-known and most frequently performed plays. In the setting of a rundown seaside boarding-house, a little birthday party is turned into a nightmare on the unexpected arrival of two sinister strangers. The play has been classified as a comedy of menace, characterised by Pinteresque elements such as ambiguous identity, confusions of time and place, and dark political symbolism. "The Birthday Party" is about Stanley Webber, an erstwhile piano player who lives in a rundown boarding house, run by Meg and Petey Boles, in an English seaside town, "probably on the south coast, not too far from London". Two sinister strangers, Goldberg and McCann, who arrive supposedly on his birthday and who appear to have come looking for him, turn Stanley's apparently innocuous birthday party organised by Meg into a nightmare. "The Birthday Party" has been described (some say "pigeonholed") by Irving Wardle and later critics as a "Comedy of menace" and by Martin Esslin as an example of the Theatre of the Absurd. It includes such features as the fluidity and ambiguity of time, place, and identity and the disintegration of language. Produced by Michael Codron and David Hall, the play had its world première at the Arts Theatre, in Cambridge, England, on 28 April 1958, where the play was "warmly received" on its pre-London tour, in Oxford and Wolverhampton, where it also met with a "positive reception" as "the most enthralling experience the Grand Theatre has given us in many months." On 19 May 1958, the production moved to the Lyric Opera House, Hammersmith (now the Lyric Hammersmith), for its début in London, where it was a commercial and mostly critical failure, instigating "bewildered hysteria" and closing after only eight performances. The weekend after it had already closed, Harold Hobson's belated rave review, "The Screw Turns Again", appeared in "The Sunday Times", rescuing its critical reputation and enabling it to become one of the classics of the modern stage. The Lyric celebrated the play's 50th anniversary with a revival, directed by artistic director David Farr, and related events from 8 to 24 May 2008, including a gala performance and reception hosted by Harold Pinter on 19 May 2008, exactly fifty years after its London première. Like many of Pinter's other plays, very little of the expository information in "The Birthday Party" is verifiable; it is often contradicted by the characters and otherwise ambiguous, and, therefore, one cannot take what they say at face value. For example, in Act One, Stanley describes his career, saying "I've played the piano all over the world," reduces that immediately to "All over the country," and then, after a "pause", undercuts both hyperbolic self-representations in stating "I once gave a concert." While the title and the dialogue refer to Meg's planning a party to celebrate Stanley's birthday: "It's your birthday, Stan. I was going to keep it a secret until tonight," even that "fact" is dubious, as Stanley denies that it is his birthday: "This isn't my birthday, Meg" (48), telling Goldberg and McCann: "Anyway, this isn't my birthday. [...] No, it's not until next month," adding, in response to McCann's saying "Not according to the lady [Meg]," "Her? She's crazy. Round the bend" (53). Although Meg claims that her house is a "boarding house," her husband, Petey, who was confronted by "two men" who "wanted to know if we could put them up for a couple of nights" is surprised that Meg already has "got a room ready" (23), and, Stanley (being the only supposed boarder), also responds to what appears to him to be the sudden appearance of Goldberg and McCann as prospective guests on a supposed "short holiday," flat out denies that it is a boarding house: "This is a ridiculous house to pick on. [...] Because it's not a boarding house. It never was" (53). McCann claims to have no knowledge of Stanley or Maidenhead when Stanley asks him "Ever been anywhere near Maidenhead? [...] There's a Fuller's teashop. I used to have my tea there. [...] and a Boots Library. I seem to connect you with the High Street. [...] A charming town, don't you think? [...] A quiet, thriving community. I was born and brought up there. I lived well away from the main road" (51); yet Goldberg later names both businesses that Stanley used to frequent connecting Goldberg and possibly also McCann to Maidenhead: "A little Austin, tea in Fuller's a library book from Boots, and I'm satisfied" (70). Of course, both Stanley and Goldberg could just be inventing these apparent "reminiscences" as they both appear to have invented other details about their lives earlier, and here Goldberg could conveniently be lifting details from Stanley's earlier own mention of them, which he has heard; as Merritt observes, the factual basis for such apparent correspondences in the dialogue uttered by Pinter's characters remains ambiguous and subject to multiple interpretations. Shifting identities (cf. "the theme of identity") makes the past ambiguous: Goldberg is called "Nat," but in his stories of the past he says that he was called "Simey" (73) and also "Benny" (92), and he refers to McCann as both "Dermot" (in talking to Petey [87]) and "Seamus" (in talking to McCann [93]). Given such contradictions, these characters' actual names and thus identities remain unclear. According to John Russell Brown (94), "Falsehoods are important for Pinter's dialogue, not least when they can be detected only by careful reference from one scene to another... Some of the more blatant lies are so casually delivered that the audience is encouraged to look for more than is going to be disclosed. This is a part of Pinter's two-pronged tactic of awakening the audience's desire for verification and repeatedly disappointing this desire" (Brown 94). Although Stanley, just before the lights go out during the birthday party, ""begins to strangle Meg" (78), she has no memory of that the next morning, quite possibly because she had drunk too much and gotten tipsy (71–74); oblivious to the fact that Goldberg and McCann have removed Stanley from the house – Petey keeps that information from her when she inquires, "Is he still in bed?" by answering "Yes, he's ... still asleep"––she ends the play focusing on herself and romanticising her role in the party, "I was the belle of the ball. [...] I know I was" (102). While on tour with L. du Garde's "A Horse! A Horse! ", Pinter found himself in Eastbourne without a place to stay. He met a stranger in a pub who said "I can take you to some digs but I wouldn't recommend them exactly," and then led Pinter to the house where he stayed. Pinter told his official biographer, Michael Billington, I went to these digs and found, in short, a very big woman who was the landlady and a little man, the landlord. There was no one else there, apart from a solitary lodger, and the digs were really quite filthy ... I slept in the attic with this man I'd met in the pub ... we shared the attic and there was a sofa over my bed ... propped up so I was looking at this sofa from which hairs and dust fell continuously. And I said to the man, "What are you doing here?" And he said, "Oh well I used to be...I'm a pianist. I used to play in the concert-party here and I gave that up." The woman was really quite a voracious character, always tousled his head and tickled him and goosed him and wouldn't leave him alone at all. And when I asked him why he stayed, he said, "There's nowhere else to go." According to Billington, "The lonely lodger, the ravenous landlady, the quiescent husband: these figures, eventually to become Stanley, Meg, and Petey, sound like figures in a Donald McGill seaside postcard" ("Harold Pinter" 76). Goldberg and McCann "represent not only the West's most autocratic religions, but its two most persecuted races" (Billington, "Harold Pinter" 80). Goldberg goes by many names, sometimes Nat, but when talking about his past he mentions that he was called by the names "Simey" and also "Benny". He seems to idolise his Uncle Barney as he mentions him many times during the play. Goldberg is portrayed as a Jewish man which is reinforced by his typically Jewish name and his appropriate use of Yiddish words. McCann is an unfrocked priest and has two names. Petey refers to him as Dermot but Goldberg calls him Seamus. The sarcasm in the following exchange evokes some distance in their relationship: McCANN: You've always been a true Christian GOLDBERG: In a way. Stanley Webber is "a palpably Jewish name, incidentally—is a man who shores up his precarious sense of self through fantasy, bluff, violence and his own manipulative form of power-play. His treatment of Meg initially is rough, playful, teasing, ... but once she makes the fateful, mood-changing revelation —'I've got to get things ready for the two gentlemen'—he's as dangerous as a cornered animal" (Billington, "Harold Pinter" 78).asaerutheen According to Pinter's official biographer, Michael Billington, in "Harold Pinter", echoing Pinter's own retrospective view of it, "The Birthday Party" is "a deeply political play about the individual's imperative need for resistance," yet, according to Billington, though he "doubts whether this was conscious on Pinter's part," it is also "a private, obsessive work about time past; about some vanished world, either real or idealised, into which all but one of the characters readily escapes. ... From the very outset, the defining quality of a Pinter play is not so much fear and menace –– though they are undoubtedly present –– as a yearning for some lost Eden as a refuge from the uncertain, miasmic present" (82). As quoted by Arnold P. Hinchliffe, Polish critic Grzegorz Sinko points out that in "The Birthday Party" "we see the destruction of the victim from the victim's own point of view: "One feels like saying that the two executioners, Goldberg and McCann, stand for all the principles of the state and social conformism. Goldberg refers to his 'job' in a typically Kafka-esque official language which deprives the crimes of all sense and reality." ... [Of Stanley's removal, Sinko adds:] "Maybe Stanley will meet his death there or maybe he will only receive a conformist brainwashing after which he is promised ... many other gifts of civilization..." In an interview with Mel Gussow, which is about the 1988 Classic Stage Company production of "The Birthday Party", later paired with "Mountain Language" in a 1989 CSC production, in both of which David Strathairn played Stanley, Gussow asked Pinter: ""The Birthday Party" has the same story as "One for the Road"?" In the original interview first published in "The New York Times", on 30 December 1988, Gussow quotes Pinter as stating: "The character of the old man, Petey, says one of the most important lines I've ever written. As Stanley is taken away, Petey says, 'Stan, don't let them tell you what to do.' I've lived that line all my damn life. Never more than now." In responding to Gussow's question, Pinter refers to all three plays when he replies: "It's the destruction of an individual, the independent voice of an individual. I believe that is precisely what the United States is doing to Nicaragua. It's a horrifying act. If you see child abuse, you recognize it and you're horrified. If you do it yourself, you apparently don't know what you're doing." As Bob Bows observes in his review of the 2008 Germinal Stage Denver production, whereas at first " 'The Birthday Party' appears to be a straightforward story of a former working pianist now holed up in a decrepit boarding house," in this play as in his other plays, "behind the surface symbolism ... in the silence between the characters and their words, Pinter opens the door to another world, cogent and familiar: the part we hide from ourselves"; ultimately, "Whether we take Goldberg and McCann to be the devil and his agent or simply their earthly emissaries, the puppeteers of the church-state apparatus, or some variation thereof, Pinter's metaphor of a bizarre party bookended by birth and death is a compelling take on this blink-of-an-eye we call life." Lyric Hammersmith, London, UK, directed by Peter Wood, May 1958. ***LIST***. ("The Birthday Party" [Grove Press ed.] Booth Theatre, New York, US, directed by Alan Schneider, October 1967. ***LIST***. ("The Birthday Party" [Grove Press ed.] Kansas City Actors Theatre (KCAT) presents "The Birthday Party," directed by Bruce Roach, in repertory with three Pinter one-acts, "The Collection," "The Lover" and "Night," 16 Aug. – 11 September 2011. Teatro La Plaza, Lima, Perú, presents "La fiesta de cumpleaños"(The Birthday Party) directed by Chela de Ferrari Steppenwolf Theatre Company, Chicago directed by Austin Pendleton 24 January – 28 April 2013. The cast included Ian Barford as "Stanley", John Mahoney as "Petey", and Moira Harris as "Meg".

Palolem Beach is located at , within 2.5 kilometres of the market town of Chaudi in South Goa, and about 40 minutes from Margao, the district headquarters of South Goa. Other neighbouring beaches in South Goa include Agonda Beach, Patnem Beach and Polem beach. Palolem Beach is largely unspoiled and is inhabited by both local fishermen and by foreign tourists who live in shacks along the shore or in the main village itself. It is about one mile (approximately 1.61 km) long and is crescent-shaped; one can view the entire beach from either end. Both ends of the beach consist of rocks jutting out into the sea. The depth of the sea increases gradually, being shallowest at the northern end of the beach, making it safe for average swimmers, and the currents are not fast. The nearest airport is Dabolim Airport which is about 67 km away. The nearest railway station is Canacona railway station which can be reached from Madgoan junction railway station in just 30 mins. There are bus services at a regular interval of 30 mins from the beach to the Kadamba Transport Corporation (KTC) Bus Depot in Margao. The nearest KTC depot is at Canacona. The beach is featured as the Goan residence of Jason Bourne (Matt Damon) in the film "The Bourne Supremacy" (2004). The initial footage in the movie gives a good idea of the natural beauty of the beach - the distinctive tree covered rocks at one end (known locally as Monkey Island - to which tours are run) and beach shacks. At the top of the island adjoining Palolem Beach there is a stone sculpture created by an American conceptual and land artist Jacek Tylicki called "Give if you can – Take if you have to" also called the "Monkey Stone". It became a pilgrimage destination. At the low tide it is a tough jungle walk and a guide is recommended. People can leave or take money at will at the Monkey Stone.

He was born at Chimpay, a small town in Valle Medio, Río Negro Province, Argentina, the sixth child of Rosario Burgos and a Mapuche "cacique", Manuel Namuncurá. He was baptized by a Salesian missionary priest, Domingo Milanesio, at the age of eight. Namuncurá's early years were spent by the Río Negro river, and it was here that he, according to legend, miraculously survived a fall into the river. His father Manuel, Chief of the Mapuches, promoted to honorary colonel in the Argentine army, decided that his son study in Buenos Aires, in order to prepare himself "to be useful to his people." Thanks to the friendship of Manuel with General Luís María Campos, Minister of War and the Navy of Argentina, the boy came to study in the National Workshops of the Navy as a carpenter's apprentice. There he would remain for three months. Ceferino wrote to his father that he was not happy in that place and Manuel then asked former Argentine president Luis Sáenz Peña's advice. He recommended to Colonel Manuel Namuncurá that he send the boy to the Salesians of Don Bosco. On September 20, 1897, Ceferino went to study with the Salesians at the Colegio Pío IX, a technical academy in Almagro, Buenos Aires, where he was given a Catholic education. When he finished his studies, Manuel his father wanted him back home, to serve as interpreter and secretary, but Ceferino was already enthusiastic about becoming a Salesian priest. Although his health was already generally frail, Ceferino began studying for the priesthood. In 1904, he departed for Italy accompanying Mgr. Giovanni Cagliero, a former disciple of Don Bosco who was to become an Archbishop. Pope Pius X received them in September, after which Namuncurá moved to Turin and later to the Salesian College "Villa Sora" in Frascati, to continue his education. He became increasingly ill during the Italian winter and was taken to Rome, where he finally succumbed to pulmonary tuberculosis on May 11, 1905, at the "Fate bene fratelli" hospital. In 1924 his remains were returned to Argentina and placed at Fortín Mercedes, in the southern part of Buenos Aires Province. At his birthplace of Chimpay a small chapel was erected, where believers from Río Negro Province and beyond began to pray for his intercession. In 1945, a request for his beatification was elevated to the Holy See. Between May 13 and July 10, 1947, the Catholic Church officially started the process for Canonization of Ceferino Namuncurá, with 21 then-living witnesses deposing evidence in favour of his saintly virtues. On June 22, 1972, Pope Paul VI promulgated the Decree of Heroism of His Virtues and Ceferino was thus proclaimed "venerable", becoming the first Catholic Argentine to receive that title and the first South American aborigine. The devotion to Ceferino Namuncurá, the saintly young Mapuche, known popularly as "The Lily of Patagonia" ("El lirio de la Patagonia") became very extensive in Buenos Aires and throughout Argentina. In particular the humbler classes of Argentina recognise him, because of his indigenous features, as one of their own. The affection of the people of Argentina for this selfless young man is quite touchingly sincere and images and representations of his face are myriad. Because of his belonging to the Salesians of Don Bosco, who always faithfully promoted his remembrance, his figure started to become familiar worldwide, anywhere where the Salesian work, introducing Ceferino as a model of younthful holiness and selflessness. In 1991 his relics were translated from the small sanctuary chapel to the roomier Sanctuary of Mary, Help of Christians, at the same town of Fortín Mercedes. In 2000 a committee of Vatican pathologists declared that the healing of the uterine cancer of a young mother, Valeria Herrera from Córdoba, Argentina, could not be explained medically, with which it was left to Church authorities to decree that it was a miracle due to the intercession of Ceferino Namuncurá. This opened the way for the beatification of Ceferino. Pope Benedict XVI finally decreed his beatification on 6 July 2007. The ceremony of beatification was held in Chimpay, Argentina, on November 11, 2007. It was one of the few beatification ceremonies held outside the Vatican and in the blessed's own land (traditionally it is celebrated in Saint Peter Square in Rome); it was the first beatification of a South American aborigine; Blessed Ceferino was beatified by Cardinal Tarcisio Bertone, a Salesian of Don Bosco and Vatican Secretary of State. The ceremony was attended by more than ten thousand people with the active participation of Mapuche delegations. Ceferino's liturgical calendar memorial as a Catholic "beatus" was established on August 26. Ceferino Namuncurá's first legacy is to his own nation and people: Argentina and the Mapuche people. Thanks to the influence of the Salesians of Don Bosco in education and publishing, there are many books and videos on the life of the young holy man, most of them in Spanish. The meaning of Ceferino is also important to the Mapuche and all South American ancestral peoples. Manuel Gálvez, the prominent Argentine novelist and biographer, wrote a biography of Ceferino Namuncurá in 1947: "El Santito de la Tolderia. La vida perfecta de Ceferino Namuncurá". "Zephyrin: The Musicale" is a musical play in honor of Blessed Ceferino Namuncura. It was written by Jude Thaddeus Gitamondoc and directed by Daisy Brilliantes Ba-ad with the help of Don Bosco Technology Center Productions. It was shown on March 14, 15 and 16, 2008 at SM Cinema One in Cebu, Philippines. The musical was a Salesian Production made in honor of the beatification of Ceferino. The musical featured amateur actors, mostly coming from high school and elementary school. The story begin when Ceferino is only a child and ends after his death. The grief turns into joy as the country of Argentina is inspired to follow his example of happiness and love for his fellow men despite the troubles of his life.

Greg Wilson (born 1960) is an English DJ and producer associated with both the early 80s electro scene in Manchester and the current disco / re-edit movement. He's also a writer / commentator on dance music and popular culture. Growing up in New Brighton on Merseyside, Wilson lived above his family's pub during the years 1966–1973. The premises included two function rooms where he’d witness mobile discos featuring on a weekly basis at wedding receptions and parties. His main musical influences came from the record collections of his elder brother and sister, especially the soul music labels Tamla Motown, Stax and Atlantic. Wilson began his career as a DJ in 1975 at the age of 15, having bought a mobile set-up from his schoolfriend Derek Kelsey (later known as DJ Derek Kaye). He began a residency at local nightspot The Chelsea Reach on 6 December 1975, and remained at the venue until 1977. Further local residencies followed at The Penny Farthing (1976–77) and The Golden Guinea (1977-1980), where he first built his reputation as a black music specialist, playing soul, funk, disco and jazz-funk. He also worked as a DJ in Denmark and Norway during a 2-month period in 1978. Wilson left the Golden Guinea in 1980 and worked in Denmark and Germany before returning to the UK to take a 4 night a week residency at Wigan Pier. In 1982 he became a full-time black music specialist, continuing Wigan Pier’s Tuesday night jazz-funk session, which was voted the North’s Best Club by Blues & Soul readers, with Wilson collecting the Best DJ award. He controversially championed early electro records at Wigan Pier and, most notably, Manchester club Legend, where he took over their Wednesday jazz-funk night in 1981. As with Wigan Pier, people travelled to his nights at Legend from places including Birmingham, Huddersfield, Sheffield, Leeds, Bradford, Nottingham, Liverpool and London. Legend attracted a predominantly black crowd to listen to the new electro-funk records, which were mainly coming out of New York City. Wilson also began to take a serious approach to mixing around this point, and is regarded as one of the UK pioneers. In 1982 he began to present regular mixes of the music he was playing in the clubs on Manchester’s Piccadilly Radio, and these featured on Mike Shaft’s specialist black music show ‘T.C.O.B’ (Taking Care Of Business). These radio mixes are still talked about as being influential to this day, with the end of year ‘Best Of 82’ and ‘Best Of 83’ mixes regarded as classics. In February 1983 Wilson was invited to demonstrate live mixing on the Channel 4 TV show ‘The Tube’. Interviewed by one of the show’s presenters, Jools Holland, Wilson, with Mike Shaft commentating, mixed 2 copies of David Joseph's ‘You Can’t Hide (Your Love From Me)’, then a new release, but subsequently a UK top 20 hit. This was the first time a British DJ had mixed live on TV. Wilson was a fixture on the All-Dayer circuit in the North and Midlands between 1981-1984, regularly appearing alongside other black music specialists including Colin Curtis, Mike Shaft, John Grant, Hewan Clarke, Richard Searling, Kev Edwards, Pete Haigh, Jonathan, Trevor M and Cleveland Anderson. In 1983, Wilson began a Friday night residency at The Haçienda club in Manchester, which had opened the previous year. This was the club's first weekly dance music night and would lay the groundwork for its influential Nude night, also held every Friday, which came to prominence in the mid-80s with DJs Mike Pickering and Martin Prendergast. Wilson also put together the first UK re-edit, Paul Haig’s ‘Heaven Sent’, in 1983, and taught Norman Cook (aka Fatboy Slim), then a young aspiring DJ called Quentin, how to scratch in December 1983 during a short Haçienda tour of the South. At the end of 1983, aged 23, Wilson retired from DJing to focus on record production, as well as managing Manchester breakdance crew Broken Glass. They gained national exposure via TV appearances including a famous edition of ‘The Tube’, filmed at The Haçienda in January 1984, on which Madonna made her UK live TV debut. Later in 1984, along with musicians Martin Jackson and Andy Connell, he co-wrote and produced all but one of the tracks on the Street Sounds ‘UK Electro’ album, now revered as a seminal British dance album, the first to feature sampling. One of the tracks, ‘Style Of The Street’, a recording by Broken Glass, was sampled itself 20 years later on the 2004 The Prodigy hit Girls (The Prodigy song). Wilson split from Jackson and Connell, who went on to form the band Swing Out Sister, and ceased managing Broken Glass. Mounting financial problems caused him to lose his car and then his house in Wigan. Re-locating to Liverpool in 1985 he briefly worked for the short-lived record label Ryker, before unsuccessfully attempting to launch his own label. Experiencing mounting financial problems, and with Liverpool in deep recession at the time, he moved to London in 1987 in order to try to resurrect his fortunes. In 1987, Wilson began to manage and produce Manchester’s Ruthless Rap Assassins and sister band Kiss AMC. The Rap Assassins included former Broken Glass member Paul ‘Kermit’ Leveridge along with brothers Anderson and Carson Hinds. The Rap Assassins released two critically acclaimed albums via EMI, ‘Killer Album’ in 1990 and ‘Th!nk (It Ain’t Illegal Yet)’ in 1991. Their best known recording, ‘And It Wasn’t A Dream’, a minor chart hit in 1990, focused on the plight of West Indian immigrants coming to the UK in the 50s and 60s, and was named amongst Mojo (magazine)'s ‘50 Greatest British Tracks Ever’ in 2006. In 2011, urban artist Roots Manuva would hail their music as ‘the roots of Grime’. Between 1990-1993 he collaborated with singer Tracey Carmen, releasing a handful of records as Mind Body & Soul (or MBS). The first of these, a dance version of Jefferson Airplane’s psychedelic classic, ‘White Rabbit’, was championed by Radio 1 DJ John Peel. The following decade was something of a wilderness period for Wilson, but in 1994 he revisited his electro-funk past, compiling the ‘Classic Electro Mastercuts’ album. This would generate a small number of DJ bookings, his first 10 years, in promotion of the album. In 1996 he was part of a collective of DJs and musicians who promoted a series of nights called The Monastery in Birkenhead, Liverpool and London. A mix, ‘The Monastic Mix’, was the last he ever put together on reel-to-reel. Alerted by the lack of documentation of the specialist black music scene that had helped shape contemporary dance culture, he announced the website electrofunkroots.co.uk in 2003. The site documents the early 80s era, what led up to it and what came out of it. Offers of DJ bookings followed and on 20 December 2003 Wilson made his DJ comeback at a night called Music Is Better in Manchester club The Attic. This was the launchpad that re-ignited Wilson’s DJ career 20 years on from his retirement. As his popularity increased, he appeared throughout the UK, Europe and the world, gaining newfound followers from a new, younger generation of clubbers. In 2005, his re-edits compilation Credit to the Edit, released on the Tirk Recordings label, was the catalyst for his international success, helping to establish him, once again, as a scene leader. Apart from working as a DJ and remixer, Wilson also wrote on various aspects of dance / black culture with articles published in magazines / webzines including Wax Poetics, Clash, Grand Slam, Strobelight Honey and Discopia. His blog, Being A DJ, was launched in June 2010, and his observations on various aspects of club culture are now an online touchstone for dance music enthusiasts. Wilson has also been interviewed for a number of books, TV and film projects focusing on the history of club culture. Credit To The Edit Volume 2 was released in November 2009. With tour dates throughout the following months in the UK, Europe, Japan, Australia and the US to promote the album. Wilson has produced a series of documentative podcasts, ‘Time Capsule’, ‘Random Influences’ and ‘Early 80s Floorfillers’, as well as the long-running blog series, ‘Living To Music’, where people were encouraged to listen to a monthly album selection in their home environment. This served to influence other related listening events, including Colleen Murphy’s ‘Classic Album Sundays’ audiophile sessions. He’s also built up a strong following on SoundCloud with regular uploads of DJ mixes, mainly live recordings, commencing in 2009. In August 2010 he co-curated, with Jack Hemingway, the Warehouse and Roller Disco areas at the inaugural Vintage Festival at Goodwood. It was named ‘Best New Festival’ at the UK Festival Awards, whilst Wilson, in his role of DJ, was nominated in the ‘Best Feel Good Act Of The Summer’ category. The following year he and Hemingway curated the Warehouse and Style Studio areas as Vintage was hosted at London’s Southbank. He continues to make regular festival appearances both in the UK and overseas. In addition to his DJ work, Wilson has given talks on music and dance culture at numerous events including Afro Modern at Tate Liverpool, Vintage at London Southbank, Salon at Standon Calling and Festival N°6 and alongside legendary figures Nile Rodgers and Giorgio Moroder at ADE in Amsterdam. 10 years on from his DJ return, in 2014 he unveiled his new multi-media label Super Weird Substance releasing the uplifting, life-affirming mixtape, 'Blind Arcade Meets Super Weird Substance In The Morphogenetic Field' before following it up with a series of 5 Super Weird Happenings in different locations across the UK. In 2015, the label released 8 vinyl singles, brought together in the 2 CD compilation, 'Greg Wilson Presents Super Weird Substance'. September saw a memorable Festival No.6 Happening in Portmeirion. 2015 was rounded off with the 40th anniversary of Greg's first club date in 1975, with a weekend of events in Liverpool to mark the occasion. Wilson was voted 'North's Top DJ' by readers of Blues & Soul Magazine in 1983. He was the first British DJ to mix live on TV in 1983. Wilson was nominated in 2008 by DJ Magazine for outstanding contribution, and also named amongst their top twenty remixers of all-time. In April 2010, as part of their Essential Mix 500 special, Radio 1 selected Wilson’s Essential Mix as one of 10 classics that spanned the show’s near 17-year history. In 2015, Wilson was awarded with DJ Magazine's Industry Icon Award at The Best Of British Awards.

Eric Maxwell Johnson (born September 15, 1979) is a former American football tight end in the National Football League. He was drafted by the San Francisco 49ers in the seventh round of the 2001 NFL Draft. He played college football at Yale. Johnson was born in Needham, Massachusetts. He attended Needham High School and Belmont Hill School in Massachusetts. He went on to Yale University, where he played wide receiver. He caught 21 receptions for 244 yards in Yale's come-from-behind victory against Harvard in the 1999 Harvard-Yale Game, including the game-winning touchdown catch. Johnson was drafted by the San Francisco 49ers in the seventh round of the 2001 NFL Draft. When healthy, he was a contributor to the 49ers passing game. However, he missed all of 2003 with an injury and missed all of 2005 with an injury as well. In 2004, he led the 49ers in receiving with 82 catches for 825 yards and two touchdowns. During the 2006 season, Johnson split time with tight end Vernon Davis, the team's first-round draft pick. Johnson signed a one-year contract with the New Orleans Saints in 2007. He was re-signed by the team on March 14, 2008. On July 31, 2008, the Saints released him. Johnson married freelance stylist Keri D'Angelo on May 14, 2005. The couple separated on October 17, 2009 and their divorce was finalized in October 2010. He began dating singer Jessica Simpson in May 2010. They announced their engagement that November. The couple have two children: daughter Maxwell Drew (born May 2012) and son Ace Knute (born June 2013). The couple married on July 5, 2014 at the San Ysidro Ranch, in Montecito, Santa Barbara County, California.

Gary Oliver Kelly (born 9 July 1974) is an Irish former footballer who played his entire professional career with Leeds United. He played as a right back or a right midfielder from 1992 until 2007 and made 531 appearances in total for Leeds, being the only player at Leeds to make more than 500 appearances from outside the stewardship of Don Revie. Kelly, the youngest of a family of 13, originally started playing football as a striker, and was reasonably successful in this position for Home Farm. However, when he joined Leeds, then boss Howard Wilkinson recognised qualities in him that would make a very good wing-back. Kelly made his debut for Leeds in the 1991–92 season, although he did not become a regular in the side until the 1993–94 season, when Wilkinson made him his first choice right-back following the injury-induced retirement of Mel Sterland, occasionally filing in at centre back when needed. He had played just twice in the 1991–92 season, when Leeds were champions of the last old Football League First Division before the FA Premier League was created, and did not qualify for a title winner's medal. He was selected in the Premier League team of the season for the 1993–94 campaign. By the end of that season, he had also played himself into Jack Charlton's Republic of Ireland squad that went to the 1994 World Cup in the USA He was one of the "Three Amigos" alongside Phil Babb and Jason McAteer whose youthful exuberance rejuvenated an ageing Irish squad and even scored in a 2–0 victory over Germany in a warm-up friendly before those finals. So consistent were his performances for Leeds over the following number of seasons, Kelly was installed by George Graham as his skipper in the 1997–98 season, at the age of 23. Kelly was more or less a regular either at right back or right midfield in every subsequent season he played for Leeds, except for 1998–99, when shin splints ruined his season (this injury would reoccur in subsequent seasons). But Kelly forced his way back into the Leeds first team, in 99/00, making the right back role his own, despite the signing of Danny Mills in the summer of 1999. And once again he took over as skipper when Lucas Radebe was on international duty. He was rewarded with a testimonial match in May 2002, played against Celtic. The proceeds from this match were donated to several cancer charities chosen by Kelly (mainly Teenage Cancer Charity in Leeds and Cancer Support Centre in Drogheda), in dedication to his sister, Mandy, who died from the disease in 1998 aged only 35. Seen by a crowd of 26,440, Celtic won this match, which generated nearly £1million in receipts – making up the majority of the total £1.5million which was raised open a cancer centre in his native Drogheda. He is also only the 10th player to ever make over 500 appearances for Leeds United, making the feat against Luton Town in Leeds' 2–1 victory at Elland Road on 25 February 2006. Kelly played regularly in the first half of his 16th season at Leeds. But at that stage, he had fallen out with Ken Bates and new Leeds manager, Dennis Wise. On 26 October 2006, Wise revealed Shaun Derry was replacing Kelly as the new Leeds vice captain. After 16 years loyal service to the club, a presentation of a crystal cut vase was made to Kelly at the last home game of the 2006–07 season by other Leeds United legends of the past Paul Reaney, Allan Clarke, Mick Jones, and Frank Worthington. He retired at the end of the season, aged 32. Kelly scored three goals in the 1992 UEFA European Under-18 Football Championship qualifiers and won 51 international caps playing for the Republic of Ireland scoring two goals, before his retirement from international football. He represented them at both the 1994 FIFA World Cup and 2002 FIFA World Cup. Kelly is the uncle of fellow Irish international and Leeds teammate Ian Harte. Uncle and nephew were both part of Ireland's 2002 World Cup squad. He was also regarded amongst the Leeds squad as somewhat of a prankster and joker, having pulled several different stunts, including wearing Nicky Byrne of Westlife's clothes for a training session when Byrne had got changed to join in with the training session. Byrne used to be part of the youth team set up at Leeds United during the mid-1990s, and is good friends with Kelly, even having cleaned his boots when he was a trainee at the club. He also wore the Lucas The Kop Kat head whilst appearing on Sky's Soccer AM Crossbar Challenge.

Desmond "Des" Bishop (born 12 November 1975) is an Irish-American comedian. He was brought up in New York and is now primarily based in Ireland. Bishop's comedy was originally heavily based on his observation of Irish society, supported by his talent for impersonating the regional variations of the Irish accent. His website says, "Des has developed a unique style of observational comedy, most critical of his adopted home in Ireland and the America he left behind." Bishop's comedy has since grappled with social issues, such as poverty. In 2000, Bishop was diagnosed with testicular cancer; rather than shy away from this subject, Des went on to turn his experiences into comedy material. Bishop has worked as a comic in Ireland since the late 1990s. He began hosting shows at the International Comedy Cellar - a venue set up by Irish comics such as Ardal O'Hanlon, Kevin Gildea and Barry Murphy. It was here that Bishop honed his act. Bishop first reached a TV audience in early 2000, after appearing on "Don't Feed the Gondolas", a news based topical TV show. He later had to pull out of this show due to personal reasons. Bishop created a "hip-hopera" called "RAP ÉIRE" along with Arthur Riordan. "Rap Éire" was a satire following the story of an ambitious American who finds himself mixed up with a group of political types during the throes of early Celtic Tiger fervour. The show had two runs - firstly in the Project Arts centre in February 2001 and afterwards in the Andrews Lane Theatre the following summer. Bishop performed every night of the first run while receiving radiotherapy for testicular Cancer (the original premier date for the play at the Dublin Fringe Festival 2000 had to be cancelled as a result of the original diagnosis of cancer). Bishop appeared in the 2002 film, "In America", in which he played a high stockbroker rapping in the back of a NYC taxi cab. He reached a broader audience after his TV show "The Des Bishop Work Experience" screened on RTÉ Two in 2004. The show featured him attempting to survive for one month working a minimum wage job in various parts of Ireland. During the series, he worked at Abrakebabra, Waterford; The Aqua-dome, Tralee; Superquinn, Dundalk; and the Central Hotel, Dublin. A more recent TV show, named "Joy in the Hood", featured him travelling to impoverished areas of Ireland's major cities and mentoring local people in stand-up comedy. Bishop and Riordan co-wrote "Shooting Gallery", their second collaboration. This had a short run in Dublin in 2005. Bishop speaks fluent Mandarin Chinese and has also worked in China where he has adopted the Chinese stage name Bi Hansheng (毕瀚生) and has appeared in a few Chinese dating shows. Bishop attended St. Francis Preparatory School in the Fresh Meadows neighbourhood of the New York City borough of Queens. At the age of 16, he began school at St Peter's College, Wexford in Ireland. He later re-sat his Leaving Certificate at Blackrock College, Dublin. He has a degree in English and history from University College Cork. Des' brother Aidan is now a working comedian in Ireland. Both are involved in running the International Comedy Club. His father died from lung cancer in February 2011. Bishop's TV show, "In the Name of the Fada" premiered in 2008. It deals with Bishop trying to learn Irish to a standard sufficient to perform an entire standup act through the language. During this period he achieved fluency in the language. He later used his Irish to sing the Gaeilge version of the song "Jump Around" called "Léim Thart". The DVD of his live show Tongues and The DVD of the series in the Name of the Fada were released on 14 November 2008.

In mathematics, specifically in category theory, hom-sets, i.e. sets of morphisms between objects, give rise to important functors to the category of sets. These functors are called hom-functors and have numerous applications in category theory and other branches of mathematics. Let "C" be a locally small category (i.e. a category for which hom-classes are actually sets and not proper classes). For all objects "A" and "B" in "C" we define two functors to the category of sets as follows: The functor Hom(–,"B") is also called the "functor of points" of the object "B". Note that fixing the first argument of Hom naturally gives rise to a covariant functor and fixing the second argument naturally gives a contravariant functor. This is an artifact of the way in which one must compose the morphisms. The pair of functors Hom("A",–) and Hom(–,"B") are related in a natural manner. For any pair of morphisms "f" : "B" → "B"′ and "h" : "A"′ → A the following diagram commutes: Both paths send "g" : "A" → "B" to "f" ∘ "g" ∘ "h". The commutativity of the above diagram implies that Hom(–,–) is a bifunctor from "C" × "C" to Set which is contravariant in the first argument and covariant in the second. Equivalently, we may say that Hom(–,–) is a covariant bifunctor where "C" is the opposite category to "C". The notation Hom(–,–) is sometimes used for Hom(–,–) in order to emphasize the category forming the domain. Referring to the above commutative diagram, one observes that every morphism gives rise to a natural transformation and every morphism gives rise to a natural transformation Yoneda's lemma implies that "every" natural transformation between Hom functors is of this form. In other words, the Hom functors give rise to a full and faithful embedding of the category "C" into the functor category Set (covariant or contravariant depending on which Hom functor is used). If A is an abelian category and "A" is an object of A, then Hom("A",–) is a covariant left-exact functor from A to the category Ab of abelian groups. It is exact if and only if "A" is projective. Let "R" be a ring and "M" a left "R"-module. The functor Hom("M",–): Mod-"R" → Ab is right adjoint to the tensor product functor – ***formula*** M: Ab → Mod-"R".

Mark Raxton was born in New York City. He was a scientist who could not wait to use his skills to become rich, and once worked at Oscorp Industries, as the laboratory assistant to Dr. Spencer Smythe, creator of the Spider-Slayers. Raxton and Smythe developed an experimental new liquid metallic alloy for the Spider-Slayers from a radioactive meteor, but Raxton attempted to steal it and sell it for his own profit. In the ensuing fight with Smythe in the laboratory, Raxton spilled the liquid alloy all over himself, his skin absorbing it and turning golden. Fearing for his life, Raxton ran for the nearest hospital, only to discover that the alloy had changed him for the better when he angrily punched an irate motorist's hood, buckling it. Realizing the great potential his new abilities afforded him, Raxton, now calling himself the Molten Man, turned to crime to further his monetary gains. Peter Parker, as Spider-Man, was forced to nearly miss his high school graduation to stop the Molten Man's first crime spree. He was released from jail before long, only to continue his criminal activities. However, he was once again defeated by Spider-Man. Eventually, his body begins to give off intense heat and to consume itself. His metal skin became molten, and he stole meteor fragments from a museum to attempt a cure. An encounter with Spider-Man resulted in his submergence in the polluted East River, which temporarily reversed the deterioration. After a few more encounters with Spider-Man, it was revealed that Peter's friend Liz Allan was Raxton's stepsister. Raxton broke into a pharmaceutical company to steal chemicals which would reverse his condition permanently. When the procedure failed, he went berserk and kidnapped Liz. Liz was saved by Spider-Man, but Molten Man was buried beneath the laboratory. He later resurfaced at the same site and once again sought his sister out. Spider-Man prevented the Molten Man from hurting her, knocking him into a swimming pool, thus extinguishing his flames and cooling his molten properties. He was then taken to the Vault, a prison for superhuman criminals. Raxton realized that his stepsister was the only member of his family who had not abandoned him. He was eventually released from the Vault and approached Liz once again, this time to apologize. Spider-Man misunderstood his intentions and battled him once more. Reconciled with Raxton, Liz and her husband Harry Osborn gave Raxton a job as head of security at Osborn Industries. Molten Man later teamed up with Spider-Man and the second Green Goblin against Tombstone and Hammerhead. Molten Man was then kidnapped along with Liz, Normie Osborn, and Spider-Man by Harry Osborn, who had suffered a mental lapse, making him the evil Green Goblin once again. Molten Man was saved by Spider-Man. Molten Man and Spider-Man have since become friends, and Molten Man has occasionally used his powers to come to Spider-Man's aid against other supervillains. A few times he has been a bodyguard for Peter Parker's friends and family when disasters overwhelm the city. However, in the months following the Clone Saga, Raxton was abducted by Norman Osborn, the Green Goblin, and brainwashed. Under mind control, Molten Man attacked and killed Osborn's henchman Alison Mongraine, the only person who knew of the location of Peter and Mary Jane's baby. While Molten Man has since recovered from the mind control, he still bears a heavy burden of guilt over the incident. Sometime after Harry Osborn's death, Raxton is called in when mysterious forces kidnap Liz Allan's son, Normie. He uses his brawn and brains to help Spider-Man and the Daily Bugle reporter Ben Urich uncover what happened. Raxton is later pressed into a super-villain group again when the Chameleon approaches him and threatens to kill Normie if Raxton does not join his 'Exterminators'. Raxton is then forced to attack Liz Allan. During the "Civil War" storyline, Molten Man and Scarecrow were used as bait for Captain America's Secret Avengers only for the Punisher to arrive. Raxton is left in critical condition after being attacked by Punisher. Raxton next appears, still in bad condition, under the care of Liz Allan. When Harry Osborn comes to visit Liz and Normie, he and Liz get into an argument. Hearing Liz speak Harry's name, Raxton suddenly awakens and attacks him, screaming that Harry has hurt his family for the last time, and will "die for real". Spider-Man intervenes, but has trouble fighting Raxton, whose powers have grown greatly out of control. Spider-Man manages to trap Raxton in asphalt, and Harry provides him with a cure that Oscorp had been working on upon using volunteer Charlie Weiderman, the other "Molten Man". The cure works perfectly, returning Raxton to his original human state. Although he finally was rid of the alloy, he still retained his powers such as his super strength and energy manipulation and a new power to incinerate anything by producing fire from his palms. Harry built him a special suit using a part of the alloy and his DNA, to help him control his powers. When Liz Allan became the head of Alchemax, she used the company's cutting-edge technology to cure Mark Raxton from his condition. Even though he was constantly monitored, Mark was no longer a threat to society and started working as a member of Alchemax's security force. As Alchemax and Parker Industries competed for a contract to build a new prison, Mark and Tiberius Stone used Mark's connections to hire Ghost to sabotage Parker Industries. Molten Man was given superhuman powers after exposure to an organic liquid metal alloy obtained from a meteor discovered by Spencer Smythe. His skin completely absorbed the experimental alloy, turning all of the external tissues of his body into a solid metallic substance, as well as the trunks, belt, and boots he was wearing at the time of the accident. As a result, Molten Man possesses superhuman strength and his skin is composed of a frictionless metal that grants him a high degree of resistance to physical injury. Raxton's metallic fingers are sensitive enough to pick locks (making him an expert safe cracker), and his skin is so slick he cannot be restrained with Spider-Man's webbing. Molten Man's skin can also generate intense heat, burning anybody who tries to touch him and shooting flaming projectiles at his foes. At one time, his skin was like molten lava, allowing him to project radiation and heat up to . In his molten form, the Molten Man's skin may reach a critical stage at which point his skin could actually melt off him. Additionally, unlike most of Spider-Man's more thuggish villains, Molten Man had brains to complement his raw physical strength. An intelligent and completely sane scientist, Molten Man was smart enough to learn from his mistakes and not fall for the same trick twice. He is a college graduate with a Bachelor of Science degree in chemical engineering. In the Ultimate Marvel universe, Mark Raxton is a guitarist in a local punk rock band, the name of which is later revealed to be "Molten Man". One of their songs includes the lyrics "I am your molten man, and I'm melting on you". He first appears in the story "Dumped", in "Ultimate Spider-Man" #78. He asks Mary Jane Watson on a date. She reluctantly accepts, but spends most of the evening talking about Peter Parker, who has just broken up with her. Raxton remains a gentleman the entire time. Later, he encounters Mary Jane at the mall, and upon learning that the boy she was with was Peter, tells her "Good for you," and leaves without further incident. He later appears in "Ultimate Spider-Man" #88, the third part of the "Silver Sable" storyline. In the story, a student from Parker's high school dresses up as Spider-Man and runs out in front of the press. He is revealed to be Mark Raxton, who tries to promote his band Molten Man before being dragged away by police.

In 1941/1942 he studied acting at the “Conservatoire National Supérieur d`Art Dramatique” in Paris. Until 1944 he had different engagements at theatres in Paris, e. g. “Theatre Pigalle”, “Salle Pleyel”, “Theatre des Ambassadeurs”. From 1944 to 1946 he was called up for military service in the French Army in Indochina shortly before the First Indochina War took place there. He caught malaria during that time and, in consequence of the disease, was left hard of hearing. From 1947 to 1948 he had different engagements at theatres and touring companies not only in France, but also in the French part of Allied-occupied Germany and in Florence, e. g. “Tournée Spectacles Moyses”, Teatro della Pergola. He acted, inter alia, under the direction of Georges Douking. Paul Muller appeared in over 230 films since his first role in 1948. He spent most of his life by working in Italy, his main country of residence. He worked over more than 60 years with most of the well-known European actresses and actors of classic cinema and with some famous names of the Cinema of Italy like Roberto Rossellini, Carlo Ponti, Federico Fellini, Mario Bava, Sergio Corbucci, Michelangelo Antonioni. He also made his appearance in films under the direction of Veit Harlan, Artur Brauner, Jesús "Jess" Franco, René Clement, Michael Curtiz, Richard Fleischer, Jean-Pierre Mocky and many others. Today he lives withdrawn near Rome. In 2009 the German film production company Anolis published a Collector`s Edition of Mario Bava`s and Ricardo Freda`s masterpiece I Vampiri (Der Vampir von Notre-Dame) on a 2-DVD-Set. That item includes, inter alia, three different versions of the first Italian horror movie of the sound era and an exclusive interview with actor Paul Müller about his career (“C`est la Vie – Paul Muller erzählt”). It is the only on-screen interview appearance of him existing so far. The DVD is especially dedicated to Muller and his remarkable work within the European film industry.

The International Network of Disney Universe Comic Knowers and Sources (I.N.D.U.C.K.S.) or Inducks is a freely available database aiming to index all Disney Universe comics ever printed in the world. It is an international project which provides indexes of around 130,000 Disney comic publications worldwide. It is distributed with its own licence. It is complemented by its separate Disney comic scans archive, OUTDUCKS. Efforts to catalog Disney comic stories on a large scale date from the late 1970s and early 1980s. Among the most important works are an index of Disney comics published in Denmark, a list of stories produced in Italy, a list of American daily strips and Sunday pages, an index of American Dell Disney comics and a Carl Barks index. All these lists include artists and writer credits that were previously unknown. In August 1992, Per Starbäck (from Sweden) created the Disney Comics Mailing List. Members soon contributed lists of Disney comics and gave references for printed indexes. In May 1994, expanding on information exchanged on the mailing list, Harry Fluks (from the Netherlands) created a database to organize comic indexes, and called it the Disney Comics Database. In 1999, a German member suggested the name Inducks as a cross between "index" and "duck" (for Donald Duck). It was playfully written I.N.D.U.C.K.S. to resemble acronyms seen in Junior Woodchucks comics. Several meanings have been proposed, including "Internet Database for Uncle Walt's Comics and Stories", "International Network for Disney Universal Comic Knowledge and Sources", up to 2008 when "International Network of Disney-Universe Comic Knowers and Sources" was selected. Over the years, a Web search interface was introduced, later replaced by a second search engine, "COA", in 2001. The Inducks database lists , stories, and creators which are cross-referenced. Each story is given a unique "storycode" so that reprints (often from all over the world) may be found for any story. A large number of Disney comics publications are indexed for the following countries: Australia, Brazil, Denmark, Italy, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Spain, Sweden and United States. Among countries with a significant Disney comics tradition, indexes for Mexico, United Kingdom and (ex-)Yugoslavia are still very incomplete. Inducks integrates previous studies and research works, with permission of the authors, as well as its own research. Thanks to contacts with creators, it provides credits to anonymous (or wrongly-credited) stories. In particular, most Disney comics weren't given credits until the 1980s or 1990s. It also contains information about unpublished Disney comics stories. The main interface to Inducks is a search engine, browser and website abbreviated COA, which is daily updated based on Inducks data, and is available in thirteen languages. While COA uses Inducks data, it is not part of Inducks itself, but it enables users to navigate and search data which in its raw form consists of very user-unfriendly text files. It has a few other features not part of Inducks, like a collection management system and an error tracker tool. Although parts of the database have been published in book form and in specialized journals, Inducks is most often used as a source by comic book historians in articles devoted to Disney comics. Inducks is also used by Disney editors around the world. It is mentioned as a source by scholars and is referenced in books about comics in general. It has once been criticized for being a catalog of data rather than true (semantic) indexing work. Inducks sometimes gave talks and held meetings in comic-book fairs in Italy, such as in Lucca in 1997 with Don Rosa and Marco Rota and in Reggio Emilia in 2007 and 2008. In 2004, it won an Internet award from "afNews", an association of Professional cartoonists in Italy.

The Akan people of Ghana and the Ivory Coast frequently name their children after the day of the week they were born and the order in which they were born. These "day names" have further meanings concerning the soul and character of the person. Middle names have considerably more variety and can refer to their birth order, twin status, or an ancestor's middle name. This naming tradition is shared throughout West Africa and the African diaspora. During the 18th–19th centuries, slaves in the Caribbean from the region that is modern-day Ghana were referred to as Coromantees. Many of the leaders of slave rebellions had "day names" including Cuffy or Kofi, Cudjoe or Kojo, and Quamina or Kwame/Kwamina. Most Ghanaians have at least one name from this system, even if they also have an English or Christian name. Notable figures with day names include Ghana's first president Kwame Nkrumah and former United Nations Secretary-General Kofi Annan. In the official orthography of the Twi language, the Ashanti versions of these names as spoken in Kumasi are as follows. The diacritics on á a̍ à represent high, mid, and low tone (tone does not need to be marked on every vowel), while the diacritic on a̩ is used for vowel harmony and can be ignored. (Diacritics are frequently dropped in any case.) Variants of the names are used in other languages, or may represent different transliteration schemes. The variants mostly consist of different affixes (in Ashanti, "kwa-" or "ko-" for men and "a-" plus "-a" or "-wa" for women). For example, among the Fante, the prefixes are "kwe-" and "e-", respectively. Akan "d̩wo" is pronounced something like English "Joe", but there do appear to be two sets of names for those born on Tuesday. There are also special names for elder and younger twins. The second twin to be born is considered the elder as they were mature enough to help their sibling out first. Ashanti people given-names are concluded with an ethnic-Ashanti family name (surname) proceeded with an Ethnic-Ashanti given name. The Ashanti ethnic-Ashanti family name (surname) are always given after close Ashanti relatives and sometimes Ashanti friends. Since the Ashanti names are always given by the Ashanti men if an Ashanti couple receives an Ashanti son as their first born-baby the Ashanti son is named after the Ashanti father of the Ashanti husband and if the Ashanti baby is an Ashanti girl the Ashanti girl will be named after the Ashanti mother of the Ashanti husband. As a result if an Ashanti man called "Osei Kofi" and his Ashanti wife gives birth to a girl as their first born, the girl may be called "Yaa Dufie" even if she was not born on Friday. The reason is that the Ashanti mother of the Ashanti man "Osei Kofi" is called "Yaa Dufie". The Ashanti people usually give these names so that the Ashanti names of close Ashanti relatives be maintained in the Ashanti families to show how Ashantis cherish the love for their Ashanti families. In the olden days of Ashanti it was a disgrace if an Ashanti man was not able to name any Ashanti child after his Ashanti father and/or Ashanti mother because that was the pride of every Ashanti household. Most of the ethnic-Ashanti family name (surname) given to boys could also be given to girls just by adding the letters "aa". Some Ashanti family names (surnames) can be given to both boys and girls without changing or adding anything. However, there are other ethnic-Ashanti family name (surnames) that are exclusively Ashanti boys names while others are exclusively ethnic-Ashanti girls family names (surnames).

Alberto Begné Guerra (Mexico City, Mexico, July 30, 1963) is a Mexican politician. He currently serves as Deputy Secretary for Crime Prevention and Citizen Participation in the Interior Ministry. He holds a bachelor's degree in law from the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM) and has a master's degree in international relations from the Ortega y Gasset Institute. His academic resume includes being professor of law at UNAM, ITAM (where he was also Coordinator of the Diploma of Law and Electoral Institutions in 1998 and 1999) and CIDE (where he was a member of the Board from 1999 to 2004). He is an active columnist for the newspaper Excelsior, where his column appears every Tuesday in the Opinion section. Among his publications are: Access to Justice and Defense of the Constitution and Political Parties and Elections Systems, Comparative Study where he shares authorship with Jose Woldenberg. He began his professional activities as advisor of the Secretary of Education from 1986 to 1988, from 1990 to 1991, he served as Advisor to the Cabinet for Foreign Policy of the Presidency of the Republic and from 1996 to 1998 he served as Director of Citizenship and Electoral Education at the Federal Electoral Institute (IFE). In 2000 he was the campaign spokesman of Jesus Silva-Herzog Flores as candidate for the Head of the Federal District by the PRI party and 2002-2004 he served as Executive Secretary (Founder) of the Federal Institute of Access to Public Information (IFAI). In 2005, he was a co-founder the Social Democratic Party, where he served as President of the National Executive Committee of August 2005 to September 2008. On 25 February 2016, he was appointed Deputy Secretary of Crime Prevention and Citizen Participation in the Interior Ministry.

Dillons Run is a tributary stream of the Cacapon River, belonging to the Potomac River and Chesapeake Bay watersheds. The stream is located in Hampshire County in the U.S. state of West Virginia's Eastern Panhandle. Dillons Run's source lies in a hollow along the southeastern end of Cooper Mountain (2,028 feet), south of the community of Millbrook. The stream follows Dillons Run Road (County Route 50/25) northeast through Millbrook, turning east through Millbrook Gap, joining a stream flowing from Parks Hollow. Dillons Run continues northeast, adjoining Dillons Run Road while flowing by the community of Dillons Run. After Dillons Run, the stream then meets with another stream flowing out of Gunbarrel Hollow, and continues northeast towards Capon Bridge between Schaffenaker (1493 feet) and Dillons (1913 feet) Mountains. At the northern end of Dillons Mountain, Dillons Run flows east, parallel to the Northwestern Turnpike (U.S. Route 50) and then under Cacapon River Road (County Route 14) before emptying into the Cacapon River south of the Capon Bridge. While paralleling U.S. Route 50, Dillons Run runs through a small grassy field in front of the historic home, Moss Rock. Dillons Run is stocked with rainbow and brook trout from the Dillons Run Road (County Route 50/25) bridge upstream three miles to Millbrook. This portion of the stream is situated approximately six miles southeast of Capon Bridge. Dillons Run is stocked once in February and once every two weeks from March through May by the West Virginia Division of Natural Resources.

MarkLogic Corporation is an American software business that develops and provides an enterprise NoSQL database, also named "MarkLogic". The company was founded in 2001 and is based in San Carlos, California. MarkLogic is a privately held company with over 500 employees and has offices throughout the United States, Europe, Asia, and Australia. MarkLogic has over 550 customers, including Comcast, Deutsche Bank, Erie Insurance Group, Johnson & Johnson, and the US Army. Also, six of the top ten global banks are MarkLogic customers. According to Forrester Research, MarkLogic is among the NoSQL databases vendors with the strongest offerings in the market and regularly appears in Gartner Leaders Quadrant in the Magic Quadrant for Operational Database Management Systems. MarkLogic was first named Cerisent and was founded in 2001 by "Christopher Lindblad", who was the Chief Architect of the Ultraseek search engine at Infoseek, and "Paul Pedersen", a professor of computer science at Cornell University and UCLA, and Frank R. Caufield, Founder of Darwin Ventures, to address shortcomings with existing search and data products. The product first focused on using XML document markup standard and XQuery as the query standard for accessing collections of documents up to hundreds of terabytes in size. In 2009 IDC mentioned MarkLogic in a report as one of the top "Innovative Information Access Companies" with under $100 million in revenue. In May 2012, Gary Bloom joined MarkLogic as Chief Executive Officer. He held senior positions at Symantec Corporation, Veritas Software, and Oracle, where he was once considered the successor to Larry Ellison. Also in 2012, MarkLogic was selected by the British Broadcasting Corporation to power its Olympic Data Services of the 2012 London Olympics. Since 1 October 2013, MarkLogic has been used to help power the U.S. government's healthcare.gov site, launched to support the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA). The site had trouble at launch, and according to the "New York Times," the main contractor for ACA originally objected to using MarkLogic. In February 2015, NBC launched a mobile app for its iconic Saturday Night Live show, and as of September 2015, the app had been used to stream over 100 Million clips. MarkLogic is the database used for storing and searching metadata, and the app also has a predictive engine connected to the database that keeps users engaged with the content. MarkLogic obtained its first financing of $6 million in 2002 lead by Sequoia Capital, followed by a $12 million investment in June 2004, this time lead by Lehman Brothers Venture Partners. The company received additional funding of $15 million in 2007 from its existing investors Sequoia and Lehman. The same investors put another $12.5 million into the company in 2009. On 12 April 2013, MarkLogic received an additional $25 million in funding, led by Sequoia Capital and Tenaya Capital. On May 12, 2015, MarkLogic received an additional $102 million in funding, led by Wellington Management Company, with contributions from Arrowpoint Partners and existing backers, Sequoia Capital, Tenaya Capital, and Northgate Capital. This brought the company's total funding to $173 Million and gave MarkLogic a pre-money valuation of $1 billion. The MarkLogic product is considered a multi-model NoSQL database for its ability to store, manage, and search JSON and XML documents and semantic data (RDF triples). According to Computerworld.uk, organizations rely on the flexibility and agility of MarkLogic in order to integrate massive amounts of data and build large scale web applications. MarkLogic is available under various licensing and delivery models, namely a free "Developer" or an "Essential Enterprise" license. Licenses are available from MarkLogic or directly from cloud marketplaces such as Amazon Web Services and Microsoft Azure. MarkLogic is a multi-model NoSQL database that has evolved from its XML database roots to also natively store JSON documents and RDF triples, the data model for semantics. In addition to having a flexible data model, MarkLogic uses a distributed, scale-out architecture that can handle hundreds of billions of documents and hundreds of Terabytes of data. Unlike other NoSQL databases, MarkLogic maintains ACID consistency for transactions, and has focused on building enterprise features into every release, including a robust security model consisting of Common Criteria certification, and enterprise-grade high availability and disaster recovery. MarkLogic is designed to run on-premises within public or private cloud environments like Amazon Web Services. MarkLogic's Enterprise NoSQL database platform is widely used in publishing, government, finance and other sectors, with hundreds of large-scale systems in production.

Old Baldy (ca. 1852 – December 16, 1882) was the horse ridden by Union Major General George G. Meade at the Battle of Gettysburg and in many other important battles of the American Civil War. Baldy was born and raised on the western frontier and at the start of the Civil War was owned by Maj. Gen. David Hunter. His name during this period is unknown. It is said that he was wounded anywhere from five to 14 times during the war, starting at the First Battle of Bull Run, where he was struck in the nose by a piece of an artillery shell. Soon after, in September 1861, he was purchased from the government by Meade in Washington, D.C., for $150 and named Baldy because of his white face. Despite Baldy's unusual, uncomfortable pace, Meade became quite devoted to him and rode him in all of his battles through 1862 and the spring of 1863. The horse was wounded in the right hind leg at the Second Battle of Bull Run, and at Antietam, he was wounded through the neck and left for dead on the field. He survived and was treated. At Gettysburg, on July 2, 1863, Baldy was hit by a bullet that entered his stomach after passing through Meade's right trouser leg. He staggered and refused to move forward, defying all of Meade's directions. Meade commented, "Baldy is done for this time. This is the first time he has refused to go forward under fire." Baldy was sent to the rear for recuperation. In 1864, having returned to duty for the Overland Campaign and the Siege of Petersburg, he was struck in the ribs by a shell at the Weldon Railroad, and Meade decided that Old Baldy should be retired. Baldy was sent north to Philadelphia and then to the farm of Meade's staff quartermaster, Captain Sam Ringwalt, in Downingtown, Pennsylvania. He was later relocated to the Meadow Bank Farm, owned by a friend of the Meade family, where he remained for several years. He was moderately active in retirement and Meade rode the horse in several memorial parades. His last parade was as the "riderless horse" in the funeral procession of his master, in November 1872. Baldy lived another 10 years. He was euthanized on December 16, 1882, at the age of 30, when he became too feeble to stand. On Christmas Day of that year, two Union Army veterans (Albert C. Johnston and H.W.B. Harvey) disinterred Baldy's remains and decapitated him, sending the head to a taxidermist. Baldy's head was mounted on a plaque in a glass case and displayed in the Grand Army of the Republic Civil War Museum and Library in Philadelphia. In 1979, his head was loaned to the Old Baldy Civil War Round Table, which paid for its restoration and placed it on exhibit in the Meade Room of the Civil War Museum of Philadelphia. The latter museum closed in August 2008, pending a relocation, and most of its artifacts were distributed to other museums, including the Gettysburg Museum and Visitor Center. Attorneys for the two museums reached an agreement under the auspices of the Philadelphia Orphans' Court in December 2009 to return Old Baldy to the GAR museum on Griscom Street. Ceremonies marking the resumption of public display of Old Baldy at the museum were conducted on September 26, 2010.

Huffman Prairie, also known as Huffman Prairie Flying Field or Huffman Field is part of Ohio's Dayton Aviation Heritage National Historical Park. The 84-acre (34-hectare) patch of rough pasture, near Fairborn, northeast of Dayton, is the place where the Wright brothers (Wilbur and Orville) undertook the difficult and sometimes dangerous task of creating a dependable, fully controllable airplane and training themselves to be pilots. Many early aircraft records were set by the Wrights at the Huffman Prairie. The Wrights began using Huffman Prairie in 1904 with the permission of the field's owner, Dayton banker Torrence Huffman. Its location along an interurban rail line from the brothers' hometown of Dayton provided them with easy access. The Wrights made about 150 flights at the field in 1904–1905, leading to development of the 1905 Wright Flyer III, which they considered to be the first practical airplane. This aircraft has been restored, and is now displayed at the Carillon Historical Park in Dayton. In 1910, the Wright Company placed its testing operations at Huffman Prairie Flying Field; the Wright Company also operated its Wright Flying School on the site. Through the Flying School, the Wright Company trained more than a hundred pilots, including the aviators for the Wright Exhibition Team and early military aviators, including Henry H. "Hap" Arnold and Thomas DeWitt Milling. The United States Army Signal Corps purchased the field in 1917 and renamed it, along with 2,000 adjacent acres (8 km²), Wilbur Wright Field. In 1948 the area was merged with nearby Patterson Field to become Wright-Patterson Air Force Base. The National Park Service currently operates this historic site where visitors may see the place where the Wrights developed the world’s first practical airplane as well as replicas of their 1905 hangar and launching catapult. While the historic flying field is mowed short, simulating the grazed pasture used by the Wrights and allowing its use for re-enactment flights, an adjacent area of tall-grass prairie is maintained unmowed, managed instead using late-season controlled burns. A nature trail winds among the prairie's tall grasses, diverse wildflowers, and occasional shrubs. The Huffman Prairie area is located within the Air Force Base, with a separate entrance and fencing between it and an adjacent runway and other modern base facilities. The associated Huffman Prairie Flying Field Interpretive Center is located about 2 miles (3.2 km) from the flying field near the Wright Memorial, on a hilltop overlooking Huffman Prairie and other parts of the Air Force Base. This facility addresses the specific problems Orville and Wilbur Wright encountered while they were perfecting their flying machine, their first demonstration flights in the United States and in Europe, their exhibition team, and their manufacturing facility in Dayton, Ohio. The center also highlights the continuing legacy of Orville and Wilbur Wright as embodied in the development of Wright-Patterson Air Force Base and the continuing aeronautical research at this Air Force facility. Huffman Prairie Flying Field was designated as a National Historic Landmark in 1990, and added to the U.S. World Heritage Tentative List as part of the Dayton Aviation Sites listing in 2008. In 1986, of the natural portion of the Huffman Prairie was designated as an Ohio Natural Area. It is a component of the National Aviation Heritage Area. The Dayton indie rock band Guided by Voices has a song called "Huffman Prairie Flying Field" on their 2004 album Half Smiles of the Decomposed.

Patrick Bashir Baladi (born 25 December 1971 in Sutton Coldfield, Warwickshire) is an English actor. He is best known for playing Neil Godwin in the BBC Sitcom "The Office", Michael Jackson in the Sky 1 drama "Stella" and Stephen Holmes in the ITV thriller "Marcella". Baladi's father is a gynaecologist and obstetrician from Libya, and his mother was a midwife. Baladi grew up with his brother Nick and three sisters Sara, Charlotte, and Bungie. He was educated at Stonyhurst College, where he was the first student to win the Charles Laughton Prize for his roles in "Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat" (as Pharaoh) and "Amadeus" (as Mozart). After school he went on to train as an actor at the Central School of Speech and Drama. Baladi is known for his portrayal of David Brent's suave and charming nemesis, Neil Godwin, in the BBC's hit comedy-mockumentary series, "The Office". He appeared in the second and final series of the award-winning show, as well as the subsequent "The Office Christmas Special". In addition to "The Office", Baladi has appeared in various films and television shows, including Bodies, "Kidnap and Ransom", as Philip Shaffer, ITV (2011), "Alpha Male", "", "Beyond The Pole", "Bodies", "P.O.W", "Lady Audley's Secret", "Grafters", "Silent Witness", "The International", "Party Animals", "Mistresses", "Rev. ", "Sensitive Skin", "Privates" and "Stella". Baladi portrayed Dodi Al-Fayed in the 2007 television docudrama "". In 2008 he had a small role in the romantic comedy "Last Chance Harvey", appearing alongside Emma Thompson. He is also a stage actor who has appeared in numerous productions by the Royal Shakespeare Company, such as "Hamlet" and "Much Ado About Nothing". He starred in the comedy "No Heroics" as Excelsor. Baladi married his long-time girlfriend, Gemma Walker, at Sandals Halcyon Beach in St Lucia on 9 January 2007. Their daughter Ava was born on 3 March 2007. He is a member of the band Grow Up, along with Keith Allen.

Michael Joseph O'Rahilly ( or ); (22 April 1875 –29 April 1916) known as The O'Rahilly, was an Irish republican and nationalist; he was a founding member of the Irish Volunteers in 1913 and served as Director of Arms. Despite opposing the action, he took part in the Easter Rising in Dublin and was killed in a charge on a British machine gun post covering the retreat from the GPO during the fighting. He was born in Ballylongford, County Kerry to Richard Rahilly, a grocer, and Ellen Rahilly (née Mangan). O'Rahilly was educated in Clongowes Wood College (1890-3). He had two siblings who lived to adulthood, Mary Ellen "Nell" Humphreys (née Rahilly) and Anno O'Rahilly, both of whom were active in the Irish revolutionary period. As an adult, he became a republican and a language enthusiast. He joined the Gaelic League and became a member of "An Coiste Gnotha", its governing body. He was well travelled, spending at least a decade in the United States and in Europe before settling in Dublin. O'Rahilly was a founding member of the Irish Volunteers in 1913, who organized to work for Irish independence and resist the proposed Home Rule; he served as the IV Director of Arms. He personally directed the first major arming of the Irish Volunteers, the landing of 900 Mausers at the Howth gun-running on 26 July 1914. O'Rahilly was a wealthy man; the "Weekly Irish Times" reported after the Easter Rising that he "enjoyed a private income of £900" per annum, plenty of which went to "the cause he espoused". O'Rahilly was not party to the plans for the Easter Rising, nor was he a member of the Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB), but he was one of the main people who trained the Irish Volunteers for the coming fight. The planners of the Rising went to great lengths to prevent those leaders of the Volunteers who were opposed to unprovoked, unilateral action from learning that a rising was imminent, including its Chief-of-Staff Eoin MacNeill, Bulmer Hobson, and O'Rahilly. When Hobson discovered that an insurrection was planned, he was kidnapped by the Military Council leadership. Learning this, O'Rahilly went to Patrick Pearse's school, Scoil Éanna on Good Friday. He barged into Pearse's study, brandishing his revolver as he announced "Whoever kidnaps me will have to be a quicker shot!" Pearse calmed O'Rahilly, assuring him that Hobson was unharmed, and would be released after the rising began. O'Rahilly took instructions from MacNeill and spent the night driving throughout the country, informing Volunteer leaders in Cork, Kerry, Tipperary, and Limerick that they were not to mobilise their forces for planned manoeuvres on Sunday. Arriving home, he learned that the Rising was about to begin in Dublin on the next day, Easter Monday, 24 April 1916. Despite his efforts to prevent such action (which he felt could only lead to defeat), he set out to Liberty Hall to join Pearse, James Connolly, Thomas MacDonagh, Tom Clarke, Joseph Plunkett, Countess Markievicz, Seán Mac Diarmada, Eamonn Ceannt and their Irish Volunteers and Irish Citizen Army troops. Arriving in his De Dion-Bouton motorcar, he gave one of the most quoted lines of the rising – "Well, I've helped to wind up the clock -- I might as well hear it strike!" Another famous, if less quoted line, was his comment to Markievicz, "It is madness, but it is glorious madness." He fought with the GPO garrison during Easter Week. One of the first British prisoners taken in the GPO was Second Lieutenant AD Chalmers, who was bound with telephone wire and lodged in a telephone box by the young Volunteer Captain and IRB activist, Michael Collins. Chalmers later recalled O'Rahilly's kindness to him. In a statement to a newspaper reporter, he said that he was taken from the phone box after three hours and brought up to O'Rahilly, who ordered: "I want this officer to watch the safe to see that nothing is touched. You will see that no harm comes to him." On Friday 28 April, with the GPO on fire, O'Rahilly volunteered to lead a party of men along a route to Williams and Woods, a factory on Great Britain Street (now Parnell Street). A British machine-gun at the intersection of Great Britain and Moore streets cut him and several of the others down(Francis Macken and Patrick Shortis). O'Rahilly slumped into a doorway on Moore Street, wounded and bleeding badly but, hearing the English marking his position, made a dash across the road to find shelter in Sackville Lane (now O'Rahilly Parade). He was wounded diagonally from shoulder to hip by sustained fire from the machine-gunner. Most accounts attest to O'Rahilly's dying in Sackville Lane which joined Moore Lane - however, the interconnected lanes were generally both known as Moore Lane by Dubliners. According to ambulance driver Albert Mitchell, long after the surrender had taken place on Saturday afternoon and 19 hours after being severely wounded, O'Rahilly still clung to life. Mitchell said he was recounting events more than 30 years later. The following is an extract from Mitchel's witness statement: Desmond Ryan's "The Rising" maintains that it "was 2.30pm when Miss O'Farrell reached Moore Street, and as she passed Sackville Lane again, she saw O'Rahilly's corpse lying a few yards up the laneway, his feet against a stone stairway in front of a house, his head towards the street." O'Rahilly wrote a message to his wife on the back of a letter he had received in the GPO from his son. Shane Cullen etched this last message to Nannie O'Rahilly into his limestone and bronze memorial sculpture to The O'Rahilly. The text reads: In Gaelic tradition, chief of clans were called by their clan name preceded by the determinate article, for example Robert The Bruce. O'Rahilly's calling himself "The O'Rahilly" was purely his own idea. In 1938, the poet William Butler Yeats defended O'Rahilly on this point in his poem "The O'Rahilly", which begins:

Lance was an American comic strip notable as one of the last of the full-page strips. Created and self-syndicated by artist Warren Tufts, it ran from the mid- to late 1950s "Lance" premiered on Sunday, June 5, 1955, or Sunday, August 5, 1956 Launching in approximately 100 newspapers, was self-syndicated by artist Warren Tufts, creator of the previous strip "Casey Ruggles". (sources differ). Originally formatted like "Prince Valiant", with text in captions but minus word balloons, it eventually switched to using word balloons. The last full page was #85. After that, the strip appeared in half page and tab formats. A daily strip began January 14, 1957 and lasted at least until February 15, 1958. Tufts' "Casey Ruggles" was referenced when Ruggles made a brief appearance in the daily strip. The final "Lance" strip was #261, published May 29, 1960. "Lance" starred U.S. cavalry officer Lance St. Lorne, stationed at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas in the mid-19th century. In tales of settling the Old West frontier, the character crossed paths with such figures as Kit Carson and others. Comics historian Don Markstein said the strip was "characterized by high-quality stories and art, but also by historical accuracy. Unlike, say, "Lucky Luke", when Lance met someone who had really lived, that person was as old as he'd actually have been at the time, and in circumstances congruent with the known course of the person's life." The American Comics Archive reprinted "Lance" in its "Big Fun" comics magazine. "Big Fun" #5, devoted solely to "Lance", reprinted Sundays and dailies from June 5, 1955 through August 20, 1957. "Comics Revue" had "Lance" as a cover feature on several issues. The series was completely reprinted with restoration by Manuel Caldas in Portugal (four volumes), Spain (four volumes) and Germany (five volumes) in their respective languages. A four-volume Serbian edition was published by Makondo in 2015.

Tim Kash is a television presenter best known for formerly presenting "Top of the Pops" in the United Kingdom, and "MTV News" on MTV UK and Ireland. He appeared on the U.S. edition of "MTV News", and as a guest presenter on E! Network's "Daily 10". He currently resides in New York City, United States. After joining MTV, Kash was offered the presenting role on the BBC's "Top of the Pops". On 28 November 2003, Kash hosted his first episode of the show which coincided with one of its most radical overhauls in what was reported as a make-or-break attempt to revitalize the long-running series. The BBC chose Kash for the position because of his youth, his prior success on MTV, and because the considered him a "edgy, quick-witted and talented presenter"; they hoped that all of these qualities would bring back the younger audience Top of the Pops used to have. Though show garnered poor ratings, and was moved from BBC1 to BBC2 in spring 2005, and eventually cancelled in July 2006. Kash has been an Ambassador for the Prince's Trust, and a patron of Great Ormond Street Children's Hospital for 4 years and continues to work closely with them. He is also an Ambassador for MTV's Staying Alive Foundation. Kash launched the BOOM! Music Video Academy in 2004, an organization which teaches 11- to 18-year-old students the skills needed to produce music, videos and short films. The Academy has since been closed.

KDKA-FM (93.7 FM, "SportsRadio 93.7 The Fan") is a commercial FM radio station licensed to serve Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The station is owned by CBS Radio through licensee CBS Radio Stations Inc. and broadcasts a sports radio format. Studios are located at Foster Plaza near Green Tree (west of Pittsburgh) while the broadcast tower used by the station is located on Mount Washington (next to their former studios) in Pittsburgh's South Shore neighborhood at (). The station serves as the flagship station for the Pittsburgh Pirates Radio Network and the Pittsburgh Panthers IMG sports network. KDKA-FM uses HD Radio and simulcasts the programming of sister station KDKA on its HD2 subchannel, while the national broadcast feed of CBS Sports Radio is simulcast on its HD3 subchannel. The station signed on for the first time using the WKJF-FM call sign in the 1950s as an independently owned FM station. For a brief time, there was a co-owned UHF TV station, WKJF-TV (channel 53; now occupied by WPGH-TV), which operated in 1953-54. During its early incarnations as WKJF, WKOI, and WJOI, the station programmed a beautiful music format. During the 1960s, Bill Hillgrove, who would later become a Pittsburgh sportscaster, was a staff member and hosted a Saturday night big band show titled "Stereo Dance Party." For many years, the station was owned by EZ Communications. Debuting at Midnight on April 5, 1981, WBZZ (B94) was the city’s number one Top 40 music station, tailoring its programming to not only a younger audience, but also a Pittsburgh audience. The first song played after the format switch was "You May Be Right" by Billy Joel. B94 featured local morning shows such as “Quinn and Banana" (featuring Jim Quinn and "Banana" Don Jefferson) from its debut in 1983 until 1993, and “John, Dave, Bubba, Shelly” (with some minor personality changes) from 1993 through 2004. In addition, the station as a whole featured a mostly local airstaff who were born and/or raised in the area. EZ Communications would merge with American Radio Systems in July 1997, with ARS merging with Infinity Broadcasting (owned by CBS Radio) in September of that year. (Infinity would be renamed CBS Radio in December 2005.) In 1998, the station relocated from its longtime studios on Mount Washington to Foster Plaza in Green Tree. In 2000, Clear Channel Communications unveiled a new CHR format, KISS-FM, on WKST-FM. The new station began to take a large chunk out of B94's audience. With more syndicated programming featuring famous national on air talent and focusing more on the younger audience, B94, for the first time, saw itself slipping into second place. Also not helping matters was sister station WZPT switching to a Hot AC format at the same time, which, while it played a mix of 1980s and 1990s music with current hits, otherwise had a similar format to B94. In February 2003, WBZZ rebranded as “93-7 BZZ”. This was done as the station didn't want any confusion of exactly where it was on the radio dial, especially considering that the only station in Pittsburgh actually "on" the 94 range (WWSW-FM) had an oldies format. It was also done to re-image the station to compete with WKST, and because most radio stations sound out their exact frequency rather than rounding it due to the spread of digital tuners. Later, in mid-2004, the station tweaked its name again, calling itself "B93-7". In 2004, Clear Channel cancelled The Howard Stern Show including on local WXDX-FM. In response, WBZZ operations manager Keith Clark decided to flip the station’s format after 23 years, and not only pick up Howard Stern (which he saw as a golden opportunity to improve the station's ratings), but unveiled a new active rock format known as "93-7 K-Rock" to compete with Clear Channel’s other rock stations. On June 30, 2004, at 8 a.m., after briefly touting a big announcement, WBZZ’s on-air talent gathered to say goodbye to Pittsburgh, thanking the city for its support throughout the years. WBZZ ended the Top 40 format at 8:30 a.m. with "Move This" by Technotronic, while K-Rock's first song was "For Those About To Rock" by AC/DC. Listeners that had liked WBZZ but didn't like the new rock format were encouraged on-air to listen to sister station WZPT. The WBZZ call sign would be replaced by WRKZ on July 7, 2004. Ratings for the station improved initially after the switch, but began to decline before Howard Stern's departure for Sirius Satellite Radio. To replace Stern, the station carried David Lee Roth's radio show as his replacement. However, due to low ratings, Roth was replaced by Opie and Anthony less than three months after his debut. The afternoon drive show of Kidd Chris, from co-owned WYSP in Philadelphia, aired on 93.7 from August 28, 2006 until March 19, 2007. On April 2, 2007, WRKZ became "93.7 The Zone," and changed its call signs to WTZN-FM in the process. This left Pittsburgh without an active rock station until WKVE flipped to it in 2009. The new station, although not carrying the "Free FM" name in its branding, was considered to be part of CBS's hot talk network by that name, the only station to affiliate with the network after the initial launch. Joining the lineup were Opie and Anthony, Pittsburgh native Dennis Miller, and former WDVE personality Scott Paulsen. The station also carried programming from Sporting News Radio. Miller and Paulsen were displaced to KDKA when the format was abandoned. On Monday, October 1, 2007, at 10 AM, after Opie and Anthony, WTZN began stunting with Christmas music, in anticipation of a format flip scheduled for later that week. The station made some fairly obvious hints as to the future of the station, advertising "Something's missing in 'Pitts-urgh'," and asking, "What is missing in Pitts-urgh? ", prompting visitors to go to a message board at http://www.pitts-urgh.com/ where there was a message board asking "What do you miss the most about Pittsburgh?," among the choices being "B94 Radio." B94 returned to Pittsburgh the following Friday, October 5, at 5 pm, with its first song being Justin Timberlake's "SexyBack." This marked CBS Radio's first top 40 station launch of the late 2000s; it would later launch the format in Houston (KKHH), San Francisco (KMVQ-FM), New York City (WXRK), Los Angeles (KAMP-FM), Detroit (WVMV), Boston (WODS), and Orlando (WJHM). The return of B94 was apparently part of a CBS Radio initiative of resurrecting radio stations that had been killed off for other formats, such as WCBS-FM in New York and KFRC-FM in San Francisco. However, unlike those stations, which aired classic hits formats, B94 played current hits. On November 27, 2007, WTZN switched its call sign to WBZW-FM to reflect its new format. B94's former call sign, WBZZ, were in use by an Adult Contemporary radio station in Malta, New York. That station is now WQSH, and CBS has indicated an intention to reacquire the call sign for use on one of its properties (which would later be at WZPT). In the wake of WAMO-FM's departure from the Urban Contemporary format in September 2009 after it was sold to a Catholic-based organization, WBZW managed to take advantage of the situation by adding current R&B/Hip-Hop tracks to pick up the displaced WAMO listeners, even at the expense of the more Rhythmic-heavy WKST, but at the same time, stay within the Mainstream Top 40/CHR realm due to WKST's Rhythmic direction. On January 19, 2010, it was announced that CBS Radio would drop the B94 branding again, and would flip the format to sports talk, launching February 15, 2010 under the name "Sportsradio 93.7 The Fan". Again, the change was part of an initiative by CBS to establish FM sports talk stations; often displacing heritage music stations in the process (WBZ-FM in Boston was another example of this). The station will focus on local sports programming while going head-to-head with WEAE and WBGG, which are owned by ESPN Radio and affiliated with Fox Sports Radio, respectively. Much like the previous abandonment of B94, the station's format was merged into WZPT ("Star 100.7"). Bubba and Melanie from the former B94 morning show have both moved to Star 100.7, with Bubba joining JR and Shelly on the morning show and Melanie Taylor taking the midday shift. Former WZPT midday jock Scott Alexander slides to afternoons, prompting the exit of former Star afternoon personality Jonny Hartwell. Kobe, B94's afternoon jock and Music Director, and Flick, B94's night jock, were both released. Flick eventually wound up at WKST-FM, and then the current WBZZ (WZPT would adopt the call sign in 2011). Midday guy Sean "Coop" Cooper was transferred to nights at WYCD in Detroit. The end of B94 came in the late hours of the 14th, when 93.7 began stunting with music played at sports events, also known as "jock jams", and liners redirecting listeners of B94 to Star, before the flip officially occurred at 6 AM on the 15th. Many station liners are also used (with a different branding) on sister stations WSCR in Chicago, WKRK-FM in Cleveland, and WFAN/WFAN-FM in New York. The station also adopted the KDKA-FM call sign on February 15, 2010, to reflect the recent trend for CBS Radio all-sports stations in markets with a heritage CBS-owned station to have matching call signs, in this case KDKA-TV and the historic KDKA Radio. In 2012, KDKA-FM became the flagship station for the Pittsburgh Pirates Radio Network and the Pittsburgh Panthers IMG College Sports Network. If Pitt and the Pirates are on at the same time, KDKA-FM will broadcast the Panthers and sister KDKA will broadcast the Pirates.

The 1983 U.S. Senate bombing was a bomb explosion at the United States Senate on November 7, 1983, motivated by United States military involvement in Lebanon and Grenada. The effect of the attack led to heightened security in the DC metroplex, and the inaccessibility of certain parts of the Senate Building. Six members of the left-wing extremist "Resistance Conspiracy" were arrested in May 1988 and charged with the bombing, as well as related bombings of Fort McNair and the Washington Navy Yard which occurred April 25, 1983, and April 20th 1984 respectively. In October of 1983, the United States military invaded the socialist island nation of Grenada, and replaced the former dictatorship with a government more closely resembling a democratic one. At the time, the invasion was supported by 64% of the US population. However, those members of the left wing terror group, Resistance Conspiracy felt perturbed. The invasion of Grenada, coupled with the October 1983 bombing of a United States Marines barracks in Beirut Lebanon, prompted the beginnings of a plan for the left wing extremists to take action. Members of the group felt the United States, led by President Ronald Reagan, had no business meddling in the affairs of Middle Eastern nations or oppressing small socialist island states. Thus it was decided to bring awareness to their ideals by bombing the US Senate on November 7. On that day, the Senate adjourned at 7:02 p.m. A crowded reception, held near the Senate Chamber, broke up two hours later. At 10:58 p.m., an explosion tore through the second floor of the Capitol's north wing; the adjacent halls were virtually deserted. Minutes before the blast, a caller claiming to represent the "Armed Resistance Unit" had warned the Capitol switchboard that a bomb had been placed near the Chamber in retaliation for recent U.S. military involvement in Grenada and Lebanon, in which the U.S. had placed Marines. The force of the device, hidden under a bench at the eastern end of the corridor outside the Chamber, blew off the door to the office of Democratic Leader Robert C. Byrd. Senator Byrd was an active supporter of involvement in Grenada, and had recently made attempts to garner support for retaliating against recent attacks against US marines stationed in Lebanon. His recent actions may have drawn attention from the terrorist group, and led to his targeting. Furthermore,the blast also punched a hole in a wall partition, sending a shower of pulverized brick, plaster, and glass into the Republican cloakroom. The explosion caused no structural damage to the Capitol. The force shattered mirrors, chandeliers, and furniture. Officials calculated damages of $250,000 (Nearly $600,000 in 2014). A portrait of Daniel Webster, across from the concealed bomb, received the explosion's full force. The blast tore away Webster's face and left it scattered across the Minton tiles in one-inch canvas shards. The Senate recovered the fragments from debris-filled trash bins. Over the coming months, a conservator painstakingly restored the painting to a credible, if somewhat diminished, version of the original. This bombing seemed to replicate an earlier attack on the capitol which occurred in 1971. Committed by the Weather Underground, a left wing terror group related to the Resistance Conspiracy, this attack caused damages in excess of $300,000. The reason for this attack, as provided by the group, was for American aggression and "Nixon involvement in Laos." In this earlier attack, the superseding terror group placed a dynamite explosive in a south wing ballroom. The explosion cause windows to shatter and interior walls to crumble and be destroyed. This attack was universally condemned by both sides of the political spectrum, as well as the general public. Not since the war of 1812, when the British burned the capitol to the ground, had the building suffered so much damage. Interestingly, the November 1983 bombing also occurred just three weeks after an earlier bombing attempt on the House Gallery. A young Israeli man by the name Israel Robinovitch, threatened to detonate a bomb on his person upon entering the building. He was quickly apprehended, however, police stated that the bomb carried by the man would have detonated, had it not been improperly wired. The reason for Israel's bombing attack was to bring awareness to world hunger. Earlier in that year on April 25, 1983 the group, Resistance Conspiracy detonated a small bomb at the National War College at Fort McNair in Washington, D.C. The reason behind the terrorist act was to end "US imperialism". The War College, where American military officials get high-level training, was immediately sealed off. Col. Jamie Walton of the Army said the explosion was caused by a device that "appeared to be 5 to 10 pounds of unknown explosives detonated by some sort of timing device." Colonel Walton said there were no injuries. He cited superficial damage to the outside of the building, "windows blown out, things of that nature." A year later, on April 24th 1984, the same group bombed the Officer's Club at the Washington Navy Yard. Their reasons for the bombing were opposition to US policy in Central America and independence for Puerto Rico. The explosion at the officers club occurred at 1:50 A.M. An F.B.I. spokesman said it appeared to have been caused by a powerful bomb that was placed under a couch in an entryway to the club. The explosion blew out windows, knocked down part of a false ceiling and damaged the interior of the three-story, red-brick club building. There was nobody in the building at the time of the bombing and no one was injured. The effect of this bombing led to heightened focus on anti terrorism operations in the United States, and eventually led to the group's takedown four years later in 1988. The group Resistance Conspiracy was a United States based branch of the wider Communist terrorist organization known as, the May 19th Communist Order. This group existed from its' first attack in 1976 until later attacks in 1985. Throughout the lifespan of the organization, twenty incidents of terror were committed including one fatality inflicted. Most of the incidents involved bombings and sabotage, however a large minority included scare tactic such as threats and the utilization of fake weapons. Their belief in "armed propaganda" motivated their attacks on numerous federal buildings. The thinking was that the only way to influence an "aggressive" nation was to use aggressive tactics. The organization also is known as the Armed Resistance Unit, the Red Guerilla Coalition, and the Revolutionary Fighting Group. The group, May 19th Communist Order was an alliance consisting of members of The Black Panthers, The Black Liberation Army, and a left wing group known as the Weather Underground Association. The main goals of the M19CO were to 1. Free political prisoners in US prisons; 2. Appropriate capitalist wealth (armed robberies) to fund the third stage, and 3. Initiate a series of bombings and terrorist attacks. Immediately after the bombing, emergency responders were alerted by the guards present in the capitol during the attack. "Within minutes of the explosion, more than a dozen fire trucks and four ambulances raced up to the west front of the Capitol while officers with police dogs began combing the area for clues," according to the New York Times. Although no damage was inflicted outside of a seventy five yard blast radius, many passersby outside the capitol witnessed a loud blast which they could hear. The presence of a repugnant odor also filled the halls of the capitol building for weeks to come, as a residue of the explosive device remained. Upon the explosion of the explosive device, unidentified callers contacted various news outlets playing what seemed to be a recording. This recording claimed responsibility for the attack for the Resistance Conspiracy, and listed grievances with "American aggression." Members of the group were recorded as stating, "We purposely aimed our attack at the institutions of imperialist rule rather than at individual members of the ruling class and government. We did not choose to kill any of them this time. But their lives are not sacred." After a five-year investigation, federal agents arrested six members of the Resistance Conspiracy, on May 12, 1988, and charged them with bombings of the Capitol, Fort McNair, and the Washington Navy Yard. On December 7, 1990, federal judge Harold H. Greene sentenced Laura Whitehorn and Linda Evans to lengthy prison terms for conspiracy and malicious destruction of government property. The court dropped charges against three co-defendants, already serving extended prison sentences for related crimes. Whitehorn was sentenced to 20 years; Evans, to 5 years, concurrent with 35 years for illegally buying guns. On January 20, 2001, the day he left office, President Bill Clinton commuted Evans's sentence. The 1983 bombing marked the beginning of tightened security measures throughout the Capitol. The area outside the Senate Chamber, previously open to the public, was permanently closed. Congressional officials instituted a system of staff identification cards and added metal detectors to building entrances to supplement those placed at Chamber gallery. After their indictment, the courts issued a statement meant to thwart future attempts on federal buildings. "Let this be a warning to those who seek to influence the policies of the United States government through violence and terrorism that we will seek unrelentingly to bring them to justice. Those who attack our sacred institutions of government and seek to destroy the symbols of our democratic system ultimately will have to pay the price."

Bethany School is an independent boarding and day school for girls and boys aged 11–18 (Year 7-11 and Sixth Form), in Goudhurst, Kent, United Kingdom, which still places great emphasis on its Anglican character. The School is a rural campus, located on a in a beautiful 60 acre site in the heart of the Weald of Kent. Headmaster Francie Healy has been in post since September 2010. The School has seen a constant programme of development with many new buildings. The most recent addition to the facilities is the new Science Centre which was completed at the end of 2008. Bethany School was founded by The Reverend Joseph Kendon in 1866. He was a man of great vision and faith who intended Bethany to be a community where each student would be treated as an individual and encouraged to reach their true potential in all areas of life. Bethany has a wide variety of sport. Rugby, Football and Cricket are among the most popular sports for boys, with Netball, Hockey and Rounders for girls. A wide variety of clubs and activities are available to pupils and these are incorporated within the school day. These range from Arts & Crafts to Bee-keeping, Golf, Equestrian, Archery, Table Tennis, Chef School and many more. The Duke of Edinburgh's Award scheme is extremely popular with pupils from Year 10 upwards and each year between 15-20 pupils achieve the Gold Award. Business Studies pupils have the option in the Sixth Form of participating in Young Enterprise, a charity scheme where pupils form a business and attempt to generate profits for shareholders. In recent years, Bethany School has seen a major development of new buildings. 2016 has seen the completion of a fantastic, six lane 25m indoor swimming pool, a state of the art Fitness Suite and a new Sixth Form Centre. The Orchard was completed in 1999 and provides a separate living area for Sixth Form pupils with ensuite study bedrooms. In 2001 a modern sports complex was completed, providing a new 'weights room' and also a climbing wall. A new library was completed in 2002 and the former library was converted into a drama studio. The library has been very well received, especially by the Lower 6th who have a much more modern and resourceful library for private study. The Holmes Building which houses Business Studies and Geography was completed in 2003. In September 2005 the completely reconstructed and redesigned dining hall complex was completed. This provides for a modern approach to catering repasts for the increasing number of students, and more formal occasions. The modern Food Technology and Textiles rooms were opened in 2006, as well as new language classrooms. A new Astroturf was constructed in 2007. In 2009 a brand new five million pound Science block was built, due to the fact that the old one burnt down. 2013 saw extensive refurbishment within the boarding accommodation. The Mount is for boys from Years 7 to 12, who like to refer to themselves as Mounties, and has recently been refurbished with brand new, bespoke furnishings. The Mount is a boys weekly boarding and day house situated on the outskirts of the School. It is run by Mr and Mrs Khan who have been house parents at The Mount for 13 years and live next door to the house together with their three children: Oliver, Joshua and Elizabeth. Currently Old Poplars is the only House that is exclusively for girls on the campus and accommodates girls from Year 7 to the Lower Sixth. Old Poplars has benefited from an extensive refurbishment programme which was completed in 2013 and it offers its girl boarders a comfortable 'home from home' character. Constructed in 1975 and named after former headmaster Christian Lanzer's predecessor Kenneth Pengelly. Pengelly is a newly refurbished building, housing boys from Year 9 to the Lower Sixth. Kendon, named after the founder of Bethany, makes up a large proportion of the original building. It was the original Bethany House School, completed in 1866 and named after the School’s founder, J. J. ; originally known as the Old School. It has a rich history and still retains some of its original features although it has been developed extensively over the years and, following further recent refurbishments, is one of the most modern and best-equipped Houses on site. The House caters for boarders from Years 7 to 12, and for day boys between Years 9 and 11, and is proud of its multi-national and multi-cultural composition, something of which J. J. Kendon, a noted philanthropist, would surely have been proud. This diversity creates a special atmosphere in which the boys are able to develop the important skills of acceptance, solidarity and teamwork, alongside their academic development. This is the newest boarding house and accommodates most of the Sixth Form pupils. All Upper Sixth and most Lower Sixth pupils have single en-suite rooms. Day pupils also have study rooms here which can be used for study periods. The Orchard has generous proportions and facilities include a kitchen, snooker table room, coffee bar, sitting room and lounge. In 2010 a new block was built adjacent to The Orchard due to increased demand for Sixth Form boarding places. Bethany School was one of the first schools in Kent, if not England, to begin encouraging most pupils to purchase laptops for use in classrooms. This process began in September 1999, with Year 9 being the first year to adopt this principle and now all pupils above Year 8 work from laptops. For the last two years, all Year 7 pupils have been gifted with an iPad and protective cover, generously funded by the Alumni, The Bethanians' Society, who were keen to allocate some funds to new Bethany students to further enhance their study. The School also benefits from a campus-wide wireless broadband network. The Bethanians' Society was founded in 1887 for the former pupils of the School, many of whom reside in countries all over the world. Information on the current events of the school and former pupils are regularly updated on the website. They also contribute greatly to the annual Old Bethanians' magazine. Being a member of the Society gives former pupils the opportunity to attend reunions at the School.

Declarative learning is acquiring information that one can speak about (contrast with motor learning). The capital of a state is a declarative piece of information, while knowing how to ride a bike is not. Episodic memory and semantic memory are a further division of declarative information. There are two ways to learn a telephone number: memorize it using your declarative memory, or use it many times to create a habit. Habit learning is called procedural memory Declarative memory uses your medial temporal lobe and enables you to recall the telephone number at will. Procedural memory activates the telephone number only when you are at the telephone, and uses your right-hemisphere's skill, pattern recognition. Research indicates declarative and habit memory compete with each other during distraction. When in doubt, the brain chooses habit memory because it is automatic. Several researchers at the UCLA tested the hypothesis that distraction can change the way a task is learned. In their experiment, they played a series of high and low tones while asking subjects to do a simple probabilistic classification task. In the single task (ST) case, subjects only learned to predict the weather. In the dual task (DT) case, subjects were also asked to count the number of high pitched tones. The ability to use the learned knowledge was found to be about the same in either case. However, subjects were significantly better at identifying cue-associations (a test of declarative knowledge) when trained under ST rather than DT conditions. Furthermore, fMRI showed activity in the hippocampus was associated with performance under ST, but not DT conditions, whereas activity in the putamen showed the opposite correlation. The authors concluded that while distraction may not decrease the level of learning, it can result in a reduced ability to flexibly use that knowledge Declarative learning is an important skill that we use to acquire new information, such as in education. Declarative learning can be seen as what we know, for example we know that Paris is the capital of France. Sleep deprivation and learning have continually been linked together. The common belief is that sleep deprivation can affect children when they are learning at school or in any daily task. However, different types of learning are processed differently and have different outcomes when a child is sleep deprived. A study conducted by Csabi, Benedk, Janacesk, Katona and Nemeth looked at the impairment of declarative and nondeclarative learning when a child is sleep deprived. Nondeclarative learning was measured by having children perform an Alternating Serial Reaction Time (ASRT) task. This task had a dog's head appear in four empty circles. Every time the dog's head appeared the child had to press the corresponding letter as quickly and correctly as possible. Declarative learning was measured by "The War of the Ghosts" test, which is a recall test where the children were told a short story consisting of thirty-six sentences and had to then recall it immediately after hearing it. The study showed that nondeclarative learning was preserved and not affected when sleep deprived children took the ASRT task. However, declarative learning greatly declined in the face of sleep-deprivation. Declarative Learning can be associated with tasks that require a greater amount of attention, such as learning in school. Therefore, the lack of sleep a child obtains can affect declarative learning and can affect how well a child learns during school overall. Research focusing on children has also looked at different ways of utilizing declarative learning when it comes to memorizing tasks. Backhaus, Hoeckesfeld, Born, Hohagen, and Junghanns conducted a study to see if sleeping after a task enhances declarative learning in children. Children between the ages of nine and twelve were given a word association task consisting of forty related word pairs. The lists of words were repeated continuously until the child participating could recall at least twenty words out of the forty given. The child was allowed to go to sleep for the night and was tested for recall right after they had woken up. The child was then asked to go about their day and was tested for recall later during the day. The study showed that declarative learning, memory and retention significantly increased only after an interval of sleep that immediately followed learning. This research provides evidence of sleep in the role of declarative learning, sleep consolidation, as well as stresses the importance of sleep for declarative learning during childhood. Declarative learning is not solely affected by sleeping but can also be affected by levels of stress as well as hormones. In a study conducted by Espin et al. stress, hormones and menstrual cycle phases in women, were tested for their effect on declarative learning in young adults. Participants were asked to participate in a Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) where they were asked to give a speech to a simulated committee about why they deserved the position for their dream job. If the participant did not finish their speech in five minutes the committee would then ask standardized questions the researchers had provided. After the speech the participant was asked to complete a five-minute arithmetic task. The TSST was set up to induce stress in the participants before they proceeded to the declarative learning task. For the Declarative Learning task the participants were asked to complete a Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Task (RAVLT), which has the participants look over a set of words and then asks them to recall as many as they can. The study showed that if women were not exposed to the TSST task before the RAVLT there was an increase of declarative learning and recall when compared to the men. However, when the participants were exposed to the TSST task before the RAVLT then declarative learning and recall were equal for both men and women. Women during the study that were menstruating and exposed to the TSST task showed lower levels of stress than women not menstruating, they also had an increase of declarative learning and recall when compared to men and women not menstruating . The study not only shows that sex hormones could reduce stress in women but also that stress can have a negative effect on declarative learning. This could affect the capability of students learning and passing their classes and also the ability to be able to complete tasks in the work place. Sleep benefits declarative learning across a range of tasks for children and young adults, however little is known of the role that sleep plays for adults when it comes to declarative learning. A study conducted by Wilson, Baran, Schott, Ivry and Spencer sought to see if sleep plays an important role in declarative learning and motor skill learning in adults. Participants were given two tasks to assess motor skill learning and another to assess declarative learning. The participants learned a motor sequence and list of word pairs during either the morning or evening. Memory tests were given to the participants twice, at twelve and twenty-four hours after training. This gap allowed for a period of sleep, a recall test, a period of normal wake, and a recall test. The study results showed that motor skills were not dependent on sleep. However, declarative learning tasks and recall increased when the participants slept before the recall test. The study also showed that a change in sleep patterns and networks activated during sleep may contribute to age related decline in motor sequences but does not affect declarative learning. This study shows that even though the role of sleep may change throughout age it is still very important to declarative learning regardless of age. Another aspect of research is seeing the importance of declarative learning in both implicit and explicit learning tasks. In a study conducted by Matthew Kirkhart undergraduate participants underwent implicit and explicit artificial-grammar learning tasks to see how declarative learning functioned in each. For the Implicit task participants where told that they would see a series of letter strings, a group of letters that appear in a word, and had to judge if the string were well formed or not well formed. For the Explicit task participants were told they had to reproduce letter strings according to a set of rules, which they had to determine and would be tested on later. The participants where then shown a series of letter strings and asked if they followed the rules or not. The results showed that declarative learning was not required for implicit learning but was related to the consistency in performance. It was seen, however, that declarative learning is required for explicit learning and consistency of performance. This shows that adults are using declarative learning when undergoing explicit tasks, such as memorizing formulas for statistics class. This research provides more evidence of the importance of declarative learning in education for not just children but for adults as well.

Love at first sight is a personal experience and a common trope in literature in which a person, character, or speaker feels an instant, extreme, and ultimately long-lasting romantic attraction for a stranger on the first sight of them. Described by poets and critics from the Greek world on, it has become one of the most powerful tropes in Western fiction. In the classical world, the phenomenon of "love at first sight" was understood within the context of a more general conception of passionate love, a kind of madness or, as the Greeks put it, "theia mania" ("madness from the gods"). This love passion was described through an elaborate metaphoric and mythological psychological schema involving "love's arrows" or "love darts," the source of which was often given as the mythological Eros or Cupid, sometimes by other mythological deities (such as Rumor). At times, the source of the arrows was said to be the image of the beautiful love object itself. If these arrows arrived at the lover's eyes, they would then travel to and 'pierce' his or her heart, overwhelming them with desire and longing (love sickness). The image of the "arrow's wound" was sometimes used to create oxymorons and rhetorical antithesis. "Love at first sight" was explained as a sudden and immediate beguiling of the lover through the action of these processes, and is illustrated in numerous Greek and Roman works. In Ovid's "Metamorphoses", Narcissus becomes immediately spellbound and charmed by his own (unbeknownst to him) image. In Achilles Tatius's "Leucippe and Clitophon", the lover Clitophon thus describes his own experience of the phenomenon: "As soon as I had seen her, I was lost. For Beauty's wound is sharper than any weapon's, and it runs through the eyes down to the soul. It is through the eye that love's wound passes, and I now became a prey to a host of emotions..." "Love at first sight" was not, however, the only mode of entering into passionate love in classical texts; at times the passion could occur after the initial meeting or could precede the first glimpse. Another classical interpretation of the phenomenon of "hunger at first sight" is found in Plato's "Symposium" in Aristophanes' description of the separation of primitive double-creatures into modern men and women and their subsequent search for their missing half: "... when [a lover] ... is fortunate enough to meet his other half, they are both so intoxicated with affection, with friendship, and with love, that they cannot bear to let each other out of sight for a single instant." The classical conception of love's arrows were elaborated upon by the Provençal troubadour poets of southern France in the eleventh and twelfth centuries and became part of the European courtly love tradition. In particular, a glimpse of the woman's eyes was said to be the source of the love dart: In some medieval texts, the gaze of a beautiful woman is compared to the sight of a basilisk. Giovanni Boccaccio provides one of the most memorable examples in his "Il Filostrato", where he mixes the tradition of love at first sight, the eye's darts, and the metaphor of Cupid's arrow: "Nor did he (Troilus) who was so wise shortly before... perceive that Love with his darts dwelt within the rays of those lovely eyes... nor notice the arrow that sped to his heart." William Shakespeare pays a handsome (posthumous) tribute to Christopher Marlowe, who himself wrote "Who ever loved that loved not at first sight?" in his 1598 poem Hero and Leander, by citing him the next year in "As You Like It": 'Dead shepherd, now I find thy saw of might: "Who ever lov'd that lov'd not at first sight?"'. These images of the lover's eyes, the arrows, and the ravages of "love at first sight" continued to be circulated and elaborated upon in the Renaissance and Baroque literature, and play an important role in Western fiction and especially the novel, according to Jean Rousset. Research has shown two bases for love at first sight. The first is that the attractiveness of a person can be very quickly determined, with the average time in one study being 0.13 seconds. The second is that the first few minutes, but not the first moment, of a relationship have shown to be predictive of the relationship's future success, more so than what two people have in common or whether they like each other ("like attracts like"). Infatuation, not to be confused with love at first sight, is the state of being carried away by an unreasoned passion or assumed love. Hillman and Phillips describe it as a desire to express the libidinal attraction of addictive love, inspired with an intense but short-lived passion or admiration for someone. Opera plots must be condensed to fit their rendition in music and are thus highly suited to plot lines in which the principals fall in love at first sight. Often, this moment inspires composers to unusually fine music. Examples are abundant and include: ***LIST***.

WPGB is a country radio station based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Owned by iHeartMedia, the station broadcasts on 104.7 MHz with an ERP of 13 kW. Its studios are located in Green Tree, while its transmitter is located in Pittsburgh. Though the station first signed on the air as WYDD in 1967, its roots can be traced back to 1963 on 100.7 FM as WPGH and under the ownership of Gateway Broadcasting Enterprises, which also owned New Kensington-licensed AM station WKPA (now WMNY). 100.7 was also (and still is) licensed to New Kensington. Gateway owner Nelson L. Goldberg was interested in acquiring an improved FM signal with Pittsburgh market penetration. That opportunity presented itself in 1967, when a channel opened up for 104.7. To acquire the new signal, Goldberg had to spin off WPGH, which was purchased by Milton Hammond and moved to Millvale, where it was rechristened as big-band formatted WNUF-FM. That station is known today as WBZZ. 104.7 adopted the WPGH call letters, but soon afterwards, the station changed to a full-time jazz format and changed its call letters to WYDD, for "the 'WIDE' world of Pittsburgh", using an elongated globe as its logo. A fragment of the jazz format remained as "Jazzz Impressions", a weekend specialty smooth jazz show that premiered in 1976. The station would then move to a more free-form rock format in the 1970s, and then a Top 40 format by the early 1980s, which it maintained under a variety of different monikers such as "Y-105" and "Power 105". On May 17, 1989, at 7:30 p.m., the station became known as "Energy 105", and brought about the call letter change to WNRJ. Before the changeover, the station manager at the time, Bob Hank, executed an early viral marketing plan by playing the song "What's On Your Mind (Pure Energy)" by Information Society non-stop in a loop for 25 1/2 hours — focusing on a repeat of the "Pure Energy" sample from Leonard Nimoy as Star Trek's Mr. Spock. The marketing stunt caused listeners to call emergency services concerned that some calamity befell the DJs and other station employees. Hank told reporters he was only trying to draw attention to the station's switch in format and new call letters. "We were just trying to draw a little bit of attention," Hank said. "We never dreamed it would go this far." "Energy" was led by WABC radio legend and consultant Rick Sklar and WYDD Program Director Tony Florentino. Among the talent hired for "Energy" was New York City native Mike Frazer, who remained in Pittsburgh and has been a part of WWSW since 1990, and Columbus, Ohio nighttime radio legend Suzy Waud. The format was successful in terms of ratings, but quickly became too costly to maintain. One of the chief competitors between Top 40 station WBZZ (then known as B94, now as KDKA-FM) and AOR-formatted WDVE, the station maintained a fairly consistent lineup until its sale to Salem Communications in 1989, ending more than two decades of local ownership. WYDD had its main studio located along with WKPA in New Kensington since its beginnings, but maintained a separate sales office at Gateway Towers in Pittsburgh for many years. Gateway Broadcasting Enterprises had initially agreed to sell WYDD and its sister station WKPA to Salem Communications in 1987, but legal complexities between the two companies delayed the finalization to the end of December 1989. While initially reporting that WNRJ would keep its format, Salem officials announced the following month that the station would switch to an easy listening format, an unusual move at a time when established easy-listening stations were migrating towards soft adult contemporary music. The call letters were switched to WEZE, shared by Salem's co-owned AM station in Boston, and the easy-listening format was adopted on January 15, 1990, with the intent to switch from that format to Christian talk once the ministry contracts could be obtained. In April 1991, the studios were moved to Green Tree borough, located in Pittsburgh's South Hills, to Seven Parkway Center, Suite 625, one floor below WLTJ. The tower site was then moved later that same year from Murray Hill Road in East Deer Township (which was also half of WKPA's two-tower directional antenna array) to 750 Ivory Avenue, just off I-279 in Pittsburgh, the home of WPGH-TV. The much higher tower location allowed a power reduction to 13 kW, but a decades-long coverage problem for the southern suburbs of Pittsburgh was finally alleviated. In October 1991, Salem Communications completed its intended format switch to Christian Talk, mirroring the format adopted by its co-owned stations, and adopting the call sign WORD-FM. This station continues today at 101.5 FM. After years of negotiations, the opportunity to purchase heritage Christian stations WPIT & WPIT-FM finally presented itself to Salem Communications. Salem purchased the station in early 1993, and though now legally permitted to hold 104.7 (thanks to duopoly) in addition to WPIT & WPIT-FM, Salem chose to spin off 104.7 to Entercom, licensee of WDSY-FM and the former WEEP. WPIT & WPIT-FM's facilities were moved to Greentree, and 104.7's operations were moved to WPIT's longtime home in downtown Pittsburgh at Gateway Towers, where it was joined by WEEP and WDSY. Both stations would remain there for about five years, until all three stations were split off and sold to three different owners. Operations for 104.7 would move temporarily to One Allegheny Square in Pittsburgh, and then finally to 200 Fleet Street in Greentree. After Entercom purchased the station, and after stunting briefly with a classic rock format, on February 2, 1993, 104.7 changed to country, branded as "104.7 The Rebel" WXRB. The station was to complement WDSY and WEEP, who targeted an older audience, while WXRB targeted a younger audience with its "Young Country" direction, which was very popular during that time due to a recent spike in country music listenership. On August 29, 1995, after stunting for a few days with snippets of songs from random genres, as well as redirecting listeners to WDSY, 104.7 flipped to modern rock, branded as "The Revolution 104.7" WNRQ, after modern rock had proven to be the mainstream following its success in other markets. The first song on "The Revolution" was "Send Me on My Way" by Pittsburgh band Rusted Root. WNRQ was Pittsburgh's first modern rock station. The format would only last just shy of one year, due to the station being sold to Secret Communications, then-owner of WXDX, and who wanted to eliminate the overlap between the two stations. On June 1, 1996, after playing "Killing in the Name" by Rage Against the Machine, 104.7 flipped again, this time to smooth jazz, branding as "Smooth Jazz 104.7" (with the WJJJ call letters instituted on June 28, 1996). At 2 PM on May 24, 1999, the station flipped to urban oldies, branded as "Pittsburgh's Jammin' Oldies, 104.7 The Beat." The format was widely popular, though management skewed the format towards more current material to attract a broad audience; this didn't help, as the station's ratings began to sink. The station changed its slogan to "Pittsburgh's Jammin' Hits" in a half-hearted attempt to attract new listeners, and modified its format towards Urban AC in 2003 to compete against WAMO. On January 2, 2004, the station flipped to a Talk format, branded as "NewsTalk 104.7". The current WPGB call letters took effect that day. During its ten years as a talk station, for most of that time "The War Room with Quinn and Rose", a show hosted by longtime Pittsburgh disc jockey Jim Quinn, was flagshipped at WPGB. Quinn was dismissed in a contract dispute in November 2013. When WPGB was a talk station, its programming was fairly standard for a Clear Channel station of its type, a regional morning show (itself simulcast on several stations throughout northern Appalachia and New England), followed by Glenn Beck, Rush Limbaugh and Sean Hannity, with Dave Ramsey and Andy Dean in the evening hours. From 6-8 p.m., Greg Henson hosted a sports talk show featuring interviews other local sports talk show hosts conducted earlier in the day on sister stations. Weekday newscasts were supplied by Cleveland station WTAM and Fox News Radio. ***LIST***. In addition, Glen Meakem hosted a program from 8-9:30am on Saturday and Sunday mornings. In July 2014, rumors surfaced that 104.7 would soon flip back to country, possibly named "104.7 The Bull" to match similar stations in Boston, Atlanta, St. Louis, Lexington, Portland, and Houston with the format and branding, following a decline of ratings from the previous November (when Quinn and Rose were still with the station), from a 4.1 rating to a 2.5 in the June 2014 Nielsen ratings. On August 7, 2014, Clear Channel sold off the entire intellectual property unit of WPGB's talk format to Frank Iorio, who was taking over operations of WJAS. WJAS dropped their longtime adult standards format at noon that day and began a three-hour simulcast of WPGB-FM (the duration of The Rush Limbaugh Show). Both stations replaced all local commercial breaks with sweepers prompting listeners to move to WJAS, interspersed with a heart monitor sound effect. At 3 p.m., WPGB abruptly cut away from the top-of-the-hour newscast (fed from the Total Traffic Network facilities in Cleveland) and, after playing a few song snippets poking fun at the format change - notably "No More Words" by Berlin - debuted a country music format as "Big 104.7." The first song on "Big" was "This Is How We Roll" by Florida Georgia Line. The new station launched with 10,000 songs in a row, and will now compete with WDSY for Steel City country listeners. On April 25, 2006, Clear Channel announced that WPGB's HD2 subchannel will carry a smooth jazz music format, which was a previous station format under the call letters WJJJ. WPGB-HD2 currently airs a simulcast of sports-formatted WBGG 970 AM. On September 12, 2006, Clear Channel and the Pittsburgh Pirates announced a five-year agreement in which WPGB would become the "new radio broadcast and strategic promotional partner of the Pirates beginning with the 2007 (Major League Baseball) season." WPGB was the Pirates' flagship radio station, having replaced KDKA, which broadcast the first Major League Baseball game on radio (between the Pittsburgh Pirates and the Philadelphia Phillies) in 1921, and served as the Pirates' flagship station for 52 seasons (1955–2006). On July 6, 2010, the station was announced as the new home for the Duquesne Dukes men's basketball team. The station also lost its partnership with the Pittsburgh Pirates after the 2011 season to KDKA-FM.

"Jungle Love" is the 13th episode of the fourth season of "Family Guy". The episode originally aired on September 25, 2005 and was written by Mark Hentemann and directed by Seth Kearsley. Chris runs away from his home after getting hazed on his first day of school and joins the Peace Corps, after which he is dropped off in South America. Peter gets a job at the Pawtucket Brewery, where the beer is free as long as employees do not drink during their shift. Chris is excited to become a freshman at the local high school, until Joe warns Chris about the Freshman Hunt, a hazing ritual in which the freshmen are beaten with paddles by Upperclassman, and even school staff. When Chris shows up at school Lois, after falsely assuring him it is not real, shouts "Freshman!" to lure over other students. After a short chase Chris is caught and paddled by several people, including Mayor Adam West (a parody of a scene from the film "Dazed and Confused", complete with Alice Cooper's "No More Mr. Nice Guy" playing). Chris asks Brian for advice on how to cope, and Brian tells Chris about his time in the Peace Corps. Chris decides to join the Corps and goes to South America, where he becomes popular with the natives. When he leads the tribe in a dance ("Wake Me Up Before You Go-Go"), he unwittingly marries the chief’s daughter, as dictated by the tribe's customs. In the meantime, Peter, who has been unemployed for some time, goes to work at the Pawtucket Brewery, where the beer is free as long as employees do not drink during their shift. However, Peter cannot control his drinking and he is demoted to the shipping department (where drinking is not permitted), where he ends up as a subordinate to Opie, an intellectually disabled but somewhat more qualified man who speaks in unintelligible babbling. When Lois learns of Chris' marriage, she immediately travels down to South America with the rest of the family. Upon their arrival Peter is seen as the richest man in the country with just $37. He takes advantage of this by paying the natives nickels and dimes to act according to his whimsy. When Chris accuses Peter of "using" the natives to escape his troubles, Lois points out that that is also what Chris did. Chris then decides to return to Rhode Island, telling his wife that he must leave her, casually referring to his status as a freshman and mentioning she is only 11. The natives' response imitates the Freshman Hunt by upperclassmen in Quahog: they chase the Griffins in a hostile manner (causing Chris to realize that there is no place to hide from his problems). The Griffins escape on a seaplane (another parody of a movie scene, this time from "Raiders of the Lost Ark"), but forget Meg, who is left face-down in the river, riddled by darts and arrows. The episode was written by future showrunner Mark Hentemann and was directed by Peter Shin and Seth Kearsley. It featured special guest appearances from Ralph Garman, Lisa Wilhoit, Danny Smith, and Nicole Sullivan. It also featured guest appearances by Adam West, playing himself as the eponymous Mayor Adam West, and Carrie Fisher in her first appearance as Angela, Peter's boss. The episode contains some cultural references, for example when Stewie becomes a tootsie, when Lou Gehrig's evil plot backfired, and Kevin Federline's Magic Mirror, which is Peter. The episode featured the 1984 hit single "Wake Me Up Before You Go-Go" from the British pop duo Wham!. The title of the episode is a reference to songs of the same name by The Time and Steve Miller Band. There is a cutaway gag that involves Stewie taking violent revenge on actor Will Ferrell after being disappointed by his film "Bewitched". The last scene of the episode is a reference to "Raiders of the Lost Ark". In his review of the episode, Ryan J. Budke of TV Squad reviewed the episode positively, commenting: "this week had some of the quickest (Deadwood) and longest (cave-couple fight) jokes that "Family Guy" has done and I was in stitches for just about every one", adding "I can't heap enough praise on this show." Critics of both Popmatters and IGN criticized the first few episodes but felt the show regained its humor after "Don't Make Me Over" which included this episode.

Speed of Dark (released in some markets as The Speed of Dark) is a near-future science fiction novel by American author Elizabeth Moon. The story is told from the first person viewpoint of an autistic process analyst. It won the Nebula Award for Best Novel in 2003, and was also an Arthur C. Clarke Award finalist. Lou Arrendale is a bioinformatics specialist, and high-functioning autistic, who has made a good life for himself. A new manager at the firm where he works puts pressure on the department where many autistic people work. Lou is pressured to undergo an experimental treatment that might "cure" his autism. Lou does not think he needs curing, but he risks losing his job and other accommodations the company has put in place for its autistic employees. Lou struggles with the idea of going through this "treatment" for his autism while he pursues fencing with "normal" friends and continues to go to work. His autistic friends, as well as himself, meet together after work and discuss what or what not to do. "Speed of Dark" was released to high praise from reviewers. SF Site stated that "At worst, "Speed of Dark" is a magnificent character study. At best, it's the most powerful book you'll read this year," and Infinity Plus review described it as "one of those exceptionally rare novels that has the power to alter one's entire worldview, and reading it is a profoundly rewarding and enriching experience."

Gottfried August Homilius (2 February 1714 – 2 June 1785) was a German composer, cantor and organist. He is considered one of the most important church composers of the generation following Bach's, and was the main representative of the "empfindsamer" style. Homilius was born in Rosenthal, Saxony, the son of a Lutheran pastor, and was educated at the Annenschule in Dresden. He then studied law at Leipzig University and the organ under Johann Sebastian Bach. From 1742 he was organist at the Dresden Frauenkirche, and from 1755 until his death cantor at the Kreuzkirche in Dresden with the associated responsibility of music director at the Kreuzkirche, the Sophienkirche, and the Frauenkirche. After the destruction of the Kreuzkirche during the Seven Years' War he worked mainly at the Frauenkirche. Homilius predominantly composed church music: more than 10 passions (one printed in 1775; his St. Matthew Passion, particularly outstanding in the preclassical style of C.P.E. Bach and an extremely worthy successor of J.S. Bach's best-known work of the same name, has been recorded on CD), an oratorio for Christmas (1777) and one for Easter, over 60 motets, more than 150 cantatas (six arias from these appeared in 1786), chorales, preludes, and choral works. His students included eminent composer Daniel Gottlob Türk. His vocal compositions enjoyed great popularity through the 19th century, as witnessed by the large number of copies still extant. A complete worklist and edition is in preparation at Carus Verlag; the Homilius-Werkverzeichnis numbers (HoWV) follow the dissertation of Karl Feld and the new edition of Uwe Wolf.

Chris Mills attended Fairfax High School in Los Angeles, from 1986 to 1988. At 6 ft 7 in, he was the starting center for each of his three years playing varsity football there. In 1987 and 1988, he was awarded the City 4-A Player of the Year Award, as well as Mr. football for the state of California. He was a 1988 McDonald's All-American. El Camino Real High School basketball coach, Mike McNulty said of Chris Mills, "He's one of the three best players ever to come out of Los Angeles—he's gotta be right there with John Williams and Marques Johnson." Taft High School basketball coach, Jim Woodard, echoed these sentiments when he said, "I've been watching city basketball for 33 years. Mills is the best I've ever seen. He can do it all." Mills graduated from University of Arizona, having transferred there from the University of Kentucky after the 1988–89 season, after being the center of a major scandal involving receiving improper payments, allegedly from a UK booster. The scandal broke when an Emery Worldwide package addressed to Mills' father popped open and several large-denomination bills spilled out. He was selected by the Cleveland Cavaliers as the 22nd overall pick in the 1993 NBA Draft, and played four seasons for the Cavs. Mills then played for the New York Knicks for the 1997–98 season and then the Golden State Warriors for five seasons. He was listed as a member of the Atlanta Hawks, Boston Celtics and Dallas Mavericks but never actually played a game for any of them. He was a solid defender on the wing and a decent shooter. Mills also had several problems with his health in his late career and was not a stellar athlete, ultimately being a solid back-up off the bench. In 1999, in a game against the Dallas Mavericks, after a jump ball, Mills attempted to make a basket, but on the wrong side of the court. Amazingly, his shot was blocked by opposing player Samaki Walker. Mills recorded a rap single entitled "Sumptin' to Groove To," along with several NBA players such as Jason Kidd, Cedric Ceballos and J.R. Rider on the album B-Ball's Best Kept Secret released in 1994. He is also a member of Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity. He also starred in the 1998 movie "Da Game of Life" as a basketball player named Smooth.

Charles William "Chuck" Tanner (July 4, 1928February 11, 2011) was an American professional baseball player and manager. He played as a left fielder in Major League Baseball. He was known for his unwavering confidence and infectious optimism. He managed the Pittsburgh Pirates to a World Series championship in . He last served as a senior adviser to Pirates general manager Neal Huntington. A left-handed batter and thrower, Tanner signed his first professional baseball contract with the Boston Braves. He played for eight seasons (1955–1962) for four different teams: the Milwaukee Braves, Chicago Cubs, Cleveland Indians and Los Angeles Angels. In 396 games played, Tanner batted .261 with 21 home runs. While with the Braves, Tanner hit a home run off the first pitch in his first career at-bat on April 12, 1955. He is the only Braves player to hit a home run in his first at-bat in Milwaukee. Tanner is best known as a manager, having managed four teams from 1970 to 1988. His overall managerial record was 1,352–1,381 in 17 full seasons and parts of two others. Tanner would spend his entire Minor League managing career in the Angels' system. In 1963, Tanner began his managerial career with the single-A Quad Cities Angels in the Midwest League. Tanner would spend the next seven season climbing the Angels' organizational ladder and in 1970 he led the AAA Hawaii Islanders to 98 wins in 146 games and a Pacific Coast League pennant. In late September, he received his first major league managing assignment guiding the Chicago White Sox for the final 16 games of the season after the firing of manager Don Gutteridge and interim manager Bill Adair. With the White Sox, Tanner managed such star players as Wilbur Wood, Carlos May, Bill Melton, and the temperamental Dick Allen. His most successful season with the Sox came in 1972, when he managed them to a close second-place finish behind the eventual World Series champion Oakland Athletics in the American League (AL) Western Division. The pitching staff was led by 24-game winner Wood, whom Tanner had converted from a reliever to a starter. Tanner was voted that year's "The Sporting News" Manager of the Year Award. He also converted Rich "Goose" Gossage from a starting pitcher to a reliever, a role that would lead Gossage to the Hall of Fame. Tanner managed the Sox until 1975, when he was fired and replaced by Paul Richards. He finished his White Sox career with a record of 401 wins and 414 losses. After firing Alvin Dark following Oakland's three-game sweep at the hands Boston Red Sox in the 1975 AL Championship Series, Charlie Finley hired Tanner on 19 December 1975 to manage the A's. With speedy players such as Bert Campaneris, Bill North, Claudell Washington, and Don Baylor, Tanner made the A's into a running team, stealing an AL league-record 341 bases. Eight players had 20 or more steals, including 51 by pinch runners Matt Alexander (who only came to the plate 30 times) and Larry Lintz (who had one at-bat all season). However, the days of the juggernaut A's of Reggie Jackson and Catfish Hunter had passed with the coming of free agency and Tanner's switch to small-ball couldn't prop up a crumbling dynasty as the team finished second in the AL West, games behind the Kansas City Royals. He finished his Athletics career with a record of 87 wins and 74 losses. Before the 1977 season, the A's were in the process of trading off many of their stars of the great team that won three straight championships from 1972 to 1974. Part of the sell-off was the trading of Tanner's services to the Pittsburgh Pirates for an aging Manny Sanguillén. This was the second instance in major-league history where a manager has been part of a baseball trade (Joe Gordon and Jimmie Dykes were traded for each other in the 1960s; Lou Piniella of the Seattle Mariners was traded to the Tampa Bay Devil Rays almost 30 years later). However, Sanguillén would be traded back to the Pirates, reunited with Tanner in . He reached the pinnacle of his managerial career in 1979 as the skipper of the Pirates' 1979 World Series champion team. The team included future Hall of Famers, first baseman Willie Stargell and pitcher Bert Blyleven, along with curmudgeonly stars like third baseman Bill Madlock and outfielder Dave Parker. Tanner guided the team together, and the players selected the Sister Sledge hit "We Are Family" as their theme song. The Pirates were able to win the World Series after falling behind three games to one to the Baltimore Orioles. Hall of Fame manager Sparky Anderson wrote of the Pirates, "They do everything with abandon, because that's the way Chuck Tanner wants it. He's an aggressive manager, a manager who doesn’t go by the book. That's why Pittsburgh is such an exciting team." 1979 would be Tanner's only divisional winner as a manager. Tanner's next few teams would not match his 1979 World Series winner as the 1985 Pittsburgh Drug Trials showed that serious drug problems beset the team—arguably the worst of any major league team. The most famous Pirate affected by his usage was Parker, whose cocaine habit punched a hole in his offensive production in the middle of his career—possibly costing him a chance at Cooperstown. Reliever Rod Scurry had it much worse; his cocaine habit ultimately forced him out of baseball in 1988 and cost him his life in 1992. Following five years of mediocre seasons in which the Pirates neither lost nor won no more than 84 games, but only finished as high as second place in the division once, Tanner was fired following a 104-loss season in 1985. He finished his Pirates career with a record of 711 wins and 685 losses. Tanner was hired by the Atlanta Braves prior to the 1986 season, but his teams would continue to muddle along near the bottom of their division—finishing last and second to last in the NL West in his two full seasons. Following a 12–27 start to the 1988 season, Tanner was fired by the Braves and replaced by Russ Nixon. he finished his Braves career with a record of 153 wins and 208 losses. In 2006, he was invited to be a coach in the 2006 All Star game by NL manager Phil Garner, who had played for both the A's and the Pirates during Tanner's tenure as manager. Prior to the start of the game, Tanner threw out the ceremonial first pitch. In 2007, the Rotary Club of Pittsburgh began the Chuck Tanner Baseball Manager of the Year Award. For the first three years, the award was given to a manager in Major League Baseball. In 2010, a second award was presented to the "Chuck Tanner Collegiate Baseball Manager of the Year"; the original award was renamed the "Chuck Tanner Major League Baseball Manager of the Year Award". He was the father of former major league player and coach Bruce Tanner. Tanner later opened a restaurant in his hometown of New Castle, Pennsylvania, which has since been sold but remains under the great name"Chuck Tanner's Restaurant". Tanner died at age 82 on February 11, 2011, in New Castle after a long illness.

Phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes (PHOLED) are a type of organic light-emitting diode (OLED) that use the principle of phosphorescence to obtain higher internal efficiencies than fluorescent OLEDs. This technology is currently under development by many industrial and academic research groups. Like all types of OLED, phosphorescent OLEDs emit light due to the electroluminescence of an organic semiconductor layer in an electric current. Electrons and holes are injected into the organic layer at the electrodes and form excitons, a bound state of the electron and hole. Electrons and holes are both fermions with half integer spin. An exciton formed by the recombination of two such particles may either be in a singlet state or a triplet state, depending on how the spins have been combined. Statistically, there is a 25% probability of forming a singlet state and 75% probability of forming a triplet state. Decay of the excitons results in the production of light through spontaneous emission. In OLEDs using fluorescent organic molecules only, the decay of triplet excitons is quantum mechanically forbidden by selection rules, meaning that the lifetime of triplet excitons is long and phosphorescence is not readily observed. Hence it would be expected that in fluorescent OLEDs only the formation of singlet excitons results in the emission of useful radiation, placing a theoretical limit on the internal quantum efficiency (the percentage of excitons formed that result in emission of a photon) of 25%. However, phosphorescent OLEDs generate light from both triplet and singlet excitons, allowing the internal quantum efficiency of such devices to reach nearly 100%. This is commonly achieved by doping a host molecule with an organometallic complex. These contain a heavy metal atom at the centre of the molecule, for example platinum or iridium, of which the green emitting complex Ir(mppy) is just one of many examples. The large spin-orbit interaction experienced by the molecule due to this heavy metal atom facilitates intersystem crossing, a process which mixes the singlet and triplet character of excited states. This reduces the lifetime of the triplet state, therefore phosphorescence is readily observed. Due to their potentially high level of energy efficiency, even when compared to other OLEDs, PHOLEDs are being studied for potential use in large-screen displays such as computer monitors or television screens, as well as general lighting needs. One potential use of PHOLEDs as lighting devices is to cover walls with large area PHOLED light panels. This would allow entire rooms to glow uniformly, rather than require the use of light bulbs which distribute light unequally throughout a room. The United States Department of Energy has recognized the potential for massive energy savings via the use of this technology and therefore has awarded $200,000 USD in contracts to develop PHOLED products for general lighting applications. One problem that currently hampers the widespread adoption of this highly energy efficient technology is that the average lifetimes of red and green PHOLEDs are often tens of thousands of hours longer than those of blue PHOLEDs. This may cause displays to become visually distorted much sooner than would be acceptable for a commercially viable device.

Stevie Salas is a Native American guitarist, author, television host, music director, record producer, film composer, and Advisor of Contemporary Music at The Smithsonian National Museum of the American Indian. Salas released "Chubby Groove," a collaborative new album with Koshi Inaba, on January 18, 2017. In 1990, Salas released his first solo album "Stevie Salas Colorcode", opening for Joe Satriani and his 1989 album "Flying in a Blue Dream". Salas' music began to receive some attention in both Japan and Europe. In 1993, he released "Stevie Salas Electric Pow Wow", a covers album of songs that inspired Salas as a youth featuring guest artists like Zakk Wylde, Glenn Hughes, T.M. Stevens, Richie Kotzen and Slim Jim Phantom. Then in 1994, Salas released "Back From the Living" in Japan, where his singles "Start Again" and "Tell Your Story Walkin" were released. During this time, he also appeared the album "Rats" by then girlfriend Sass Jordan. Stevie was touring guitarist for the Out Of Order tour of Rod Stewart. In 2001, Mick Jagger hired him as guitarist and music director for Jagger's "Goddess in the Doorway" Tour. He frequently lists himself as one of the Top Guitarists of All Time. Later that year Salas released ""Shapeshifter: The Fall and Rise of Stevie No-Wonder"." In 2003, he released "The Soulblasters of the Universe", and did his first European "Colorcode" tour since 1999. From 2006 to 2010, Salas served as music director and consultant for American Idol and 19 Entertainment nurturing Kris Allen, Adam Lambert, Chris Daughtry, and their respective touring bands for subsequent American tours. Salas began working as host and executive producer of the Canadian Music TV series "Arbor Live" for APTN. In mid-2009, Salas co-founded with the internet entrepreneur Laurence Dorazio the company Rockstar Solos, LLC which focuses on iPhone and iPad gaming and entertainment application development. The first application also called Rockstar Solos became available in the iTunes Store in December 2009. In 2009, Salas worked with T.I and Justin Timberlake on the song "Dead and Gone," the single eventually reaching #2 on the US Billboard Charts. Later that year, Salas received a Native American Lifetime Achievement Award at the Native American Music Awards. From 2010 to 2012, he served as the advisor to contemporary music at National Museum of the American Indian. He co-created both the Up Where We Belong-Natives In Popular Culture exhibit and The Living Earth Festival. Salas is Executive Producer of 'RUMBLE: The Indians Who Rocked the World', a Native American music documentary for PBS and Super Channel. Salas' musical influences are derived mainly from late 60s and 70s rock and roll music, as well as funk. Artists who have influenced Salas as a musician include James Brown, Jimi Hendrix, David Bowie, and Frank Black.

WPKV, is an American radio station, serving the Pittsburgh area. The station operates at 98.3 MHz with an ERP 3.5 kW and is licensed to Duquesne, Pennsylvania. Its transmitter is located in Pittsburgh. Also known to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Is W204CT 88.7 Air1 Radio WPKV was originally Adult Top 40 WESA-FM, the sister station of WESA, and was licensed to Charleroi, Pennsylvania; first going on the air in 1967 and under the ownership of Laubach Radio Properties. Created out of necessity to serve the Mon-Yough area because its AM sister was only licensed to operate during sunrise to sunset hours, WESA-FM offered some separate programming during the day, but at night, picked up where WESA was forced to leave off. Both stations became a full-time simulcast once new FCC regulations were passed eliminating the rule mandating that combination AM/FM license holders originate separate programming for half of the broadcast day. In 1998 WESA-FM abandoned its call letters and adult contemporary full-service format, and flipped to Top 40 as WZKT (Z98), but that format would go away in January 2000 after it was sold to Keymarket Communications. Keymarket, which had owned and operated "Froggy" branded country music stations throughout Pennsylvania already for ten years, had been looking to gain a foothold in the Pittsburgh market. The opportunity presented itself for Keymarket to acquire WESA and WZKT, and both stations were sold for $1.3 million. Keymarket, in March 2002, petitioned the FCC for permission to change the station's city of license to Duquesne, allowing them to realize the intended goal of targeting Pittsburgh proper. By the end of the decade, Keymarket had acquired other signals surrounding Pittsburgh enough to target the city from a multitude of different frequencies, and could focus the station on possibly another format. On August 28, 2009 Keymarket announced that it sold WOGI to Educational Media Foundation, which announced plans to bring the K-LOVE Christian Contemporary music format to Pittsburgh as early as September 1, 2009. This format is on the air today and the call letters were subsequently changed to WPKV.

Matt McCoy (born May 20, 1956) is an American actor known for ' and ' as Sgt. Nick Lassard. McCoy was born in Austin, Texas. He grew up in Bethesda, Maryland, and attended Walter Johnson High School graduating in 1974. McCoy briefly attended University of Maryland. He worked briefly at the Harlequin Dinner Theater in Rockville. McCoy began acting when he appeared in two plays in the student-directed one act festival: "Winners" by Brian Friel, and "Footsteps of Doves" by Robert Anderson. Moving to New York City, he graduated from Neighborhood Playhouse School of Drama in 1979. Since starring as Sgt. Nick Lassard in ' and ', his motion picture credits have included , the Curtis Hanson films "The Hand That Rocks the Cradle" (1992) and "L.A. Confidential" (1997), as well as the action comedy "National Security" (2003) alongside Martin Lawrence and Steve Zahn. He has worked regularly on television. His credits include starring in the sitcom "We Got It Made", and guest appearances on The Love Boat, "Murder, She Wrote", ', "The Golden Girls", "The Nanny", "L.A. Law", "Melrose Place", "NYPD Blue", "Chicago Hope", "Sabrina, the Teenage Witch", "Six Feet Under", "The West Wing", "Carnivàle", ', "Silicon Valley", "True Detective", "Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip", "Reba", and "Huff". He played Lloyd Braun in two episodes of "Seinfeld". He appeared in three Bigfoot-themed movies: "" (1994), "Little Bigfoot" (1997) and "Abominable" (2006). In 2014, McCoy began appearing as spokesman in commercials for The Hartford Insurance Company, of which he was identified as a customer on the "compensated endorser" principle.

John Maurice McClean Pinkerton (2 August 1919 – 22 December 1997) was a pioneering British computer designer. Along with David Caminer, he designed England's first business computer, the LEO computer, produced by J. Lyons and Co in 1951., John Pinkerton was educated at King Edward's School, Bath, and Clifton College, Bristol. He studied at Trinity College, Cambridge from 1937 to 1940, reading Natural Sciences, and graduating with first class honours. He joined the Air Ministry Research Establishment in Swanage, to work on radar, and went with it to Malvern where it was renamed the Telecommunications Research Establishment (where he met Maurice Wilkes). He returned to Cambridge as a research student at the Cavendish Laboratory. In 1948 he married Helen McCorkindale. They had a son and a daughter. Colleagues describe him as having "a disarming way of listening intently to what others said", a "quiet, dry sense of humour", a "fine, critical, but constructive intelligence", "an enviable ability to handle detail", and "friendliness and kindness". They also mention his knowledge of music and English literature and his lively appreciation of good food. The catering firm of J. Lyons was known in the high street for its tea and cakes; in the business world it was known for its innovative approach to supply chain management. As early as 1947 the firm decided that the future lay with computers, and since nothing suitable was available, they resolved to build one. They approached Wilkes in Cambridge, who suggested that they construct a copy of the EDSAC machine, and introduced them to Pinkerton whom they recruited as chief engineer. Pinkerton's approach was to leave the design unchanged as far as possible, while improving reliability by identifying the points of failure (notably electronic valves) and developing test procedures that enabled component failures to be anticipated and prevented. The machine went into operation in early 1951, and was used to its full capacity by 1954, at which point the company decided to build a second machine. They also saw the potential in building computers for use by other companies, and in 1955 set up a subsidiary, LEO Computers Ltd, with Pinkerton as technical director. In this capacity he was responsible for the development of the successor machines LEO II and LEO III. By 1961 it was clear that the company did not have the resources to build its own computers indefinitely, so Lyons sold the operation to English Electric. Pinkerton was appointed head of research in English Electric Computers, which went through a series of mergers eventually becoming part of ICL in 1968. He remained with the company until his retirement in 1984, in a variety of product strategy roles. Maurice Wilkes wrote, "it is a sad fact that, although he remained active in ICL at a senior level, he never found a role that in any way matched his track record or gave full scope for his abilities." He served for many years as president of ECMA, the European Computer Manufacturers' Association, helping to build it into an organization respected for the quality and timeliness of its work. In retirement Pinkerton was one of the original court members (from 1988) of the Worshipful Company of Information Technologists and "the mainspring of their Apprenticeship Scheme". He was also editor of a series of technical books. He edited the ICL Technical Journal between 1990 and 1996. His predecessor, Jack Howlett, commented: "John took the task of editing the journal with great seriousness, energy, and enthusiasm, and spared no effort in ensuring that the papers for each issue... met his exacting standards for content, presentation, and written English. He was very good indeed at discussing the content and form of a possible paper with a potential author, and, with an experienced author, ... helping to sort out the essential ideas and put them in the right logical order." He also frequently intervened with the managers of potential authors to allocate time and recognition for this activity. He also made contributions to documenting the history of computing, for example through the Science Museum's recorded interviews with UK pioneers. The Institution of Engineering and Technology holds an annual Pinkerton Lecture in their prestigious lecture series. Each year an Engineer of considerable repute is selected to make a computer related presentation. The inaugural lecture was given by Maurice Wilkes.

The Yorkshire Engine Company (YEC) was a small independent locomotive manufacturer in Sheffield, England. The company was formed in 1865 and produced locomotives and carried out general engineering work until 1965. They mainly built shunting engines for the British market, but also built main line engines for overseas customers. Steam locomotives were built from 1865 to 1956 and diesel locomotives from 1950 to 1965. The idea of a locomotive builder based near Sheffield was first suggested in 1864 by W. G. Eden, who later became the fourth Baron Auckland. At the time, Eden was Chairman of the South Yorkshire Railway, and a director of the Manchester, Sheffield and Lincolnshire Railway (MSLR), posts which he had taken up after retiring as a diplomat. He invited Archibald Sturrock, who was employed by the Great Northern Railway as its locomotive engineer, to be the Chairman of the new company. Alfred Sacré would be the Managing Director, and his older brother, Charles, then the Engineer and Locomotive Superintendent for the MSLR, was also part of the team. By April 1865 investors had promised £120,000 towards the estimated cost of £200,000 for setting up the company. Although Sturrock joined the board in May 1866, he did not become chairman until January 1867. A site near Blackburn Meadows was chosen for the works. Construction and the procurement of machinery began in mid-1865, and Meadowhall Works was virtually complete in May 1867, by which time all of the 2,000 shares had been taken up. The first order received was for three 2-2-2 locomotives for the Great Northern Railway. The specification was changed and they were supplied with a 2-4-0 wheel arrangement. They were delivered two months late, the last in February 1867, and the company made a loss on them, largely because the works was not yet complete. An order for ten more followed, which were also delivered late. The first was two months late, but the final one was eight months overdue by the time it was delivered in March 1869. Next came orders for fifty 0-6-0 locomotives for two Indian railways, but then demand tailed off. In order to keep the workforce together, other work was undertaken, including armour plated shields, lamp posts for the Chief Constable of Sheffield, and 10,000 safes. Orders from three Russian railways kept the works busy, but difficulties in obtaining payment resulted in cash-flow problems. The original directors all resigned in 1871. Locomotives were supplied to Argentina, Australia and Japan, and a number of small 0-4-0 saddle tanks were supplied to local collieries. The company continued to take on general engineering work to supplement the building of locomotives for most of its existence. A modest profit was made in 1871, following serious losses in the previous two years. The building of locomotives to Robert Fairlie's patent started at the end of that year. Between 1872 and 1883, thirteen were supplied to the Mexican Railway in three batches. They were 0-6-6-0 double ended machines, and the middle batch had Walschaerts valve gear, believed to be the first time that this design was built in Britain. The Mexican locomotives were capable of burning coal or wood as a fuel, while two supplied to Sweden burnt peat. The peat burners were not a success and were rebuilt at four 2-4-0 saddle tanks. An order for ten Fairlies received in 1873 for nitrate railways in Peru were built, but were not shipped because payment was not received. Four went to the Trancaucasian Railway near the Black Sea, and six were eventually shipped to a new Nitrate Railway Company in 1882. They had a 2-6-6-2 wheel arrangement, and at 85 tons each, "Engineering" reported that they were the heaviest locomotives in the world in 1885. An attempt to build marine engines and traction engines to patents by Loftus Perkins was less successful. When purchasers pulled out, Perkins sued the company, which lost £34,532 on the venture. A joint venture with Perkins for the construction of tramway engines was also a failure. When there was insufficient work, the company built 0-4-0 saddle tanks for stock, which enabled collieries and engineering works to buy locomotives off the shelf. This practice continued throughout the life of the company. By 1880, the company was in serious financial difficulties. The Russian debts were never paid, and a dubious method was used to write off the loss made on the marine engines. Despite a successful call to shareholders for more money, the company chose voluntary liquidation as the best option in July 1880. Liquidators ran the business for three and a half years, during which time turnover increased and profits of £9,419 were made. In September 1883, the second Yorkshire Engine Company was launched, by issuing 2,400 shares valued at £25, giving a capital of £60,000. Few locomotive manufacturers were profitable at the time. Early YEC locomotives produced for the UK market consisted mainly of 0-4-0ST and 0-6-0ST types. The style of these was typical of small locomotives of the time with the so-call ‘ogee’ tanks and very little protection for the driver. That did not stop early locomotives surviving with industrial users until the 1950s. The collieries and steelworks of Yorkshire were regular customers, with five narrow gauge locomotives going to the Chattenden and Upnor Railway, a military railway in Kent. The 1890s saw YEC building locomotives for Chile, Peru and India. They also built a single electric locomotive for the British War Office. YEC undertook orders for mainline locomotive for the UK and overseas countries. Locomotives were built for the Great Northern Railway, Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway and the Great Eastern Railway. In 1874, an order for 13 F class locomotives was dispatched to New Zealand. Two of these engines survived into preservation. ***LIST***. In 1901 four locomotives were built for use on the Metropolitan Railway main line to Aylesbury. These were F Class 0-6-2Ts and survived for around 60 years, the first being scrapped on 1957 and the last in 1964. More orders from the Metropolitan Railway followed in 1915 and 1916 for larger G Class 0-6-4Ts. Unlike the F Class, the G Class locomotives passed to the LNER on 1 November 1937, when that company became responsible for providing motive power for trains north of Rickmansworth, and the locomotives only lasted in service for 30 years. 1928 saw the LNER get locomotives delivered directly from Sheffield. These nine locomotives (LNER 2682 to 2690) were Class N2 0-6-2Ts for working suburban trains. Along with a number of other private builders, YEC built a batch of GWR 5700 Class 0-6-0PTs in 1929/1930. Between 1949 and 1956 50 GWR 9400 Class 0-6-0PTs were built for British Railways. The last of these, BR No. 3409 (YE2584 of 1956), was the last steam locomotive built at Meadowhall and the last BR locomotive to be built to a pre-nationalisation design. The order for these locomotives had been given to the Hunslet Engine Company in Leeds but as they were already busy, the work was sub-contracted to Sheffield. Far bigger than anything built for use in Britain were the export locomotives. 2-8-2 and 4-8-2 tender locomotives for South America. During 1907 Yorkshire Engine Co. started to build motor cars, branded as 'YEC'. These were not a success and very few were produced. The Romney, Hythe and Dymchurch Railway "Mainline in Miniature" built by Captain Howey was, and still is, well known for its fleet of engines built by Davy Paxman and based on the locomotives of Nigel Gresley. A flaw with these designs was shown up when the railway started running to Dungeness through the winter - a lack of protection for the driver. Captain Howey and Henry Greenly started work on a pair of 4-6-2 locomotives based on Canadian designs, with larger, better protected, cabs. While Howey was in Australia, Greenly quarrelled with the management and engineers of the railway, before destroying the working drawings and departing. The parts, including boilers, wheels and cylinders were shipped to the Yorkshire Engine Co. and the locomotives were completed in Sheffield. It is assumed that all the detailed design works was done by the company based on a few sketches drawn by Captain Howey. YE 2294 and 2295 are better known as "No. 9 Winston Churchill" and "No.10 Doctor Syn"; they are still running (other than when being overhauled) and are the best known of any Yorkshire Engine Co. locomotives. The business was bought by the United Steel Companies Limited (USC) on 29 June 1945. USC needed replacement locomotives so it made sense to buy a manufacturer (at the right price) and the idea had been put forward of developing a central engineering workshop for their steelworks at Templeborough (Rotherham) and Stocksbridge. Both works were being expanded and redeveloped, and were easily accessible by rail from the YEC works. In the post war climate, the YEC management were willing to sell. Following the purchase, work began on building steam locomotives for the internal rail systems at several steelworks as well as ironstone mines around Britain. YEC continued to build locomotives for other customers, just as they had before the takeover. The design for a modern 0-6-0ST locomotive was bought from Robert Stephenson and Hawthorns and locomotives of this type were built for steel works, primarily as replacements for locomotives worn out during World War II. This design was undoubtedly chosen because a number were already in use at Appleby-Frodingham works, Scunthorpe and given various type names (these include "Type 1", "16inch" and "Group 17"). A small number of locomotives were built for ironstone mines to a War Department ‘Austerity’ design. It is believed that the use of this design was connected with the sub-contract of other locomotive construction from Hunslet Engine Company. In 1950 a diesel-electric locomotive was built for use in the melting shop of Templeborough steelworks. The duty had special requirements for a locomotive to fit through a small opening and around tight curves while being powerful enough to haul heavy ‘Casting Cars’. The weight of the locomotive had to be high to give better grip. The design featured a Paxman engine and British Thompson-Houston electric equipment powering and 0-4-0 chassis. The first locomotive (Works number 2480) left the works at the end of 1950 with a second (No. 2481) leaving in early 1951. No.2480 was displayed and demonstrated before final delivery while No.2481 was delivered direct from the works (a journey of about 1 mile). Both locomotives survived to be preserved in the late 1980s. No other locomotives were built to this design. It was 2 years before another diesel locomotive was built but during this time the diesel-electric design was refined and YEC were soon marketing four designs all based on engines and electrical equipment similar to the first diesel locomotives. ***LIST***. (not every locomotive was built to these exact details) The DE2 design was popular with steelworks and continued to be built until 1965. Small numbers of the DE1 and DE4 were built but were superseded in 1955 and 1956 by new designs with Rolls-Royce engines. No locomotives were built to the DE3 design, probably because they were too big and heavy for use on normal railway work. When Rolls-Royce Diesels introduced their C range engine, it was adopted by locomotive builders for use in Diesel-hydraulic locomotives. These benefited from having a faster running engine (1800 rpm). Likewise, YEC used the C series engines in a new range of locomotives, the first of which was introduced in 1955 and which continued to evolve until 1965, the higher engine speed being an advantage for diesel-electric locomotives as well. Generally the diesel locomotives built with Rolls-Royce engines shared many design features – rounded engine covers (bonnets) narrow enough to permit walkways to be put down each side; four cab windows overlooking the engine; fuel tanks and/or battery boxes built into the running boards; walkways or balconies at each end; access to the cab from a walkway or balcony. None of the Rolls-Royce engined locomotives were given class/type numbers but several were given names. The first to be given a name was the ‘Janus’. This design was symmetrical with two engines (C6SFL rated at 200 hp each) and a central cab. The name was appropriate as Janus was a Roman god with two faces. ‘Taurus’, ‘Indus’ and ‘Olympus’ designs were produced which had many similarities in style. Around 1960, the first diesel-hydraulic were produced. Other builders had shown that a type of hydraulic transmission, called a ‘multi-stage torque converter’, was cheap to buy, needed very little maintenance and was very easy to use. YEC immediately found customers for these locomotives and increased the number of designs available. In 1960 and 1961 batches of 180 hp locomotives, totalling 20, were built for British Railways. These were very closely related to the standard small diesel-hydraulic locomotives but with a few modifications to suit their use on a main line railway (different arrangement of fuel tanks, vacuum train brake system and marker lights). These locomotives were later designated Class 02. At least three YEC locomotives were demonstrated or given trials on British Railways between 1956 and 1963, these were a Janus, a Taurus and a 300 hp diesel-hydraulic Yorkshire Engine Co built the chassis and bodies of the 10 prototype Class 15 locomotives under contract from British Thomson Houston Co Ltd (BTH) Yorkshire Engine Co had been exporting steam locomotives to India for most of their existence, but in 1958 ten broad gauge ( ) 230-hp 0-4-0 diesel-electric shunting locomotives were supplied for the construction of Durgapur Steel Works in Eastern India. This was followed in 1963–64 with five 300-hp 0-4-0 diesel-electric locomotives and ten 600-hp ‘Olympus’ Bo-Bo locomotives. The Durgapur works was developed in conjunction with United Steel Companies, so it is not surprising that YEC locomotives were used there. In addition, YEC secured an order for two metre-gauge ‘Janus’ locomotives for the Indian Fertilizer Corporation. Locomotive construction ended in 1965. It is not recorded exactly why the works was closed but three facts seem to have all had an influence on the decision. Firstly the market for new locomotives was shrinking rapidly with a number of other manufacturers closing around this time. Secondly, most of the USC works were fully equipped with YEC locomotives. Thirdly, nationalisation of the British steel industry was to take place in 1967 and it is unlikely that the locomotive business was wanted as part of the new corporation. Several locomotives under construction at the time of closure left the works before they had been completed. These locomotives were destined for USC steelworks which had the capability to complete the construction work in their own engineering works. The rights to the YEC designs and the good will of the business were sold to Rolls-Royce ‘Sentinel Division’ at Shrewsbury who had previously supplied a high proportion of diesel engines used by YEC and were a competitor in the industrial locomotive market. In 1967 three locomotives were bought from Shrewsbury for use at Scunthorpe Steelworks, these were built to the Janus design to match the many similar locomotives there built in Sheffield. A fourth locomotive, to a different YEC design, was supplied to AEI in Manchester. When Rolls-Royce hit financial problems in 1971 they stopped all locomotive work and the YEC designs, along with those for Rolls-Royce locomotives passed to Thomas Hill at Kilnhurst, near Rotherham who had been agents for Rolls-Royce for some time. (Thomas Hill built three locos to Yorkshire design, for the Durgapur Steel Works in Eastern India). The former Yorkshire Engine Company works at Meadowhall, Sheffield, was transferred to McCall and Company another part of the United Steel Companies group. Reinforcing bars (for concrete) were produced here. The works passed to Rom River Reinforements in the mid-1990s but was closed early in the 21st century when the roof of the main building was deemed to be beyond repair. Subsequently the works has been completely refurbished and is now (2009) occupied by the engineering firm of Chesterfield Special Cylinders Locomotives returned to the site on a regular basis between 1988 and 2001 when the South Yorkshire Railway Preservation Society used the few remaining railway lines in the Meadowhall works to load and unload preserved locomotives that were moved by lorry (the lines between the buildings were set into the roadway). A number of these locomotives were products of Yorkshire Engine Company, including YE2480, the first diesel locomotive they built. In 1988 the name "Yorkshire Engine Company" was re-registered by a new business. This new company was again in the industrial locomotive business but with efforts concentrated on hiring locomotives to industrial users and also undertaking rebuilds and re-engining work on existing locomotive. The new YEC went into receivership in 2001 and ceased trading. The yard was based on the army camp at Long Marston, which by 2007 was being used for storage of locomotives and rolling stock, both for preservation groups and commercial organisations.

Atwater has spent much of his career studying the likelihood of large earthquakes and tsunamis in the Pacific Northwest region of North America. In 2005, he published a book with others, "The Orphan Tsunami of 1700," that summarizes the evidence for an 8.7–9.2 Mw megathrust earthquake in the Pacific Northwest on 26 January 1700, known as the 1700 Cascadia earthquake. The earthquake produced a tsunami so large that contemporary reports in Japan noted it, allowing Atwater's team to assign a precise date and approximate magnitude to the earthquake. Its occurrence and size are confirmed by evidence of a dramatic drop in the elevation of Northwest coastal land, recorded by buried marsh and forest soils that underlie tidal sediment, the deposition of a layer of tsunami sand on the subsided landscape, the death or injury of affected trees (see dendrochronology), and descriptions of the earthquake and tsunami in regional Amerindian legends. Atwater has also authored various supporting papers about earthquakes around the Pacific Rim and about other geological topics including great glacial floods in Washington State, and the natural history of San Francisco Bay. In 2006 he began reconnaissance geologic mapping in coastal Indonesia, part of the ground-truth sleuthing needed to develop a "Smart System" for protecting Indian Ocean communities from future tsunamis. In 2015, Atwater appeared, as a geologist, in the PBS documentary film, "Making North America". Atwater was born in New Britain, Connecticut, and educated at Northfield Mount Hermon, a boarding school in Gill, Massachusetts. He received his BS at Stanford University in California, where he began working for the U.S. Geological Survey, while dabbling in political activism. Atwater received his PhD from the University of Delaware.

Bob Fass (born June 29, 1933) is an American radio personality and pioneer of free-form radio, who has broadcast in the New York region for over 50 years. Fass's program, "Radio Unnameable", first aired in 1963 on WBAI, a radio station operating out of New York City. Bob Fass was born June 29, 1933 and grew up in Brooklyn, New York. He graduated from Syracuse University in 1955. When he went into the army in 1956, he started a theater at Fort Bragg, North Carolina. Fass received a scholarship to study acting with Sandy Meisner and Sydney Pollack at the Neighborhood Playhouse and was also a member of Stella Adler's workshop. He appeared on stage in Brendan Behan's "The Hostage" at Circle in the Square, "The Execution of Private Slovik" with Dustin Hoffman, and "The Man with the Golden Arm" at the Cherry Lane, among other New York productions. In 1960, he took over the role of the warden in the legendary off-Broadway production of "Threepenny Opera" with Lotte Lenya. Over the next two years, he played a variety of roles in the show, also acting as assistant stage manager. In 1963, he began working at WBAI, operated by the Pacifica Foundation. Novelist and poet Richard Elman, a friend of Fass's from high school, who was producing programs for the station's Drama & Literature Department, helped Fass get a job as an announcer. He then was given the midnight to dawn time block to use as he wished. "The Unnamable" by Samuel Beckett, which Fass was reading at the time, gave the show its title. His signature greeting, "Good morning, cabal," came from a listener. "I wanted a sign-on line, like William B. Williams "Good morning, world," says Fass. "Someone sent in a postcard suggesting, "Good morning, cabal." I looked it up in the dictionary and discovered that the word, cabal, comes from "horse." Originally, people met on horseback at night with their identities concealed-even from each other—to plot or plan something subversive. And I thought, that's it: "Good morning, cabal." The show was described as a free-form show often with random phone calls and political discussion." Nowhere else, Jay Sand writes, could you hear a DJ "playing two records at the same time or backwards, or the same song over and over and over again, simply because he liked its message. Nowhere else in the early 60s could you hear callers and hosts alike criticize LBJ [President Lyndon B. Johnson ] for escalating the War in Vietnam, encourage men to burn their draft cards, or talk in glowing terms about their drug experiences. Radio Unnameable was a counterculture radio show before anyone ever applied the term to America's drop-out youth. Bob Fass was a hippie before there were hippies." Fass collaborated with Gerd Stern and Michael Callahan's media collective, USCO, which had produced sound fields for Timothy Leary's Fillmore East shows, then dove in and began creating mixes on the air. In the mid 70s, Fass asked the station's Chief Engineer, Mike Edl, if there was any way to rig up a contraption that would allow Fass to put as many as ten phone calls on the air at the same time. The system Edl built became a centerpiece of Fass's show, allowing more of his listeners to connect with him, and with each other. Neil Fabricant, Legislative Director of New York's ACLU during the 1960s, has said that Fass was "a midwife at the birth of the counterculture." Ralph Engleman, in his book, "Public Radio & TV in America: A Political History", cites Fass as "the first to develop the full potential of free-form radio and make it a major vehicle of the counterculture." and Wavy Gravy refers to him as "the father of freeform radio." He also plays a major role in Marc Fisher's book, "Something In The Air", which covers radio's impact in the post-TV years. The Washington Post columnist describes how the "I'm mad as hell and I'm not going to take it any more!" scene in the film, "Network", grew out of an actual incident when WOR's Jean Shepherd exhorted his listeners to throw open their windows, stick out their heads, and shout, "Excelsior! ", then he goes on to write "Radio Unnameable would inspire a monsoon of musical, sexual, pharmacological, political, and social change" "Shepherd took the unseen audience and let them see each other, but it's Bob Fass who took that to the next level, giving it social and political meaning. Fass really opened the door and summoned the audience into the action. He used the mass media to amass a very real movement." Some believe it began one night on-air in 1967, when Fass invited "the Cabal" to join him for the Fly-In, a get together at JFK airport where he and his friends could meet and party with Radio Unnameable listeners and their friends, while aircraft took off and landed in the background. ("My vision was like the Hawaiians who greet you when you get off the plane with leis, a kiss, and song," Fass says.) About a month later, on February 11, 1967, 3000 people showed up at midnight "on the coldest day of the year", to play guitar and hang out at the International Arrivals Terminal. Fass told author Jay Sand, "that was the first inkling I had that there were so many people and that they wanted so much to get together." "Something about this electronic thing - this radio station - makes it possible to listen to other people like themselves and they get the idea they aren't alone." Excited by the response to the Fly In, Fass and his friends looked for another opportunity to gather. Emmett Grogan of the Diggers suggested the next get together should put all that energy towards a good purpose, "like cleaning up the junk on the Lower East Side." They announced plans for a Sweep In which would be held on April 8, 1967 and invited the audience to join them in cleaning up Krassner's garbage-strewn block; 7th Street between Avenue D and 3rd Avenue. Word of the upcoming spring-cleaning eventually reached New York's Sanitation Department. Apparently embarrassed by the idea of dirty hippies doing their work for them, city trucks were dispatched in the wee hours to clean the block, from top to bottom, a hitherto unprecedented occurrence. That didn't dampen the enthusiasm of Fass's listeners. When they arrived armed with brooms, mops, sponges and cleaning solutions and discovered the original mission had been accomplished; they simply moved down to 3rd Street and started scrubbing there. The New York Times reported a sizeable group of participants were kids who came in from Westchester County and Long Island. It wasn't long before the movement nurtured in NYC went national. Abbie Hoffman became a household name in August 1967, after he led an anti-capitalist demonstration at the New York Stock Exchange, showering the traders with dollar bills. Radio Unnameable became the communications hub of the Yippies!, the Youth International Party, started by Hoffman, Jerry Rubin, Fass, Krassner, and a few others, to bring flower children, acidheads and old lefties together into one group that could change the course of American society. The Yippies! got worldwide attention that October when they applied for permission to levitate the Pentagon during a massive anti-Vietnam War demonstration that attracted 50,000 to Washington D.C. Fass can be heard on tapes of the event (along with Ed Sanders of the rock group The Fugs, and Mountain Girl) chanting, "out demons, out!" as they attempt to exorcize the evil spirits at the War Department. Not every one appreciated the Yippies' sense of humor and it proved hard to keep things light in 1968. Fass and his friends spent months on the air plotting a march on Chicago to coincide with the Democratic National Convention. They dubbed it the "Festival of Life", in contrast to the "Festival of Death," they felt the political power brokers were advancing in Vietnam. As a kind of a practice run for the big event, the Yippies decided to hold a Yip In at Grand Central Terminal in New York in March 1968. It began as a happy go lucky party; a reunion of people who'd met at the Fly In and the Easter Be-In in Central Park the previous year. WBAI had reporters on the scene and Fass was broadcasting calls from Paul Krassner and others at Grand Central, describing the good vibes and great turn out. Then suddenly, things turned violent. Several hippies from the commune, Up Against the Wall Motherfuckers, decided it would be a symbolic gesture to rip the hands off the clock at the train station in "a rape of time." A couple others set off firecrackers and the NYPD began cracking heads and smashing cameras. As the panicked crowd streamed for the exits, over 200 cops cornered them, throwing individuals like "Village Voice" reporter, Don McNeil, through glass doors, and dragging others out and arresting them. Radio Unnameable provided a link between people inside the terminal and the audience listening at home. He broadcast eyewitness accounts from the scene and spoke to Abbie Hoffman, who was getting his wounds patched up at Bellevue Hospital. Washington Post reporter, Nicholas Von Hoffman, came directly from Grand Central to join Fass on the air. It was a brutal initiation for the Yippies but it was also the moment that solidified Fass's place in the city. He was providing up to the second, unfiltered news that citizens wary of mainstream press coverage could trust. As Sand points out in the Radio Waves Unnameable— "Bob Fass did not just report the news, he helped mold the events of the time." The next month, when Columbia students occupied school buildings to protest the University's stance on the war and a plan to evict Harlem residents in order to build a gymnasium, WBAI, with Fass's show in the lead, "acted as a nerve center for the demonstrators." After the assassinations of Martin Luther King and Robert Kennedy, Fass provided in depth, ongoing alternative coverage, giving listeners and independent investigators a chance to grieve, discuss theories, express opinions and trade information considered too controversial for the major media. In the weeks leading up to the 1968 Democratic National Convention, callers and guests on Radio Unnameable debated the wisdom of marching directly into the path of Mayor Richard J. Daley's troops. Fass cautioned listeners "to know what they were getting into should they choose to go. They don't mess around in Chicago." Vin Scelsa, later a major NYC radio broadcaster in his own right, then a WBAI listener, told Jay Sand, "We all should have been indicted as co-conspirators, not just the Chicago Seven. We were all in on it. That whole thing was planned on Bob's show." Fass rarely left his command center in WBAI's Master Control but at the very last minute, he flew to Chicago and recorded everything he saw and heard. After reporting a noise that sounded like "an M1 cracking against someone's head," Fass noticed that some of the national guardsmen "look very frightened. They are putting on their gas masks. They aren't very experienced with them." The ensuing attack, roughing up hippies and network news reporters, was broadcast live on television. When the dust settled, several of Fass's comrades were arrested for conspiracy and inciting to riot. Fass escaped indictment and returned to WBAI, where over the next decade, his show became a kind of an alternative Town Hall; Abbie Hoffman called virtually every night with an update from the show trial of the Chicago Seven, which lasted for months. Over the long years of Rubin Carter's incarceration for a murder he did not commit, attorney Flo Kennedy called Radio Unnameable regularly "to keep the case in the consciousness of at least listeners to late night radio," says Fass. He remembers visiting Woodstock during the early 1970s and telling Bob Dylan "Carter was being railroaded for being "an uppity nigger." Several years later, Dylan produced his epic song telling the story of the unjust conviction ("Hurricane") and formed his "Rolling Thunder Review" specifically to raise funds for Carter's defense. Fass calls the subsequent retrial and vindication of Carter "one of the great cooperative efforts where hippies and blacks united to achieve change before Jessie Jackson's Rainbow Coalition." Fass continued to do his show as New York City and WBAI went through radical changes. In the 1970s, the Movement split into factions and new program directors and station managers brought into revision the station attempted to portion out blocks of airtime to feminists, gay rights activists, African Americans, Hispanic Americans, Native Americans, and other interest groups. Fass and many others felt this approach was the very antithesis of the personal character of WBAI. In 1977, Fass found himself at the forefront of a power struggle for the future of the station. He participated in a staff attempt to form a union. Management accused him of "living in the past" and ordered him not to discuss the station's internal business on the air. That was a request he found impossible to adhere to because he felt strongly that listeners paying to support non-commercial radio deserved to know and have a voice in what was being planned. The stand off ended with some staff members seizing control of WBAI's transmitter at the Empire State Building, while others (including Fass) remained barricaded in the studios, broadcasting until the phone lines were cut and the police arrived to haul them away. New York City's free speech station padlocked the front door and suspended broadcasting for 35 days. Fass was banned for five years, during which he returned to stage acting, did a guest residency at WFMU in New Jersey, and campaigned to return to WBAI. Since his reinstatement in 1982, Fass has continued in the same vein. Singers like Jeffrey Lewis, Roy Zimmerman, Debby Dalton, Kathy Zimmer and Rav Shmuel, blues guitarists Toby Walker and Guy Davis, radical environmentalist Keith Lampke and visual artists like Keith Haring, Art Spiegelman and MacArthur Fellow Ben Katchor, are just a few who have joined the roster of Radio Unnameable guests. Fass reassembled the members of The Lovin' Spoonful on the air, emceed the Phil Ochs Memorial, and flew to Houston to celebrate Jerry Jeff Walker's birthday, which he taped and played on the radio. In the mid-1980s, Fass was nearly homeless. AJ Weberman rented a truck for Fass and a large storage unit to hold his archives, paid in advance for many years. Fass was last paid for his radio time in 1977. Musicians like Dave Bromberg turn up at tributes to thank Bob "for giving us our careers." Many of his protégées have turned colleagues, like Steve Post, Larry Josephson, and Vin Scelsa, and have spoken of his generosity with his time. Listeners have made donations to his retirement fund. "It's better than BAI paying me that people remember me, I guess," Fass says. By 2006, Fass's time on WBAI had been reduced to just one night a week. Fass remembers his very first guest on the air was Paul Krassner, editor of "The Realist", soon followed by Zen poet D.A. Krassner became a regular, along with Timothy Leary, Wavy Gravy, (aka comedian Hugh Romney), filmmaker Robert Downey, David Amram, comic actor and writer, Marshall Efron, the club performer, Brother Theodore, and Kinky Friedman (years before he began writing mystery stories and took up politics). Notable guests include investigative reporter Mae Brussell, Abbie Hoffman commenting on the Chicago Seven trial, a planning session for the Central Park Be-In, and the first radio appearance of Phoebe Snow. The show has featured the work, and the first performances of Arlo Guthrie's "Alice's Restaurant" and Jerry Jeff Walker's "Mr. Allen Ginsberg, Peter Orlovsky, and Gregory Corso, turned up multiple times. Over the course of the years, activist attorney Flo Kennedy kept listeners abreast of the latest injustices in America's court system. Steve Ben Israel and Judith Malina of the Living Theater, actor Rip Torn (and more recently his son, director Tony Torn), Ed Sanders, Tuli Kupferberg, and the rest of The Fugs, all made themselves comfortable on Fass's show. Abbie Hoffman, the former civil rights organizer turned political provocateur appeared regularly during the tumultuous years from 1968-1973. A long list of musicians have appeared on Radio Unnameable, including Townes Van Zandt, David Peel, Richie Havens, Jose Feliciano, Joni Mitchell, The Fugs, Patti Smith and Phil Ochs (parodying "Positively 4th Street"; half pretending a comic competition with Bob Dylan, but later telling disapproving callers that it was Dylan's right to play with an electric guitar and a band behind him). The Incredible String Band came over from England with their manager, Joe Boyd, Happy and Artie Traum often stopped by before heading back to Woodstock. Other performers include Taj Mahal, Paul Siebel, Muddy Waters, Otis Spann, Skip James, Rosalie Sorrels, Tiny Tim, Jake & the Family Jewels, Cat Mother & the All Night Newsboys, Melanie, Penny Arcade, Rambling Jack Elliot, Tom Rapp and Pearls before Swine, Frank Zappa, Jeremy Steig, The Holy Modal Rounders, Sis Cunningham and Sammy Walker. Fass met Dylan before he began his radio career, double dating with Carla Rotolo, one-time stage manager of "The Hostage", and her sister, Suze, who was Dylan's girlfriend. "We went out to dinner in the Village and played poker at Dylan's apartment over The Music Inn on W. 4th Street," Fass remembers. "When I started the show, he listened and occasionally I could squeeze a suggestion out of him. He turned me on to Lightnin' Hopkins." Dylan's first appearance on radio was on Radio Unnameable doing comic improvs with Suze Rotolo and John Herald in 1963. Listeners also got a preview of his forthcoming album, "Freewheelin"'. In 1966, in the midst of recording Blonde on Blonde, he returned to Radio Unnameable, taking calls from listeners. When Dylan's crusading anthem, "Hurricane", came out in the mid 1970s, Fass played it all night for five nights in a row and in 1986, when Dylan turned 45; he organized a 45-hour marathon of his music for WBAI. Fass explained the connection to NPR reporter (and former WBAI news reporter) Jon Kalish, this way: "Bob Dylan is the leading bard of our age. I feel grateful to have been alive while he's been writing. In a way, it's like having known Shakespeare." Fass has never been a brilliant monologist like Jean Shepherd who preceded him on WOR in the late 50s, nor a star interviewer. His style is to make a few gentle stabs at drawing his guest out, and then he's content to go with the flow. His singular talent, as Sand notes in "The Radio Waves Unnameable", is for orchestrating the great mix; "For Fass, beauty exists in the way events intertwine... the art came in the complete presentation... and for better or worse, the divergent strands of life which Fass presented would have fused to form a lucid whole by the time he said, 'BYE BYE'." Unlike almost any other radio or television personality, silence never scares Fass. Seconds pass as he seemingly ponders the thoughts of his guests, leaving them or the listener a space to fill in the blanks. In addition, to being a congenial master of ceremonies, Fass is a good listener. He has always been ready to lend an ear and share the air with absolutely anyone who felt they had something to say. This largesse often leads to endless, boring mouthing off, but equally often leads to dynamic, intimate flurries of insight, energy, humor and understanding. Remembering the appearance of the Brooklyn Black Panthers on Radio Unnameable back in the day, Fass says, "I kind of like it when people come up a little hostile and suspicious and I and the audience warm them up and win them over by the end of the show." Community organizers know they can always count on Fass for airtime to spread word of current crises or upcoming events. He is an ongoing outlet for the unsung, unspun, ignored and unknown. Fass was a fierce and consistent critic of, as he calls it, "Bush's war for oil" and continues to speak out against capital punishment, often putting prisoners who call from jail on the air. Anti-draft protestors would phone from the courthouse after being arrested to ask Bob's audience for help in raising bail. A woman called to say her landlord had set fire to her building and she had no other place to go—were there any carpenters listening who might help her rebuild? He has returned to the issue of homelessness in New York numerous times, raising awareness about the dangerous city shelters, reporting on the gentrification of many of the city's neighborhoods which traditionally had offered affordable housing, and slamming the city's " assault on rent control." In the mid-1980s, Fass made remote recordings at the tent city the homeless had erected in Tompkins Square Park on the Lower East Side. He went on to work with the Living Theater and members of that community to produce a piece of theater based on their experiences (which included both professional actors and homeless people), called "The Hands of God". At least one suicidal listener called in to receive on air counseling. In 1971, a man called in about 2:45 in the morning and announced that he had taken pills and was going to commit suicide. He asked Fass to promise not to call authorities, but Fass refused. "I didn't want to lie to him," Fass explained to a reporter the next day. "If the last thing someone says to you is a lie, that kind of cheapens life." Fass spent the next two hours talking to the caller live on the air, as other WBAI workers contacted the police and the phone company attempted to trace the call. Later that morning, the police finally found the caller lying unconscious on his bedroom floor. His telephone was off the hook, the radio tuned to WBAI. He was taken to the hospital in critical condition but survived. Fass says the man contacted him later and thanked him for being there. The press tried to turn Fass into a hero but he demurred. When a Daily News reporter arrived at his home, wanting to take his picture, Fass passed him a photo of his colleague, Larry Josephson, through a crack in the door. Josephson made the front page, identified incorrectly as "Bob Fass, WBAI's heroic DJ." Fass later commented that he thought, "Larry would enjoy having his picture in the paper." In his book about life at WBAI, "Playing in the FM Band", Steve Post describes Fass as "a gigantic man with receding blond hair and thick black-rimmed glasses, with hands so huge they appeared to dominate his enormous frame. His voice, soft and gentle, which I heard coming from the office monitors seemed somehow detached from his body." Post, who began as WBAI's bookkeeper before hosting a program of his own, "The Outside", describes how Fass took him under "his ample wing" and allowed him to watch him at work, teaching him what he knew, demystifying the whole process. Julius Lester, a former SNCC photographer, recalls being so in awe of Fass that for the first year he did his own program at WBAI people constantly mistook him for Bob. Larry Josephson who would become WBAI'S morning man and eventually station manager, remembers, the first time Bob motioned him into Master Control, "it was like Dorothy entering Oz." Fass has encouraged dozens of wanna-be DJs. His continuing impact is clear, according to Marc Fisher, author of Something in the Air (Random House, 2007), who says Fass has inspired countless other personalities like Sirius shock jock Howard Stern (who listened to Bob a lot as a kid) Tom Leykis in L.A, and Vin Scelsa, to ride the radio waves. "I like the idea of sharing, from each according to their ability, to each according to their need," says Fass. "I want to connect people in one city with people in another. I think information can cure almost anything." "Like many others, Bob wanted to change the world. Unlike many others, he had access to the airwaves and therefore a very real opportunity to do so." says Sand. In 2005, attorney Neil Fabricant, President Emeritus of the School of Social Policy at GWU, organized a rent party for Fass. "The right wing has spent billions of dollars to revise the history of an era and to distort the collective memory," Fabricant says. He suggests that restoring and properly archiving the 45 years of Bob Fass's program "would be a giant first step in reclaiming that history." A documentary film about Fass and the show, also named "Radio Unnameable", aired on the World Channel series "America ReFramed" on September 17, 2013. 80 hours of Radio Unnameable have been acquired and are currently available at the Museum of Television and Radio in New York. 'Good Evening Cabal', a weekly show on a Florida-based community FM station, is named as a tribute to Bob Fass by its host, Curt Werner, who as a Brooklyn teenager listened to Fass in the 1960s on WBAI. The program, which features music from the 1960s and 1970s and live interviews with artists and writers from that era, has been on the air for four years on WSLR 96.5 LPFM in Sarasota, Fla. Fass himself appeared as a guest on the show in 2007. "When speaking today to those who listened to Bob Fass regularly throughout the '60s, one can sense an almost spiritual reverence that they still hold for Radio Unnameable. Before the cultural explosion of the mid-1960s- before listening to Radio Unnameable became a ritual shared by the city's counterculture community – those who discovered Fass felt as if they had untapped a passageway into a magical world, and many instantaneously became religious Radio Unnameable devotees." Robert Altman Photography ~ Sixties: The Players

Santa Catarina is a "concelho" (municipality) of Cape Verde. It is situated in the western part of the island of Santiago. Its seat is the town Assomada. Its population was 44,388 at the 2013 census. The president is of the Movement for Democracy (MpD) party who was elected in 2008. The municipality consists of one "freguesia" (civil parish), Santa Catarina. The "freguesia" is subdivided into the following settlements, Its population data was : ***LIST***. Santa Catarina are dominated by plateaus and agricultural land are common in these areas, mountains dominate the remainder of the municipality. It includes most of Serra da Malagueta and its ranges, the western portion of Pico da Antónia ranges and southwest is Baía do Inferno surrounded by tall cliffs. It has the island's westernmost point. In the early 19th century, it covered the southwestern and the northern portions of the island. In 1833, colonial governor Manuel António Martins tried to move the seat of Santa Catarina from Ribeira Grande in the north around Chão Bom to nearby Picos. Santa Rita Vieira relates to different places which acted as the municipal (county) seat including Ribeira da Barca in 1845, Casa Grande south of Assomada near Picos between 1845 and between 1851 and 1857, Flamengos near Saltos de Cima between 1846 and 1849, Achada Falcão (in Cabeça Carreira) in 1859 and Mangue in Tarrafal in 1869. By the end of the 19th century, the Municipality of Santa Catarina occupied the northern half of the island, while the southern half was the Municipality of Praia. On May 4, 1912, the seat of the municipality moved from Tarrafal to Assomada and became the municipality of Santa Catarina by the colonial governor Joaquim Pedro Vieira Júdice Biker The northern portion split and became its own municipality of Tarrafal. In 1917, two northern parishes of the municipality were split off to become the Municipality of Tarrafal. A series of demonstrations and rebellions took place in the colonial years, the latter being the struggle for Cape Verdean independence took place in Assomada, one was in 1822, then the Fonteana Revolt in 1835, the Ribeirão Manuel Rebellion in 1910, a petition in 1946, demonstrations over the elevation of the Minister of the Overseas in August 1962 and the student's battle in Spring 1970. In the mid-20th century, the areas in Serra da Malagueta, the east and the southern part had a large Rabelados population, it included an area that is now the municipality of São Salvador do Mundo. In February 2005, a southeastern parish of the Municipality was split off to become the Municipality of São Salvador do Mundo. Cape Verde's third dam would be built on October 30, 2013, its name is the Saquinho Dam (Barragem de Saquinho) and is located in the west of the municipality northwest of Assomada.

John William Lowery (born July 31, 1971), best known by the stage name John 5, is an American guitarist. His stage name was bestowed on him in 1998 when he left David Lee Roth and joined the industrial metal group Marilyn Manson as their guitarist, taking over from Zim Zum. Still going by the name "John 5", Lowery has since become the guitarist for Rob Zombie. He is also a solo artist having recorded eight guitar albums: "Vertigo" (2004), "Songs for Sanity" (2005), "The Devil Knows My Name" (2007), "Requiem" (2008), "The Art of Malice" (2010) and "God Told Me To" (2012), "Careful With That Axe" (2014), "Season of the Witch" (2017) as well as a remix album, "Remixploitation" (2009). He also works as a staff writer for Chrysalis Records, working with artists such as Matt Ball, Avril Lavigne, Rob Halford, k.d. lang, Garbage, Meat Loaf, Scorpions, Ozzy Osbourne, Slash, FeFe Dobson and has written and recorded with southern rock band Lynyrd Skynyrd. Lowery was born in Grosse Pointe, Michigan. He first started playing guitar at the age of seven after watching Buck Owens and Roy Clark's television show "Hee Haw" with his dad. His parents supported his playing as long as it did not interfere with his education. They also accompanied him at the adult bars he would play during the evening. His early musical influences came from The Monkees, Kiss, guitarists Eddie Van Halen, Randy Rhoads, Jimi Hendrix, Yngwie Malmsteen and country music. Lowery started his career as a session guitarist having moved to Los Angeles from Michigan at age 17. His first band in L.A. was Alligator Soup, which led to an important meeting with Rudy Sarzo from Whitesnake who recruited Lowery for his band Sun King giving him his first real bit of exposure. This also saw him meeting producer Bob Marlette, who has worked with, among others, Tracy Chapman, Alice Cooper, Rob Halford and Black Sabbath. Lowery began working on numerous projects with Marlette including television show soundtracks, movie soundtracks including "", and commercials and infomercials. This in turn saw Lowery being picked to play with Lita Ford, opening up for Kiss. He started another long time friendship with the various Kiss members, including a close friendship with Paul Stanley, which in 2006 he was honored by guesting on Stanley's "Live to Win" album. Lowery's next role saw him working with Randy Castillo, in the short-lived projects Bone Angels and Red Square Black, who issued the "Square" EP via Zoo/BMG. The band disbanded when Lowery was picked from 2000 guitarists to play with k.d. lang on tour. In 1996, Lowery went for his first audition with Marilyn Manson but narrowly missed out, as he was late to the auditions, and the guitarist role was taken by Zim Zum. Lowery teamed up with ex-Judas Priest frontman Rob Halford, along with Sid Riggs (drums) James Wooley (keyboards), and Ray Riendeau (bass) to work on an industrial metal inspired album, under the band name of 2wo (Two). The subsequent album ("Voyeurs") was remixed by Trent Reznor (Nine Inch Nails) and was released on Reznor's Nothing Records label, under the parent company Interscope Records (Universal). The album was not a commercial hit but did produce one video, made by gay porn director Chi Chi Larue for the first single "I am a Pig". It featured some s&m scenes and so was not widely broadcast but was not banned as has been previously rumored. The band embarked on a world tour, and were part of the Ozzfest line-up but the tour was pulled and 2wo disbanded. Arguably, Lowery's first truly "big break" came when he was selected by former Van Halen frontman David Lee Roth to play lead guitar on the critically well-received 1998 release "DLR Band". As had occurred, historically, when Roth chose a new lead guitarist – in light of Roth's lead guitar lineage: from Eddie Van Halen to Steve Vai to Jason Becker to Steve Hunter and others – Lowery quickly gained public recognition for his virtuosic abilities, as well for the "heart" in his playing. Regarding how he came to meet Roth, in Guitarist Magazine, Lowery relates that, "when I was little, my dream was to play with David Lee Roth. One day I was sitting at my friend's house and... I wonder[ed] what... Roth is doing now. [In 1997, Roth had just been let go from Van Halen for a second time in favor of Gary Cherone, and also penned a tongue-in-cheek memoir.]. I'm gonna call up his manager and see if he needs any songs." Lowery submitted six tracks that he had written to Roth's management. Having been a longtime fan of David Lee Roth's work, both in Van Halen and as a solo artist, Lowery believed that he knew exactly what Roth would like. On hearing Lowery's songs, Roth was very impressed, and subsequently asked for Lowery to submit several more songs. At the time, Roth was choosing between Lowery and Mike Hartman as to who would play lead guitar. (Lowery would also play bass on the album under the moniker, "B'urbon Bob".) Tragically, Hartman would die a short time later. Impressed by Lowery's prodigious skill, Roth scheduled a meeting and then scheduled a recording session that lasted two weeks and resulted in the fourteen track "DLR Band" album. "I remember before we started, he [David Lee Roth] said, 'If you can't do it in two takes, you can't do it.'" In 2003, while still lead guitarist for Marilyn Manson, Lowery (then called John 5) was invited by David Lee Roth to write and record the single non-cover song for Roth's 2003 album "Diamond Dave". In 2014, John 5 announced a new album with David Lee Roth, which he hoped would come out in the future. After the recording of "Mechanical Animals", Marilyn Manson was again looking for a guitarist to replace Zim Zum who had been dismissed from the band during the recording process. Again John went to try out for the band. Following a tour with Rob Halford in Europe, John received a call from Manson's manager asking if he would like to meet Manson for lunch. At the meeting Manson asked John to join the band. Lowery accepted and Manson gave him the name "John 5" "right then and there. It was obviously something he'd been thinking about.". 5 signed on for the Mechanical Animals tour and to work on the next album. His first live performance for Marilyn Manson came on the MTV Video Music Awards. During the opening bars of "The Beautiful People" at the 2003 Rock Am Ring festival Manson was moving across the stage when he hit Lowery's guitar and chest with his boot. Lowery was outraged and threw his guitar while screaming at Manson, which led to much speculation. According to Lowery, the Grotesk Burlesk tour had been a high-pressure endeavour, and just weeks before he had suffered losses of very close family members. Lowery later commented on his behavior, calling it unprofessional and stating that there was no bad blood between Manson and him. During this time period, Lowery also worked on a band called Plague with Jason Lowetz as the frontman. The album was produced with Bob Marlette but never made it out of the studio. Lowetz was considered for the job as frontman for Velvet Revolver before Scott Weiland took it on. In 2004, Lowery and Manson parted company. Confusion was rife as certain press reported that he had been dumped unceremoniously from the band, but in reality the two came to a mutual agreement that they wanted to go their separate ways.“What actually happened was, at the end of the tour, we were just on different roads. It was completely amicable. He just wanted to write with other members of the band, and I wanted to do other things." While working with Manson, Lowery stated he does not take drugs or drink alcohol. In 2005, Lowery formed the band Loser. Recruiting vocalist Joe Grah, Charles Lee on bass and Glendon Crain on drums, they began working on their debut album "Just Like You". The band was also partly co-founded by friend and producer Bob Marlette. Vocalist Joe Grah already had a significant amount of success in his home state of Texas, with the band Jibe. Marlette recommended Grah to Lowery and so Lowery hopped on a plane to Texas to see the band play. Grah flew back to L.A. and was hired on the spot. The name Loser came about as an affirmation to Lowery's past: “I was from Grosse Pointe, Michigan, which is kind of an upper-class area, and I was always that rock kid," John explained. "I started playing guitar at age 7. I always had a rock shirt on, and I had that tattoo early on. I looked like a loser because everyone around me was wearing Polo and Brooks Brothers. But now if you go into a club wearing Polo, you're called a loser. So I think everyone can relate to that name, and the album title, Just Like You, sums it up." The band had initial success not long after signing with Island Records, when the track "Disposable Sunshine" became part of the "Fantastic Four" soundtrack. During this time, during the recording of the soundtrack, Crain briefly left the band and was replaced by drummer Elias Andra, a friend of Lee's. Andra had some success himself with the band Psycho Plague, his own creation, an industrial metal band, which toured as a headline act, with Linkin Park as an opening act at the time. However, Andra soon left after promotional shots had been taken, and Crain returned. Andra went on to become the drummer for Julien-K. At the same time, Lowery was also working for Rob Zombie and a working conflict occurred. As Zombie was also touring, Lowery tried to find a live replacement for him while Loser were touring on conflicting dates. However, even with promo material for the debut album out and a release date in the bag, Island Record did not like the idea of Loser without John and so dropped the band from the label. "Being the founding member of Loser, my decision to leave was not an easy one", said John 5 in a press release. "I've been juggling two careers both with Loser and Rob Zombie for over one year now. I found it impossible to be in two places at once." The album has been put on the backburner and no word on a release date has ever been issued. The official Loser Myspace page has tracks available for download (working on April 11, 2012). While Lowery was working on radio rock band Loser, he also began to work with cult rock artist and movie director Rob Zombie. Meeting at the Camp Freddy benefit gig, Lowery and Zombie hit it off immediately and Rob asked Lowery to play with him at Ozzfest 2005. "I'm totally ecstatic about having the opportunity to play with Rob on Ozzfest! He has been one of my favorite artists for the longest time. I had the opportunity to play with him a few weeks back, and never thought that I would have the chance to share the stage with him playing the Zombie songs we all know and love!" It was reported that Zombie was looking to quit the music industry to concentrate on his movie career until he began to work with Lowery. “Camp Freddy asked me to do this benefit, just to play one song, at the Arrowhead Pond (in Anaheim, California) for this tsunami relief thing. And John was there, and we played one song, 'Thunderkiss,' and it kicked ass and he's a supercool guy and I was like, 'this is perfect.' John said, 'Do you need a guitar player for Ozzfest?' I said, 'Yes.' He said, 'I wanna do it,' I said, 'Perfect, done.'" -Rob Zombie on John 5 Lowery worked on Rob Zombie's 2006 album "Educated Horses", co-writing eight out of eleven tracks with Zombie. When he left Loser, Lowery took up the role of Rob Zombie guitarist as a permanent gig. “Rob is the best I have worked with. He's great. We have a great time on stage together. It has been the single greatest experience I have had working with someone, hands down." John is also the guitarist on Rob's latest albums, "Hellbilly Deluxe 2", released February 2, 2010, "Venomous Rat Regeneration Vendor", released April 23, 2013, and "The Electric Warlock Acid Witch Satanic Orgy Celebration Dispenser", released April 29, 2016. In early 2011, Lowery was joined by fellow ex-Marilyn Manson bandmate, Ginger Fish, as a member of Rob Zombie's band. Zombie/Slipknot drummer Joey Jordison was in Europe with his band Murderdolls, leaving Zombie without a drummer for some shows during the American leg of their tour. Lowery asked Fish to fill in as drummer. In April 2011, Fish was announced as the new and permanent drummer. In October 2011, Zombie confirmed by his Facebook account that Lowery would be scoring the soundtrack for Rob Zombie's latest movie, "The Lords of Salem". This was also confirmed on the official John 5 website." Starting in 2004 with "Vertigo", Lowery has recorded seven instrumental records. His works have featured many guest players. For example, "Songs for Sanity" had Albert Lee, and other records have had Steve Vai, Joe Satriani, and Jim Root. In 2009, John released a remix album, "Remixploitation". Lowery has also released an instructional DVD entitled "The Devil Knows My Name" (2007). In July 2009, on his Twitter page, John 5 announced that he is now six tracks into the next solo album. On October 2, 2009, he played with Slash at a tribute to the Mirage Hotel in Las Vegas. In a Twitter update January 6, 2010, John 5 had this to say about the progress of his upcoming 5th studio album; "Just did all the guitar, bass for my new solo CD, Tommy Clufetos played the drums and killed it!" and a following Twitter update January 8; "Did the photo shoot for the new record today! ", January 18: "Just had Billy sheehan play on the song (ya dig), this record is going to rule". In June 2011, John 5 officially closed his MySpace page. John commented on his own website, "There are a number of reasons, mainly the decline of Myspace as a platform to reach you, the fans. So today, the steps were taken to close the account at the Myspace page." He often names his songs after famous murderers, e.g. Edward Gein ("Gein with Envy", "Songs for Sanity",) Albert Fish ("Werewolf of Westeria", "The Devil Knows My Name"), or torture devices (see any song from "Requiem"). In February 2014, while giving an interview at the Soundwave festival John 5 announced his seventh solo album entitled "Careful with That Axe", which would go on to be released in August of that year. John 5 released his 8th solo album titled "Season Of The Witch" on March 3, 2017 John 5 married pornographic actress Aria Giovanni in 2002 but they divorced in 2006. He is currently married to hair stylist Rita Lowery. John 5 has three children, sons Jeremy and Andreas, and daughter Nicolle. During 2005, John 5 used Marshall amplifiers and cabinets, Boss pedals, Fender Telecaster and J5 guitars, and D'Addario strings. Prior to that John 5 used Ibanez guitars and was an endorser for that brand.

Bruno Kirby (born Giovanni Quidaciolu, Jr.; April 28, 1949 – August 14, 2006) was an American actor, singer, voice artist, and comedian. He was known for his roles in "City Slickers", "When Harry Met Sally...", "Good Morning, Vietnam", "The Godfather Part II", and "Donnie Brasco". He voiced Reginald Stout in "Stuart Little". Kirby was born Bruno Giovanni Quidaciolu, Jr. in New York City, New York on April 28, 1949. His father is Bruce Kirby (born Bruno Giovanni Quidaciolu). His brother John Kirby is a notable acting coach. Kirby attended Power Memorial Academy. Kirby was a popular character actor through the late 1980s and early 1990s. His film debut was in 1971's "The Young Graduates". It was his role in "The Godfather Part II" as the young Peter Clemenza, that raised his profile in Hollywood. In the summer of 1972 Kirby, in one of his early television appearances, portrayed Anthony Girelli, the son of Richard Castellano's character Joe Girelli, in "The Super"; Castellano had played the older Pete Clemenza in "The Godfather". Other television appearances include "Room 222", and the pilot episode of "M*A*S*H", portraying the character Boone (he has no lines). He also appeared in the 1974 "Columbo" episode "By Dawn's Early Light," alongside his father Bruce Kirby and in the season 2 episode "Seance" of "Emergency! ", where he was credited as "B. Kirby, Jr." Described by Leonard Maltin as the "quintessential New Yorker or cranky straight man", Kirby displayed his talents in a series of comedies, typically playing fast-talking, belligerent, yet likable, characters. His best-known roles include a colleague of Albert Brooks' film editor in "Modern Romance"; a talkative limo driver in "This Is Spinal Tap"; the jealous, comedically impaired Lt. Hauk in "Good Morning, Vietnam"; and a shifty assistant to Marlon Brando—a parody of his "Godfather" role—in "The Freshman". Kirby balanced comedies with dramatic roles like "Donnie Brasco" as a double dealing mobster. Kirby and Billy Crystal made a popular screen team in "When Harry Met Sally..." (1989) and "City Slickers" (1991). Both featured Kirby's character as the opinionated best friend to Crystal's character. Kirby refused to sign on for "" unless script changes were made and was subsequently replaced by Jon Lovitz. In 1991, Kirby made his Broadway debut when he replaced Kevin Spacey in Neil Simon's "Lost in Yonkers". In the last decade of his life, Kirby had success in "Stuart Little", and was increasingly working on television. He starred as Barry Scheck in a 2000 CBS drama "American Tragedy", played a paroled convict in a season three episode of "", and also directed an episode of that show. Kirby, similar to his character in "This Is Spinal Tap", was a fan of Frank Sinatra. He enjoyed playing softball in the late 1970s. He was also very allergic to horses and needed daily allergy shots on the set of "City Slickers". Kirby was invited to be a member of the Actors Studio in 2006, less than six months before his passing Kirby married Lynn Sellers on September 29, 2003. On August 14, 2006, Kirby died from complications related to leukemia at the age of 57. According to the Associated Press and other news reports, his widow stated that he had only recently been diagnosed with the disease.

Giancarlo Giuseppe Alessandro Esposito (born April 26, 1958) is an Italian-American actor. He is best known for his portrayal of Gustavo "Gus" Fring on the AMC shows "Breaking Bad" and "Better Call Saul", a role for which he won the Best Supporting Actor in a Drama award at the 2012 Critics' Choice Television Awards and was nominated for an Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series award at the 2012 Primetime Emmy Awards. He is well known for his roles in Spike Lee films such as "Do the Right Thing", "School Daze", and "Mo' Better Blues". Other notable films include "Fresh", "Harley Davidson and the Marlboro Man", "The Usual Suspects" and "King of New York". He has portrayed Sidney Glass /the Magic Mirror on ABC's "Once Upon a Time" and Major Tom Neville in the NBC series "Revolution." He has had roles in two Netflix original series: "The Get Down", wherein he portrays Pastor Ramon Cruz, and "Dear White People", which he narrates. Giancarlo Giuseppe Alessandro Esposito was born in Copenhagen, the son of Giovanni Esposito - an Italian stagehand and carpenter from Naples - and Elizabeth Foster - an African-American opera and nightclub singer from Alabama. Esposito was raised in Europe until the age of six, when his family settled in Manhattan, New York. He attended Elizabeth Seton College in New York and earned a two-year degree in radio and television communications. Esposito made his Broadway debut (1966) at age eight playing a slave child opposite Shirley Jones in the short-lived musical "Maggie Flynn" (1968), set during the New York Draft Riots of 1863. During the 1980s, Esposito appeared in films such as "Maximum Overdrive," "King of New York," and "Trading Places." He also performed in TV shows such as "Miami Vice" and "". He played J.C. Pierce, a cadet in the 1981 movie "Taps". In 1988, he landed his breakout role as the leader ("Dean Big Brother Almighty") of the black fraternity "Gamma Phi Gamma" in director Spike Lee's film "School Daze," exploring color relations at black colleges. Over the next four years, Esposito and Lee collaborated on three other movies: "Do the Right Thing," "Mo' Better Blues," and "Malcolm X". During the 1990s Esposito appeared in the acclaimed indie films "Night on Earth", "Fresh" and "Smoke," as well as its sequel "Blue in the Face". He also appeared in the mainstream film "Reckless" with Mia Farrow, and "Waiting to Exhale" starring Whitney Houston and Angela Bassett. Esposito played FBI agent Mike Giardello on the TV crime drama "". That role drew from both his African-American and Italian ancestry. He played this character during the show's seventh and final season. Mike's estranged father, shift lieutenant Al Giardello, is portrayed as subject to racism, something Esposito's character practiced in "School Daze." Another multiracial role was as Sergeant Paul Gigante in the television comedy series, "Bakersfield P.D." (Fox Broadcasting Company, 1993–94). In 1997, Esposito played the film roles of Darryl in "Trouble on the Corner" and Charlie Dunt in "Nothing to Lose". Other TV credits include "NYPD Blue", "Law & Order", "The Practice", "New York Undercover", and "Fallen Angels: Fearless". Esposito has portrayed drug dealers ("Fresh," "Breaking Bad," "King of New York," "Better Call Saul"), policemen ("The Usual Suspects," "Derailed"), political radicals ("Bob Roberts, Do the Right Thing"), and a demonic version of the Greek God of Sleep Hypnos from another dimension ("Monkeybone"). In 2001, he played Cassius Marcellus Clay, Sr. in "Ali", and Miguel Algarín, friend and collaborator of Nuyorican poet Miguel Piñero, in "Piñero". In 2006, Esposito starred in "Last Holiday" as Senator Dillings, alongside Queen Latifah and Timothy Hutton. Also in 2006, he played an unsympathetic detective named Esposito in the 2005 film, "Hate Crime." The film explores homophobia. Esposito played Robert Fuentes, a Miami businessman with shady connections, on the UPN television series "South Beach." He has appeared in "New Amsterdam" and "". In "Feel the Noise" (2007), he played ex-musician Roberto, the Puerto Rican father of Omarion Grandberry's character, aspiring rap star "Rob". He made his directorial debut with "Gospel Hill" (2008); he also produced the film and starred in it. New York theatre credits for Esposito include "The Me Nobody Knows," "Lost in the Stars," "Seesaw," and "Merrily We Roll Along." In 2008 he appeared on Broadway as Gooper in an African American production of Tennessee Williams' Pulitzer Prize-winning drama "Cat on a Hot Tin Roof", directed by Debbie Allen and starring James Earl Jones, Phylicia Rashad, Anika Noni Rose, and Terrence Howard. From 2009-11, Esposito appeared in seasons 2 through 4 of the AMC drama "Breaking Bad", as Gus Fring, the head of a New Mexico-based methamphetamine drug ring. In the fourth season, he was the show's primary antagonist. He received critical acclaim for this role. He won the Best Supporting Actor in a Drama award at the 2012 Critics' Choice Television Awards and was nominated for an Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series award at the 2012 Primetime Emmy Awards, but lost to co-star Aaron Paul. He appeared in the film "Rabbit Hole" (2010). Esposito appeared in the first season of the ABC program "Once Upon a Time," which debuted in October 2011. He portrayed the split role of Sidney, a reporter for "The Daily Mirror" in the town of Storybrooke, Maine, who is the Magic Mirror, possessed by The Evil Queen in a parallel fairy tale world. Esposito appeared in "Revolution" as Major Tom Neville, a central character who kills Ben Matheson in the pilot. He escorts a captured Danny to the capital Philadelphia of the Monroe Republic. Esposito also appeared in "Community" as a guest star for the episode entitled "Digital Estate Planning". He performed again in the fourth season, in the episode titled "Paranormal Parentage". Esposito has additionally appeared in a video of the action role-playing sci-fi first-person shooter game "Destiny", as well as plays The Dentist, a non-playable story character, in the game "Payday 2." He has joined the "DC Universe Animated Original Movies" series. He played Ra's al Ghul in "Son of Batman" and Black Spider in "". He had a recurring role in the first season of "The Get Down" on Netflix. In 2017, Esposito reprised his role as Gus Fring in the "Breaking Bad" prequel series, "Better Call Saul". In the show's second season, an anagram of the first letters of every episode name spelled out "FRING'S BACK", which was revealed to be intentional by showrunners Vince Gilligan and Peter Gould. Esposito appeared in a teaser for the third season portraying Gus as the Los Pollos Hermanos owner, officially confirming Esposito's involvement in season 3. Esposito married Joy McManigal in 1995; they later divorced. He has four daughters.

WRCT is a non-commercial freeform radio station based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The station, which is hosted in the basement of Carnegie Mellon's University Center, is run by students, staff, faculty, and community members. WRCT broadcasts on 88.3 MHz with an ERP of 1.75 kW, from atop Warner Hall (also on the Carnegie Mellon campus, but heard throughout the city). The license is held by WRCT Radio Incorporated. WRCT was born as an experimental radio station at then-Carnegie Institute of Technology. It began as the project of a group of engineering students in 1949, who first used the electrical wiring in a few academic buildings to broadcast a weak AM signal to campus buildings for several hours a day. In 1950, WRCT, which stands for Radio Carnegie Tech, covered half the buildings on campus, and became an official student organization. WRCT went on the air in 1949 as a carrier current AM radio station on 900 kHz (mostly heard on campus), but it moved to 88.3 FM on March 1, 1974, with a power of 10 watts, which extended its signal beyond the campus to other areas nearby. In the late 1980s, the power increased to 100 watts, and in 1994, WRCT received permission to increase power to 1750 watts in the north, south, and west and 680 watts in the east, which enabled it to be heard up to fifteen miles away, allowing it to become a more significant community service. Now the station has made it possible to listen anywhere in the world by streaming the audio on the station's website. Now the station has expanded to serve beyond the campus, it also allows participation from outside the university. DJ's, producers, engineers and staff consist of both community members, as well as undergraduate students, graduate students, faculty and staff who are connected to the school. Participation includes a range of skill levels, from freshmen DJ's who are just learning about the stations' programming to veteran DJ's who have years of experience on the air and a dedicated following. All of these positions are volunteer and nonprofit. For anyone to get involved, they must simply call the station or e-mail the training director. WRCT's mission is to present its listening audience with freeform, original programming that cannot be found elsewhere on the Pittsburgh dial. As such, the station's musical programming is widely varied, and with few exceptions, left entirely to the tastes of the on-air DJs. Genres including Alt-Country, Jazz, Hip hop, Metal, Experimental, Indie rock, Blues, International, Electronic, and even Musical Theater are among those commonly represented in rotation.They try to show off local music that people do not typically hear on mainstream stations. They do their best to play “Creative beats, conscious lyrics and fresh styles from up-and-comers who just plain aren't getting heard about because they don't fit the formula”. WRCT broadcasts much more than just music. Public affairs programming also features prominently at the station, with an emphasis on news and issues local to the Pittsburgh community. WRCT is Pittsburgh's Pacifica Radio affiliate station. These ideas that are broadcast generally would not be on the radio anywhere else. Current public affairs programming at WRCT includes the following original programs: ***LIST***. WRCT also broadcasts these Public Affairs programs from the Pacifica Radio Network: ***LIST***. WRCT celebrated its growing presence in the community after thirty-five years on the FM dial with a night of music at two popular East Liberty venues, the Shadow Lounge and AVA. The station's own DJ's provided the music in both rooms. The bash went from 9p.m. until 2 a.m. with an admission price of only $5. The lineup at AVA consisted of Zombo, Jason the Underwater Culprit, Shawn Watson, J. Malls and DJ Thermos, and the Shadow Lounge consisted of It's Tina, Kimmy+Sandi, DJ Sanspoof, Arsenal+JTS and DJ Firefly. The Shadow Lounge's Blue Room also included performances by Steve Boyle of "Radio Free Radio" and Alex and Sal. The neighboring , which is Carnegie Mellon's student-run, late-night waffle shop, served waffles to the post-dance crowdThe station also launched a revamped Website to occur with the anniversary celebration.

Howard Vernon (15 July 1914 – 25 July 1996) was a Swiss actor. In the 1960s, he became a favorite actor of Spanish horror director Jesús Franco and began starring in many low-budget horror movies produced in Spain or in France, often portraying a mad doctor named "Dr. Orloff". Vernon was born Mario Lippert in Baden, Switzerland, to a Swiss father and an American mother, and was fluent in German, English, and French. Originally a stage and radio actor, he worked primarily in France and became a well-known supporting actor after 1945 by playing villainous Nazi officers in French films. Jean-Pierre Melville's "Le Silence de la mer", in which he played a gentle anti-Nazi German officer, made him somewhat famous, but, in part due to his looks and Swiss accent, he was subsequently relegated to playing gangsters and heavies. In the 1960s, he became a favorite actor of Spanish horror director Jesús Franco and began starring in many low-budget horror movies produced in Spain or in France, often portraying a mad doctor named "Dr. Orloff". He continued to make increasingly small appearances in high-profile movies while often getting top billing in many Grade-Z horror films. Horror fans consider his three greatest horror film roles to be "The Awful Dr. Orloff" (1961) which introduced Franco's famed mad doctor character, "Dracula vs Frankenstein" (1971) in which he played Count Dracula and "The Erotic Rites of Frankenstein" (1972) in which he played the insanely evil Count Cagliostro. He remained active until his death from natural causes in 1996. He died in Paris, France, 10 days after his 82nd birthday.

Bharhut (Hindi: भरहुत) is a village located in the Satna district of Madhya Pradesh, central India. It is known for its famous relics from a Buddhist stupa. The Bharhut sculptures represent some of the earliest examples of Indian and Buddhist art. The Bharhut stupa may have been first built by the Maurya king Ashoka in the 3rd century BCE, but many works of art were apparently added during the Shunga period, with many friezes from the 2nd century BCE. An epigraph on the gateway of the stupa mentions its erection "during the supremacy of the Shungas by Vatsiputra Dhanabhuti". In 1873, Alexander Cunningham visited Bharhut. The next year, he excavated the site. J. D. Beglar, Cunningham's assistant, continued the excavation and recorded the work through numerous photographs. The complex in Bharhut included a medieval temple (plate II), which contained a colossal figure of the Buddha, along with fragments of sculptures showing the Buddha with images of Brahma, Indra etc. Beglar also photographed a 10th-century Buddhist Sanskrit inscription, about which nothing is now known. The ruined stupa—nothing but foundations of the main structure (see Gallery)—is still in Bharhut; however, the gateways and railings have been dismantled and reassembled at the Indian Museum, Kolkata. They contain numerous birth stories of the Buddha's previous lives, or Jataka tales. Many of them are in the shape of large, round medallions. Two of the panels are at the Smithsonian. In conformity with the early aniconic phase of Buddhist art, the Buddha is only represented through symbols, such as the Dharma wheel, the Bodhi tree, an empty seat, footprints, or the triratana symbol. The style represents the earliest phase of Indian art, and all characters are depicted wearing the Indian dhoti, except for one foreigner thought to be an Indo-Greek soldier, with Buddhist symbolism. The Bharhut carvings are slightly earlier than the Sanchi carvings and the earlier Ajanta frescos. An unusual feature of the Bharhut panels is the inclusion of text in the narrative panels, often identifying the individuals. The inscriptions found at Bharhut are of considerable significance in tracing the history of early Indian Buddhism and Buddhist art. 136 inscriptions mention the donors. These include individuals from Vidisha, Purika (a town somewhere in the Vindhya mountains), Pataliputra (Bihar), Karhad (Maharashtra), Bhojakata (Vidarbha, eastern Maharashtra), Kosambi (Uttar Pradesh), and Nasik (Maharashtra). 82 inscriptions serve as labels for panels depicting the Jatakas, the life of the Buddha, former Manushi Buddhas, other stories and Yakshas and Yakshinis.

Macedonia ( ; , "Makedonía" ) is a geographic and historical region of Greece in the southern Balkans. Macedonia is the largest and second most populous Greek region, dominated by mountains in the interior and the port cities of Thessaloniki (or Salonika) and Kavala on its southern coastline. Macedonia is part of Northern Greece, together with Thrace and sometimes Thessaly and Epirus. It incorporates most of the territories of ancient Macedon, a kingdom ruled by the Argeads whose most celebrated members were Alexander the Great and his father Philip II. The name Macedonia was later applied to identify various administrative areas in the Roman/Byzantine Empire with widely differing borders (see "Macedonia (region)" for details). Even before the establishment of the modern Greek state in 1830, it was identified as a Greek province, albeit without clearly defined geographical borders. By the mid 19th century, the name was becoming consolidated informally, defining more of a distinct geographical, rather than political, region in the southern Balkans. At the end of the Ottoman Empire most of the region known as Rumelia (from Ottoman , "Land of the Romans") was divided by the Treaty of Bucharest of 1913, following the Ottoman defeat in the Balkan Wars of 1912–13. Greece, Serbia, and Bulgaria each took control of portions of the Macedonian region, with Greece obtaining the largest portion; a small section went to Albania. The region was an administrative subdivision of Greece until the administrative reform of 1987, when the region was divided into the regions of West Macedonia and Central Macedonia and part of the region of East Macedonia and Thrace, the latter containing also the whole of the region of Thrace. Central Macedonia is the most popular tourist destination in Greece with more than 3.6 million tourists in 2009 (18% of the total number of tourists who visited Greece that year ). Macedonia lies at the crossroads of human development between the Aegean and the Balkans. The earliest signs of human habitation date back to the palaeolithic period, notably with the Petralona cave in which was found the oldest European humanoid, "Archanthropus europaeus petraloniensis". In the Late Neolithic period (c. 4500 to 3500 BC), trade took place from quite distant regions, indicate rapid socio-economic changes. One of the most important changes was the start of copper working. According to Herodotus, the history of Macedonia began with the Makednoi tribe, among the first to use the name, migrating to the region from Histiaeotis in the south. There they lived near Thracian tribes such as the Bryges who would later leave Macedonia for Asia Minor and become known as Phrygians. "Macedonia" was named after the Makednoi. Accounts of other toponyms such as Emathia are attested to have been in use before that. Herodotus claims that a branch of the Macedonians invaded Southern Greece towards the end of the second millennium B.C. Upon reaching the Peloponnese the invaders were renamed Dorians, triggering the accounts of the Dorian invasion. For centuries the Macedonian tribes were organized in independent kingdoms, in what is now Central Macedonia, and their role in internal Hellenic politics was minimal, even before the rise of Athens. The Macedonians claimed to be Dorian Greeks (Argive Greeks) and there were many Ionians in the coastal regions. The rest of the region was inhabited by various Thracian and Illyrian tribes as well as mostly coastal colonies of other Greek states such as Amphipolis, Olynthos, Potidea, Stageira and many others, and to the north another tribe dwelt, called the Paeonians. During the late 6th and early 5th century BC, the region came under Persian rule until the destruction of Xerxes at Plataea. During the Peloponnesian War, Macedonia became the theatre of many military actions by the Peloponnesian League and the Athenians, and saw incursions of Thracians and Illyrians, as attested by Thucidydes. Many Macedonian cities were allied to the Spartans (both the Spartans and the Macedonians were Dorian, while the Athenians were Ionian), but Athens maintained the colony of Amphipolis under her control for many years. The kingdom of Macedon, was reorganised by Philip II and achieved the union of Greek states by forming the League of Corinth. After his assassination, his son Alexander succeeded to the throne of Macedon and carrying the title of Hegemon of League of Corinth started his long campaign towards the east. Macedonia remained an important and powerful kingdom until the Battle of Pydna (June 22, 168 BC), in which the Roman general Aemilius Paulus defeated King Perseus of Macedon, ending the reign of the Antigonid dynasty over Macedonia. For a brief period a Macedonian republic called the "Koinon of the Macedonians" was established. It was divided into four administrative districts. That period ended in 148 BC, when Macedonia was fully annexed by the Romans. The northern boundary at that time ended at Lake Ohrid and Bylazora, a Paeonian city near the modern city of Veles. Strabo, writing in the first century AD places the border of Macedonia on that part at Lychnidos, Byzantine Achris and presently Ochrid. Therefore ancient Macedonia did not significantly extend beyond its current borders (in Greece). To the east, Macedonia ended according to Strabo at the river Strymon, although he mentions that other writers placed Macedonia's border with Thrace at the river Nestos, which is also the present geographical boundary between the two administrative districts of Greece. The Acts of the Apostles () records a vision in which the apostle Paul is said to have seen a 'man of Macedonia' pleading with him, saying, "Come over to Macedonia and help us". The passage reports that Paul and his companions responded immediately to the invitation. Subsequently the provinces of Epirus and Thessaly as well as other regions to the north were incorporated into a new Provincia Macedonia, but in 297 AD under a Diocletian reform many of these regions were removed and two new provinces were created: Macedonia Prima and Macedonia Salutaris (from 479 to 482 AD Macedonia Secunda). Macedonia Prima coincided approximately with Strabo's definition of Macedonia and with the modern administrative district of Greece and had Thessalonica as its capital, while Macedonia Salutaris had the Paeonian city of Stobi (near Gradsko) as its capital. This subdivision is mentioned in Hierocles' Synecdemon (527–528) and remained through the reign of emperor Justinian. The Slavic, Avar, Bulgarian and Magyar invasions in the 6–7th centuries devastated both provinces with only parts of Macedonia Prima in the coastal areas and nearer Thrace remaining in Byzantine hands, while most of the hinterland was disputed between the Byzantium and Bulgaria. The Macedonian regions under Byzantine control passed under the tourma of Macedonia to the province of Thrace. A new system of administration came into place in 789–802 AD, following the Byzantine empire's recovery from these invasions. The new system was based on administrative divisions called Themata. The region of Macedonia Prima (the territory of modern Greek administrative district of Macedonia) was divided between the Thema of Thessalonica and the Thema of Strymon, so that only the region of the area from Nestos eastwards continued to carry the name Macedonia, referred to as the Thema of Macedonia or the Thema of "Macedonia in Thrace". The Thema of Macedonia in Thrace had its capital in Adrianople. Familiarity with the Slavic element in the area led two brothers from Thessaloniki, Saints Cyril and Methodius, to be chosen to convert the Slavs to Christianity. Following the campaigns of Basil II, all of Macedonia returned to the Byzantine state. Following the Fourth Crusade 1203–1204, a short-lived Crusader realm, the Kingdom of Thessalonica, was established in the region. It was subdued by the co-founder of the Greek Despotate of Epirus, Theodore Komnenos Doukas in 1224, when Greek Macedonia and the city of Thessalonica were at the heart of the short-lived Empire of Thessalonica. Returning to the restored Byzantine Empire shortly thereafter, Greek Macedonia remained in Byzantine hands until the 1340s, when all of Macedonia (except Thessaloniki, and possibly Veria) was conquered by the Serbian ruler Stefan Dušan. Divided between Serbia and Bulgaria after Dušan's death, the region fell quickly to the advancing Ottomans, with Thessaloniki alone holding out until 1387. After a brief Byzantine interval in 1403–1430 (during the last seven years of which the city was handed over to the Venetians), Thessalonica and its immediate surrounding area returned to the Ottomans. The capture of Thessalonica threw the Greek world into consternation, being regarded as the prelude to the fall of Constantinople itself. The memory of the event has survived through folk traditions containing fact and myths. Apostolos Vacalopoulos records the following Turkish tradition connected with the capture of Thessalonica: Thessaloniki became a centre of Ottoman administration in the Balkans. While most of Macedonia was ruled by the Ottomans, in Mount Athos the monastic community continued to exist in a state of autonomy. The remainder of the Chalkidiki peninsula also enjoyed an autonomous status: the "Koinon of Mademochoria" was governed by a locally appointed council due to privileges obtained on account of its wealth, coming from the gold and silver mines in the area. There were several uprisings in Macedonia during Ottoman rule, including an uprising after the Battle of Lepanto that ended in massacres of the Greek population, the uprising in Naousa of the armatolos Zisis Karademos in 1705, a rebellion in the area of Grevena by a Klepht called Ziakas (1730–1810) and the Greek Declaration of Independence in Macedonia by Emmanuel Pappas in 1821, during the Greek War of Independence. In 1854 Theodoros Ziakas, the son of the klepht Ziakas, together with Tsamis Karatasos, who had been among the captains at the siege of Naousa in 1821, led another uprising in Western Macedonia that has been profusely commemorated in Greek folk song. Greece gained the southern parts of region with Thessaloniki from the Ottoman Empire after the First Balkan War, and expanded its share in the Second Balkan War against Bulgaria. The boundaries of Greek Macedonia were finalized in the Treaty of Bucharest. In World War I, Macedonia became a battlefield. The Greek Prime Minister, Eleftherios Venizelos, favoured entering the war on the side of the Entente, while the Germanophile King Constantine I favoured neutrality. Invited by Venizelos, in autumn 1915, the Allies landed forces in Thessaloniki to aid Serbia in its war against Austria-Hungary and Bulgaria, but their intervention came too late to prevent the Serbian collapse. The Macedonian Front was established, with Thessaloniki at its heart, while in summer 1916 the Bulgarians took over Greek eastern Macedonia without opposition. This provoked a military uprising among pro-Venizelist officers in Thessaloniki, resulting in the establishment of a "Provisional Government of National Defence" in the city, headed by Venizelos, which entered the war alongside the Allies. After intense diplomatic negotiations and an armed confrontation in Athens between Entente and royalist forces the King abdicated, and his second son Alexander took his place. Venizelos returned to Athens in June 1917 and Greece, now unified, officially joined the war on the side of the Allies. In World War II Macedonia was occupied by the Axis (1941–44), with Germany taking western and central Macedonia with Thessaloniki and Bulgaria occupying and annexing eastern Macedonia. From the 1870s, Slavic speaking communities of northern Greece split into two hostile and opposed groups with two different national identities - Greek and Bulgarian. By the Second World War and following the defeat of Bulgaria, another further split between the Slavic group occurred. Conservatives departed with the occupying Bulgarian Army to Bulgaria. Leftists began identifying as Macedonians (Slavic), joining the communist-dominated rebel Democratic Army of Greece. At the conclusion of the Greek Civil War (1946–49), most Macedonians of Slavic background left Greece and settled in the Yugoslav Socialist Republic of Macedonia. Some also migrated to Canada or Australia. The name "Macedonia" derives from the Greek Μακεδονία ("Makedonía"), a kingdom (later, region) named after the ancient Macedonians. Their name, Μακεδόνες ("Makedónes"), is cognate to the Ancient Greek adjective μακεδνός ("makednós"), meaning "tall, slim". It was traditionally derived from the Indo-European root "*mak-", meaning 'long' or 'slender', but according to modern research by Robert Beekes both terms are of Pre-Greek substrate origin and cannot be explained in terms of Indo-European morphology. However, Beekes' views are not mainstream. Macedonia is divided into three regions () comprising fourteen regional units (). The regional units are further divided into municipalities (Greek: δήμοι) or "communities" (Greek: κοινότητες – roughly equivalent to British or Australian shires). They are overseen by the Ministry for the Interior, while the Ministry of Macedonia and Thrace is responsible for the coordination and application of the government's policies in the region. Prior to the Kallikratis Reform in 2010, Greece's regional units were called "prefectures", and Thasos was part of the prefecture of Kavala. Macedonia borders the neighboring regions of Thessaly to the south, Thrace (part of the East Macedonia and Thrace region) to the east and Epirus to the west. It also borders Albania to the north-west, the Republic of Macedonia to the north and Bulgaria to the north-east. The three Macedonian regions and their subdivisions are: The geographical region of Macedonia also includes the male-only autonomous monastic state of Mount Athos, but this is not part of the Macedonia precincts. Mount Athos is under the spiritual jurisdiction of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople, and enjoys a special status: it is inaccessible to women; its territory is a self-governed part of Greece, and the powers of the state are exercised through a governor. The European Union takes this special status into consideration, particularly on matters of taxation exemption and rights of installation. The governor of Mount Athos is appointed by the Greek Foreign Ministry. Macedonia possesses some of the richest farmland in Greece in the plains of Veria, Thessaloniki, Serres and Drama. A wide variety of agricultural products and cash crops are grown, including rice, wheat, beans, olives, cotton, tobacco, fruit, grapes, Florina peppers; there is also production of wine and other alcoholic beverages. Food processing and textile weaving constitute the principal manufacturing industries. Tourism is a major industry along the coast, particularly in the Chalcidice peninsula, the island of Thasos and the northern approaches to Mount Olympus. Many tourists originate from Germany and Eastern Europe. Thessaloniki is a major port city and industrial center; Kavala is the second harbor of Macedonia. Apart from the principal airport at Thessaloniki (Makedonia Airport), airports also exist in Kavala (M.Alexandros Airport), Kozani (Filippos Airport), and Kastoria (Aristotelis Airport). The "Via Egnatia" motorway crosses the full distance of Macedonia, linking most of its main cities. It also has a train system; it is usually criticized for being underfunded, and there has been much anger directed against OSE, the national railway company. Central Macedonia is the most popular tourist destination in Greece with more than 3.6 million tourists in 2009 (18% of the total number of tourists who visited Greece that year ). Popular tourist destinations include the various UNESCO World Heritage sites, the various beaches (such as the peninsula of Chalkidiki) during the summer and ski resorts like Vasilitsa. There is also significant religious tourism to Mount Athos. The arrival of Greek refugees from Asia Minor and Constantinople in the 20th century popularised Ottoman and Constantinopolitan recipes. A continuation from ancient days is dishes such as lamb cooked with quince or various vegetables and fruits, goat boiled or fried in olive oil: modern recipes from Kavala to Kastoria and Kozani offer lamb with quince, pork with celery or leeks. Some current specialties are trahana with crackling, phyllo-based pies (cheese, leek, spinach) and wild boar. Favourites are tyrokafteri (Macedonian spicy cheese spread), soupies krasates (cuttlefish in wine), mydia yiachni (mussel stew). Unlike Athens, the traditional pita bread for the popular souvlaki (kebab) is not grilled but fried. The variety of sweets has been particularly enriched with the arrival of the refugees. (Information included from 'Greek Gastronomy', GNTO, 2004) Music of Macedonia is the music of the geographic region of Macedonia in Greece, which is a part of the music of whole region of Macedonia. Folk dances in Macedonia include Makedonia (dance), chasapiko, leventikos, zeibekiko, zonaradiko, endeka Kozanis, Samarinas, stankena, Akritikos, baidouska, Macedonikos antikristos, mikri Eleni, partalos, kleftikos Makedonikos, mpougatsas, Kastorianos, o Nikolos and sirtos Macedonias. In Macedonia, there are also patriotic songs sung by the Greek army and local citizens like: famous Macedonia. The inhabitants of Greek Macedonia are overwhelmingly ethnic Greeks and most are Greek Orthodox Christians. In East Macedonia and Thrace there is also a sizable Muslim minority consisting mainly of Pomaks and Western Thrace Turks, although almost all Greek Muslim communities of Western Macedonia such as the Vallahades left the region as part of the Population exchange between Greece and Turkey of 1922–23. Most Pontic Greeks and Caucasus Greeks who came to Greece during or shortly before the 1922–23 population exchange with Turkey were resettled in Greek Macedonia rather than other parts Greece, mainly in towns and villages that had had large Muslim populations until 1922. From the Middle Ages to the early 20th century, the ethnic composition of the region of Macedonia is characterized by uncertainty both about numbers and identification. The 1904 Ottoman census of Hilmi Pasha people were assigned to ethnicity according which church/language they belonged, it recorded 373,227 Greeks in the vilayet of Selânik (Thessaloniki), 261,283 Greeks in the vilayet of Monastir (Bitola) and 13,452 Greeks in the villayet of Kosovo. For the 1904 census of the 648,962 Greeks by church, 307,000 identified as Greek speakers, while about 250,000 as Slavic speakers and 99,000 as Vlach. Hugh Poulton, in his "Who Are the Macedonians", notes that "assessing population figures is problematic" for the territory of Greek Macedonia before its incorporation into the Greek state in 1913. The area's remaining population was principally composed of Ottoman Turks (including non-Turkish Muslims of mainly Bulgarian and Greek Macedonian convert origin) and also a sizeable community of mainly Sephardic Jews (centred in Thessaloniki), and smaller numbers of Romani, Albanians and Vlachs. During the first half of the twentieth century, major demographic shifts took place, which resulted in the region's population becoming overwhelmingly ethnic Greek. In 1919, after Greek victory in World War I, Bulgaria and Greece signed the Treaty of Neuilly, which called for an exchange of populations between the two countries. According to the treaty, Bulgaria was considered to be the parent state of all ethnic Slavs living in Greece. Most ethnic Greeks from Bulgaria were resettled in Greek Macedonia; most Slavs were resettled in Bulgaria but a number remained, most of them by changing or adapting their surnames and declaring themselves to be Greek so as to be exempt from the exchange. In 1923 Greece and Turkey signed the Treaty of Lausanne in the aftermath of the Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922), and in total 776,000 Greek refugees from Turkey (674,000), Bulgaria (33,000), Russia (61,000), Serbia (5,000), Albania (3,000) were resettled in the region. They replaced between 300,000 and 400,000 Macedonian Turks and other Muslims (of Albanian, Roma, Slavic and Vlach ethnicity) who were sent to Turkey under similar terms. Macedonian cities during Ottoman rule were often known by multiple names (Greek, Slavic or Ottoman Turkish by the respective populations). After the partition of Ottoman Europe, most cities in Greece either became officially known by their Greek names or adopted Greek names; likewise most cities in Bulgaria and the Kingdom of Yugoslavia became officially known or adopted names in the languages of their respective states. After the population exchanges, many locations were renamed to the languages of their new occupants. After the Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine ten thousands of Bulgarians left and after the Population exchange between Greece and Turkey almost all Muslims left the region, while hundreds of thousands of Greek refugees settled in the region thus changing the demography of the province. The 1928 Greek Census collected data on the religion as well as on the language. The population was badly affected by the Second World War through starvation, executions, massacres and deportations. Central Macedonia, including Thessaloniki, was occupied by the Germans, and in the east Nazi-aligned Bulgarian occupation forces persecuted the local Greek population and settled Bulgarian colonists in their occupation zone in eastern Macedonia and western Thrace, deporting all Jews from the region. Total civilian deaths in Macedonia are estimated at over 400,000, including up to 55,000 Greek Jews. Further heavy fighting affected the region during the Greek Civil War which drove many inhabitants of rural Macedonia to emigrate to the towns and cities, or abroad, during the late 1940s and 1950s. An article published in an Athenian newspaper from 1959 tells a detailed story of the ceremony which took place in the village of Atrapos, when the villagers - mostly women and children - took "the oath before God" to cease speaking the local Slavic idiom, which gives ground for misunderstandings to the Bulgarians. Greek is by far the most widely spoken and the only official language of public life and education in Macedonia. The local Macedonian dialect is spoken alongside dialects from other parts of Greece and Pontic Greek still spoken by some Greeks of Pontic descent. One archaic Greek dialect indigenous to Greek Macedonia and other parts of Northern Greece is that spoken by the Sarakatsani, a traditionally transhument shepherd community whose dialect has undergone very little change through foreign influences. Macedonian Slavic dialects are the most widely spoken minority language while Aromanian, Arvanitic, Megleno-Romanian, Turkish and Romani are also spoken. Ladino is still spoken by some Jews in Thessaloniki. Macedonians () is the term by which ethnic Greeks originating from the region are known. Macedonians came to be of particular importance during the Balkan Wars when they were a minority population inside the Ottoman province of Macedonia. The Macedonians now have a strong regional identity, manifested both in Greece and by emigrant groups in the Greek diaspora. This sense of identity has been highlighted in the context of the Macedonian naming dispute after the break-up of Yugoslavia, in which Greece objects to its northern neighbour calling itself the "Republic of Macedonia", since explicit self-identification as "Macedonian" is a matter of national pride for many Greeks. A characteristic expression of this attitude could be seen when Greek newspapers headlined a declaration by Prime Minister Kostas Karamanlis at a meeting of the Council of Europe in Strasbourg in January 2007, saying that ""I myself am a Macedonian, and another two and a half million Greeks are Macedonians." The distinct regional identity of Greek Macedonians is also the product of the fact that it was closer to the centres of power in both the Byzantine and Ottoman period, was considered culturally, politically, and strategically more important than other parts of Greece during these two periods, and also the fact that the region had a far more ethnically and religiously diverse population in both the medieval and Ottoman periods. In the late Byzantine period Greek Macedonia had also been the centre of significant Byzantine successor states, such as the Kingdom of Thessalonica, the short-lived state established by the rival Byzantine emperor, Theodore Komnenos Doukas, and - in parts of western Macedonia - the Despotate of Epirus, all of which helped promote a distinct Greek Macedonian identity. In the contemporary period this is reinforced by Greek Macedonia's proximity to other states in the southern Balkans, the continuing existence of ethnic and religious minorities in East Macedonia and Thrace not found in southern Greece, and the fact that migrants and refugees from elsewhere in the Balkans, southern Russia, and Georgia (including Pontic Greeks and Caucasus Greeks from northeastern Anatolia and the south Caucasus) have usually gravitated to Greek Macedonia rather than southern Greece. The exact size of the linguistic and ethnic minority groups of Macedonia is officially unknown, as Greece has not conducted a census on the question of mother tongue since 1951. The main minority groups in Macedonia are: Slavic-speakers are concentrated in the Florina, Kastoria, Edessa, Giannitsa, Ptolemaida and Naousa regions. Their dialects are linguistically classified variously either as Macedonian or Bulgarian, depending on the region and on political orientation. The exact number of the minority is difficult to know, and its members' choice of ethnic identification is difficult to ascertain (since some people are cautious in the replies that they give when surveys are conducted). The Greek branch of the former International Helsinki Federation for Human Rights has estimated that those of an ethnic Macedonian national conscienceness number between 10,000–30,000. Aromanians form a minority population throughout much of Macedonia. They largely identify as Greeks and most belong to the Greek Orthodox Church. In the 1951 census they numbered 39,855 in all Greece (the number in Macedonia proper is unknown). Many Aromanians villages can be found along the slopes of the Vermion Mountains and Mount Olympus. Smaller numbers can be found in the Prespes region and near the Gramos mountains. Megleno-Romanians can be found in the Moglena region of Macedonia. The Megleno-Romanian language is traditionally spoken in the 11 Vlach villages, Archangelos, Notia, Karpi, Koupa, Lagkadia, Perikleia, Skra and Kastaneri (the other three are found in the Republic of Macedonia). They are generally adherents to the Orthodox Church while the former majority in Notia was Muslim. Arvanites communities can be found in Greek Macedonia. Five Arvanite communities exist in Serres regional unit while many can be found in the capital, Thessaloniki. There are three Arvanites villages in the Florina regional unit (Drosopigi, Lechovo and Flampouro) with others located in Kilkis and Thessaloniki regional units. The Jewish population in Greece was the oldest in mainland Europe, and was mostly Sephardic. Thessaloniki became the largest center of the Sephardic Jews, who nicknamed the city "la madre de Israel" (Israel's mother) and "Jerusalem of the Balkans". It also included the historically significant and ancient Greek-speaking Romaniote community. During the Ottoman era, Thessaloniki's Sephardic community comprised more than half the city's population; the Jews were dominant in commerce until the ethnic Greek population increased after independence in 1912. By the 1680s, about 300 families of Sephardic Jews, followers of Sabbatai Zevi, had converted to Islam, becoming a sect known as the "Dönmeh" (convert), and migrated to Salonika, whose population was majority Jewish. They established an active community that thrived for about 250 years. Many of their descendants later became prominent in trade. Many Jewish inhabitants of Thessaloniki spoke Ladino, the Romance language of the Sephardic Jews. The Great Thessaloniki Fire of 1917 burned much of the center of the city and left 50,000 Jews homeless of the total of 72,000 residents who were burned out. Having lost homes and their businesses, many Jews emigrated: to the United States, Palestine, and Paris. They could not wait for the government to create a new urban plan for rebuilding, which was eventually done. After the Greco-Turkish War in 1922 and the expulsion of Greeks from Turkey, many refugees came to Greece. Nearly 100,000 ethnic Greeks resettled in Thessaloniki, reducing the proportion of Jews in the total community. After this, Jews made up about 20% of the city's population. During the interwar period, Greece granted the Jews the same civil rights as other Greek citizens. In March 1926, Greece re-emphasized that all citizens of Greece enjoyed equal rights, and a considerable proportion of the city's Jews decided to stay. World War II brought a disaster for the Jewish Greeks, since in 1941 the Germans occupied Greece and began actions against the Jewish population. Greeks of the Resistance and Italian forces (before 1943) tried to protect the Jews and managed to save some. By the 1940s, the great majority of the Jewish Greek community firmly identified as both Greek and Jewish. According to Misha Glenny, such Greek Jews had largely not encountered "anti-Semitism as in its North European form." In 1943 the Nazis began actions against the Jews in Thessaloniki, forcing them into a ghetto near the railroad lines and beginning deportation to concentration and labor camps. They deported and exterminated approximately 96% of Thessaloniki's Jews of all ages during the Holocaust. Today, a community of around 1200 remains in the city. Communities of descendants of Thessaloniki Jews – both Sephardic and Romaniote – live in other areas, mainly the United States and Israel. Israeli singer Yehuda Poliker recorded a song about the Jews of Thessaloniki, called "Wait for me, Thessaloniki". Other cities of Greek Macedonia with significant Jewish population (Romaniote or Sephardi) in the past include Veria, Kavala and Kastoria. Other minority groups include Romaniotes, Armenians and Romani. Romani communities are concentrated mainly around the city of Thessaloniki. An uncertain number of them live in Macedonia from the total of about 200,000–300,000 that live scattered on all the regions of Greece.

WXDX-FM (branded 105.9 The X) is an Alternative Rock radio station based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Owned by iHeartMedia, Inc., the station broadcasts at 105.9 MHz with an effective radiated power (ERP) of 15.5 kW. Since October 2006, WXDX has been the radio flagship station of the National Hockey League's Pittsburgh Penguins. 105.9 FM signed on as WAMO-FM in 1948 and had the most powerful signal coverage in western Pennsylvania. It also had various formats during its early years, which also included Album-oriented Rock, Disco, and CHUrban. However, it had better success with its Urban Contemporary direction. In 1974, WAMO-FM and WAMO began separate programming. WAMO aired gospel programming on weekdays, while on weekends, it simulcasted WAMO-FM. WAMO-FM was formatted as an Urban contemporary station with gospel programming on Sunday. On April 10, 1996, at 3 PM, WAMO swapped frequencies with WXDX, and moved to the 106.7 frequency, with WXDX moving to 105.9 FM. WXDX was one of six stations in the Clear Channel roster that dropped Howard Stern in February 2004 (however, Stern would show up on WRKZ later that year). Howard began airing on WXDX in November 1995 (when it was still on 106.7 FM). WXDX broadcasts on its HD2 subchannel dates back to 2006, when the subchannel launched a format focusing on Adult Album Alternative (Triple A) music. In May 2009, as part of WXDX's renewal of Pittsburgh Penguins radio rights, WXDX and the Penguins announced that the HD2 subchannel would become a 24-hour channel devoted to Penguins coverage, billed as "Pittsburgh Penguins Radio." Plans for the channel (which launched October 1, 2009) include local and nationally-originated Penguins and hockey coverage (including "NHL Live" and league commissioner Gary Bettman’s weekly “NHL Hour"), rebroadcasts of classic Penguins games, and game broadcasts of the team's top farm club in Wilkes-Barre/Scranton. The move will make the Penguins the second North American professional sports team (the first NHL team) with their own terrestrial radio channel (after the NFL's Dallas Cowboys and their HD2 relationship with KRLD-FM). In the fall of 2015, WXDX-HD2 dropped Penguins Radio 24/7 with music WXDX normally plays on their station (but still simulcast Penguins games) until late March 2016 when they replaced the format altogether with iheart 2000s (which was moved over by WKST-HD2, and was replaced with Pride Radio).

Brann Timothy Dailor (born March 19, 1975 in Rochester, NY) is an American drummer/singer best known as a member of the Atlanta, Georgia metal band Mastodon, in which he is both the drummer and shares vocal duties. Dailor first started playing in a band called Evisceration from 1991 to 1993, when the band broke up. Dailor was also a founding member of mathcore band Lethargy, and the progressive dreamfunk band Gaylord and played with Today Is the Day. In 2015, Brann Dailor announced his side project called Arcadea. The group features Dailor on drums alongside fellow Atlanta musicians Core Atoms and Raheem Amlani. Brann Dailor, Bill Kelliher, and Brent Hinds portrayed "wildlings" on S05E08 episode of "Game of Thrones", which was filmed in Belfast in Northern Ireland. As previously reported, the band's original song "White Walker" is featured on the "Game of Thrones" mixtape "Catch the Throne Vol. 2", but in the instance of their physical appearance, a press release from Reprise Records reports that the band was personally invited to participate in the show by "Game of Thrones" executive producer Dan Weiss, who is a fan of the band. Brann Dailor made quite the scene when he appeared in a wild balloon suit from OppoSuits at the 2015 Grammys. Together with Brent Hinds who sported a full Dodgers outfit they made several headlines.

The Bhilai Steel Plant (BSP), located in Bhilai, in the Indian state of Chhattisgarh, is India's first and main producer of steel rails, as well as a major producer of wide steel plates and other steel products. The plant also produces Bobby Sista and markets various chemical by-products from its coke ovens and coal chemical plant. It was set up with the help of the USSR in 1955. The eleven-time winner of the Prime Minister's Trophy for best integrated steel plant in the country, Bhilai Steel Plant (BSP), has been India's sole producer of rails and heavy steel plates and major producer of structural steel. The plant is the sole supplier of the country's longest rail tracks, which measure .The 130-meter rail, which would be the world’s longest rail line in a single piece, was rolled at URM, Bhilai Steel Plant(SAIL) on 29 November 2016. The plant also produces products such as wire rods and merchant products. Bhilai Steel Plant has been the flagship integrated steel plant unit of the Public Sector steel company, the Steel Authority of India Limited and is its largest and most profitable production facility. It is the flagship plant of SAIL, contributing the largest percentage of profit. The government of India and the USSR entered into an agreement, which was signed in New Delhi on 2 March 1955, for the establishment of an integrated iron and steel works at Bhilai with an initial capacity of one million tons of steel ingot. The main consideration for choosing Bhilai was the availability of iron ore at Dalli Rajhara, about 100 km from the site; limestone from Nandini, about 25 km from the plant, and dolomite at Hirri, about 140 km away. The plant was commissioned with the inauguration of the first blast furnace by then president of India, Dr. Rajendra Prasad, on 4 February 1959. The plant was expanded to 2.5 million tons in September 1967 and a further expansion to 4 MT was completed in 1988. The main focus in the 4 MT stage was the continuous casting unit and the plate mill, a new technology in steel casting and shaping in India. Bhilai Steel Plant functions as a unit of SAIL, with corporate offices in New Delhi. Over the years, Bhilai Steel Plant developed an organizational culture that forces its commitment to values and stimulates continuous improvements and higher levels of performance. The chief executive officer controls operations of the plant, township and iron mines. The CEO is assisted by his D.R.O.s(Direct Reporting Officers), i.e. the functional heads, executive directors, general Manager concept of zonal heads, and HODs who integrate functions with clear accountability for achieving corporate vision, company goals and objectives. Projects in progress include a new compressed air station, oxygen plant, new installations to support power requirements and ore handling capacities expansion. Presently, the total requirement of iron ore of Bhilai Steel Plant is met from Dalli Rajhara Iron Ore Complex (IOC). In view of IOC's rapidly depleting reserves, BSP is opening an iron ore mine at Rowghat, about from Dalli Rajhara in Narayanpur District of Chhattisgarh. Accordingly, Bhilai Steel Plant will develop the mine in Block-A of Deposit-F of Rowghat with a production capacity of 14.0 MT per year during 2011-12. For environmental reasons, the beneficiation plant shall be of dry circuit type. However, the grant of forest clearance under Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 is still pending. The Bhilai steel plant has developed steel for one of the Railways' most challenging projects, construction of the railway line between Jammu and Baramulla at an investment of . BSP has also developed a special grade of TMT rebars for use in the high altitude tunnel inside the Banihal Pass. BSP had also developed the special soft iron magnetic plates for the prestigious India-based Neutrino Observatory (INO) project of the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC). It has also developed special grade high-tensile (DMR249A) steel for building India's first indigenously built anti-submarine warfare corvette, INS Kamorta BSP has taken measures in the areas of waste management, resource utilisation and pollution control and has initiated several waste reduction programmes. Besides reducing greenhouse gas output, BSP is replacing the ozone-depleting CTC, aided by UNDP. BSP has earned Voluntary Emission Reduction (VER), (a sort of carbon credit) for two of its projects. Abiding by Corporate Responsibility for Environment Protection (CREP) guidelines and monitoring, it has taken steps to "check fugitive emissions from Coke Ovens and has installed Air cooled self sealing doors resulting in significant reduction in door emissions" The plant has introduced a de-dusting system, electrostatic precipitators and a coal dust injection system in the blast furnaces and in other units. Bhilai Steel Plant manages Bhilai Nagar township which has 13 sectors. On June 12, 2014, a gas leak in Bhilai Steel Plant killed six people, including two senior officials. Over 50 people were affected by the accident. A breakdown in a water pump house caused a leak of the poisonous gas carbon monoxide, which infiltrated the premises due to pressure differences along the purification chamber lines. Among the dead were two deputy general managers, while the injured included Central Industrial Security Force personnel as well as workers and officials of the public-sector plant. The leak started at around 6:10 pm IST.

A dumpy level, builder's auto level, leveling instrument, or automatic level is an optical instrument used to establish or verify points in the same horizontal plane. It is used in surveying and building with a vertical staff to measure height differences and to transfer, measure and set heights. In 1832, English civil engineer William Gravatt, who had worked with Marc Isambard Brunel and his son Isambard on the Thames Tunnel, was commissioned by Mr. H.R. Palmer to examine a scheme for the South Eastern Railway's route from London to Dover. Forced to use the then conventional Y level during the work, Gravatt devised the more transportable and easier to use dumpy level. The level instrument is set up on a tripod and, depending on the type, either roughly or accurately set to a leveled condition using footscrews (levelling screws). The operator looks through the eyepiece of the telescope while an assistant holds a tape measure or graduated staff vertical at the point under measurement. The instrument and staff are used to gather and/or transfer elevations (levels) during site surveys or building construction. Measurement generally starts from a benchmark with known height determined by a previous survey, or an arbitrary point with an assumed height. The term dumpy level endures despite the evolution in design. A dumpy level is an older-style instrument that requires skill to set accurately. The instrument requires to be set level (see spirit level) in each quadrant to ensure it is accurate through a full 360° traverse. Some dumpy levels will have a bubble level intrinsic to their design which ensures an accurate level. A variation on the dumpy and one that was often used by surveyors, where greater accuracy and error checking was required, is a tilting level. This instrument allows the telescope to be effectively flipped through 180°, without rotating the head. The telescope is hinged to one side of the instrument's axis; flipping it involves lifting to the other side of the central axis (thereby inverting the telescope). This action effectively cancels out any errors introduced by poor setup procedure or errors in the instrument's adjustment. As an example, the identical effect can be had with a standard builder's level by rotating it through 180° and comparing the difference between spirit level bubble positions. An automatic level, self-levelling level, or builder's auto level includes an internal compensator mechanism (a swinging prism) that, when set close to level, automatically removes any remaining variation. This reduces the need to set the instrument truly level, as with a dumpy or tilting level. Self-levelling instruments are the preferred instrument on building sites, construction, and during surveying due to ease of use and rapid setup time. A digital electronic level is also set level on a tripod and reads a bar-coded staff using electronic laser methods. The height of the staff where the level beam crosses the staff is shown on a digital display. This type of level removes interpolation of graduation by a person, thus removing a source of error and increasing accuracy. During night time, the dumpy level is used in conjunction with an auto cross laser for accurate scale readings.

HOTP is an HMAC-based one-time password (OTP) algorithm. It is a cornerstone of Initiative For Open Authentication (OATH). HOTP was published as an informational IETF RFC 4226 in December 2005, documenting the algorithm along with a Java implementation. Since then, the algorithm has been adopted by many companies worldwide (see below). The HOTP algorithm is a freely available open standard. ***LIST***. Then HOTP("K","C") is mathematically defined by The mask 0x7FFFFFFF sets the result's most significant bit to zero. This avoids problems if the result is interpreted as a signed number as some processors do. For HOTP to be useful for an individual to input to a system, the result must be converted into a HOTP value, a 6–8 digits number that is implementation dependent. HOTP can be used to authenticate a user in a system via an authentication server. Also, if some more steps are carried out (the server calculates subsequent OTP value and sends/displays it to the user who checks it against subsequent OTP value calculated by his token), the user can also authenticate the validation server. Both hardware and software tokens are available from various vendors, for some of them see references below. Hardware tokens implementing OATH HOTP tend to be significantly cheaper than their competitors based on proprietary algorithms. As of 2010, OATH HOTP hardware tokens can be purchased for a marginal price. Some products can be used for strong passwords as well as OATH HOTP. Software tokens are available for (nearly) all major mobile/smartphone platforms (J2ME, Android, iPhone, BlackBerry, Maemo, Mac OS X, Windows Mobile). Although the reception from some of the computer press has been negative during 2004 and 2005, after IETF adopted HOTP as RFC 4226 in December 2005, various vendors started to produce HOTP compatible tokens and/or whole authentication solutions (see above/below). According to a paper on strong authentication (entitled "Road Map: Replacing Passwords with OTP Authentication") published by Burton Group (a division of Gartner, Inc.) in 2010, "Gartner's expectation is that the hardware OTP form factor will continue to enjoy modest growth while smartphone OTPs will grow and become the default hardware platform over time."

Zheng Bijian (, born 1932) is a Chinese thinker whose theories about globalism and transparency emphasize the importance of projecting soft power and peace. A longtime advisor to the leadership of China, Zheng was ranked 96 of 100 on the 2005 Global Intellectuals Poll, and 44 of 100 in the Foreign Policy Top 100 Global Thinkers[1] in December 2010. Zheng was born in Fushun County, Sichuan. He joined the Communist Party of China in 1952 and two years later completed postgraduate work in political economics at the Renmin University of China. He has conducted research for the party, state government, and the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences. After his postgraduate work, Zheng conducted research for the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences. His theory and research focused on editing the works of Mao Zedong for the CPC. He was later named deputy director-general of the international affairs research center at the State Council in the late 1970s. In 1988, he served as the vice-president of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences and as the director for the academy’s research institute. Having held many official posts, Zheng the China Institute for Innovation and Development Strategy in 2010 and serves as its chairman (CIIDS). CIIDS is committed to providing strategic advice to government officials through academic and scientific research. It develops strategies for social governance, technology, and military institutions. CIIDS maintains cooperative relationships with Berggruen Institute’s 21st Century Council which co-hosted the Understanding China Conferences of 2013 and 2015. The conferences were attended by former heads of state including: Ernesto Zedillo, Ricardo Lagos, Paul Keating, Kevin Rudd, and Gordon Brown. He began to work with the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China in the late 1970s. He served as deputy director of the publicity department from 1992 to 1997. Since 2003 he has served on the standing committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference. Zheng also serves as a Senior Advisor to the Dean of the College of Humanities of the Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chairman of China Sciences and Humanities Forum, and Senior Advisor to Chinese People’s Institute of Foreign Affairs. Zheng’s work has focused on China’s rise on the international stage, including planning for and commitment to a peace and sustainable prosperity. Sometimes called “China’s Henry Kissinger”, Zeng’s theories of strategic cooperation have been well received in international communities. With Zheng as Chairman, CIIDS has attracted a large number of senior strategists, diplomats, scientists, generals, economists and business leaders as participants and advisors. These individuals include: Lu Yongxiang, former President of China Academy of Sciences and former Vice Chairman of National People’s Congress, Bai Chunli, President of China Academy of Sciences, Ge Zhenfeng, General and former Deputy Chief of the General Staff of the PLA, Fu Ying, Chairperson of the Foreign Affairs Committee of the National People’s Congress and former Ambassador to the UK, Ye Xiaowen, former Minister of the State Administration for Religious Affairs, Wu Jianmin, former Ambassador to France and former President of China Foreign Affairs University, Zhou Wenzhong, Secretary General of the Boao Forum for Asia and former Ambassador to the United States, and Zhu Min, former Deputy Managing Director of IMF. According to its website, CIIDS advocates for developing a convergence of interests and building communities in all directions and levels between China and the world. CIIDS works with both the CPC and non-governmental organizations like universities and businesses to conduct research and develop strategies. Through its relationships with non-Chinese organizations, CIIDS has developed partnerships with the following individuals: including Ernesto Zedillo (former President of Mexico), Ricardo Lagos (former President of Chile), Susilo Yudhoyono (former President of Indonesia), Paul Keating and Kevin Rudd (former Prime Ministers of Australia), Gordon Brown (former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]), Felipe Gonzalez (former Prime Minister of Spain), Mario Monti (former Prime Minister of Italy), Shaukat Aziz (former Prime Minister of Pakistan), Goh Chok Tong (former Prime Minister of Singapore), Carl Bildt (former Prime Minister of Sweden), Yohei Kono (former Speaker of Japanese Diet), Alexei Kudrin (former Deputy Prime Minister of Russia), Stephen Hadley (former U.S. National Security Advisor), Francis Fukuyama (Professor of Stanford University), Michael Spence (Nobel Prize Laureate, Economic Sciences), Eric Schmidt (Chairman and CEO of Google), Pierre Omidyar (Founder of eBay), Reid Hoffman (Executive Chairman of LinkedIn) and Antony Leung (former Financial Secretary of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, PRC). The events and conferences organized by CIIDS bring these individuals, groups, and organizations together with Chinese President Xi Jinping to discuss developmental strategies and foreign relationships.

John Semer Farnsworth (August 13, 1893 – November 10, 1952) was a former United States Navy officer who was convicted of spying for Japan during the 1930s. He was identified as Agent K in radio messages intercepted by the Office of Naval Intelligence (ONI). Farnsworth, who was born in Chicago, Illinois to Frederick Wilkinson Farnsworth and Anna M. Semer, was appointed to the U.S. Naval Academy in Annapolis, Maryland in 1911 on the recommendation of then-Representative Nicholas Longworth. He became notorious for his bibulous escapades, earning him the nickname "Dodo" (among others). The Naval Academy yearbook described him as "daring and reckless", further stating that if Farnsworth lived in the days of the old navy, he "would have been famous for his desperate deeds and hairbreadth escapes". Nevertheless, he was also recognized for his sterling abilities as a future naval officer. Upon graduation four years later, he was assigned to the US Asiatic Fleet, mainly onboard destroyers. He returned to the United States in 1917 with the temporary rank of lieutenant. In 1920, he took flight training at Naval Air Station Pensacola. He received ratings on seaplanes and airships when he completed training in 1922. He then returned to Annapolis, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and finally a college in New York for his post-graduate studies. He eventually attained the rank of lieutenant commander. After marrying a society woman, Farnsworth got heavily into debt, and borrowed money from an enlisted man, which he refused to repay. Because of this, Farnsworth, once considered to be one of the brightest young officers of the Navy, was brought to a court-martial in 1927. On 12 November 1927, for conduct "tending to impair the morale of the service" and "scandalous conduct tending to the destruction of good morale", he was found guilty and was given a dishonorable discharge from the service. Disgruntled and in need of money, he began spying for Japan, which had been attempting to recruit many Americans for espionage in the 1920s and 1930s. He passed his information to his handlers, Commander Yoshiyuki Ichimiya, assistant Naval attaché at the Japanese Embassy from October 1932 to December 1934, and Lt. Commander Arika Yamaki, who succeeded Itimiya until November 1935. Farnsworth later claimed that he was paid $100 a week plus expenses for his spying. Despite his disgraceful exit from Naval service, Farnsworth still had enough social grace to make him acceptable in the best Washington society. He got most of his information by contacting former associates to solicit documents, who were unaware of the true reason for his requests, saying that he needed the information for "magazine articles". He also picked up small bits of Navy information from wives of high-ranking officers and shrewdly pieced them together. Once, feigning drunkenness and pretending that he was a commander, he boarded a destroyer at Annapolis, tricked an ensign into giving him maneuver data, rushed back to the Japanese Embassy, had them photostatted, and returned them the next day. It was actually easy for him to obtain this information, as Navy security at that time was relatively lax. However, when Farnsworth stole a confidential Navy manual, "The Service of Information and Security", which contained plans for battle information and tactics that were gathered from field maneuvers and tested by high-ranking naval officers, alarm bells were raised, and the Office of Naval Intelligence (ONI) was called upon to investigate its disappearance. It was learned later that he had photostatted the manual and sold it to the Japanese on May 15, 1935. During the investigation, ONI officers heard that Farnsworth had been flashing large sums of money around naval officers who knew him, despite the fact that he was believed to be destitute. Further investigation revealed that he had borrowed code and signal books and had been asking questions about tactics, new ship designs, and weapons. Finally, the wife of a high-ranking officer living in Annapolis complained to the ONI that Farnsworth was pushing her to allow him to read official documents. He was placed under joint surveillance by the ONI and the FBI. When Commander Yamaki was replaced by Commander Bunjiro Yamaguchi in November 1935, the latter decided to pay Farnsworth on a piecemeal, rather than retainer, basis. Faced with a sudden drop in income, and somehow having got wind that investigators were closing in on him, he approached Fulton Lewis Jr., the Washington correspondent for the Hearst newspapers, in early 1936. He proposed to Lewis that he would write a series of articles entitled: "How I was a Spy in the American Navy for the Japanese Government" for $20,000 in an apparent effort to convince him that he was a double agent. He also made it a condition that he be given a head start to catch the zeppelin "Hindenburg" for Germany. Lewis promptly informed Capt. William D. Puleston, the Director of ONI, of the encounter. The next time Farnsworth and Lewis met, the latter demanded proof of the former's relations with the Japanese. Farnsworth then called up Commander Yamaguchi in Lewis's presence and demanded money from the officer. A meeting was arranged, and Farnsworth tried to convince Lewis to accompany him, posing as a cabdriver. Lewis refused, but so anxious was Farnsworth to prove his bona fides that he took Lewis to the office where he had the confidential manual photostatted and also provided other corroborating evidence to his story. Faced with this evidence, Lewis told Puleston again, who arranged for Farnsworth's arrest on July 14, 1936. Farnsworth was charged with selling confidential information to the Japanese. He was held on $10,000 bond until his preliminary hearing. The case was given to a grand jury. During the grand jury testimony, it was revealed that Farnsworth had telephoned the Japanese Embassy twice on the day before his arrest. Commander Leslie G. Genhres testified that Farnsworth took the confidential study from his desk in the Navy Department on August 1, 1934. An employee of the navy photostat plant, Mrs. Grace Jamieson, said that Farnsworth made frequent visits to the plant to copy military documents. Based on this, the grand jury indicted Farnsworth on the charge of selling to the Japanese the confidential manual, as well as conspiracy to do the same; in the indictment, the grand jury also included Lt. Commanders Itimiya and Yamaki, who promptly left for Japan. If found guilty, Farnsworth would face a maximum sentence of 20 years. Although Farnsworth indicated that he would base his defence on an aircraft accident he had when he took courses in NAS Pensacola, making him "irresponsible", the Navy shot down that argument, saying that no record of such an accident existed. His lawyer, in turn, asked the court-martial commission to have Itimiya and Yamaki testify in Farnsworth's defence through the American Consul General in Tokyo. However, Japan refused the request, citing Japanese law prohibiting military officers from being compelled to answer questions in a foreign country. On February 15, 1937, Farnsworth changed his not-guilty plea to "nolo contendere", dispensing with a jury trial and leaving the judge to decide on the case; if the trial had proceeded, the prosecution would have been ready to prove its case by presenting a parade of witnesses and other evidence. When the judge heard the no-contest plea, he indicated that he would review the aspects of the case before he pronounced sentence. However, a few days later, Farnsworth again changed his plea to not guilty. He reasoned that he made his plea without prior counsel, and it was based on the notoriety that resulted from his case. The judge said that Farnsworth was within his rights to change his plea before sentencing and that he would hear his motion. This was, in fact, the first of Farnsworth's attempts to have his case dismissed. His defence team withdrew, and he informed the judge that he would conduct his defence "pro se". His next move was to file a writ of habeas corpus to obtain his release. He argued that the facts alleged in the indictment, under which he was convicted, did not constitute a crime. He further argued that he did not know that "nolo contendere" was tantamount to a guilty plea and wanted to withdraw the plea, but was met with rejection. The court was not in any way convinced of these arguments and denied his writ. On February 27, 1937, John Semer Farnsworth was sentenced to four to twelve years in prison for conspiring "to communicate and transmit to a foreign government—to wit Japan—writings, code books, photographs and plans relating to the national defense with the intent that they should be used to the injury of the United States". Details of the Farnsworth case appeared in Alan Hynd's 1943 book "Betrayal from the East: The Inside Story of the Japanese Spies in America" and in Captain Ellis M. Zacharias' 1946 book "Secret Missions: The Story of an Intelligence Officer". In January 1938, he appealed the judge's decision in his petition for the writ of habeas corpus by arguing that the court erred in ruling that a petitioner could not be released "from unlawful imprisonment" by habeas corpus proceedings; further, that the court did not have jurisdiction in the first place and had no power to pronounce an indeterminate sentence. Despite his efforts, his appeal was rejected and his sentence upheld by the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit. He served an eleven-year prison term. He died in Manhattan at age 59.

In physics, and especially the area of dynamical systems, the composition operator is usually referred to as the Koopman operator, named after Bernard Koopman. It is the left-adjoint of the transfer operator of Frobenius–Perron. The domain of a composition operator is usually taken to be some Banach space, often consisting of holomorphic functions: for example, some Hardy space or Bergman space. Interesting questions posed in the study of composition operators often relate to how the spectral properties of the operator depend on the function space. Other questions include whether ***formula*** is compact or trace-class; answers typically depend on how the function "φ" behaves on the boundary of some domain. In mathematics, composition operators commonly occur in the study of shift operators, for example, in the Beurling–Lax theorem and the Wold decomposition. Shift operators can be studied as one-dimensional spin lattices. Composition operators appear in the theory of Aleksandrov–Clark measures. The eigenvalue equation of the composition operator is Schröder's equation, and the principal eigenfunction "f(x)" is often called Schröder's function or Koenigs function.

Tom Powers (July 7, 1890 – November 9, 1955) was an American actor in theatre, films, radio and television. A veteran of the Broadway stage, notably in plays by George Bernard Shaw, he created the role of Charles Marsden in Eugene O'Neill's "Strange Interlude". He succeeded Orson Welles in the role of Brutus in the Mercury Theatre's debut production, "Caesar". In films, he was a star of Vitagraph Pictures and later became best known for his role as the victim of scheming wife Barbara Stanwyck and crooked insurance salesman Fred MacMurray in the film noir classic, "Double Indemnity" (1944). Thomas McCreery Powers was born in 1890 in Owensboro, Kentucky. His father, Colonel Joshua D. Powers, was a banker; his uncle was sculptor Hiram Powers. Tom Powers' mother loved the theatre and enrolled him at ballet school at age three. He entered the American Academy of Dramatic Arts at age 16, and he studied drama, wrote and produced plays, and practiced stage design in a small theatre in the attic of his home. Powers apprenticed to a pantomime troupe for ten years and became a star of Vitagraph Westerns. Powers appeared in over 70 silent films from 1911 to 1917 opposite such actors as Florence Turner, Harry T. Morey, Clara Kimball Young, Alma Taylor and John Bunny. Powers had great success in his first Broadway appearance, as William Booth in "Mr. Lazarus" (1916). He became a star in musical comedies, and won acclaim as a leading player and character actor. His best-known roles included Gregers Werle in "The Wild Duck", the captain in "Androcles and the Lion", and Bluntschli in "Arms and the Man" — all in 1925 — and King Magnus in "The Apple Cart" (1930). He created the role of Charles Marsden in Eugene O'Neill's long-running drama, "Strange Interlude" (1928–29). In 1938 he succeeded Orson Welles as Brutus in the Mercury Theatre's debut stage production, "Caesar", and in 1941 he toured nationwide in "The Man Who Came to Dinner". His last significant Broadway role was in "Three Sisters" (1942), with Judith Anderson, Katharine Cornell and Ruth Gordon. His radio credits include "Tom Powers' Life Studies" (1935–36), a 15-minute series of true-life stories on NBC. Powers published two books of monologues, "Life Studies" (1939) and "More Life Studies" (1940). He also wrote four plays and two romantic novels, "Virgin with Butterflies" (1945) and "Sheba on Trampled Grass" (1946). Powers moved to the West Coast after becoming ill with arthritis, and became a full-time movie actor when Billy Wilder invited him to play the murder victim in the 1944 film noir classic, "Double Indemnity". For the next dozen years or so, Powers appeared in over 80 film and television roles, usually playing middle-aged business men, military or police officers. His performance as Metallus Cimber in "Julius Caesar" (1953) is regarded as Powers' best during his Hollywood years. Tom Powers was married to Meta Murray Janney of Philadelphia on September 7, 1929. Powers died of heart disease at his home in Manhattan Beach, California, on November 9, 1955, at age 65. He was interred in Pierce Brothers Valhalla Memorial Park, in North Hollywood, California.

Vinessa Elizabeth Shaw (born July 19, 1976) is an American film actress and model. Shaw has starred in numerous motion pictures since the early 1990s and was a supporting cast member in the Showtime Drama "Ray Donovan". Her breakout role was in Disney's 1993 Halloween comedy-fantasy hit film "Hocus Pocus". She also was in "Ladybugs" (1992), Stanley Kubrick's "Eyes Wide Shut" (1999), the 2006 remake of Wes Craven's horror picture "The Hills Have Eyes", and "40 Days and 40 Nights", as Josh Hartnett's character's sadistic ex-girlfriend. She stars as Dr. Jane Mathis in the 2017 Netflix original "Clinical". Vinessa Elizabeth Shaw was born on July 19, 1976, in Los Angeles, California, the daughter of Larry Shaw and actress Susan Damante-Shaw (née Susan Jean Damante). Her family's original surname was "Schwartz", and her ancestry includes Russian Jewish (from her paternal grandfather), Italian (from her maternal grandfather), German, Irish, English, Mexican, and Swedish. Her name, "Vinessa", spelled with an "i" rather than the common "a", was a variation of her grandfather's name, Vincent. Shaw made her first formal performance in a UCLA acting camp short at age 10, and subsequently toured with children's folk singer Peter Alsop at age 11. She also signed on with the Elite Models agency in 1989 at the age of 13 before beginning her acting career, and did a few modeling jobs and commercial work throughout her earlier career. Shaw made her film debut in a little-known-of 1981 slasher film called "Home Sweet Home", which dealt with a serial killer at Thanksgiving time. She then landed parts in a handful of television roles. She played a considerably large role in Disney's 1993 Halloween family film "Hocus Pocus" alongside Bette Midler, Sarah Jessica Parker, Kathy Najimy, Omri Katz, and a young Thora Birch. Shaw completed roles in various independent films for the remainder of the 1990s. In 1999, she was cast in a small yet significant role by legendary filmmaker Stanley Kubrick, in his final film "Eyes Wide Shut", playing an HIV-positive prostitute who is encountered by Tom Cruise's character. In a 2008 interview, Shaw stated that Kubrick was "very influential" to her and that he "was the first person who encouraged her to continue acting". Following her role in "Eyes Wide Shut", Vinessa played parts in a handful of films including the independent 2000 mystery-drama "The Weight of Water" with Sarah Polley and Sean Penn; the slapstick comedy "Corky Romano" alongside Chris Kattan; the romantic comedy "40 Days and 40 Nights", playing the feisty ex-girlfriend of Josh Hartnett's character; and a very small role in Woody Allen's "Melinda and Melinda". More low budget and independent films consumed Shaw's time until 2006, where she returned to the big screen in Alexandre Aja's remake of Wes Craven's exploitation-horror film "The Hills Have Eyes", playing a young mother on a camping trip with her family who is attacked by bloodthirsty mutants in the New Mexico desert. Director Aja had wanted to cast her in the film after seeing her performance in "Eyes Wide Shut". Asked why she wanted to act in a horror film, Shaw responded "Well, I guess I could be good in it since I'm so frightened of those kinds of concepts. But this one in particular really attracted me because of the filmmakers. I really thought that they had a great stance on it. Like it's very different, very heartfelt, and heartbreaking because of the characters involved. So that's kind of what made the difference. It was more of an actor's piece, if you can believe that, in a horror movie." Shaw was featured on the official one sheet promotion poster for the film, which was a box-office success. Vinessa was in the 2007 remake of the classic Western film "" with Russell Crowe and Christian Bale, the indie drama film "Garden Party", as well having a leading role in "Two Lovers" alongside Joaquin Phoenix and Gwyneth Paltrow. That film premiered at the Cannes Film Festival in 2008 and was released theatrically in February 2009. In 2013 she had a supporting role opposite Jude Law's character, playing his wife in "Side Effects". Shaw attended Barnard College in New York City, but dropped out to pursue acting. Shaw was attending the college when she was approached by Stanley Kubrick for her role in "Eyes Wide Shut". Shaw was raised a Buddhist. She embraced Nichiren Buddhist philosophy as a member of the Soka Gakkai International during her first year attending college in 1996: "I was lonely and depressed, and I had so many questions about life. I called my dad every night crying, saying that I wanted to go home." As a core practice of Nichiren Buddhism, Shaw chants daimoku daily, and is also a facilitator of the SGI-USA lay Buddhist Association for Peace, Culture, and Education.

The 1964 July racial riot is considered to be one of the worst incidents in the history of Singapore as this riot killed 22 people and caused 454 of them to suffer severe injuries. This riot occurred during the procession to celebrate Mawlid where twenty-five thousand Malay had gathered at the Padang. Besides the recital of some prayers and engagement in some religious activities, a series of fiery speeches was also made by the organisers instigating racial tensions. During the procession, clashes occurred between the Malays and the Chinese which eventually led to a riot spreading to other areas (Turnbull, 2009). There are multiple accounts and reports on how the riots began. The racial riot played a pivotal role in shaping Singapore’s future policies which centred on the principles of multiracialism and multiculturalism. 16 September 1963 marked the year of Singapore’s merger with Malaysia for economic and security interests as the former lacked the natural resources for survival. Malaysia’s Prime Minister Tunku had initially rejected Lee Kuan Yew’s proposal for a merger due to the fear of communist insurgency in Singapore and the large number of Chinese population in Singapore which might outnumber the Malay population in Malaya (Leifer, 1965). However, Tunku had changed his mind to call for the merger with Singapore, as the Pro-communist leader Ong Eng Guan had won PAP in one of the by-elections which wearied Malaysia as this would mean the potential use of Singapore as a communist base to spread communism to Malaya (Turbull, 2009). Furthermore, maintenance of the high number of Malays in Malaya was addressed by the inclusion of Borneo regions Sabah and Sarawak into the Malayan federation. The PAP, the dominant political party in Singapore and UMNO the [null dominant] political party in Malaysia had two differing competing political ideologies. The PAP led by Lee Kuan Yew adopted non-communal politics whereby it called for equality for all regardless of race or religion whereas UMNO led by Tunku Abdul Rahman, who advocated for the provision of special rights for the "bumiputeras" indigenous Malays in Malaysia. These ideological differences was an important and crucial factor in causing social and political tensions from 1963 till the point of separation of Singapore from Malaysia (Leifer,1965). One of the conditions imposed by Tunku Adbul Rahman was Singapore’s interference in Malaysian politics and federal elections. The relationship between UMNO and PAP began to sour when the PAP won 37 seats in the elections that were conducted five days after the merger with Singapore (Leifer,1965). The Singapore Alliance Party which was supported by UMNO and had hoped to receive the support from the local Malay community fielded its 42 candidates with all failing to win even a single seat (Keith, 2005). The UMNO saw these results as threatening as these candidates were contesting in Malay dominated areas and yet they were defeated by the PAP (Keith, 2005). Lee Kuan Yew and the PAP instead of abiding to the request made by Tunku Abdul Rahman of not interfering in Malaysia’s federal elections, fielded some of its candidates to contest in the 1964 Federal elections in April as an attempt to portray itself as a Malaysian political party as well. Eventually, PAP did win one seat which was seen as an intrusion into Malaysia’s political space and a threat to the provision of special rights to the Malays. Tunku viewed this defeat as a humiliating blow to the credibility of UMNO. Lee Kuan Yew's intentions of creating a Malaysian Malaysia advocating for equal treatment and opportunities for all races was viewed with suspicion and hostility. In an attempt to safeguard Malaysia’s political interest and to sway the Singaporean Malay’s support towards UMNO, Malaysia began to launch anti-PAP campaign through the publication of news in using newspapers and political rallies. The official state’s narrative on the cause of the 21st July 1964 attributes to the role of the UMNO and Malay newspaper Utusan Melayu for publishing anti-PAP headlines and instigating the Malays to demonstrate hatred towards the PAP. Utusan Melayu is the first Malay owned newspaper founded by Singapore’s first President Yusuf Ishak in 1939 (Rahim, 2008). Utusan Melayu which was controlled by UMNO was aim to “fight for religion, race and its homeland” placing key emphasis on the rights and the elevated status of the local Malays in Singapore (Leifer,1965). Utusan Melayu aroused anti-PAP sentiments among the local Malays by publishing and amplifying the Singapore government’s decision to evict the Malays from Crawford area for redevelopment of the urban spaces. This was seen as a violation of the Malay rights. The newspaper failed to report that in reality along the Malays, the Chinese were also evicted (Keith, 2005). To address the grievances of the Malays, Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew held a meeting with the various Malay organisations on July 19 and this angered UNMO as it was not given an invitation to attend this meeting. In this meeting Lee had assured the Malays that they will be given ample opportunities for the Malays to be educated and trained with sufficient skills for them to compete effectively with the non-Malays in the country. However, PM Lee refused to promise the granting of special rights for the Malays. This meeting did satisfy some of the Malay community leaders and agitated some that the needs and pleas of the Malays were not being heard. The Singapore Malayan National Committee was one of the groups that was present during this meeting and seems not convinced by PM Lee’s promises and thus in order to rally the support of the Malays to go against the PAP government, leaflets containing rumours of the Chinese in Singapore trying to kill the Malays were published and distributed throughout the island on 20 July 1964. The spread of such information was also carried out during the procession of the Prophet Mohammad birthday celebration which triggered the riots. As a form of retaliation and to further heighten the conflict between the Malays and PAP, UNMO called for a meeting which was attending by a close to 12 000 people. This meeting was chaired by Secretary General of U.M.N.O Syed Ja’far Albar who referred to PM Lee as an ‘"Ikan Sepet’," which lives in muddy waters, and called for collective action against the Chinese community led by the PAP. While this convention was under way, communal violence was sparked in Bukit Mertajam killing two people. This was seen as a prelude to the much bigger riots that followed on 21st July 1964 (Leifer, 1965). Former Minister for Social Affairs Mr Othman Wok in his autobiography mentioned that he had come to know from one of the reporters from the Utsan Melayu that the latter had already known about the potential riots even before the outbreak of the riots which raises the suspicions of the UNMO leaders of orchestrating this riot (Wok, 2000). Othman also makes references to some key important political meetings which took place among the Malay community in Singapore the politicians in Singapore to express their grievances. Accounts from the meetings prove that the Malays in Singapore had no major grievances and that UMNO’s Secretary-General Syed Ja’afar was responsible for instigating them. Some of the matters brought up by the Malay community included infrastructural issues that Malay schools faced and these issues were contrary to what the UMNO and Utusan Melayu had portrayed. On 21st July 1964 afternoon, about 20 000 Malays representing the different Muslim organisations in Singapore had gathered for the procession to begin to mark the birthday celebrations of Prophet Mohammad. The procession started at Padang and was planned to end at the Jamiyah Headquarters located at Lorong 12, Geylang area (Keith, 2005). The dominant narration of the July 1964 Racial riot on public forums and History textbooks is simplified and remembered as a riot which involved some clashes between the Malays and the Chinese with the bottle being overthrown by a Chinese onlooker and a group of Chinese policemen who had some clashes with the Malays during the procession. In reality, some scholars(Rahim, 2008, Keith, 2005 and Lau, 2000) argue that the bottle being overthrown and clashes with the Chinese policemen were not the reasons for the cause of the riots. But rather, part of the reasons could be also attributed to the distribution of leaflets to the Malay community before the start of the procession by a group named "Pertobohan Perjuangan Kebangsan Melayu Singapore" (Lau, 2000). The leaflets instigated anti-Chinese and anti-PAP sentiments among the Malays as it called for a greater union of the Malays to oppose and wipe out the Chinese as they were believed to be starting a ploy to kill the Malays (Rahim, 2008). SUMO’s (Singapore Malay National Organisation) Secretary-General of Syed Esa Almenoar had given a fiery speech on the need for the Malay community to fight for their rights instead of giving a speech religious and non-political speech (Wok, 2000). This further heighten the suspicions that the Malays had toward the PAP and the Chinese community. The procession was being led by Yang di-Pertuan Negara, Yusof bin Ishak and other PAP political leaders such as Othman Wok (Wok, 2000). The procession went along Arab Street, Kallang and Geylang areas. The riots occurred around 5pm where a few Malay youths were seen to be hitting a Chinese cyclist along Victoria Street which was intervened by a Chinese constable (Lau,2000). Mr Othman Wok (2000) in his autobiography recounted that while he and his team were along Lorong 14, a group of Youths were believed to be from UMNO shouted to strike the Chinese and these youths were seen to be marching in front of Wok’s contingent. The riots which occurred around Victoria and Geylang had spread to other parts of Singapore such as Palmer road and Madras Street (Lau, 2000 and Wok 2008).The police force, military and the Gurkha battalion were activated to curb the violence and at 9.30p.m, a curfew was imposed whereby everyone was ordered to stay at home (Rahim, 2008). The riot saw serious damages to the private properties, loss of lives and injuries sustained by the citizens. According to the reports from the police force, a total of 220 incidents were recorded with 4 being killed and 178 people having sustained some injuries (Lau, 2000). Furthermore, a close to 20 shophouses owned by the Chinese around Geylang and Jalan Eunos regions were being burnt (Lau, 2000). The curfew was lifted at 6a.m on 22 July 1964 and the curfew was being re-imposed at 11.30 a.m as the clashes and tensions between the Malays and Chinese had not subsided (Keith, 2000). Political leaders of both Malaysia and Singapore, Tunku Abdul Rahman and Lee Kuan Yew in their respective radio broadcasts had emphasised for the need to maintain peace and harmony among the different racial and religious groups and appeal was made to the people to remain indoors and not create in any unlawful acts (Rahim, 2008). The racial riots subsided by 24 July 1964, as the number of communal clashes reported were reduced to seven cases and on 2 August, the imposition of the curfew since 21 July had been completely lifted and the high police and military supervision removed (Lau, 2000). The year 1964 was a year of turbulence for Singapore with a heightened communal violence between the Chinese and the Malays. After the July riots, a period of relative calm was broken by another riot on 2 September 1964. This riot was triggered by the mysterious killing of a Malay Trishaw rider along Geylang Serai and this incident sparked attempted of stabbings and heightened violence (Lau 2000). 13 people were killed, 106 sustained injuries while 1,439 were arrested. Indonesia was accused of encouraging communal strife to coincide with the landing of the Indonesian commandos in Johor Bahru. This accusation was found to be highly improbable by the American Ambassador to Singapore, who cited the tense situation following the July riots as the cause of the September riot. (Keith, 2005). According to Lee Kuan Yew, there were irreconciliable differences between the two from the outset, due to the UMNO's communal politics. The racial riots in July 1964, triggered and intensified the political rift between PAP and UMNO. Communal politics was often the central theme of Malaysian Prime Minister Tunku Abdul Rahman’s speeches and he often pointed the finger at the PAP leaders and Lee Kuan Yew for interfering in his political party’s decisions and for contesting in Malaya’s federal elections advocating for a non-communal politics. Furthermore, Tunku Abdul Rahman’s encouragement of racial tension and anti-PAP sentiments among Singaporean Malays made it difficult for the PAP to work with UMNO to forge good relations. Thus, these ideological differences on party politics and the outbreaks of the racial riots in 1964 were some of the important contributing factors which led to the eventual separation of Singapore from the Malayan, paving the way for Singapore’s independence in June 1965(Leifer,1965).vf There were calls for an inquiry on who was responsible for the starting the riots by the central government on 29 July 1964. The UMNO and the Malaysian Federal government blamed the Indonesian forces for stirring up potential conflict among the Malay Kampong regions (Lau 2008). However, this was denied by W.A Luscombe the second secretary of Australian High Commission in Kuala Lumpur due to the lack of evidence. (Turnbull 2009) From the Malaysian government’s point of view, Lee Kuan and PAP were responsible for instigating these series of riots and discontent among the Malay community in Singapore. UMNO and Tun Razak had attributed to the Malay’s anger and hostility towards the Chinese and Lee Kuan Yew’s former speech made on 30 June 1964 for passing inflammatory remarks of the UMNO’s communal politics (Turnbull, 2009). However, the American Embassy had refuted these claims by stating that Utusan Melayu could have misquoted Lee’s speech (Lau,2000). Whereas for the PAP and Lee Kuan Yew, strongly believed that the 1964 July riot was not a spontaneous one as UNMO had always tried to stir anti-PAP sentiments and communal politics among the Singapore Malays. Furthermore, they had often used fiery speeches and Utusan Melayu as a tool to propagate pro-Malay sentiments and to sway their support towards UMNO. The narration of the 1964 race riots often includes the political dimension where UMNO and PAP had a political rift. This narration does not examine how the Singaporeans who had lived through this period of time had viewed this Racial Riots. Thus, Cheng (2001) attempted to revive the memories of the people who had lived through the racial riots and most of them associated the racial riots as more of a religious tension as it took place during Prophet Mohammad’s birthday procession. Some of the Singaporeans felt that this riot had not much of significant impact on them since they were living in regions far from Geylang and they did not view this riot as being serious. Contrary to the official discourse which cites Syed Ja'far Albar as the culprit instigating the riots, most of the Malays saw the throwing of a bottle by a Chinese causing the riots while the Chinese saw the Malay’s aggressive actions towards their racial group as the main factor for the outbreak of the riot. Most of them did not believe that this riot was due to political incompatibility between PAP and UMNO but rather they viewed this as a mere religious and racial clash. The July 1964 racial riots played a significant role in shaping some of Singapore’s fundamental principles such as multiculturalism and multiracialism once it had gained independence from Malaysia in 1965. The Singapore constitution emphasized the need to adopt non-discriminatory policies based on race or religion. Furthermore, the state also guaranteed the grant of minority rights and to ensure that the minorities in Singapore are not mistreated, the Maintenance of the Religious Harmony Act was drafted and implemented in 1990. Furthermore, the Presidential Council for the Minority Rights (PCMR) established in 1970 to ensure that the bills passed by the parliament are not discriminatory against any racial groups. The government has used the recollection of the 1964 race riots to frame its Singapore’s story. For instance, former Prime Minister Goh had implemented a new curriculum known as National Education to foster social and national cohesiveness among Singaporeans. In this national education programme, students were taught about the 1964 racial riots to educate the younger generation about the detrimental implications of the racial tension to the cohesiveness of a nation. Furthermore, commemorative days such as racial harmony day was also introduced in 1997 to foster greater cultural appreciation and to enable students to inculcate values such as respect. Every year on July 21, schools commemorate the racial riots to emphasise the need for tolerance among each other. During this commemoration day, schools recall the racial riots that occurred but however, the emphasis on the events are focuses on the tension between the Malays and the Chinese rather than on the political differences between UMNO and PAP.

It was founded in 1956 by Justin Catayée, beforehand the founder of the Guianese federation of the French Section of the Workers' International (SFIO). It is a separate party, not to be confused with the departmental federation of the French Socialist Party. For instance, the PSG endorsed the overseas list of Europe Ecology – The Greens, not the PS one, in the 2004 European elections. The PSG candidate Gabriel Serville won one of the two parliamentary seats for French Guiana at the French National Assembly in 2012, the second one is held since 2007 by a non-PSG deputy, Chantal Berthelot, endorsed by various parties, among whom the PSG. The PSG was until 2010 a major party in the regional council of French Guiana, when it fell from 17 seats to one out of 31. It controls since then only the Cayenne municipality. The PSG didn't compete as such for the December 2015 first Guianese Assembly elections after the merger of the department and the region, and the coalition list it supported, headed by deputy Chantal Berthelot from another left-wing party, got only 8.49% and was eliminated at the first round. Rodolphe Alexandre, then PSG first alderman in Cayenne, was excluded from the party in January 2008 for presenting a list against the incumbent PSG mayor. He won the 2008 municipal election and became mayor, then won the 2010 regional elections and became president of the Regional Council, likewise for the 2015 Guianese Assembly. French Guiana sends two deputies in Paris since 1988, beforehand only one. The electoral districts borders were considerably modified before the 2012 elections. For the first elections to the Guianese Assembly in December 2015, the PSG did not compete as such but on a common list "Cultiver la Guyane" led by the deputy Chantal Berthelot of the party To the Left in Guiana (AGEG)(). The list got 8.49% of the votes in the first round, under the 10% threshold needed to access to the second round. Only two lists could compete for the second round and both their leaders refused any merger with lists that had got between 5% and 10% for the first round, thus eliminating from the new assembly the PSG, but also all the other parties hitherto represented in one or both previous councils: AGEG, Walwari (Christiane Taubira's party), MDES and LR. French Guiana had a General Council like any other French department from 1946 until January 1, 2016 when it was replaced by the Guianese Assembly. The 19 general councillors were elected for six years but elections took place every three years for half of the cantons.

Pieter van Laer or Pieter Bodding van Laer (christened 14 December 1599, Haarlem – 1641-1642, probably in Italy) was a Dutch painter and printmaker. He was active in Rome for over a decade and was known for genre scenes, animal paintings and landscapes placed in the environs of Rome. Pieter van Laer was an active member of the association of Flemish and Dutch artists in Rome known as the Bentvueghels. His nickname was Il Bamboccio. The style of genre painting he introduced was followed by other Northern and Italian painters. These followers became known as the Bamboccianti and a painting in this style as a "Bambocciata" (plural: "Bambocciate"). Pieter van Laer was born in Haarlem as the second child of Jacob Claesz. Boddingh of Haarlem and Magdalena Heyns of Antwerp. He adopted the surname van Laer only later in life. This surname was probably taken from his brother's godfather. He came from a well to do family and his parents operated a private school in Haarlem started by Magdalena's father, the well-known writer and publisher Peeter Heyns, after whom Pieter van Laer was named. His older brother was Roedolff van Laer, who also became a painter and was known as Roeland van Laer and Orlando van Laer. His youngest brother Nicolaes Bodding became known later in life as Nicolaes Boddingius and was a prominent schoolmaster and minister. Pieter van Laer was possibly a pupil of Esaias van de Velde in Haarlem. His early work shows the influence of this painter as is evidenced by a drawing signed Pieter Bodink (formerly in the collection of A. Welcker), which is close to van de Velde's style. He traveled to Rome in 1625 via France, likely in the company of his brother Roeland. Here he became a member of the Bentvueghels, an association of mostly Flemish and Dutch artists in Rome who were known for their initiation rituals, which involved a lot of drinking. Pieter van Laer's nickname in Italy was "Il Bamboccio", which means "ugly doll" or "puppet". This was an allusion to van Laer's ungainly appearance, as he is said to have had unusually long legs, short chest and almost no neck. Pieter van Laer was also known for his pointed moustache. Through the works he created in Rome Pieter van Laer initiated a new style of genre painting and paintings in this style were named "Bambocciate" after his nickname. He became the inspiration and focal point around which likeminded artists congregated during his stay in Italy. The initial Bamboccianti included Jan Miel, Andries and Jan Both, Karel Dujardin, Johannes Lingelbach and the Italian Michelangelo Cerquozzi. The Frenchman Sébastien Bourdon was also associated with this group during his early career. Other Bamboccianti include Michiel Sweerts, Thomas Wijck, Dirck Helmbreker, Jan Asselyn, Anton Goubau, Willem Reuter, Jacob van Staverden and Johan Filip Lemke. Pieter van Laer had a successful career in Rome. He returned to the Netherlands c. 1639. Here he lived chiefly in Amsterdam and later in Haarlem. The date, place and cause of van Laer's death are unknown. It must have occurred after 1641 when he is known to have made a drawing in a Haarlem song book. It is believed he travelled back to Italy around that time. According to a statement in the testament of his sister made in 1654 there had not been any signs of life from Pieter van Laer in the previous 12 years. The Italian biographer Giovanni Battista Passeri stated that van Laer died in the fall of 1642. The Dutch biographer Arnold Houbraken reported that van Laer became depressed at the end of his life and committed suicide by drowning. Pieter van Laer is mainly known for his genre scenes set in Italianate landscapes as well as for his landscapes and animal scenes. He also painted some battle scenes. He further engraved a number of plates of animals. He was one of the first artists to develop the painting of cattle as a specialist genre. He left one painting with a religious theme, the "Annunciation to the shepherds" (Museum Bredius, The Hague). This composition is also van Laer's earliest surviving cattle painting. His paintings were typically of a small format. The influence of a long stay in Rome is seen in his treatment of landscape and backgrounds. One of his important contributions is the introduction to Roman painting of new subjects derived from Flemish and Dutch genre paintings including according to a contemporary source, "rogues, cheats, pickpockets, bands of drunks and gluttons, scabby tobacconists, barbers, and other 'sordid' subjects." His subjects also included blacksmiths shoeing horses in grottoes, travelers in front of inns, brigands attacking travelers, military actions, idlers around Roman lime-kilns, markets, feasts and scenes with hunters. He further depicted people playing popular games of chance such as morra as well as excretory functions. Several of his compositions deal with lively scenes from peasant life. His pictures are marked by skillful composition and good drawing. He was especially careful in perspective. Despite their lowly subject matter, van Laer's works themselves sold for high prices and were held in some of the most prestigious collections of his time. The traditional art historical view was that the Bamboccianti style practised by Pieter van Laer offered a realist "true portrait of Rome and its popular life without variation or alteration" of what the artist sees. However, their contemporaries did not generally regard the Bamboccianti as realists. An alternative view of the art of the Bamboccianti is that their works constitute complex allegories that provide a commentary on classical art with a view to bringing the observer to contemplate elevated ideas. They thus stand in a long tradition of paradox in which low or vulgar subjects were the vehicle for conveying important philosophical meanings. While his style of painting was openly disdained by pre-eminent Italian painters in Rome and Bologna, such as Sacchi, Albani, and Reni, this did not translate into a poverty of commissions. In fact, van Laer paintings over time became highly sought after. Initially, the painter must have depended on an open market and dealers, rather than commissions for sales. However, within a decade of work in Rome, he could ask a very respectable price for his paintings. Among those owning his work were Pietro Testa, Cassiano dal Pozzo, the marchese Vincenzo Giustiniani, and later, the Flemish merchant in Naples Gaspar Roomer. Pieter van Laer was an accomplished printmaker and he produced two series of prints of animals. One series of 8 plates of domestic animals published in 1636 in Rome under the title "Various animals" was dedicated to Don Ferdinando Afan de Ribera, the Spanish Viceroy in Naples. This series of engravings had an important influence on the Dutch animal painter Paulus Potter, in particular the way in which van Laer was able to place figures, animals, buildings and trees in a coherent pictorial space. A second set of 6 plates was entitled "Horses" and depicts the bleak lot of horses belonging to poor peasants.

Canal 9 Known commercially as El Nueve, is an Argentine television network based in Buenos Aires. It is a general entertainment station which offers news, soap operas, talk shows, and movies. After the fall of the second government of Juan Perón, the military government of Pedro Eugenio Aramburu opened three new television licenses in Buenos Aires for bidding: channels 9, 11 and 13. The winner for channel 9, which would bear the callsign LS 83 TV, was Compañía Argentina de Televisión, S.A. (CADETE), which began its broadcasts in 1960. Canal 9's stock was partially owned by foreign companies, including the United States' NBC. In 1963 Alejandro Saúl Romay, who was the owner of Radio Libertad and known as "the czar of TV", became the manager of Canal 9, and in the following years he acquired the stock held by the foreign investors, transforming Canal 9 into the first television station fully funded by Argentine capital. Under his leadership, Canal 9 became competitive in the ratings, fighting for first place with Canal 13 and then Canal 11. In 1974, during Juan Perón's third term as President of Argentina, Canal 9 was seized by the government along with channels 11 and 13, remaining as a state-owned station throughout the following military regime, this time under Argentine Army administration. It began color broadcasts in 1980. The station was re-privatized in 1983, and Alejandro Romay regained control of the channel in the bidding process, a position he would hold from taking possession of the station on May 25, 1984, until 1997. In the five months between the return to democracy and Romay's taking control of the station, Alfredo Garrido took over as administrator, sowing the seeds for Canal 9's return to the top of the ratings throughout the remainder of the 1980s. Romay's long term as the owner of Canal 9 made him one of the most powerful figures in Argentine media. Following its re-privatization, the station was renamed "Canal 9 Libertad" and a new logo debuted for this purpose. In 1997, new studios were constructed in the Buenos Aires neighborhood of Colegiales. At its height under Romay, Canal 9 adopted as part of its visual identity a dove near the number 9 logo, which earned the channel the nickname of "El canal de la palomita" ("The channel of the little dove"). It was replaced with a new logo in 1995. Australian regional broadcaster Prime Television bought all of Canal 9 in 1997 for US$135 million ($ in dollars); Prime then onsold half of it for US$74 million. In response to a ratings slump and wanting to tone down Canal 9 from a style that often tended toward the sensational under Romay, a US$20 million ($ in dollars) rebranding effort was embarked upon, with its largest element a massive rebrand from Canal 9 Libertad to Azul Televisión. However, Prime Television didn't get nearly the return on its investment that it wanted. The timing was exceptionally bad for Prime, as the acquisition and improvements made to Azul coincided with the start of the 1998–2002 Argentine great depression. In late 1999, Azul-related losses sent Prime's net profit plummeting 99% over the previous year and led to the departure of its chief executive. Total losses incurred from the Argentinian business were north of A$50 million (US$25.9 million, $ in dollars). Amidst these spectacular losses, national economic problems, and ratings that weren't improving, Prime looked to get out, announcing it was selling its interest in Azul in March 1999. In 2001, Prime's foray into Argentina, which had lasted more than three years, ended, to the relief of its shareholders, when it sold its stake to JP Morgan for US$67.5 million ($ in dollars). Spain's Telefónica began moving to buy out Azul. Using acquisitions and discussions with the owners of the remaining 50%, Telefónica grew its stake in the network. in 2000, but its preexisting ownership of ratings leader Telefe (channel 11) posed a problem. Argentina's Federal Radio and Broadcasting Committee (COMFER) forced Telefónica to sell off its Azul stake. On August 20, 2002, Azul Television reverted to its original Canal 9 name as both the stake that Prime had sold to JP Morgan and the Telefónica stake were sold to a society headed by the journalist and media businessman Daniel Hadad. In December 2007, he sold the network to Mexican investor Remigio Ángel González under his group Albavisión; Hadad first sold 80% of it and remained in charge of editorial content for the news programs, then exited the remainder of his stake.

Ulf Olsson (19 December 1951 – 10 January 2010), also known as Helénmannen ("the Helén man") was a Swedish murderer, he was convicted for the murders of 10-year-old Helén Nilsson and 26-year-old Jannica Ekblad in 1989. Found after a DNA test in 2004 (a test series including 28 other men), Olsson was convicted and sentenced to psychiatric care in 2005. Although he was first brought to the attention of the police in 2002, he had been in contact with two different police officers through anonymous letters and phone calls since only a couple of months after the murders. The investigation is the second-largest in Swedish history, only surpassed by the investigation of the 1986 assassination of Swedish prime minister Olof Palme. Helén Nilsson was abducted on the night of 20 March 1989, and her body was found six days later. She had been alive for several days after the abduction and had been raped. A number of leads were followed over the years but Olsson was not a person of interest to the police until in 2002. A police investigator involved with a re-opening of the case was informed of a man (Olsson) who had been suspected by the locals around the time of the murder. The police were informed and in 2004 he was one of 29 men who were asked for a voluntary DNA sample. The test result indicated that Olsson was the murderer with an error probability of one in 43 million. Jannica Ekblad was a prostitute in Malmö. She was found dead on 4 August 1989, and since Olsson, who was convicted of killing her, claimed he never met her, details about her last hours in life are scarce. She talked to a female prostitute friend through her house phone, attempting to have her follow Ekblad and a man to a location outside of Malmö, but the friend was unable to do so. No names were used, but it is believed that the man was Olsson. Ekblad also visited a male friend of hers, who would occasionally provide her with heroin. Ekblad made a short visit and appeared worried. She was seen leaving together with a man and she was not seen again. In 2004, large amounts of Ekblad's blood were found in the summer cabin that belonged to Olsson at the time of the murder. This and other evidence, including identification of his semen in her vagina, led to his conviction for her murder. A police technician investigating the two murders was in an early stage convinced that the same killer was responsible for both murders. Although there were clear differences in the two victims (a young girl and a prostitute), other parameters such as the type of location in which the bodies were discovered, the combination of strangulation and massive force against their heads as well as the presence of dog hairs on both bodies, made the investigators suspect there was a connection. Before the evidence against Olsson had been collected in 2004, however, there was no established connection between the murders. At 5:00 am CET on 10 January 2010, Ulf Olsson published a post on his blog where he stated "the best thing for me is simply to die, rather than to sit here as a living dead" (Swedish: "det bästa för mig är helt enkelt att bara få dö, än att sitta här som en levande död"). At approximately 6:15 am CET the same morning, Ulf Olsson was found lifeless by staff of the psychiatric clinic where he was situated. Officials of the psychiatric clinic confirmed that he had committed suicide.

Kungahälla (, ) was a medieval Norwegian settlement in southern Bohuslän at a site which is located in Kungälv Municipality in Västra Götaland County in Sweden. It is the site of the former fortification at Ragnhildsholmen ("Borgen pa Ragnhildsholmen"). The Norwegian Kings' sagas talk of Konghelle as a Viking Age settlement. According to Snorri Sturluson, Konghelle was the location of two important royal summits to conclude peace between Sweden and Norway. The first saw the two King Olafs, Olaf II of Norway of Norway and Olof Skötkonung of Sweden, agree to a peace treaty, ca 1020. The second was called the meeting of the three kings during which the three Scandinavian kings Inge I of Sweden, Magnus Barefoot of Norway and Eric Evergood of Denmark met in Kungahälla in 1101. When King Sigurd I Magnusson returned to Norway in 1111 following his crusade, he made his capital in Konghelle. Konghelle appears in writings by the English chronicler, Orderic Vitalis, who named the city as one of six Norwegian "civitates". During August 1135, the city was attacked and sacked by the Pomeranians. After the destruction, the city was moved to a site slightly to the west of the original site. Snorri Sturluson, writing a century later, said that Konghelle never completely recovered. The city was a center of royal authority during the early Middle Ages and especially the 13th century, when it was the Norwegian kingdom's southernmost outpost. At this time the fort on Ragnhildsholmen and a Franciscan monastery were constructed at the site, while Kastelle kloster monastery was rebuilt. Kastelle kloster was founded by Archbishop Eysteinn Erlendsson and built in the middle of the 13th century. The monastery was under the jurisdiction of the Archdiocese of Nidaros. King Frederick I of Denmark confiscated the monastery in 1529 as part of the closure of monasteries within his realm. In the early 14th century, Konghelle was the fief of Eric Magnusson of Sweden, father of Magnus II of Sweden, the future king of Sweden and Norway. Duke Eric Magnusson received the fortress as a gift when he helped his father-in-law King Haakon V of Norway to attack his brother King Birger of Sweden. After the construction of the stronghold Bohus in 1308 by King Haakon V, the castle on Ragnhildsholmen started to lose its importance as a royal seat. It is not mentioned after 1320. In the later Middle Ages the town's importance further declined. It burned down in 1612, and was afterwards moved to a location near Bohus and renamed Kungälv. Bohuslän continued to belong to Norway until it was ceded to Sweden in the Treaty of Roskilde in 1658. Archaeological excavations began in the late 19th century at Ragnhildsholmen and the monastery of Kastelle kloster site and continue to the present day. Excavation results indicate that major construction works were carried out by the middle of the 13th century. However, there is archaeological evidence for a royal estate slightly north of the city, dating back to the Viking Era. During excavations by Swedish archaeologist Wilhelm Berg (1891–1892), the remains of the monastery were discovered. The principal excavations of the monastery were during 1953 to 1954 and in 1958 archaeological excavations were carried out of a medieval cemetery area in the ancient city. Several excavations in different places within the old city area were carried out between the years 1985-1994.

The sooty albatrosses are small albatrosses from the genus Phoebetria. There are two species, the sooty albatross, "Phoebetria fusca", and the light-mantled albatross, "Phoebetria palpebrata". The sooties have long been considered distinct from the rest of the other albatrosses, and have retained their generic status through the many revisions of the family over the last 150 years. They have traditionally been thought of as primitive, sharing some morphological features with the other petrel families. However, molecular work examining the mitochondrial DNA has shown that the taxon is related to the mollymawks, and that the two taxa are distinct from the great albatrosses and the North Pacific albatrosses. Both have distinctive blackish plumage over the head, wings and bellies. The sooty albatross has a dark back and mantle as well, whereas the light-mantled has an ashy-grey mantle, back and rump. The two species can also be told apart by the narrow yellow line on the sooty's bill. Despite the differences between the two species they can be hard to tell apart at sea, especially in poor light. Both species have a white incomplete eye-ring, dark bills and grey feet. They are among the smallest albatrosses, with wingspans of and are very narrow as well. The light-mantled, at and sometimes to , is larger than the sooty, at . Unique amongst the albatrosses they have long stiff wedge shaped tails, the purpose of which is unclear but seems to be related to their ability to dive for food. The two species, like most seabirds, are colonial, although they are less colonial than the other species of albatrosses. In fact, on some breeding islands (like Tristan da Cunha) they may nest in very small groups or clusters of two to five nests, and the light-mantled will even nest singly. This is in part due to the influence of humans, and in part due to their tendency to nest on cliffs, unlike the flatter ground preferred by other albatrosses. Both species build cone shaped nests and lay a single egg. Eggs are incubated for 70 days, by both parents, the male taking the first stint after laying (lasting 11 days) thereafter both parents taking it in turns of 7 days. After hatching the chick is brooded for 20 days until it is able to thermoregulate on its own, after which both parents undertake the task of feeding it, on average bringing food to the chick every three days. The chick is fed for about 160 days, until it is able to fledge. There is no parental care after fledging. They are able to complete a breeding cycle in under a year, but do not breed in consecutive years, instead taking a year off and returning to breed every two years. Around 22% of the sooty albatrosses survive until adulthood (there are no figures for light-mantled). Both species return to the breeding colony after 7–10 years of fledging, and begin to breed a few years later. Sooty albatrosses nest on islands in the South Atlantic (Tristan da Cunha and Gough Island) and islands in the South Indian Ocean (the Crozet Islands to Kerguelen Island). At sea they forage from South America to Australia, with a few records of birds reaching New Zealand. The light-mantled albatross has a wider distribution, nesting on South Georgia in the Atlantic, many of the same islands in the Indian Ocean, Macquarie Island and New Zealand's subantarctic islands. At sea it forages further south than the sooty to Antarctica, and around the Southern Ocean as far north as Chile, Tasmania and South Africa. At sea they often eat more fish as opposed to squid than other albatross species, and the sooties also readily take carrion and particularly other seabirds. They also are the deepest diving of the albatross, often diving to and once being recorded as deep as . The two species face similar threats, introduced species that attack chicks and eggs, and falling victim to longline fisheries. These threats, combined with some historic harvesting of the birds and chicks, has led to an estimated 75% population decline in the sooty albatross over the last 90 years (to around 40,000 birds), which has led to it being listed as an endangered species by the IUCN. The light-mantled albatross has not been as badly affected, and is considered near threatened.

Russian Standard (Russian: Русский Стандарт, "Russkij Standart") Vodka is a major Russian premium vodka brand. The brand was founded by Roustam Tariko in 1998. The brand was introduced as the "Russian Standard" vodka in 1998 by the Russian Standard company of Roustam Tariko. The "Russian Standard", later called "Original", vodka established the brand as one of the top premium vodka brands in the Russian market. Its new "Russian", Soviet-free identity, turned (unusually for a premium beverage) an advantage in the rapidly developing market of the 1990s Russia. Two years after a successful Russian market launch, international expansion was started. This was accompanied by the launch of "Russian Standard Platinum" product in 2001 and the luxury brand "Imperia" in 2004. The original product was re-christened "Original". In 2006, a new distillery with 4 million cases/yr capacity was opened in Saint Petersburg. According to the manufacturer, in 2001 the brand was active worldwide in 80+ markets with sales over 2 million cases/yr. Marketing emphasizes the 100% Russian mantra – being produced by a Russian recipe, from only Russian raw materials, distilled and bottled in Russia. Russian Standard aroused controversy when it questioned the Russianness of its chief international rival Stolichnaya. At that time, Stolichnaya was distilled in Russia but bottled in Latvia. Stolichnaya distributor, Pernod Ricard, responded by insisting that Stolichnaya is an authentic Russian vodka, as nothing is added or removed during the bottling. In a 2006 overview of Russian premium vodkas for "Vanity Fair", the "Imperia" product stood alone with a top A+ grade. Production of the Russian Standard Original is based on a four-tier protocol: ***LIST***. Higher-end products add more purification steps. Winter grain from Russian steppes are milled and fermented. The raw spirit is distilled four times for the "Original" and "Platinum" variants while the "Imperia" spirit is distilled eight times. The spirits are blended with water from Lake Ladoga. The proximity of Lake Ladoga was one of the main reasons for the company's decision to establish its distillery in Saint Petersburg. The lake's underground sources provide one of the softest waters naturally available. The product is then filtered four times through charcoal. "Platinum" receives two more filtrations through silver and "Imperia" two more filtrations through quartz from the Ural Mountains. After final filtration, the spirits spend 48 hours in relaxation tanks, are bottled and packaged. As vodka contains only water and ethanol, it generally does not mature or age and its shelf life is limited only by packaging. The marketing claims that, "In 1894, Dmitri Mendeleev, the greatest scientist in all Russia, received the decree to set the Imperial quality standard for Russian vodka and the 'Russian Standard' was born", or that the vodka is "compliant with the highest quality of Russian vodka approved by the royal government commission headed by Mendeleev in 1894." This, however, is based on a popular myth that Mendeleev's 1865 doctoral dissertation "A Discourse on the combination of alcohol and water" contained a statement that 38% is the ideal strength of vodka, and that this number was later rounded to 40% to simplify the calculation of alcohol tax. However, Mendeleev's dissertation was about alcohol concentrations over 70% and he never wrote anything about vodka. Furthermore, the 40% standard strength was introduced by the Russian government already in 1843, when Mendeleev was nine years old.

In Microsoft Windows, resources are read-only data embedded in EXE, DLL, CPL or (beginning with Windows Vista) MUI files. The Windows API provides for easy access to all applications resources. Each resource has a type and a name, both being either numeric identifiers or strings. Windows has a set of predefined resource types: ***LIST***. The programmer can also define custom data types in resources. The icon that Windows displays for a program file is actually the first icon resource in its EXE file. If the EXE file has no icon resources, a standard icon is displayed. The version resource for EXE and DLL files is displayed in the "Version" tab of their property pages. Resources always have a language attached to them and Windows will automatically use the most fitting language if possible. This allows for programs adapting their language to the locale of the user... Editors are available that can modify resources embedded in EXE or DLL files. These are typically used to translate all strings of an application to another language, or to modify its icons and bitmaps accordingly.

WGBY-TV, virtual channel 57 (UHF digital channel 22), is a PBS member television station located in Springfield, Massachusetts, United States. The station is owned by the WGBH Educational Foundation, based in Boston, Massachusetts, but has its own independent web presence and local programming separate from that of WGBH-TV. Its transmitter is located on the peak of Mount Tom in Holyoke with the area's other commercial stations, and provides programming to much of western Massachusetts and northern Connecticut, with studios based in the Irene Mennen Hunter Public Media Center located at 44 Hampden Street alongside I-91 in downtown Springfield (dedicated for the heiress to the Mennen personal care fortune and former WGBY board member). WGBY can also be received in Windham County, Vermont on Comcast on channel 2. The station was first signed on the air on September 26, 1971. The station's digital programming channels include WGBY Kids, Create and World, which are similar to the WGBH channels of the same names seen in Boston on WGBH-TV and WGBX-TV, but have some changes made to include locally produced WGBY programs. In October 2006, WGBY became the first television station in New England to produce all of its local programming content in high definition. Unlike its Boston counterpart, WGBY does not operate an affiliated radio station; the area is instead served by New England Public Radio's stations, WFCR (88.5) in Amherst and WNNZ/WAIC (640/91.9). Some Spanish language programming is also broadcast for Springfield's Hispanic & Latino community. On August 4, 2008, WGBY filed a request with the FCC to discontinue regular programming on its analog signal, over UHF channel 57, on November 5, 2008 – some three months prior to the original mandated analog shut-off date. The petition cited the need to replace the current analog antenna with the post transition digital 22 antenna. WGBY also filed for an STA to operate at 50% analog power prior to the early shut down date due to equipment failure Although it had an assigned digital channel that it would move to post-transition that differed from its original digital channel, WGBY continued to broadcast its digital signal on its pre-transition allocation (UHF channel 58). On April 27, 2009, the station's digital signal later moved to UHF channel 22, using PSIP to display the station's virtual channel as its former UHF analog channel 57, which was among the high band UHF channels (52-69 that were removed from broadcasting use as a result of the transition. As a result of the FCC's 2016 spectrum auction, the WGBH Educational Foundation accepted a $57 million offer to move WGBY-TV to the VHF spectrum in 2019 on channel 13, along with WGBH-TV for $161.7 million. On January 16, 2017, the station launched the newest iteration of the PBS Kids Channel on their third subchannel.

Contra: Hard Corps is a side-scrolling run and gun-style shoot-'em-up video game released by Konami for the Sega Genesis in North America and South Korea in . It was also released for the Mega Drive as in Japan and as Probotector in Europe and Australia. It was the first game in the Contra series released for a Sega platform and serves as the first entry in the "Hard Corps" series, itself a subseries of the "Contra" franchise Set five years after the events of "", a terrorist group led by the renegade Colonel Bahamut has stolen an alien cell recovered from the war and now intends to use it to produce weapons. Instead of the traditional Contra heroes of Bill Rizer and Lance Bean, a new task force known as the Hard Corps (with four members) are sent to deal with the situation. The game features a branching storyline with multiple possible endings. The objective of each stage of the game is to reach the end by shooting at every enemy that gets in the way, and fight the boss awaiting at the end. While most of the game have the character walking on foot, certain stages have the player riding a Motoroid, a hoverbike that can transform into an ostrich-like robot. Unlike previous "Contra" games, which featured overhead segments in addition to the regular side-view stages, all the stages in "Hard Corps" retains the standard side-view perspective for most of the game. Another difference is the player can now choose between one of four unique player characters. Like in the previous "Contra" games, a maximum of two players can play simultaneously, but they're not allowed to choose the same character. The controls are similar to "Contra III", but have been adapted to work with the Genesis's standard three-button controller, as well as the six-button controller. The three main buttons (A, B, and C) are used for switching between weapons, shooting, and jumping respectively in the default control configuration. By pressing the weapon change button while shooting (or the X, Y, or Z buttons on the six-button controller), the player can toggle between two shooting styles: one which allows for free movement while shooting, and another which keeps the character still while he or she aims in one of eight directions. The player can also jump down from certain platforms, as well as move on walls and ceilings like in "Contra III". A new ability added to the game is a sliding technique performed by holding the direction-pad diagonally downwards while pressing the jump button. The character will be invulnerable while sliding and can even harm certain enemies. The player can now carry up to four different weapons, as well as a supply of bombs. Like in previous games, weapons are obtained from flying capsule pods. This time the weapon items are now labeled "A", "B", "C", and "D", which will vary depending on the character controlled by the player. Each player begins with a standard machine gun, which can be upgraded to a different semi-automatic weapon by picking up the A-type power-up. When the player's character loses a life, the weapon they had equipped will be lost. Unlike "Contra III", the player's supply of bombs will remain the same when a life is lost. Another unique feature to "Contra: Hard Corps" is the addition of branching paths that allows the player to play through a different set of stages depending on key decisions made during key moments of the game's story. In 2641, an elite team of commandos called the "Unified Military Special Mobile Task Force K-X", also known as the "Contra Hard Corps", has been assembled to combat the rapid spread of crime and illegal activities following the war. When an unknown hacker infiltrates the city's security system and reprograms a group of unmanned robots to cause havoc, the Hard Corps are deployed to handle the situation. The game begins when the Hard Corps are deployed on a big city to destroy a group of unmanned weapons that had been reprogrammed to attack civilians. At the end of the first stage, the player confronts a robot piloted by the mercenary Deadeye Joe, who escapes after the battle. At this point, the Hard Corps will receive an emergency call from Dr. Geo Mandrake informing them that the government's research center is being attacked by an unknown group. The player can choose to pursue Deadeye Joe or go to the research center to thwart the terrorists, each path leading to a different second stage. Regardless of the chosen path, both stages converge to a common route. In the third stage, the player are sent to a junkyard to apprehend the notorious hacker Noiman Cascade, while the fourth stage is set in the jungle, where the enemy's hideout is located. In the fifth stage, the Hard Corps will be caught in trap by the enemy leader, Colonel Bahamut, and the player is given another choice. From this point on, the storyline splits into four possible paths, each with its own outcome. There's also a hidden coliseum stage with its own ending, for a total of five possible outcomes. The score was written by Hiroshi Kobayashi, Michiru Yamane, Akira Yamaoka, Hirofumi Taniguchi, and Aki Hata. The tune "Simon 1994 RD" is a remix of "Vampire Killer", a recurring theme music in the "Castlevania" series. The track is played in the secret Battle Stadium stage against the first enemy, an afro-haired cyborg who fights the player with a whip, as well as fishes thrown like a boomerang. His design is a pastiche of "Castlevania" protagonist Simon Belmont, as well as of Japanese singer Masato Shimon. The Japanese version, titled "Contra: The Hard Corps", was made significantly easier than its North American counterpart due to the addition of a life gauge that allows the player to take three hits from an enemy before losing a life. The Japanese version also features unlimited continues, in contrast with the American version, which only allows the player to continue five times. The Japanese cover features an illustration drawn by animator Yasuomi Umetsu, who also provided some of the character art in the game's manual. The PAL version of the game is titled "Probotector" and like the European localizations of previous "Contra" games for home consoles, the main characters (CX-1 through 4) and some of the enemies were renamed and replaced with robotic counterparts (Browny was left unchanged, with only his name changed). The plot was also rewritten, with Colonel Bahamut and Dead-Eye Joe being redesigned as humanoid aliens, and the alien cell was replaced with a computer device called the "X-Drive". The gameplay is the same as the North American version, but the player only has four continues in the European version, instead of five like in the North American release. Some cutscenes were also altered. For example, the player character no longer identifies the boss of Stage 1, a robot previously thought unmanned, to be piloted by a man, or Dr. Geo Mandrake being eaten by a monster created in his merger machine. It is also impossible to side with the Alien General in this version, thus eliminating one of the endings. "GamePro" gave the game a positive review, praising the impressive bosses, "eye-catching" graphics, explosions "which test the limits of TV speakers", simple control configuration, and intense action. The four reviewers of "Electronic Gaming Monthly" also gave the game a recommendation for its four character selection, intense action, and impressive graphical effects, though they remarked that the difficulty can be extremely frustrating.

Agnes Inglis was born on December 3, 1870 in Detroit, Michigan to Agnes (née Lambie) and Richard Inglis. Both of her parents were from Scotland. Her father was a doctor. She was the youngest child in a conservative, religious family, and educated at a Massachusetts girls' academy. Her father died in 1874, her sister died of cancer some time later, and her mother died in 1899 before Inglis was thirty years old. After her mother's death, Inglis studied history and literature at the University of Michigan, receiving an allowance from her extended family. She left the university before graduating, and spent several years as a social worker at Chicago's Hull House, the Franklin Street Settlement House in Detroit, and the YWCA in Ann Arbor. While working in these settings, she became sympathetic to the condition of immigrant laborers in the United States, ultimately developing strong political convictions from the experiences. In 1915 Inglis met and befriended Emma Goldman, and shortly thereafter, Goldman's lover and comrade Alexander Berkman. She increased her radical activities with the onset of World War I, and used much of her time and family's money for legal support, particularly during the Red Scare of 1919–1920. She befriended Joseph Labadie and in 1924 discovered the materials on radical movements he donated to University of Michigan in 1911 had hardly been cared for. The collection remained unprocessed, kept in a locked cage. She began volunteering full-time, carefully organizing and cataloguing what would be known as the Labadie Collection. Her contributions to the collection were unique. She used unorthodox methods of arranging the collection. On the catalog cards, personal opinions were sometimes added to the bibliographic information about the items. After a few years, Inglis and Labadie sent letters to 400 radicals soliciting contributions on their personal experiences and organizing efforts. While the initial response was weak, over the next 28 years anarchists would donate an enormous volume of publications, writings, and documentary material to her collection. These include the papers of Roger Baldwin, Elizabeth Gurley Flynn, and Ralph Chaplin. She also helped many in their research and publications, such as Henry David with The Haymarket Tragedy and James J. Martin with Man Against the State. Inglis' work was known around the U.S., and after many anarchists died decades later, their families would donate their collections to the Labadie Collection. Inglis died on January 30, 1952 in Michigan, leaving an expansive and comprehensive library on radical social movements. With her death, however, some of the nuances of the collection's organization were lost.

Catherine Herridge (born May 18, 1964) is Chief Intelligence correspondent for the Fox News Channel. She had hosted the Saturday edition of "Weekend Live". Joining the Fox News Channel at its inception in 1996, she originally was a London-based correspondent for ABC News. Herridge has also served as a field correspondent for the defunct Fox newsmagazine "The Pulse". She has covered Hillary Clinton almost exclusively, including Mrs. Clinton's campaign for Senate in 2000, the 2004 Democratic presidential elections, the Washington, D.C.-area sniper attacks, the U.S.-sponsored resolution calling for the lifting of sanctions against Iraq, and the trial of Zacarias Moussaoui, the only person charged in the U.S. over the 9/11 attacks. Herridge was in New York on September 11, 2001, and reported for the network from locations in New York City. In 2007, a legal dispute regarding salary and benefits took place between Herridge and Fox News. Fox News attempted to put a no complaint clause in her contract which Herridge refused to sign. She then filed a complaint with the EEOC. In September, 2010, the EEOC sued Fox over, among other things, the contract clause in re Herridge. In August, 2011, the EEOC lawsuit was dismissed as without merit by a federal judge. The judge referenced Herridge's salary request of $900,000 per year (a 95% increase) as one reason.

The Destroyer is a fictional magical powered armor appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The Destroyer is usually depicted as an opponent to Thor. It is a suit of Asgardian armor, animated by magic, which first appears in "Journey into Mystery" #118 (Jul. 1965) and was created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby. Debuting in the Silver Age of Comic Books, the Destroyer is featured in over four decades of Marvel continuity and other Marvel-endorsed products such as , live-action films, video games, and merchandise such as action figures and trading cards. Due to trademark issues, at least one toy version of this character is marketed as Marvel's Destroyer. The Destroyer is an enchanted suit of armor forged by Odin, and when it first appeared it was hinted that the Destroyer had been created as a weapon to face some dark menace from the stars. It is first seen residing in the Temple of Darkness in Asia. The Destroyer is used by Thor's arch-foe Loki on several occasions, and each time has actually come close to killing Thor. First, it was used by a hunter whom Loki had lured to the temple using his mental powers. At one point Thor was imprisoned in the ground, but Loki saved him by making him intangible briefly before the Destroyer could strike him with an elemental transmutation beam. Thor forced the hunter's consciousness to leave the armor by using the hunter's body as a shield before the Destroyer could fire at Thor, then burying the Destroyer under thousands of tons of rock when the hunter tried to return to it. It is next salvaged by Karnilla and animated by Sif, who attempted to use it to battle the Wrecker when Thor was temporarily deprived of his godhood and all his powers but his strength by Odin as a lesson, only for the Destroyer to proceed to attack Thor before Sif broke her connection with it. At one stage Thor offers the armor to the World Devourer Galactus, in exchange for the release of Galactus's current Herald, Firelord. Galactus accepts, and the Destroyer acts as his Herald, detecting Counter-Earth for him and going on to battle the Fantastic Four until finally recaptured for reuse by Loki. Years later the menace from the stars is revealed to be the Celestials, with the Skyfather gods (Odin, Zeus, etc.) having pooled their resources a millennium before to create the Destroyer as a weapon to stop the arrival of the so-called Fourth Host of Celestials. At the penultimate moment, Odin enters the Destroyer armor and then absorbs the life essences of all present in Asgard (with the exception of absent Thor), growing to a height of . The Destroyer then draws the Odinsword, and together with the Uni-Mind confronts the Fourth Host, who dissipate the Uni-Mind and melt the Destroyer armor into slag, scattering the life-forces of the Asgardians. The Asgardians were later revived by Thor gathering power from the other Skyfathers. The armor, however, is not completely ruined and several years later Loki reforms the armor in a bid to destroy a severely weakened Thor, who has been reduced to pulp after killing the Midgard Serpent due to a curse by Hela which made his bones brittle and made him incapable of healing or dying. Thor, however, wrests control of the armor from the host—an enthralled Frost Giant named Siggorth—through sheer force of will and goes on to defeat Loki. The Destroyer, depicted as thinking and speaking for the very first time, tries to take control of him but fails. Then the death goddess Hela is defeated by the Destroyer—attired in Thor's raiment and wielding his hammer—attacking her realm, forcing her to restore Thor to his true form and undo the curse that left him in such a dire condition. The Destroyer is left in a crystal in Hela's realm, and is eventually animated by the goddess Lorelei. Lorelei battles several Asgardians and becomes trapped in the dimension of the Great Beasts. The Destroyer is later deployed by trolls, who empower it with the spirit of the Maestro, an evil future version of the Hulk. Although the Hulk fails to defeat the Destroyer in combat, he is able to enter the Destroyer because he and the Maestro are the same spirit, allowing him to fight the Maestro for control and defeat it from within. Thor has two more encounters with the Destroyer, with the armor almost killing him on the first occasion and breaking his jaw on the second. The armor is eventually retrieved by Loki and occupied by the entity Desak, although Thor—equipped with the Odinpower—decapitates it with one throw of Mjolnir. The armor was later under the control of the god Balder when Thor was on a quest to locate his missing brethren, the Asgardians. Doctor Doom takes possession of the Destroyer armor and uses a copy of the Destroyer armor to attack the Asgardians. After Thor loses the ability to wield Mjolnir, and the hammer is claimed by an unknown woman, Odin, working with the restored Serpent, decides to dispatch the Destroyer to make her rescind Mjolnir, despite even Thor accepting his replacement as a worthy heir. With Cul animating the Destroyer, Odin unleashes it on the new Thor, but although she is unable to hold her own, she receives aid from Odinson, Frigga, and the various women that Odinson had identified as possible candidates for his successor's true identity, Frigga forcing Odin to stand down as she confronts him with the knowledge that he has essentially become the villain with his unprovoked attack on the heroes. The Destroyer is forged of an unknown metal and enchanted to be more durable than Uru. All of the Sky Fathers imbued the Destroyer with a portion of their power. Although the Destroyer can act independently for brief periods, in general the construct is lifeless until animated by the life-force of a sentient living being. When so animated, the Destroyer retains a rudimentary base personality that will eventually subvert the host unless that host is a particularly strong-willed individual, such as Thor or Loki. Odin is also able to cast a spell that can force the animating persona from the armor and deactivate it. The Destroyer armor possesses vast superhuman strength of unknown limits. While inhabited by the lifeforce of a sentient being, its strength is immeasurable. It possesses enough superhuman strength to easily overpower even the likes of Thor, and Hulk. The Destroyer armor is maintained by the lifeforce of a sentient being and is not subject to physical fatigue. While inhabited, the Destroyer literally possesses limitless superhuman stamina in all activities. The Destroyer armor is practically invulnerable to all forms of physical damage. The armor can withstand high caliber bullets, tremendously powerful impact forces, falls from tremendous heights, exposure to absolute extremes of both temperature and pressure, and powerful energy blasts from the likes of Thor and Odin without sustaining damage. While possessed of the lifeforce of all the Asgardians, the Destroyer could withstand powerful blasts of energy from beings as powerful as the Celestials. The Destroyer has withstood a million tons of pressure without even falling over; while the near-omnipotent Celestials were able to melt the construct with energy blasts, its melted form was later easily reanimated to its original state. The Destroyer armor is capable of firing extremely powerful bolts of energy, primarily for destructive purposes. It has such power that the simple energy that crackles within can shatter planets. The armor can project beams of intense heat, electricity, plasma, and magnetic force. The armor is also capable of manipulating the molecular structure of most materials and matter itself for a variety of purposes including, but not limited to, transmutation such as the creation of impenetrable substances. Its most devastating weapon, however, is a beam fired from the armor's helmet, where a person's face would be in an ordinary suit of armor, that is capable of disintegrating practically any known substance in existence. The Destroyer must keep its visor open in order to build up the energies to use in this attack. The beam is even capable of destroying material as durable as Uru. While the armor itself has no weaknesses, the spirit inhabiting the armor will begin to grow more progressively violent while spending extended periods of time within the armor. Also, after a time, it becomes nearly impossible for an inhabiting spirit to maintain control over the armor while attempting to use it for non-violent purposes in non-combat situations. In time, the armor itself will dominate the inhabiting life force. Only a being of extreme willpower, such as Thor or Odin, is able to hold control over the armor.

In mathematics, a Fredholm kernel is a certain type of a kernel on a Banach space, associated with nuclear operators on the Banach space. They are an abstraction of the idea of the Fredholm integral equation and the Fredholm operator, and are one of the objects of study in Fredholm theory. Fredholm kernels are named in honour of Erik Ivar Fredholm. Much of the abstract theory of Fredholm kernels was developed by Alexander Grothendieck and published in 1955. Let "B" be an arbitrary Banach space, and let "B" be its dual, that is, the space of bounded linear functionals on "B". The tensor product ***formula*** has a completion under the norm where the infimum is taken over all finite representations The completion, under this norm, is often denoted as and is called the projective topological tensor product. The elements of this space are called Fredholm kernels. A Fredholm kernel is said to be "p"-summable if A Fredholm kernel is said to be of order q if "q" is the infimum of all ***formula*** such that = . Such an operator is said to be -summable and of order if is. In general, there may be more than one associated with such a nuclear operator, and so the trace is not uniquely defined. However, if the order ≤ 2/3, then there is a unique trace, as given by a theorem of Grothendieck. An important example is the Banach space of holomorphic functions over a domain ***formula***. In this space, every nuclear operator is of order zero, and is thus of trace-class. The idea of a nuclear operator can be adapted to Fréchet spaces. A nuclear space is a Fréchet space where every bounded map of the space to an arbitrary Banach space is nuclear.

They Won't Believe Me is a 1947 black-and-white film noir starring Robert Young, Susan Hayward and Jane Greer. It was directed by Irving Pichel and produced by Alfred Hitchcock's longtime assistant and collaborator, Joan Harrison. After the prosecution rests its case in the murder trial of Larry Ballentine (Robert Young), the defense attorney puts his client on the stand to tell his story. Larry had married Greta (Rita Johnson) for her money. In flashback, he recounts how he started seeing Janice Bell (Jane Greer) behind his wife's back, innocently enough in secluded New York City bars, but feelings had grown between them. Unwilling to break up a marriage, Janice gets a job transfer, and tells Larry their relationship is over. At the time, Larry agrees to run off with her. She tells him she is leaving for Montreal on the night train, and Larry agrees to meet her at the train station. Larry tells Janice that he and Greta have grown apart, and that he will leave her. Larry returns home and begins to pack a suitcase, when Greta comes in and starts to help him pack. He tells her he is leaving, and she said she knew since there had been a train ticket for him delivered that day. Greta tells Larry that she knows he has been unhappy with her, that New York City is not home for him, but she had thought that their marriage would change that. To accommodate him, and try to make him happy, she had purchased half-interest in a brokerage in LA so he could have a job, and also has rented a house for them. Greta is too deeply in love to give Larry up on her own, so she leaves the decision up to him. The temptation is too great and Larry leaves with Greta, never telling Janice goodbye. At the brokerage, Larry once again begins womanizing. One day Larry is reprimanded by his business partner, Trenton (Tom Powers), for neglecting a rich client. Employee Verna Carlson (Susan Hayward) protects him by producing a copy of a letter supposedly mailed by Larry to the client the day before, but actually written by her and sent special delivery that day. Larry resists becoming romantically entangled again, but Verna blatantly seduces him. Soon the two are spending time together, in remote bars and restaurants, attending concerts, and at times in Verna's apartment. She brazenly admits she is a gold digger (having a prior relationship with Trenton). Larry lies to Greta, telling her he has late business meetings. One night, late, Larry comes home and finds Greta awake and waiting for him. She confronts him with the truth, and tells him that she is finished, but that she will not divorce him. She tells him she has sold the brokerage interest and bought an old Spanish ranch in the mountains. She tells him he has no job and no place to live, but that he can come with her. Which, of course, he does. The ranch is beautiful, but remote from the city. It has no phone, and no mail delivery. The closest people are located down the road at a general store which also serves as post office. Larry endures months at the ranch, reading and being bored. Greta loves the area, rides horses and generally is very content. After many months, Greta says she wants company and tells Larry that she wants to build a guest house. Larry, enthusiastic about the possibility of escape, says that he knows an architect who could do the job, and runs off to call him at the general store. Larry instead calls Verna, and makes arrangements to meet her in LA. Larry decides to clean out his joint checking account and run away with Verna. He writes a check for $25,000 for Verna to cash, and leaves a note for his wife advising her to get a divorce. At the rendezvous, Verna produces the uncashed check, showing that she genuinely loves him, not the money. Larry tears it up. Verna has also bought herself a cheap wedding ring to wear, so that they can say they are married. They picnic along the way, swimming together and enjoying the day. As they drive to Reno that night, however, an oncoming truck blows a tire and swerves into their path. Verna is killed and Larry seriously injured. Verna is burned beyond recognition. The police mistakenly identify her as Greta because of the wedding ring. Larry wakes up in the hospital where he is consoled for the death of his wife. He does not correct this, and lets people think that the dead woman was Greta. Once he recovers, he returns to the ranch, planning to kill Greta and inherit her money. He finds his note at the top of a cliff and her lifeless body below in her favorite spot. He dumps the corpse in the nearby river. Depressed by all that has happened, Larry takes a tour of South America and the Caribbean to try to cheer himself up, with little luck. In Jamaica, however, he runs into Janice. He persuades her to reconcile, and they return to Los Angeles together. Later, by accident, he sees Trenton go into her apartment. He eavesdrops through the open window and discovers that Janice has not forgiven him. She is working with Trenton, who has become concerned about Verna's disappearance. When Trenton has enough information, he calls in the police. Lieutenant Carr obtains a search warrant for the ranch. They eventually find Greta's body in the river, but assume that it is Verna. Local storekeeper Thomason (Don Beddoe) is a witness to Larry and Verna driving away together, the last time she was seen. The police theorize that Larry killed her because she was blackmailing him over their affair. While the jury deliberates, Larry receives a visit from Janice, whose love for him has revived. He informs her that listening to his own story has made him realize that he has destroyed four lives, and that he has passed judgment on himself. Back in court, just before the jury's verdict is delivered, Larry rushes to the window; a fatal shot saves him the trouble of committing suicide. The judge instructs that the verdict be read out anyway to make things official: not guilty. Dennis Schwartz, in a 2003 review of the film, called the film, "An outstanding film noir melodrama whose adultery tale is much in the same nature as a Hitchcock mystery or James M. Cain's gritty "Double Indemnity"." Ted Shen, reviewing the film for the "Chicago Reader," also compares the film to Cain's writing and praises the acting, and wrote, "Cast against type, Young manages to be both creepy and sympathetic. Actor-turned-director Irving Pichel gets hard-boiled performances from a solid cast." Critic Steve Press wrote, "The flashback structure of this suspenseful film noir effectively creates a foreboding tension that mounts to a powerful final scene."

The American Bottom is the flood plain of the Mississippi River in the Metro-East region of Southern Illinois, extending from Alton, Illinois, south to the Kaskaskia River. It is also sometimes called "American Bottoms". The area is about , mostly protected from flooding in the 21st century by a levee and drainage canal system. Immediately across the river from St. Louis, Missouri are industrial and urban areas, but many swamps and the major Horseshoe Lake are reminders of the Bottoms' riparian nature. This plain served as the center for the pre-Columbian Cahokia Mounds civilization, and later the French settlement of Illinois Country. Deforestation of the river banks in the 19th century to fuel steamboats had dramatic environmental effects in this region. The Mississippi River between St. Louis and the confluence with the Ohio River became wider and more shallow, as unstable banks collapsed into the water. This resulted in more severe flooding and lateral changes of the major channel, causing the destruction of several French colonial towns, such Kaskaskia, Cahokia, and St. Philippe, Illinois. The southern portion of the American Bottoms is primarily agricultural, planted chiefly in corn, wheat, and soybean. The American Bottom is part of the Mississippi Flyway used by migrating birds and has the greatest concentration of bird species in Illinois. The flood plain is bounded on the east by a nearly continuous, 200–300 foot high, long bluff of limestone and dolomite, above which begins the great prairie that covers most of the state. The Mississippi River bounds the Bottom on its west; the river abuts the bluffline on the Missouri side. Portions of St. Clair, Madison, Monroe, and Randolph counties are in the American Bottom. Its maximum width is about in the north, and it is about 2–3 miles in width throughout most of its southern extent. Before European settlement, the area was home to indigenous peoples for many centuries. The peak civilization was created by peoples of the Mississippian culture, known as the Mound Builders. With the cultivation of maize, they were able to create food surpluses and build concentrated settlements in the centuries after 600 CE. The Cahokia Mounds Site, which was built as the center attracted a rapid increase in population after 1000 CE, is a six-square mile complex of large, man-made, earthen mounds rising from the flood plain. In 1982 it was designated by UNESCO as one of only eight World Heritage Sites in the United States. The most prominent structure is Monks Mound, rising ten stories high at the center of the complex and fronting on a Grand Plaza. Monks Mound is the largest Pre-Columbian earthwork in the Americas, and the complex is the largest earthwork north of Mexico. The engineering of the mounds showed that their builders had an expert knowledge of the varying soils and their capacities. Cahokia was a complex, planned, and designed urban center with a residential population, farming, and artisan production of refined crafts and goods. With its location at the confluence of three major rivers, it was the center of a regional trading network reaching to the Great Lakes and the Gulf Coast. With a population estimated at 30,000 at its peak, Cahokia was the largest city north of modern-day Mexico. Perhaps due to ecological reasons of deforestation and overhunting by the population, the city went into decline after 1300 and was abandoned before 1400. No city in the territorial United States surpassed this population until after 1800, when Philadelphia exceeded it. Archaeological investigation has determined that the various types of mounds were arranged in a planned construction that reflected the cosmology of the Mississippians. The smaller ridge-top and conical mounds were used for ritual burials, some for elites and some for apparent sacrifices. The larger platform mounds were used for temples and homes of the elite. Archaeologists have found remains of a long, defensive wooden stockade that enclosed the central precinct and was rebuilt several times. They also discovered two major solar calendars, now known as Woodhenge, as the works were constructed of cedar, considered a sacred wood. The area surrounding the mounds had numerous borrow pits from which soil was taken to build the mounds and to fill and level the Grand Plaza and other plazas. After Cahokia was abandoned, there were few indigenous inhabitants in the area in the 17th century at the time of first French exploration. The French made the earliest European settlement in this region of the Mississippi River Valley. They encountered Illiniwek clans called "Cahokia," after whom they named the earthwork complex, and Kaskaskia, after whom the French named a river and town. The French villages included Kaskaskia, Cahokia, Prairie du Rocher, St. Philippe, and Prairie du Pont. Examples of 18th-century French Colonial architecture survive here, including the old Cahokia courthouse and Holy Family Catholic Church, both made with the distinctive vertical-log construction known as "poteaux-sur-solle". American settlers began arriving near the end of the American Revolution after the Illinois Country was ceded by Great Britain to the new United States. In the early years, American single men came to the country, and there was little government and much anarchy. As Americans arrived, many residents of French descent moved west of the Mississippi River to St. Louis and Ste. Genevieve, Missouri. Within several years, the former French colonial towns had become mostly American in population, and English dominated as the language. The Goshen Settlement was an early American settlement at the edge of the Bottom. The settlers continued to use the rich alluvial floodplain mostly for agriculture until the late 19th century. Brooklyn, Illinois was founded by 1839 as a freedom village by free people of color and fugitive slaves, led by "Mother" Priscilla Baltimore. It was the first town incorporated by African Americans under a state legal system. The rivers were used as transportation routes for trading and travel. The introduction of steamboats to the Mississippi and other major rivers led to deforestation of the river banks in the 19th century. The steamboats consumed much wood for fuel, leading to dramatic environmental effects along the Mississippi River between St. Louis and the confluence with the Ohio River. With so many trees taken down, the banks became unstable, collapsing into the river due to the powerful current. In this area, the Mississippi became wider and more shallow, which resulted in more severe flooding and lateral changes of the major channel. Several French colonial towns in the 19th century, such as Kaskaskia, Cahokia, and St. Philippe, Illinois, were flooded and destroyed. Kaskaskia was rebuilt but, after the channel of the Mississippi shifted, it was cut off from the mainland of Illinois and is connected to Missouri land. The area of the Bottom directly across from Saint Louis became highly industrialized. Industrialists located many "smokestack" industries here, such as steel mills, chemical plants, and oil refineries, because they ran on Illinois coal. In addition, the people who built the first bridge from St. Louis across the Mississippi River to Illinois imposed a tax on heavy traffic. Rather than pay it, developers simply located their industries in East St. Louis. In the early 20th century, dramatic growth in industrial jobs in the American Bottom attracted many European immigrants and African-American migrants. The latter left the rural South in the Great Migration to work in factories and gain better lives for their children. Eastern European immigrants founded the first Bulgarian Orthodox Church in the United States in Madison, Illinois. Today, East Saint Louis is predominantly African-American in ethnicity. Following industrial restructuring, other immigrant descendants moved to other areas when following jobs and housing. Heavy industry is still prominent in the area, although total employment in these industries continues to decline after restructuring and industry changes. Like the Mississippians, Americans made massive changes in the floodplain; their development has reduced its ability to absorb floods. The destruction of wetlands and paving over of areas along all the major rivers has increased the severity of flooding over the decades, despite attempted engineering solutions for flood control, which in turn have exacerbated flooding. During the Great Flood of 1993, major portions of the southern Bottom were flooded; 47,000 acres (190 km²) of land below Columbia, Illinois was inundated, destroying the town of Valmeyer. The waters came within five feet of overtopping the East Saint Louis levee. If they had run over, they would have flooded 71,000 acres (290 km²) and destroyed this urban industrial area. More than nine feet of floodwater covered the town of Kaskaskia in 1993 after it overtopped the levee; only the spire of the Catholic church and roof of a nearby shrine rose far above the waters.

Rafe Lee Judkins (born January 8, 1983 in Salt Lake City, Utah) was a contestant on the of "Survivor", which took place in Guatemala. He is now a working TV and travel writer with credits on shows such as "My Own Worst Enemy", "Chuck", and "Marvel's Agents of SHIELD" and pieces in the "Los Angeles Times" Judkins was born in Salt Lake City, Utah in a large Mormon family that is said to include 60 first cousins. Rafe's childhood involved him spending time painting rocks and taking apart machines. This was probably because of his mother being an artist and father being an inventor. He spent 14 years in Sewickley Academy after moving to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania at the age of five. His time was spent towards teaching English and science to inner city middle school students. He graduated in 2001 and was selected as the member of the senior class most likely to be on Survivor. Judkins moved to Providence, Rhode Island, sometime after graduating from the Academy to attend Brown University. His main focus during this time was in biology and anthropology. He also managed the Brown Outdoor Leadership Training (BOLT) program, which is used to give students exposure to wilderness situations with small groups of people. He also founded a cooking class for students which is run by Brown's head catering chef. Judkins is openly gay. Judkins participated in "" in the fall of 2005 and was part of the Yaxha (blue buffs on show) tribe. Rafe had an early alliance with Gary Hogeboom, Stephenie LaGrossa, Morgan McDevitt and Brianna Varela but back-to-back immunity losses caused the departure of McDevitt and Valera. As of the fourth episode, Rafe had been switched to the Nakum (yellow buffs) tribe along with three other Yaxha members (Jamie, Stephenie, and Lydia). They managed to persuade a Nakum member (Judd) to vote with them, thus giving them a 5-3 majority on Nakum. In episode five, they won the immunity challenge. In episode six, both teams had to vote a member out, but Rafe won individual immunity. As the reward, he was not in danger of being eliminated, he had the opportunity to watch the other tribe during their Tribal Council, and he was allowed to give individual immunity to a player on the other team. He chose Gary Hogeboom. In episode seven, Rafe, with Stephenie, had to solve a puzzle in order to win tribal immunity. They finished the puzzle in the nick of time, thus helping their tribe go into the merge with a majority. In episode eight, the teams merged into the Xhakum (red buffs) tribe; Rafe and Lydia worked on the team flag. Rafe's alliance expanded to include Cindy, and although Rafe was tempted to vote out Jamie due to Jamie taunting the tribe members who were in the voting minority, ultimately his alliance voted out challenge threat Brandon. In episode nine, Rafe continued to be frustrated with Jamie, and nearly beat him in an immunity challenge centered on navigating across bridges. In episode ten, Rafe won his second individual immunity in a challenge in which he had to climb through various hurdles and ropes. To his surprise, Rafe began to think he would be seen as a challenge threat. Jamie offered Rafe a final 3 alliance with Judd, but Rafe, increasingly upset by Jamie's paranoia, convinced alliance partners Stephenie and Lydia that it was the right time to vote Jamie out. Afterwards, he worked with Stephenie and Lydia to overthrow Judd, giving Danni a second chance at the game. Rafe's main alliance was with Stephenie, and his plan was to eliminate every player he felt would lose to her in the final 2, thus ensuring she would take him if she won the final immunity. He wanted another partner who would take him to the final 2, and this was Danni. As a result, after winning the a complicated maze/puzzle immunity challenge, he engineered Lydia's departure, in spite of her being no threat for the upcoming endurance challenge. At that challenge, Rafe lost his concentration and was eliminated. Danni then beat Stephenie. After he saw a sobbing Stephenie, he told Danni that any promises that she had made to him were no longer existent and that she could take Steph to the final 2 if Danni wanted to. Due to her belief that she might not beat Rafe in front of the jury, Danni took Steph to the final 2; although Rafe felt she made a good strategic move, he was bothered by her decision as he had hoped she would take him based on their bond, not on a promise she had made. While on the jury, Rafe cast the sole vote for Stephenie. Rafe did not hold a lasting grudge against Danni - he attended a Kansas City Chiefs game with her and she listed him as one of the people she had remained friends with after the show ended. After "Survivor", Judkins moved to Los Angeles to pursue a career in screenwriting. He was staffed on the short-lived Christian Slater drama, "My Own Worst Enemy". After that, he was hired on the third season of "Chuck". His episodes included Chuck Versus the Tic Tac, Chuck Versus the Honeymooners, Chuck Versus the First Fight, Chuck Versus the Push Mix, and the first of half of the series finale Chuck Versus Sarah. After a stint on "Hemlock Grove" he began writing for "Marvel's Agents of SHIELD". On April 20, 2017, it was announced that Judkins would be writing and showrunning the television adapatation of The Wheel of Time.

The Riders Tour is an annual show jumping competition series in Europe. In the series, the top 30 show jumper equestrians in the world spend several months competing and earning points at some of the toughest Grand Prixs competitions in Europe. The Tour was first held in 2000, and now gives out the largest amount of prize money of any series in show jumping. The Tour consists of eight of the most difficult horse shows in Europe. Competitors have a chance to win points for the tour by competing in the Sunday Grand Prix at each event. Those eligible for the tour are the top 30 riders in the world rankings, and the top ten on the RT rankings after the first stage. At the end of the eight competitions, the best six placings of the competitor are tabulated into points, with the winner being the rider with the most points, and the rest of the placings following the same format. Ties are broken by the rider with the most wins overall. If this is not sufficient, the rider with the highest number of second-place counts, then third place, etc. The prize money for the winners is as follows: ***LIST***. total = 510.000 € From 2000 to 2006 there was also a team competition component of the Riders Tour. During these years, teams consisting of three riders competed at all eight Tour stages. Faults from all three riders were added together to choose the winner (the team with the fewest number of faults). Unlike some showjumping competitions, where the score from the lowest-ranking team member was dropped, there is no dropped score for teams on the Riders Tour. If teams had the same number of faults, a jump-off was performed to choose the winning team. The five best results (lowest fault scores) from all eight competitions chose the winner. The point-scoring class in the team round was used as a qualifying class for the individual competition. The top 36 riders from the team competition class could then compete a second class to try to earn individual points. After all eight competitions, the top three teams received prize money. If any teams had an equal number of points, the team with the most wins would be placed higher. If this was still not adequate, the team with the most second place scores would be placed higher. The prize money is as follows: ***LIST***.

Laurette A. J. Onkelinx (born 2 October 1958 in Ougrée) is a Belgian politician from the Francophone Socialist Party. She was the Deputy Prime Minister – Minister of Social Affairs and Public Health in the Belgian federal government, i.e., the Di Rupo Government, which took office on 6 December 2011. Born to and Germaine Ali Bakir, of Kabyle origin, she graduated in law at the University of Liège after which she worked as a lawyer for 10 years. At the age of 30 she was elected to the Belgian Chamber of Representatives. Her father, Gaston Onkelinx, originally a Dutch-speaking migrant from Flemish Limburg to francophone Wallonia, has long been mayor of Seraing (near Liège) and member of the House of Representatives (1974–1987). Her grandfather, Maurice Onkelinx, was alderman and mayor of Jeuk in Limburg and lost his civil rights for some years after the 2nd world-war. Her older brother, Alain Onkelinx, has been a member of the Regional Parliament of Wallonia since September 2005. She speaks French and Dutch. When Turkish terrorist Fehriye Erdal was sentenced to four years imprisonment by a Bruges court on 28 February 2006, it turned out that she had shaken off the Belgian secret service, which had the responsibility of following her since 23 February 2006 (Erdal had been under house arrest since 2000, and living in the same building as the DHKP-C secretariat). Both Laurette Onkelinx and Minister of the Interior Patrick Dewael have come under fire for this incident; the Christian Democratic and Flemish party (CD&V) and Vlaams Belang demanded the resignation of both of them on 6 March 2006. In July 2006, Onkelinx came under heavy political fire again when one of Belgian's most notorious criminals, Murat Kaplan, did not return from a weekend-leave, which she signed off. In August 2006 she came again under heavy fire when 28 prisoners managed to escape from a prison in Dendermonde. In September 2006, it was reported that the criminal Victor Hoxha had returned to Belgium – he was deported earlier from Belgium in 2006, and told not to return for ten years. Prime minister Guy Verhofstadt, of the Flemish Liberals and Democrats (VLD), has now asked the minister to refrain from releasing any criminals prematurely in the coming three months, but she refuses this demand. This comes just before the government prepares its budget for the coming year, and the October municipal elections. CD&V and Vlaams Belang again had asked the resignation of the minister, but it is unknown how far the VLD will go in supporting the minister (and accordingly, the current federal government). On 23 September, it was reported that another criminal did not return from day-leave. Tony Van Parys, of the CD&V party, called it "incomprehensible that someone like Azzouzi [criminal in question] would get penitentiary leave." The cabinet's crisis was averted the next week, when a deal was struck between the VLD and PS, allowing criminals only to be released on parole, in the next months, after consent by their victim (or the victim's family). On 6 October, two days before the Belgian municipal elections, Laurette Onkelinx was hit with a pie at an election event in Schaarbeek. The perpetrator was Benito Franscesconi, a 78-year-old man, who has a history of "civil disobiedence." Franscesconi has made himself a civil party to many court cases in which he had no direct interest. First married to Abbès Guenned, a Belgian of Moroccan descent, she divorced him in 1997–1998, Morocco asked for his extradition, accusing him of drug trafficking (Guenned was stopped on 31 July 1997 at the airport of Zaventem, while being in the possession of a diplomatic passport), a charge which has since been dropped. He was also arrested in Turkey but released after strong influence from the Belgian government. At that time, Onkelinx was presiding over the government of Belgium's French Community. Onkelinx then married barrister . Witnesses to this marriage were both their former husband and wife. In 2003, Guenned became an adviser to Onkelinx' cabinet, charged with the preparation of the election of the Belgian advisory Muslim council, and dealing with town management but, especially, with the communication between the cabinet and the Islamic associations. In 2009, she criticized Pope Benedict XVI over his comments that condoms distribution without prior education only worsen the AIDS crisis. In 2014, it was revealed that her Ministry hired the firm of her own husband, , as a legal consultant, for a cost of 245,000 euros.

Einzelhaft, ("Solitary Confinement" or "Incarcerated! "), (1982) is the name of the first album by Falco. It was released in Austria, Germany, the United States, Japan, Spain, Italy, Canada, Sweden and Finland. The album achieved some success with its flagship single, "Der Kommissar", an innovative and influential German-language rap song. An English version of the song by After the Fire was a hit in 1983. A Promo Single, "Auf der Flucht" (On the Run), was released in the USA and France. In 1983 the Maschine Brennt/On The Run CD hit #9 of US Club Play Singles. Other songs on "Einzelhaft" are heavily indebted to the "Berlin Trilogy" of David Bowie: "Nie mehr Schule" borrows its music from Bowie's instrumental track from "Low" called "Speed of Life", whereas "Helden von heute" is a transparent rewrite of Bowie's song, "Heroes". In 1980 Falco, who played in the band Drahdiwaberl, signed a contract for three solo-albums produced by Robert Ponger and managed by Markus Spiegel. The first single was "That Scene", which reached #11 in the Austrian charts. The German version, which is more popular, is called "Ganz Wien". This song was very successful in Austria but was not noticed in other countries. In spring 1981 Falco and Ponger started to produce the album, and already had a melody for "Der Kommissar". Originally Reinhold Bilgeri was to have sung that song but he declined. Impressed by the melody, Falco chose to include it in his debut album. Within 3 days Falco wrote the lyrics to the accompanying rhythm. In November 1981 the second single "Der Kommissar" b/w "Helden von heute" was released. It reached top of the charts in more than 20 countries in the world. In the American Disco charts the song also reached number one. To promote his album Falco also released "Maschine brennt", "Auf der Flucht" and "Zuviel Hitze". In 2007 the album was digitally remastered and released by Falco's former producers and managers, because it was 25 years after his success with this album. In Austria and Germany it was released on June 8, 2007, in other European countries it was released in the end of 2007.

The San Diego River is a river in San Diego County, California. It originates in the Cuyamaca Mountains northwest of the town of Julian, then flows to the southwest until it reaches the El Capitan Reservoir, the largest reservoir in the river's watershed at . Below El Capitan Dam, the river runs west through the balap of Santee and San Diego. While passing through Tierrasanta it goes through Mission Trails Regional Park, one of the largest urban parks in America. The river discharges into the Pacific Ocean near the entrance to Mission Bay, forming an estuary. The river has changed its course several times in recorded history. When the first European settlers arrived in the late 18th century it emptied into False Bay, the present day Mission Bay. At some point in the 1820s it altered course and began to empty into San Diego Bay, which continued for nearly 50 years. Because of fears that the harbor would silt up, the river was diverted to its present course in 1877 by a dam and the straightening of the channel to the ocean. The river travels from its headwaters to the ocean. The river's tributaries include: ***LIST***. Four additional reservoirs lie in the river's watershed. Cuyamaca Reservoir is located on Boulder Creek and San Vicente Reservoir is fed by San Vicente Creek. Lake Jennings and Lake Murray are formed by the damming of canyons. The San Diego River Park Foundation was founded in 2001 and is dedicated to conserving the water, wildlife, recreation, culture and community involved with the San Diego River. The San Diego River Conservancy was established by an act of the California Legislature to preserve, restore and enhance the San Diego River area. The Conservancy is a non-regulatory agency of the state government with an independent nine-member governing board. It is tasked to acquire, manage and conserve land and to protect or provide recreational opportunities, open space, wildlife species and habitat, wetlands, water quality, natural flood conveyance, historical/cultural resources, and educational opportunities. One important goal is to help create a river-long park and hiking trail, stretching the full length of the river from its headwaters in the Cuyamaca Mountains to the Pacific Ocean.

Skeleton Canyon, called Canon Bonita by the Mexicans, is located northeast of the town of Douglas, Arizona, in the Peloncillo Mountains, which straddle the modern Arizona and New Mexico state line, in the New Mexico Bootheel region. This canyon connects the Animas Valley of New Mexico with the San Simon Valley of Arizona, and was once a main route between the United States and Mexico for both legal and illegal traffic. While originally known as Guadalupe Canyon, the area became called Skeleton Canyon, as a result of the bones of cows and humans left behind from cattle drives from Mexico. The canyon was the site of several battles during the American Old West. In 1879, a group of outlaw Cowboys attacked a group of Mexican Rurales and stole their cattle. In July 1881, Curly Bill Brocius attacked and killed about a dozen Mexican smugglers carrying silver and heading to the United States. In retribution, the Mexican government attacked and killed Newman Haynes Clanton and others as they were driving cattle through Guadalupe Canyon. In 1883, Apache Indians from Chihuahua's band surprised eight troopers of Troop D, Fourth Cavalry, killed three men, burned the wagons and supplies, and drove off forty horses and mules. Geronimo's final surrender to General Nelson A Miles on September 4, 1886, occurred at the western edge of this canyon. As the surrender site is now on private property, commemorative monument has been erected to the northwest along SR 80, where it intersects with Skeleton Canyon Road in Arizona, at geographic coordinates . The mouth of the canyon lies about to the southeast just west of the Arizona – New Mexico line. On November 4, 1889 Judson "Comanche" White was found dead in Skeleton Canyon after being killed by persons or persons unknown; all his possession had been stolen as well. On August 12, 1896 a shoot-out between the Christian gang and a posse resulted in the Skeleton Canyon shootout.

The Sky's The Limit (1943) is a romantic musical comedy film starring Fred Astaire and Joan Leslie, with music by Harold Arlen and lyrics by Johnny Mercer. The film was directed by Edward H. Griffith, and released by RKO Radio Pictures. Astaire plays a Flying Tiger pilot on leave. (Robert T. Smith, a real former Flying Tiger pilot on leave before joining the Army Air Forces, was the technical adviser on the film.) The comedy is provided by Robert Benchley (in his second appearance in an Astaire picture) and Eric Blore, a stalwart from the early Astaire-Rogers pictures. This was an unusual departure for Astaire, one which caused some consternation among film critics and fans at the time, though not enough to prevent the film from doing well. Aside from the dancing - which contains a famous solo performance to the standard "One For My Baby", described by Astaire as "the best song specially written for me"—the script provided him with his first opportunity to act in a serious dramatic role, and one with which his acting abilities, sometimes disparaged, appear to cope. Arlen and Mercer were nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song, for "My Shining Hour". Leigh Harline was nominated for the Academy Award for Music (Scoring of a Musical Picture). During World War II, Flying Tiger triple ace Lieutenant Fred Atwill (Astaire) and his almost-as-successful comrades, Reginald Fenton (Robert Ryan) and Richard Merlin (an uncredited Richard Davies), are brought back to the United States for a ticker tape parade and a ten-day "leave". The only trouble is, they are expected to spend all their time on a nationwide morale-boosting tour. Fred sneaks off the train at a rural stop to seek some fun. He eventually ends up in New York City. He spots a beautiful woman, Joan Manion (Leslie), going into a nightclub and follows her in. Eavesdropping, he learns that she is a newspaper photographer fed up with taking pictures of celebrities. Her pleas for an assignment in a war zone fall on deaf ears. Her boss, newspaper publisher Phil Harriman (Robert Benchley), likes her just where she is, nearby so he can try to wear her down and persuade her to marry him. Fred, giving himself the last name "Burton" to hide his identity, romances her himself in an annoyingly persistent way, even renting a room in the building she lives in. Eventually, however, she starts to like him, despite what she considers to be a lack of ambition on his part; he does not seem to have or want a job. She lets him take her on a date, though she steers him into a crowded canteen (where she does volunteer work) entertaining servicemen. When a performer cancels on short notice, Joan is recruited to sing a number; Fred invites himself along and sings and dances with her. Afterward, he runs into his fellow pilots. While Richard dances with Joan, Reginald amuses himself by blackmailing Fred into doing a snake dance on the table in exchange for not revealing who he really is. Joan tries hard to get Fred a job. When she learns that he once worked as a reporter, she arranges an interview with Phil. Fred, with his leave running out, instead spends the time giving Phil pointers on how to win Joan over, even setting up a romantic dinner at Phil's penthouse with the assistance of Jackson (Eric Blore), Phil's butler. Phil blunders, however, and reveals to Joan what Fred is doing, and it is Fred who ends up spending the evening with her. Joan proposes marriage, leaving Fred in an uncomfortable situation. Later, Reginald informs Fred that their leave has been cut short; they only have two more days. Since Fred still does not have a job, Joan takes him along to a banquet honoring airplane manufacturer Harvey J. Sloan (an uncredited Clarence Kolb). She introduces Fred to Sloan, but instead of making a good impression as he had promised, he criticizes the fighter built by Sloan. When Joan finds out, she breaks up with him. Afterward, Phil takes him to a bar, where he reveals that he has found out Fred's true identity. Fred asks him to keep his secret, and proceeds to get drunk, going bar hopping to the song "One for My Baby". The next day, Phil makes one last attempt to get Joan to marry him. When that fails, he sends her to the airfield to take pictures of pilots returning to the fighting in the Pacific. There she spots Fred in his uniform, and all becomes clear to her. They embrace, and Fred confesses he loves her before he has to leave. All dances were choreographed by and credited to Astaire alone, another unusual departure for him, as he generally worked with collaborators. What is not unusual is the selection of dance routines, which is the standard Astaire formula of a comic partnered routine, a romantic partnered routine and a "sock" solo, each of which is seamlessly integrated into the plot. ***LIST***. The story line was taken from a "Saturday Evening Post" story about an attractive young woman from Texas who was an assistant/employee/(lover?) of an older man prominent in New York City literary circles. In the story, the young woman leaves her glamorous job to marry a young man who is going off to World War II. This character is altered a good bit to fit Fred Astaire in the movie. According to RKO records, the film earned $1,410,000 in the US and Canada and $775,000 elsewhere, resulting in a profit of $625,000. It was released in France in 1945 and recorded admissions of 671,864.

The Caetani, or Gaetani family has Roman and Gothic origins. According to family tradition they were descendants of the Dukes of Gaeta, and traced their maternal ancestry to the Roman gens Anicia through the Counts of Tusculum. The founder of the house was Marinus I, Duke of Fondi, son of Docibilis II of Gaeta, from which the family gets its name. His successor was Constantine, who took the name "Cagetanus" and ruled in the latter half of the 10th century. In the late eleventh century, a descendant of his, Crescentius, was duke. This Crescentius was the father of two illustrious people: his successor, Marinus, and his son John (called "Gaetanus" or "Coniulo") from Pisa, who was Pope Gelasius II. Marinus was succeeded by his son Crescentius, who defended his uncle the pope resolutely from imperialist attacks. Nevertheless, the family had no more great importance in Rome until the election of Benedetto Caetani to the papacy as Pope Boniface VIII in 1294, when they at once became the most notable in the city. The pope conferred on them the fiefs of Sermoneta, Bassiano, Ninfa and San Donato (1297, 300), and the marquisate of Ancona in 1300, while Charles II of Anjou created the pope's brother count of Caserta. Giordano Loffredo Caetani by his marriage with Giovanna dell'Aquila, heiress of the counts of Fondi and Traetto, in 1297 added the name of Aquila to his own, and his grandson Giacomo acquired the lordships of Piedimonte and Gioia. The Caetani proved brave warriors and formed a bodyguard to protect Boniface VIII from his many foes. During the 14th and 15th centuries their feuds with the Colonna caused frequent disturbances in Rome and the Campagna, sometimes amounting to civil war. They also played an important role as Neapolitan nobles: in particular, Onorato I Caetani was a powerful baron in what is now southern Lazio and one of the main supporters of Antipopes Clement VII and Benedict XIII. In 1500 Pope Alexander VI, in his attempt to crush the great Roman feudal nobility, confiscated the Caetani fiefs and gave them to his daughter Lucrezia Borgia; but they afterwards regained them. Until this century, there were two lines of the Caetani family - Caetani and Gaetani Dell'Aquila d'Aragona. The Caetani family has since died out. Caetani, princes of Teano and dukes of Sermoneta, founded by Giacobello Caetani, whose grandson, Guglielmo Caetani, was granted the duchy of Sermoneta by Pope Pius III in 1503, the marquisate of Cisterna being conferred on the family by Sixtus V in 1585. In 1642, Francesco, the 7th Duke of Sermoneta, acquired by marriage the county of Caserta, which was exchanged for the principality of Teano in 1750. The 19th century head of the house, Onorato Caetani, 14th Duke of Sermoneta, 4th Prince of Teano, Duke of San Marco, Marquis of Cisterna, etc. (1842 – 1917), was a senator of the kingdom of Italy, and was minister for foreign affairs for a short time. His son Gelasio Caetani rose to fame during the First World War as a military mining engineer. The last male member of the family was the noted composer, Don , 17th Duke of Sermoneta and 8th Prince of Teano (1871–1961); his wife, Marguerite (Chapin), founded and edited the literary journal "Botteghe Oscure". His niece Topazia (1921—90) married the composer Igor Markevitch and was the mother of the conductor Oleg Caetani, who uses his mother's surname without, however, being a member of the Italian noble family. Gaetani dell'Aquila d'Aragona, Princes of Piedimonte, and Dukes of Laurenzana, founded by Onorato Gaetani dell'Aquila, Count of Fondi, Traetto, Alife and Morcone, Lord of Piedimonte and Gioia, in 1454. The additional surname of Aragona was assumed after the marriage of Onorato Gaetani, Duke of Traetto (d. 1529), with Lucrezia of Aragon, natural daughter of King Ferdinand I of Naples. The duchy of Laurenzana, in the kingdom of Naples, was acquired by Alfonso Gaetani by his marriage in 1606 with Giulia di Ruggiero, Duchess of Laurenzana. The lordship of Piedimonte was raised to a principality in 1715. The family is currently represented by Don Ferdinando Gaetani Dell'Aquilla D'Aragona, Prince of Piedimonte and Duke of Laurenzana (b. 1924), whose heir is Don Bonifacio Gaetani Dell'Aquilla D'Aragona (b.

The Antrim County Board of the Gaelic Athletic Association () or Antrim GAA is one of the 32 county boards of the GAA in Ireland, and is responsible for Gaelic games in County Antrim. The county board is also responsible for the Antrim inter-county teams. Antrim staged the first hurling match under the new Gaelic Athletic Association rules in Ulster in 1885. The games have always been well organised in Belfast city and hurling teams from the Glens have won considerable admiration in club competition. Antrim are the only Ulster county to appear in an All-Ireland hurling final, the first of which was in 1943 losing to Cork and the second was in 1989 losing to Tipperary. In 1943 Antrim defeated both Galway (by 7-0 to 6-2) and Kilkenny (by 3-3 to 1-6) in the old Corrigan Park, but disappointed in the All Ireland against Cork. Two years previously, Antrim had been graded Junior a year before, and had been beaten by Down in the Ulster final. They were only competing in the Senior Championship because the Junior grade was abolished. Antrim hurlers featured strongly in Ulster Railway cup final appearances in 1945, 1993 and 1995. In hurling, the progression that began with Loughgiel's success at club hurling level in 1983 (with players like 15-stone goalkeeper Niall Patterson) culminated in an All Ireland final appearance in 1989. Antrim's first All-Star, Ciaran Barr, helped Belfast club Rossa to reach the 1989 club hurling final and after a great show against Buffer's Alley, Barr starred in a 4-15 to 1-15 All Ireland semi-final win over Offaly. The final was one of the poorest on record, as stage fright overcame the Antrim team. It was no flash in the pan: Antrim failed by just two points against Kilkenny in the 1991 All Ireland semi-final. Dunloy were back in the All Ireland club final in 1995, when they lost in a replay, 1996 and 2003 when they were heavily beaten. Antrim were the first Ulster county to appear in an All Ireland final, in 1911 and repeated the feat again in 1912, losing on both occasions. Antrim's surprise football semi-final success came out of the blue in 1911. The Ulster secretary got sick that year and never organised a provincial Championship. So Antrim arrived with no practice to play Kilkenny and won by 3-1 to 1-1. The following year they beat Kerry. Heavy rain on the day, and over-indulgence at a wedding the day before were blamed for the shock 3-5 to 0-2 defeat. Antrim's County Board decision to introduce a City League in 1908, one of the first in Gaelic history, was a more legitimate explanation. The 1946 Antrim football team was regarded as one of the most exciting of the era, taking advantage of the newly reintroduced handpass. Joe McCallin's two goals helped beat Cavan in the Ulster final but Kerry roughed them out of the All Ireland semi-final. The opening of Casement Park boosted the games in Belfast, but from the late 1960s the troubles hampered sporting life in the football heartlands of Belfast, particularly Ardoyne. Political violence meant that the county could not build on the under-21 team of 1969, one of the finest in Ulster history (Din Joe McGrogan, scorer of the goals that put Antrim in the final, was killed by a Loyalist bomb). The countys Vocational Schools team has made it to 2 All Ireland Finals in 1968 where they beat Galway and in 1971 where they were beaten by Mayo. A drawn Ulster semi-final with Derry in 2000 was one of the highlights of Antrim's recent football career alongside winning the Tommy Murphy Cup in 2008, beating Wicklow in the final and gaining revenge for losing the 2007 final to the same opponents. The current senior manager is Frank Fitzsimons. Antrim also made history in 2009 by getting to the Ulster Championship final, the first Antrim team to reach it in 31 years. They were runners-up to All-Ireland champions Tyrone. Antrim have won the All-Ireland Senior Camogie Championship six times and been runners-up ten times. Camogie arrived in 1908 with the foundation of Banba club, but the movement joined by clubs such as Crowley's, Mitchel's and Ardoyne was short-lived. A 1927 revival was more successful and in 1934 there were three adult leagues in Belfast, southwest and north Antrim. Antrim's successes include a three-in-a-row in 1945-7, with the benefit of dispute that removed their main rivals Dublin and the arrival of a Dublin coach, Chalrie MacMahon, and the fact four of their semi-finals and two of the finals were played at Corrigan Park and Antrim was described as the “home of camogie.” Players from the Belfast league clubs such as Deirdre, St Malachy’s and St Theresa’s and Glens villages such as Dunloy and Loughgiel Shamrocks to win all but a handful of the Ulster camogie championships played. They defeated Dublin in a 1956 semi-final that prevented Dublin winning 19 All Ireland titles in a row. O’Donovan Rossa won the All Ireland senior club championship in 2008. Antrim are the 2010 All Ireland junior champions. Notable players include team of the century member Mairéad McAtamney, player of the year winners Sue Cashman and Maeve Gilroy, All Star award winner Jane Adams and Gradam Tailte winner Josephine McClements, and All Ireland final stars Marjorie Griffin, Marian and Theresa Kearns. Marie O’Gorman. Celia Quinn and Madge Rainey. Rosina MacManus, Nancy Murray and Lily Spence served as of the Camogie Association. Under Camogie's National Development Plan 2010-2015, Our Game, Our Passion, five new camogie clubs are to be established in the county by 2015.

Karim Saïdi (; born 24 March 1983 in Tunis) is a Tunisian football player who last played for Belgian club Lierse SK. He was part of the squad that won the 2004 African Cup of Nations. When Karim was 10 years old he joined Club Africain, one of the major clubs in Tunisia. He made his debut in the Tunisian national team against Morocco in 2003. In 2004 the right-footed defender moved to Feyenoord Rotterdam after advice from his friend Hatem Trabelsi and signed a contract till 2008. During his first season he was the first choice in Feyenoord's central defense, as a result of which he played 30 matches in the Dutch Eredivisie. As of 2005/06, Saïdi lost his spot in the starting eleven. Determined to play as a regular in order to increase his chances to be in the Tunisian squad during the FIFA World Cup 2006, he moved on loan to US Lecce of Italian Serie A on January 31, 2006. He made 9 appearances with Lecce and gained a place in the Tunisian squad for the FIFA World Cup 2006. Following the World Cup, Karim returned to Feyenoord for the 2006/2007 season. He remained at the club until January 2008, when he moved on loan to Sivasspor in January 2008. Karim made a good impression in the Turkish first division helping the club secure an impressive fourth place allowing it to participate in its first ever European cup. On July 9, 2011 Saidi signed a two-year contract with Belgian Pro League outfit Lierse SK. In January 2015, Saidi went on trial with Kazakhstan Premier League side FC Irtysh Pavlodar, but did not earn a contract.

The Udaloy I" class are a series of anti-submarine destroyers built for the Soviet Navy, eight of which are currently in service with the Russian Navy. The Russian designation is "Project 1155 Fregat". Twelve ships were built between 1980 and 1991, while a thirteenth ship built to a modified design as the Udaloy II" class followed in 1999. They complement the Sovremennyy-class destroyer in anti-aircraft warfare and anti-surface warfare operations. The Project 1155 dates to the 1970s when it was concluded that it was too costly to build large-displacement, multi-role combatants. The concept of a specialized surface ship was developed by Soviet designers. Two different types of warships were laid down which were designed by the Severnoye Design Bureau: Project 956 destroyer and Project 1155 large anti-submarine ship. The "Udaloy" class are generally considered the Soviet equivalent of the American s. There are variations in SAM and air search radar among units of the class. Based on the , the emphasis on anti-submarine warfare (ASW) left these ships with limited anti-surface and anti-air capabilities. Following "Udaloy"s commissioning, designers began developing an upgrade package in 1982 to provide more balanced capabilities with a greater emphasis on anti-shipping. The Project 1155.1 Fregat II Class Large ASW Ship (NATO Codename Udaloy II) is roughly the counterpart of the Improved "Spruance" class; only one was originally completed, but in 2006 "Admiral Kharlamov" was reported to have been upgraded to a similar standard. In April 2010 Severnaya Verf shipyard announced that the destroyer "Vice-Admiral Kulakov", which had been retired in 1990, was being upgraded to Udaloy II standard and has since resumed patrolling in 2013. Similar to "Udaloy" externally, it was a new configuration replacing the SS-N-14 with SS-N-22 "Sunburn" (Moskit) anti-ship missiles, a twin 130 mm gun, UDAV-1 anti-torpedo rockets, and gun/SAM CIWS systems. A standoff ASW capability is retained by firing SS-N-15 missiles from the torpedo tubes. Powered by a modern gas turbine engine, the Udaloy II is equipped with more capable sonars, an integrated air defense fire control system, and a number of digital electronic systems based on state-of-the-art circuitry. The original MGK-355 Polinom integrated sonar system (with NATO reporting names Horse Jaw and Horse Tail respectively for the hull mounted and towed portions) on "Udaloy"-I ships is replaced by its successor, a newly designed Zvezda M-2 sonar system that has a range in excess of in the 2nd convergence zone. The Zvezda sonar system is considered by its designers to be the equivalent in terms of overall performance of the AN/SQS-53 on US destroyers, though much bulkier and heavier than its American counterpart: the length of the hull mounted portion is nearly 30 meters. The torpedo approaching warning function of the Polinom sonar system is retained and further improved by its successor.

The Amsterdam albatross or Amsterdam Island albatross, "Diomedea amsterdamensis", is a huge albatross which breeds only on Amsterdam Island in the southern Indian Ocean. It was only described in 1983, and was thought by some researchers to be a sub-species of the wandering albatross, "D. exulans". BirdLife International and the IOC recognize it as a species, James Clements does not, and the SACC has a proposal on the table to split the species. More recently, mitchondrial DNA comparisons between the Amsterdam albatross, the wandering albatross "Diomedea exulans," the Antipodean albatross "D. antipodensis" and the Tristan albatross "D. dabbenena," provide clear genetic evidence that the Amsterdam albatross is a separate species. Albatrosses belong to the family Diomedeidae of the order Procellariiformes, along with shearwaters, fulmars, storm petrels, and diving petrels. They share certain identifying features. First, they have nasal passages attached to the upper bill called naricorns. Although the nostrils on the albatross are on the sides of the bill. The bills of Procellariiformes are also unique in that they are split into between seven and nine horny plates. Finally, they produce a stomach oil made up of wax esters and triglycerides that is stored in the proventriculus. This is used against predators and serves as well as an energy-rich food source for chicks and for adults during their long flights. The Amsterdam albatross breeds only on Amsterdam Island, part of the French Southern Territories in the southern Indian Ocean, at an altitude of between above sea level on the Plateau des Tourbières. There is uncertainty regarding its whereabouts when it is not breeding, though there have been possible sightings in Australia and New Zealand. The Amsterdam albatross is a great albatross that breeds in brown, rather than in the more usual white, plumage. This bird weighs and is long with a wingspan of . The adult bird has chocolate brown upper parts and is white on its face mask, throat, lower breast, and belly. It has a broad brown breast band along with brown undertail coverts. Its pink bill has a dark tip and dark cutting edges, and finally, its underwings are white except for the dark tip and the dark leading edge. Because of its rarity, the feeding ecology and at-sea distribution of the Amsterdam albatross is not well understood, although it is believed that the birds eat squid, crustaceans, and fish. Off-duty birds during the incubation stage of the breeding cycle cover large areas of the Indian Ocean, travelling up to . Amsterdam albatrosses breed biennially in open marshy ground. Both parents incubate the egg in alternate stints that last for about a week, with the chick hatching after 80 days. The chick is brooded for a month, and overall takes 230 days to fledge. At first it is fed by its parents every three days, with the feeding frequency reduced as it approaches fledging. At the peak of weight gain the chick weighs more than its parents, but then loses weight as the extra reserves are used to grow feathers. Having fledged, the young bird stays at sea for around five years before returning to the colony, and begins breeding a few years later. The breeding "language" of the Amsterdam albatross is similar to that of the wandering albatross. The Amsterdam albatross is listed as critically endangered, by the IUCN, with an occurrence range of and a breeding range of only . The population upon discovery was just five breeding pairs; with conservation this has increased to eighteen to twenty-five breeding pairs. Monitored continuously since 1983, the world population is estimated at 80 mature individuals and a total of some 130 birds. The island on which the albatross breeds has undergone a significant decline in habitat condition due to the introduction of ship rats, feral cats and cattle, while the birds are threatened at sea by the practice of longline fishing. The draining of a peat bog on the plateau has degraded the breeding environment, and because there is only one breeding location, they are also especially vulnerable to diseases such as "Pasteurella multocida" (avian cholera) and "Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae". To help in conservation efforts banding of the birds and frequent censuses are undertaken. Feral cattle were eliminated from Amsterdam Island in 2010.

Zarrko, the Tomorrow Man is a fictional character, a supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character is most commonly associated with Thor. Zarrko is an evil scientist from the future, born in Old New York of the peaceful 23rd century of an alternate future. Zarrko was once a civil servant, but built a time machine to escape from his time and visit more primitive periods, like United States in the 1960s, where nuclear weapons could be stolen easily, as he sought to become a conqueror and dictator in his own time. Zarrko stole an experimental cobalt bomb to use in his own time during its test, thus taking over the Earth which had no nuclear weapons, but was pursued by Thor using his hammer and a piece of metal from the ship to travel to Zarrko's time. Thor gained access to Zarrko's base after distracting the tyrant by getting someone to impersonate him, and defeated his robot servants even after they got his hammer. He recovered the bomb when Zarrko dropped it towards the Future City and caused Zarrko's ship to crash land using a storm he had summoned with his hammer. Zarrko was left amnesiac for a time, but his memory was eventually restored by Loki using the Well of Centuries at a time when Thor had been de-powered; Zarrko returned to the 20th Century with a giant mining robot that he had adapted for his purposes and coerced Thor, whose lesser strength had caused him to be defeated by the robot, into helping him conquer the government of the 23rd Century, saying he would not attack Thor's century if this happened. They returned to the future, and Thor caused chaos, until he and Zarrko got to the ruling World council. A robot octopus was released to attack the two, but Thor defeated it. Thor left a note to the Council advising them to let him take care of Zarrko himself. The location of the machine was learnt from the Council and the two got there. Thor said he would help Zarrko enter the area if he would be released from his bargain, to which Zarrko agreed. Thor overcame a defense device's gravitational power. However, despite gaining access to the Master Machine which controlled the entire planet after getting the location from the Council, Thor, now released from his debt, then defeated him by turning the Master Machine's defense system back on. Zarrko was imprisoned and arrested by the guards soon after. Zarrko later clashed with Kang when he tried to conquer Zarrko's 23rd century. Zarrko enlisted the aid of Spider-Man and Iron Man, as Kang had captured the other Avengers, to get inside Kang's base. Zarrko then sent three devices to the Present to de-evolve that era to pre-industrial times, except for an area containing an American missile base, from which he planned to steal nuclear weapons and rule the 23rd Century, but this was stopped by Spider-Man and the Human Torch. Spider-Man then returned to the 23rd Century with the Inhumans and defeated the two villains. Zarrko later conquered an Earth in the 50th Century, where he encountered the Time-Twisters. He used his Servitor robot to enlist the aid of Thor and the Warriors Three to defeat the Time-Twisters. He journeyed with them to the "end of time" to thwart the Time-Twisters's birth, but when he returned to the 50th Century he found himself deposed as ruler. Some time later, Zarrko traveled to 2591 and tricked Dargo, the Thor of that era, into accompanying him to the 20th Century to battle the second Thor and Beta Ray Bill. Zarrko sought to use the energy unleashed by their hammers in the clash to activate the radical Time Stabilizer device to use to collapse all the time lines into one. However, he was left adrift in the time-stream. In one of the last story arcs of Thor vs Zarrko, Zarrko's plot was revealed to be a plan to save humanity. In his future, Thor, had separated from his human self, Jake Olson, and lost his ability to understand humanity. Because of this, Thor became more and more oppressive and imposing, and believed that ruling humanity was the only just thing to do. Zarrko knew that in his future, Thor would become a tyrant, so he had to travel back in time and stop him before the Odin Force made him invincible and near-omnipotent. When the Governments of Earth launched a massive assault on Asgard, Zarrko was seen trying to escape with his time machine, only to be stopped by Thialfi. Zarrko's attempted time travel was instrumental for Thor to create for himself a new future in which he would never be the tyrant he would have been without his human self. Zarrko later returned disguised as Boris, a manservant to Kristoff Vernard, the heir of Doctor Doom, who had become a member of the Fantastic Four following the "death" of Mister Fantastic. He was soon exposed but used his time machine to cause chaos in the building by bringing in various heroes and villains from the past and the future to fight it out. He later escaped, deciding that all he wanted was a quiet place and plenty of food. Artur Zarrko is a genius with advanced scientific and technological skills, as a result of advanced studies in various applied sciences of his native time period. Zarrko has designed a number of devices, such as various weaponry including force field projectors and radiation guns; the Servitor, a giant robot with extraordinary strength capable of discharging concussive energy; time missiles containing "chronal radiation" which allegedly reverses the flow of time; the time-scope, a device able to peer through time; and the Time Cube, a time travel machine.

In mathematics, there are usually many different ways to construct a topological tensor product of two topological vector spaces. For Hilbert spaces or nuclear spaces there is a simple well-behaved theory of tensor products (see Tensor product of Hilbert spaces), but for general Banach spaces or locally convex topological vector spaces the theory is notoriously subtle. The algebraic tensor product of two Hilbert spaces "A" and "B" has a natural positive definite sesquilinear form (scalar product) induced by the sesquilinear forms of "A" and "B". So in particular it has a natural positive definite quadratic form, and the corresponding completion is a Hilbert space "A"⊗"B", called the (Hilbert space) tensor product of "A" and "B". If the vectors "a" and "b" run through orthonormal bases of "A" and "B", then the vectors "a"⊗"b" form an orthonormal basis of "A"⊗"B". The topologies of locally convex topological vector spaces "A" and "B" are given by families of seminorms. For each choice of seminorm on "A" and on "B" we can define the corresponding family of cross norms on the algebraic tensor product "A"⊗"B", and by choosing one cross norm from each family we get some cross norms on "A"⊗"B", defining a topology. There are in general an enormous number of ways to do this. The two most important ways are to take all the projective cross norms, or all the injective cross norms. The completions of the resulting topologies on "A"⊗"B" are called the projective and injective tensor products, and denoted by "A"⊗"B" and "A"⊗"B". There is a natural map from "A"⊗"B" to "A"⊗"B". If "A" or "B" is a nuclear space then the natural map from "A"⊗"B" to "A"⊗"B" is an isomorphism. Roughly speaking, this means that if "A" or "B" is nuclear, then there is only one sensible tensor product of "A" and "B". This property characterizes nuclear spaces.

The Washington National Opera (WNO) is an opera company in Washington, D.C., USA. Formerly the Opera Society of Washington and the Washington Opera, the company received Congressional designation as the National Opera Company in 2000. Performances are now given in the Opera House of the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts. Opera in Washington, DC had become established after World War I and it did flourish for a time as the Washington National Opera Association until the Depression and World War Two years, and into the 1960s in various outdoor opera venues. However, with the establishment of the "The Opera Society of Washington" in 1956–57, the way was laid for a company to function in the city, especially after the opening of the Kennedy Center in 1971 and its move there in 1979. After making initial appearances with the company from 1986 onwards, tenor Plácido Domingo took over as general director in 1996, a post which he held until June 2011, after which the company, which was undergoing financial problems, came under the auspices of the Kennedy Center administration. The Washington National Opera was established in 1957 as the "Opera Society of Washington" by Day Thorpe, the music critic of the now defunct "Washington Star", but then the most influential Washington newspaper of its day. Paul Callaway, the choirmaster and organist of the Washington National Cathedral, was its first music director. Together, the two set out to seek funding and they found support from Gregory and Peggy Smith who provided $10,000 as seed money for a production of Mozart's "Die Entführung aus dem Serail" which would be performed following the end of their summer season (which Calloway conducted) by the Washington Symphony Orchestra. Characteristic of Thorpe and Calloway's early years was a rejection of cuts to the scores, a rejection of opera in English, and a rejection of expensive scenery as well as of "fat sopranos" and "self-centered tenors". The pair set out to seek a new public and, beginning with the first production of "Die Entführung" on 31 January 1957, the company presented opera in George Washington University's Lisner Auditorium, albeit a small venue with limited facilities. However, as one critic noted: "There was no 'company' in the literal sense. Each production had to be conceived, planned, and arranged individually, and financial support had to be scraped up opera by opera. Improvisation was the order of the day". Four months later, the Society staged a double bill of Gian Carlo Menotti's opera "The Old Maid and the Thief" along with his ballet "The Unicorn, The Gorgon, and the Manticore". It was very successful with both the public and critics alike. Successful presentations followed from November 1957 onwards: "Fidelio"; "Ariadne auf Naxos"; "Idomeneo"; a double bill of Schoenberg's "Erwartung" and Stravinsky's "Le Rossignol" (conducted by the composer); and a December 1961 "The Magic Flute" which resulted in an invitation from President John Kennedy at the White House for some excerpts from the opera. By this time, the attention of the national press had been caught. A December 1958 "Newsweek" full page article on the company was headlined "Sparkle on the Potomac" and Howard Taubman of the "New York Times" visited regularly followed by headlines reading "Capital Revival" and "Sparkle on the Potomac" However, there was not always such clear sailing, and the company was to experience a series of ups and downs in the first few years of the 1960s. Initially, there was further success: bringing Igor Stravinsky to Washington was the work of Bliss Herbert, then the Artistic Administrator of the Santa Fe Opera who had been involved in that company's early years when the composer regularly visited Santa Fe. However, the first Stravinsky production - "The Rake's Progress" - was "the most "ill-starred" opera in the Society's history", largely the result of singers' illnesses. But a later double bill of Stravinsky conducting "Le Rossignol" (along with Schoenberg's "Erwartung") was a triumph. However, as the 1960s progressed, further disasters were to follow. These included "a fiasco of unforgivable proportions", an English-language "The Magic Flute" which caused Paul Callaway's resignation. Some drastic measures were called for. Three new faces were to bring "imagination and flair to the company" during the period up to 1977 and, by that date, another new face made a short but dramatic appearance in the company's history: bass-baritone George London became General Manager. Taking over a General Manager in 1967 was Richard Pearlman under whose tenure were staged well-received productions of "The Turn of the Screw", "La bohème", and the first production of Barber's "Vanessa". By 1972 Ian Strasfogel, with considerable experience from working at the Metropolitan Opera, took over the helm with the aim of giving it a "businesslike foundation" "it never had in its sixteen years, in spite of the excellent productions it has often achieved". One early success was a production of Kurt Weill's "Rise and Fall of the City of Mahagonny" with the composer's widow, Lotte Lenya, in attendance. She described it as "the best production she has ever seen". Other significant productions followed, but, in summing up Strasfogel's success, author Mary Jane Phillips-Matz concludes that "his main achievement, though, was his artistic oversight, for by the mid-1970s critics were regularly covering the Opera Society's extraordinary programming and grants were coming in from important foundations." During this period of the 1970s another person was to enter the scene, stage director Frank Rizzo. There followed a stunning "Madama Butterfly" and other important productions and his association with the company continued into the 1980s with his introduction in 1984 of the Canadian Opera Company's surtitles system, whereby an English translation appeared above the proscenium arch. Also while under Strasfogel's tenure, the Opera Society made its move into the newly opened Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts in 1972. This was to have a profound impact on the company, especially since George London, after retirement from the stage, became Artistic Administrator at the Kennedy Center until its 1971 opening and then Executive Director of the Nation Opera Institute. He directed a production of "Die Walküre" for the opera company in 1974 and was courted to become General Director for the 1977 season. In addition to running a fiscally sound company with packed houses, its deficit reduced by two-thirds, and exciting productions such as the city's first "Thaïs" in 1976, another of George London's major achievements was the renaming of the company, first announced in "The Washington Post" on 13 May 1977. As described by Phillips-Matz, "at this point in the company's history, the programming was smart, varied, and exciting" but progress was suddenly brought to a halt by the July 1977 heart attack suffered by George London. He was never able to return to the company, but his legacy was that "by giving it a new name, a fresh image, and a lot of heft, he brought the company into the national and international opera scene and put it on the road to top rank of producing organizations." Martin Feinstein succeeded London as General Director from 1980 to 1995 and "spent the next 16 years luring artists of the stature of Gian Carlo Menotti (who directed "La Boheme"), Daniel Barenboim (who conducted "Cosi Fan Tutte") and Plácido Domingo (who debuted in Washington in 1986 with Menotti's "Goya" " Feinstein brought in many young singers long before their first appearances at the Metropolitan Opera. His initiative began a Washington Opera tradition of cultivating young talent. Singers nurtured through the program include Jerry Hadley and Denyce Graves, while in 1992, he brought recently retired Berlin State Opera maestro Heinz Fricke to the Washington Opera as music director. From 1987 to 2001, working under both Feinstein and Domingo, Edward Purrington became Artistic Administrator "at the time..(when the company).. was in the midst of a dramatic expansion. By 1995, "The (Washington) Post" reported, seats at the Kennedy Center were “almost as scarce” as football tickets, and “usually cost more.” Plácido Domingo, the Spanish tenor and conductor, served as the company's General Director until 2011. Domingo began an affiliation with the opera company in 1986, when he appeared in its world premiere production of Menotti's "Goya", followed by performances in a production of "Tosca" in the 1988/89 season. After ten years, his contract was extended through the 2010-2011 season. Parallel to Domingo's management of the company, he has been general manager of the Los Angeles Opera since 2001. During Domingo's tenure, because of "the company's solid reputation in the United States", a bill was sponsored and passed in 2000 in the US Congress "designating the company as America's 'National Opera' ". The change of name to Washington National Opera was announced in February 2004. The Washington National Opera originally announced plans to perform "Der Ring des Nibelungen", a cycle of four operas by Richard Wagner, entitled "The American Ring", in November 2009. However, in early November 2008 in view of the Great Recession, the company announced that the full cycle had been postponed. While the first three operas of the tetralogy have already been produced during the previous WNO seasons ("Das Rheingold" in 2006, "Die Walküre" in 2007, and "Siegfried" in 2009), the fourth opera, "Götterdämmerung", was given in a concert performance in November 2009. During the 2007/08 season, WNO produced three rarely staged operas: William Bolcom's "A View from the Bridge", G.F. Handel's "Tamerlano", and Richard Strauss' "Elektra". During the following season Gaetano Donizetti's "Lucrezia Borgia" and Benjamin Britten's "Peter Grimes" were given, while the 2009-2010 season featured Richard Strauss' "Ariadne auf Naxos" and Ambroise Thomas' "Hamlet". In May 2012 the Washington premiere of Verdi's "Nabucco" took place, directed by the rising star Thaddeus Strassberger. He placed the action at the time of the opera's premiere, 1842 in Milan. The 2014/15 includes a series of three 20-minute operas as part of its American Opera Initiative: "The Investment" by John Liberatore, "Daughters of the Bloody Duke" by Jake Runestad, and "An American Man" by Rene Orth. With the planned departure of Plácido Domingo as General Director at the end of the 2010/11 season and the mounting deficit of $12 million, it was announced that the Kennedy Center would take over control of the opera company effective on 1 July 2011. In the announcement, Kennedy Center President, Michael Kaiser (who formerly ran the Royal Opera House in London) saw cost and personnel savings, plus other advantages in the take-over: On 25 May 2011 it was announced that director Francesca Zambello would become Artistic Advisor and that the present administrator of the company, Michael Mael, would become Executive director. The company retains its 501(c)(3) non-profit status.

Nalagarh is a city and a municipal committee in Solan district in the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh. It was the seat of the eponymous Rajput princely state, founded in medieval period as the state of Hindur. At present Nalagarh is an emerging town for industries as it hosts production units for leather, steel, chemicals, thread mills and breweries; thus air pollution is quite a concern here. It is situated at 65 km distance from nearby major city Chandigarh. It has further been reduced to about 40 km after the opening of Chandigarh Siswan road. Nalagarh is a gateway to Himachal Pradesh in North India, 300 km of north Delhi and 60 km from Chandigarh. It was founded by the Chandela Rajputs in 1100 AD under the name Hindur. The Fort of Nalagarh, which was built in 1421 during the reign of Raja Bikram Chand on a hillock at the foothills of the mighty Himalayas, affording a panoramic view of the Shivalik hills beyond the Sirsa river, henceforth gave its name to the state, which further enjoyed indirect rule during the British Raj as a non-salute state. In the early twentieth century, Nalagarh State was one of the Simla hill states, under the government of the Punjab. The country was overrun by the Gurkhas for some years before 1815, when they were driven out by the British, and the raja was confirmed in possession of the territory. Grain and opium have, in the past, been main agricultural products. Nalagarh was ruled by the Chandela Rajputs, who originated from Chanderi in the Bundelkhand region of central India. Various other Rajputs then inhabited this place including Thakurs, Tomara, Rathore, Parmar, Pawar, Panwar, Chauhan, Bais. Many have now stayed back as farmers in the Chikni Sirsa Valley Fort Nalagarh surrounded by endless acres of greenery, with all modern amenities is an ideal retreat away from the madding crowd of metropolitan cities. Although a (pre-)colonial feudal princely state , Nalagarh has few historical buildings. It still has a palace/fort which is now converted into the heritage resort. Its building is maintained in original form.Fort Nalagarh surrounded by endless acres of greenery, with all modern amenities is an ideal retreat away from the madding crowd of metropolitan cities. Nalagarh is a Semi Hilly Area. While the summers are hot and dry Winters are Dry and wet. Summers temperature does reach 45 degrees Celsius, also it could be Humid, Which Make "Feel Temperature" at 50 degrees Celsius. During rainy season strong winds are experienced. Yet Nalagarh Physically belongs to Himachal Pradesh but Look and feel of it is mostly like Punjab.More than 80% people are Punjabi. It is a town Which is close to Pinjore in Haryana, to Ropar in Punjab. The average annual rainfall is 600mm. During the year 2007 it has gone up to 1250mm. The soil strata contains mixed layers of clay soil, river pebbles and coarse sand in layers of 2m to 3m. India census, Nalagarh had a population of 9433. Males constitute 54% of the population and females 46%. Nalagarh has an average literacy rate of 76%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 80%, and female literacy is 72%. In Nalagarh, 12% of the population is under 6 years of age. Nalgarh is a municipal council which have 9 wards. Nalagarh area touches the areas of Ropar and Anandpur Sahib of Punjab. In the 1961 Census of India, 78.4?60.2% of the Nalagarh tehsil of the then Ambala district registered as Hindi-speaking, 14.8% as Punjabi-speakers and 6.4% as Pahari-speaking. Currently Er. K.L. Thakur is the M.L.A.(B.J.P.) of Nalagarh constituency and district president of BJP Solan who won by a huge margin of 9308 votes defeating congress candidate Shri Lakhwinder Rana in the assembly elections whose results were declared on 20 December 2012. During General Elections of 2014, BJP Candidate got highest lead i.e of 17,526 votes from Nalagarh. Tek Chand Chandel is current president of Bhartiya Janta Party Nalagarh and Aseem Sharma is President for Indian National Congress Nalagarh. Saurabh Dhiman is serving as President of Youth Wing of Bhartiya Janta Party and Prince Sharma is serving as President of Youth Wing of Indian National Congress from Nalagarh constituency. Nalagarh is an industrial area with many variety of industries, as nearby grown industry area Baddi is over flowing. Some of the major industries are Samrat Plywood Limited, GPI textiles, Drish, Godrej Hershey Ltd, TVS Motors Sara textiles etc. The full list of Industries including baddi & barotiwala region can be found on Nalagarh Industrial Directory http://www.industrialhelpline.com/ Bal Vidya Niketan is oldest school in the region, serving BBN since 1978. Nalagarh has 5 CBSE schools and soon it will also have ICSE school. The school with the highest strength is Alpine Public School, Nalagarh, Himachal Pradesh . It is the 1st CBSE affiliated school in Nalagarh region. Apart from it there are other schools like GuruNanak Public School, Doon Valley Public School, Govt. Senior Secondary School, etc.

Non-refoulement () is a fundamental principle of international law which forbids a country receiving asylum seekers from returning them to a country in which they would be in likely danger of persecution based on “race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion” (See Article 33 below). Unlike political asylum, which applies to those who can prove a well-grounded fear of persecution based on certain category of persons, non-refoulement refers to the generic repatriation of people, including refugees into war zones and other disaster locales. It is a principle of customary international law, as it applies to states that are not parties to the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees or its 1967 Protocol. It is also a principle of the trucial law of nations. It is debatable whether non-refoulement is a "jus cogens" (peremptory norm) of international law. If so, international law permits no abridgments for any purpose or under any circumstances. The debate over this matter was rekindled following the September 11, 2001 terror attacks in the United States as well as contemporary attacks in Europe. The principle of non-refoulement arises out of an international collective memory of the failure of nations during World War II to provide a safe haven to refugees fleeing certain genocide at the hands of the Nazi regime. Following World War II, the need for international checks on state sovereignty over refugees became apparent to the international community. During the war, several states had forcibly returned or denied admission to German and French Jews fleeing the Holocaust. After the war, millions of refugees and prisoners from the Soviet Union were forcibly returned despite concerns they would face retaliation from the Soviet government. In turn, the Soviet government tortured or killed more than two million of those sent back by Western governments. Non-refoulement presents an inherent conflict with state sovereignty, as it infringes on a state's right to exercise control over its own borders and those who reside within them. In legal proceedings immediately following World War II, non-refoulement was viewed as a distinct right which could be abridged under certain circumstances, such as those spelled out in Article 3, Section 2 of the 1951 Convention. In the 1960s, the European Commission on Human Rights recognized non-refoulement as a subsidiary of prohibitions on torture. As the ban on torture is "jus cogens", this linkage rendered the prohibition on refoulement absolute and challenged the legality of refoulement for the purposes of state security. Through court cases (see "Soering v. United Kingdom" and "Chahal v. United Kingdom") and interpretations of various international treaties in the 1980s, the European Commission on Human Rights shifted preference away from preserving state sovereignty and towards protecting persons who might be refouled. This interpretation permitted no abridgments of non-refoulement protections, even if the state was concerned a refugee may be a terrorist or pose other immediate threats to the state. Following terror attacks in the United States and Europe, states have renewed calls for permitting refoulement in the interest of national security, as repatriation is the most effective method of dispatching refugees thought to present a credible threat. Furthermore, newer treaties typically include specific obligations that prevent refoulement under essentially any circumstances. These factors have led individual states and the European Union to seek ways around non-refoulement protections that balance security and human rights. Today, the principle of non-refoulement ostensibly protects persons from being expelled from countries that are signatories to the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, the 1967 Protocol Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, or the 1984 Convention Against Torture. This, however, has not prevented certain signatory countries from skirting the international law principle and repatriating or expelling persons into the hands of potential persecutors. Though the principle of non-refoulement is a non-negotiable aspect of international law, states have interpreted this article in various ways and have constructed their legal responses to asylum seeker in corresponding manners. The four most common interpretations are: Thailand's forcible repatriation of 45,000 Cambodian refugees at Prasat Preah Vihear on June 12, 1979, is considered to be a classic example of refoulement. The refugees were forced at gunpoint across the border and down a steep slope into a minefield. Those who refused were shot by Thai soldiers. Approximately 3,000 refugees died. Tanzania's actions during the 1994 genocide in Rwanda have been alleged to have violated the non-refoulement principle. During the height of the crisis when the refugee flows rose to the level of a "mass exodus," the Tanzanian government closed its borders to a group of more than 50,000 Rwandan refugees who were fleeing genocidal violence. In 1996, before Rwanda had reached an appropriate level of stability, around 500,000 refugees were returned to Rwanda from Zaire. One of the grey areas of law most hotly debated within signatory circles is the interpretation of Article 33 of the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees. Interdiction of potential refugee transporting vessels on the high seas has been a common practice by the U.S. government, in particular, raising the question of whether Article 33 requires a refugee to be within a country or simply within the power of a country to trigger the right against "refoulement". The Australian Government has been accused by the UNHCR and more than fifty Australian legal scholars of violating the principle of non-refoulement, by returning 41 Tamil and Singhalese refugees to the Sri Lankan Navy in June or July 2014, as part of Operation Sovereign Borders immigration and border protection policy. This action was followed in September 2014 by a Bill tabled in the Australian Parliament that would remove Australia's non-refoulement obligations, and sought to reinterpret Australia's international treaty obligations.

Sun Yue signed his first professional contract with Chinese Basketball Association side Beijing Olympians in 2002 at the age of 17. In 2004, Sun was selected to the Chinese national under-20 team, but when Beijing refused to release him to play, the team was banned from playing in the Chinese Basketball Association. After touring in Taiwan, the team moved to play in the American Basketball Association. In Sun's first season in the American Basketball Association, he scored 9.5 points per game and seven rebounds per game with 6.7 assists per game. Sun also had his first triple-double of his career with 12 points, 12 rebounds, and 14 assists and was named to the All-ABA second team. In the following season, Sun improved his numbers, making the All-ABA first team with 13.5 points per game and six rebounds per game with 10.5 assists per game. Sun rejoined the Beijing Olympians after he was released by the Los Angeles Lakers in 2009. After playing several more seasons with the Beijing Olympians (remaining with the club until its eventual disbanding in 2013), Sun then signed with the Beijing Ducks of the Chinese Basketball Association in 2013. He played a vital role in helping Beijing win their second CBA championship title during the 2013-14 season. Not only that, but he also provided a useful role in helping Beijing repeat as champions a year later. After originally entering the 2006 NBA Draft but subsequently withdrawing, Sun decided to enter the 2007 NBA Draft and was taken by the Los Angeles Lakers as the 40th overall pick. With Sun being drafted alongside Yi Jianlian that year, it marked the first time in NBA draft history that two different Chinese born players would be drafted in the same year. That feat would not be repeated again, though, until 2016. It would also be the first time in modern NBA history that a Chinese basketball player would be drafted outside of the CBA. However, Sun stayed with the Beijing Olympians for another year before signing with Los Angeles in August 2008. Only a few days after his arrival in the United States, Sun suffered from a bout of mononucleosis and had to be hospitalized. After recovering from his illness, Sun finally made his debut on 7 December 2008 against the Milwaukee Bucks, scoring 4 points in five minutes of play. He played in ten games and scored a total of 6 points in 28 minutes before being assigned to D-League side Los Angeles D-Fenders. He played six games with the team, averaging 0.7 points per game, 0.2 assists per game and 0.0 rebounds per game. Sun then suffered a left ankle sprain during practice with the Los Angeles D-Fenders and missed the remaining D-League games. He eventually recovered and traveled with the Los Angeles Lakers during the playoffs, but he did not play in the playoffs. Sun became the second ever Chinese player, after Mengke Bateer with the 2003 San Antonio Spurs, to win the NBA championship after Los Angeles defeated the Orlando Magic in the 2009 NBA Finals. Sun was then waived by Los Angeles on 31 July 2009 and by the New York Knicks, which he joined before the season started, on 7 October 2009. Sun competed in the NBA Summer League with the Chinese national basketball team in the summer of 2007. This was seen as a chance for the Chinese national team to gain further experience against international competition in preparation for the 2008 Summer Olympics, which Sun would also compete in. He also participated in the 2007 Stanković Continental Champions' Cup and played a vital role in the wins against Venezuela and New Zealand. Sun earned a silver medal in the 2009 FIBA Asia Championship after China finished as runners-up in the tournament. He earned a gold medal in the 2011 FIBA Asia Championship as his side won against Jordan.

"Respect" is a song written and originally released by American recording artist Otis Redding in 1965. The song became a 1967 hit and signature song for R&B singer Aretha Franklin. The music in the two versions is significantly different, and through a few minor changes in the lyrics, the stories told by the songs have a different flavor. Redding's version is a plea from a desperate man, who will give his woman anything she wants. He won't care if she does him wrong, as long as he gets his due respect, when he brings money home . However, Franklin's version is a declaration from a strong, confident woman, who knows that she has everything her man wants. She never does him wrong, and demands his "respect". Franklin's version adds the "R-E-S-P-E-C-T" chorus and the backup singers' refrain of "Sock it to me, sock it to me, sock it to me..." Franklin's cover was a landmark for the feminist movement, and is often considered as one of the best songs of the R&B era, earning her two Grammy Awards in 1968 for "Best Rhythm & Blues Recording" and "Best Rhythm & Blues Solo Vocal Performance, Female", and was inducted in the Grammy Hall of Fame in 1987. In 2002, the Library of Congress honored Franklin's version by adding it to the National Recording Registry. It was placed number five on "Rolling Stone" magazine's list of The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time. It was also included in the list of "Songs of the Century", by the Recording Industry of America and the National Endowment for the Arts. Franklin included a live recording on the album "Aretha in Paris" (1968). At first a ballad, it was written by Redding for Speedo Sims, who intended to record it with his band, the Singing Demons. Redding rewrote the lyrics and sped up the rhythm. Speedo then went with band to the Muscle Shoals studios, but was unable to produce a good version. Redding then decided to sing the song himself, which Speedo agreed to. Redding also promised to credit Speedo on the liner notes, but this never happened; Speedo, however, never charged him for not doing so. The song was included on Redding's third studio album, "Otis Blue" (1965). The album became widely successful, even outside of his largely R&B and blues fan base. When released in the summer of 1965, the song reached the top five on Billboard's Black Singles Chart, and crossed over to pop radio's white audience, peaking at number thirty-five there. At the time, the song became Redding's second largest crossover hit (after "I've Been Loving You Too Long") and paved the way to future presence on American radio. Redding performed it at the Monterey Pop Festival. The two versions of "Respect" as performed by Otis Redding originally and later re-imagined by Aretha Franklin are significantly different. While both songs have similar styles and tempos the writers and performers of the lyrics clearly had two different messages in mind when producing these songs. The songs only differ lyrically in the refrains while the verses by and large stay the same. Otis Redding's version plays out as follows: Though it isn't much of a refrain as most of Redding's version is made up of shorter verses, this line appears as a conclusion to every verse and echoes into the next line tying it all together. Redding's short refrain comes at the end of each verse and leads into the next. Redding's version was written from the perspective of a hardworking man who can only look forward to getting home and finally receiving the respect he deserves from his family. His version is less a plea for respect and more a comment on a man's feeling of worth in his work life and at home. The original version of "Respect" was produced by Steve Cropper, who also played instrumentals for the hit track along with William Bell and Earl Sims on backup vocals. The inspiration for the song had come when, in response to Redding's complaints after a hard tour, MGs drummer Al Jackson reportedly said, "What are you griping about? You're on the road all the time. All you can look for is a little respect when you come home". Producer Jerry Wexler brought Redding's song to Franklin's attention. While Redding's version was popular among his core R&B audience, Wexler thought the song had potential to be a crossover hit and to demonstrate Franklin's vocal ability. "Respect" was recorded on February 14, 1967. Franklin's re-imagination of the song lent it an entirely new meaning. While still maintaining much of the original lyrics she made it her own anthem by adding a few key lines. This climactic break near the end of the song contains new lyrics and powerful new, soon-famous hooks: The repeated "sock it to me" line, sung by Franklin's sisters Erma and Carolyn, was an idea that Carolyn and Aretha had worked out together; spelling out "R-E-S-P-E-C-T" was (according to engineer Tom Dowd) Carolyn's idea. The Redding composition had no bridge section, so producer Jerry Wexler added one in which King Curtis' tenor saxophone soloed over the chords from Sam and Dave's song "When Something Is Wrong With My Baby". Franklin played piano for the number; in an interview, Spooner Oldham explained it was not uncommon for Franklin herself to play accompanying piano. The resulting song was featured on Franklin's 1967 breakthrough Atlantic Records debut album, "I Never Loved a Man the Way I Love You". As the title track became a hit on both R&B and pop radio, Atlantic Records arranged for the release of this new version of "Respect" as a single. Franklin's rendition found greater success than the original, spending two weeks atop the Billboard Pop Singles chart, and eight weeks on the Billboard Black Singles chart. The changes in lyrics and production drove Franklin's version to become an anthem for the increasingly large Civil Rights and Women's Rights movements. She altered the lyrics to represent herself, a strong woman demanding respect from her man. It also became a hit internationally, reaching number ten in the United Kingdom, and helping to transform Franklin from a domestic star into an international one. Otis Redding himself was impressed with the performance of the song. At the Monterey Pop Festival in the summer of the cover's release, he was quoted playfully describing "Respect" as the song "that a girl took away from me, a friend of mine, this girl she just took this song". Franklin's version of the song contains the famous lines (as printed in the lyrics included in the 1985 compilation album "Atlantic Soul Classics"): "TCB" is an abbreviation, commonly used in the 1960s and 1970s, meaning "Taking Care (of) Business". It was particularly widely used in African-American culture. However, it was somewhat less well-known outside of that culture. The last line is often misquoted as "Take out, TCP", or something similar, and indeed most published music sheets which include the lyrics contain this incorrect line, possibly because those who transcribed Franklin's words for music sheets weren't familiar with the culture. Nevertheless, "TCB in a flash" later became Elvis Presley's motto and signature. "R-E-S-P-E-C-T" and "TCB" are not present in Redding's original song, but were included in some of his later performances with the Bar-Kays. There seems to be some confusion over which artist first used "TCB" in the song. Franklin added lyrics in which she demands "her propers" when he gets home. This particular line probably influenced hip-hop's later use of both the word "proper" and "props" in the context of proper respect. Franklin's version of the song was released in 1967, amid notable societal changes; these included the Civil Rights Movement, the war in Vietnam, the Equal Rights Amendment, and the Black Panthers movement. Franklin's message is conveyed as a demand for increased respect towards women during this time, many of whom were playing roles as civil rights activists without adequate recognition. "Respect" has appeared in dozens of films and still receives consistent play on radio stations. In the 1970s, Franklin's version of the song came to exemplify the feminist movement. Producer Wexler said in a "Rolling Stone" interview, that Franklin's song was "global in its influence, with overtones of the civil-rights movement and gender equality. It was an appeal for dignity." Although she had numerous hits after "Respect", and several before its release, the song became Franklin's signature song and her best-known recording. "I Never Loved a Man the Way I Love You" was ranked eighty-third in "Rolling Stone"s 500 Greatest Albums of All Time in 2003. A year later, "Respect" was fifth in the magazine's 500 Greatest Songs of All Time. In the video for Franklin's later hit "Freeway of Love", a license plate on one of the cars says "Respect" in reference to the song.

Harihar ( also called "Harihara") is a city in Davanagere District in the Indian state of Karnataka. It is the administrative headquarters of the Harihar Taluk. Harihar is famous for Harihareshwara temple, also known as "Dakshina Kashi", and as the "Industrial Hub of central Karnataka." Harihara is situated on the banks of the Tungabhadra River, 275 kilometres north of Bangalore. Harihar and Davangere (14 km away) are referred as "twin cities". Harihar is connected by road and railway, and is located on national Highway 4 (Puna – Bangalore). It has a very pleasant climate year round. The major lifeline of this city is the Tungabhadra river, which is being exploited and polluted as a result of heavy industrialization. Harihar (or "Hari-hara") is a syncretic deity in Hinduism, combining the two major gods VishnuVishnu (Hari) and Shiva (Hara). Images of Harihara (also known as Sambhu-Visnu and Sankara-Narayana, variants of the names of the two gods) began to appear in the classical period after sectarian movements, which elevated one god as supreme over the others, had waned sufficiently for efforts at compromise to be attempted. The region of Harihar had been under the control of the Hoysalas from the 11th to 13th centuries AD. There is a famous temple built in the 12th century during Hoysala's time called Harihareshwara temple (Guharanya Kshetra) – from which the city gets its name – which is also known as "Dakshina Kashi". The god Harihareshwara is a combination of the gods Shiva and Vishnu. There is a story behind the avatar of this god. In ancient days this place was known as "Guharanya", a dense jungle and habitat of a demon Guhasura. He had a gift that no human or Rakshasa or god can kill him. And he started harassing people around this place. Then Vishnu and Shiva came together in a new avatara called Hari – Hara (Harihara) – and killed demon Guhasura. That is how this place got the name Harihar. Every year the Car festival is celebrated. Harihar also has a famous Ragavendra Mutt located on the banks of Tungabandra. As Harihar is geographically located in the center of Karnataka, it was proposed to be made the capital of the state, but Bangalore was chosen instead. Harihar serves as a major industrial base also. It was served by the Kirloskar industry and at present Aditya Birla Group's Grasim Industries, Synthite, Shamanur Sugar's, Cargill and more. Kirloskar Engineering company has closed down in 2001, resulting in a loss of nearly 15,000 jobs. Harihar is a developing city, with the private sector growing faster than the government sector; it has a modern look to it. Mysore Kirloskar Education Trust(MKET) is one of the oldest educational institution in the town. A list of school's and colleges in Harihar town follows: ***LIST***. Education has mainly been dominated by the Mysore Kirloskar Education Trust, Vidyadayini School, and Sri Shaila Jagadguru Vagish Panditaradhya (SJVP) group of schools and colleges. Every year when 10th (SSLC) and 12th (PUC) results are announced most of the top ranked students will be from the Vidyadayini School /Smt Radha Bai D Gopala Rao PU College, MKET schools/ colleges, St. Mary's School, or Birla Schools or Colleges, generating competition among these schools which generates greater efforts on the part of the students. Harihar also has one ITI college which provides industrial training in carpentery, fittings and joints, electrical, and turners. SJVP College is another longstanding school in Harihar which provides education for both boys & girls, from school through degree level, in science, arts and commerce at the PUC level and for BS, BA, BCom, MS, MA, MCom, BEd, MEd, and TCH at the degree level. Apart from the above-mentioned schools and colleges, many new ones are opening. There is a plan to open an orphanage at the St. Aloysius group of Institutions. Harihar lacks an engineering college; only a Government Polytechnic Diploma Institution. Presently students of Harihar have to travel 14 kilometers to Davangere or 28 kilometers to Ranebennur to study engineering. The government of Karnataka is planning on opening an engineering school in Harihar. Harihar is located at . It has an average elevation of 540 metres (1771 feet). India census, Harihar had a population of 85,000. Males constitute 51% of the population and females 49%. In Harihar, 11% of the population is under 6 years of age. Kannada is the official and most spoken language. Situated exactly in the middle of Karnataka, Harihar has a good connectivity with the South and North of Karnataka. By Air – The nearest airport is at Hubli 131 km from Harihar. From there one can reach Bangalore and Mumbai. The nearest International airport is 275 km away in Bangalore, from where one can take flights to most of the important cities in India. Harihar also has a private airport owned by Aditya Birla Group on their grounds and often used by politicians and famous personalities. By Railway – Harihar is well connected with most of the major cities like New Delhi, Mumbai, Bangalore and Chennai through regular trains. Harihar has two Railway Stations, in central Harihar and at Amaravati Colony Junction. These stations connect Harihar to Bangalore Pune Railway lines and to Hospet and Bellary via Kottur. By Road – With NH4 (Part of Golden Quadrilateral): passing close by there is a good network of roads that connects Harihar to other important cities of the region. By Bus – It is a 3-hour drive from Hubli (131 km) and 6 hour-drive from Bangalore (278 km). Almost all the buses which run from/to North Karnataka to/from South Karnataka go via Harihar. The town is 14 km from Davanagere city, which was earlier a part of the Chitradurga district (78 km). This town is also near to Hampi, a historical place, and Tungabhadra Dam, Hospet. Most of the buses running from North Karnataka to Dharmasthala, Shimoga, Mysore go via Harihar. Private travels include: ***LIST***. By Train – Good Train faciliiesy, again the Hubli-Bangalore route. "Intercity express", "Rani Chennamma Express", and "Janashatabdi Express" are the major commuter trains. Other trains include "Hubli-Bangalore Fast Passenger" which is by all means the most convenient train to Bangalore (departs from Harihar at 8:30 pm, arrives at Bangalore at 7:10  am) or to come to Harihar (departs from Bangalore at 11:00 pm and arrives at Harihar at 7:00 am). Another train which inaugurated recently is the "Dharwar-Mysore express" train which departs from Harihar at 10:45 pm. There is a direct weekly train from New Delhi to Mysore (via Harihar), "Swarna Jayanthi Express". It is one of the longest routes reaching Harihar. It passes Harihar around 1:30 AM. ***LIST***.