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Saginuma Rika, Shimada Nanaka, Tsukumura Yumihiko, and biology teacher Katano Reichi meet in a chatroom, where they go by the screennames 11, Polaris, Mr. Money, and Jangalian. While there, they discuss their frustrations with their school and form a plan to blow up their school, which they see as the source of all their problems. As the characters get to know each other, they begin to realize that their problems are situated in other aspects of life as well, not just from the school. The characters find solace in each other; a major topic of the manga is loneliness. All of the characters implode inside as their problems condense. Jangalian is stalked by his boss's daughter, 11 can't deal with a younger girl's presumed superiority, Mr. Money has an abusive mother, and Polaris is crippled by shyness when she is not dressed as a gothic lolita. They deal with their problems through helping each other. is a side story included in volume 2. It is a fable set in the far future, at a time when the sun and rain are man-made and cows have died out. Because of this, humans develop a being that consists of a cow's DNA, treating them in the exact way as they would a normal cow. The being is very similar to a human, only adopting ears and a humorous outfit consisting of a cow bell and long dress-like outfit in difference. In the fable, a boy named Mitsuhiko confronts a cow (Lamda) owned by his father's ranch and the story goes on from there. The story expands and relationships develop and it all becomes very heart-wrenching and sweet. "X-Day" was written and illustrated by Setona Mizushiro and serialized in the monthly "shōjo" manga magazine "Princess" in 2002 and 2003. The nine chapters were collected in two "tankōbon" volumes by Akita Shoten under the Princess Comics imprint. It was licensed by Tokyopop in North America until the company's end in 2011, although their Germany branch still retains license rights. In France the series is licensed by Asuka.

Asif Iqbal (born 24 April 1981) is a British citizen who was held, in extrajudicial detention, as a terror suspect in the United States Guantanamo Bay detainment camps, in Cuba from early 2002 to March 9. He is one of the Tipton Three, three friends from the same town who were captured together in Afghanistan. Their story was portrayed in the docu-drama, "Road to Guantanamo" (2006). Iqbal was born on 24 April 1981 in West Bromwich and later lived in Tipton, both of which are in the West Midlands of England. He had traveled to Pakistan in the fall of 2001 with friends Ruhal Ahmed and Shafiq Rasul, also from Tipton. The three were captured in Afghanistan by the Northern Alliance and transferred to United States military custody. After the completion of the Guantanamo Bay detention camp in January 2002, they were transferred there, where they were interrogated and held without recourse to lawyers. Iqbal's Guantanamo detainee Internment Serial Number was 87. He and his friends were returned to Britain, where the government released them without charges the day after their arrival. In August 2004, Iqbal, Ahmed and Rasul released a lengthy report on the physical and mental abuses suffered while in US custody, which included sexual and religious humiliation. According to the BBC, the three describe significant abuse, including being repeatedly punched, kicked, slapped, forcibly injected with drugs, deprived of sleep, hooded, photographed naked, and subjected to body cavity searches, and sexual and religious humiliations. An American guard allegedly told the inmates: "The world does not know you're here - we would kill you and no-one would know." Iqbal said when he arrived at Guantanamo, one of the soldiers told him: "You killed my family in the towers and now it's time to get you back." Rasul said a British MI5 officer had told him during an interrogation that he would be detained in Guantanamo for life. The men said they saw the beating of mentally ill inmates and that another man was left brain damaged after a beating by soldiers as punishment for attempting suicide. The Britons said an inmate told them he was shown a video of hooded men - apparently inmates - being forced to sodomise one another. Guards threw Qur'ans belonging to prisoners into toilets and tried to force them to give up their religion. In the report they allege that those who identified as being from MI5, or the British Foreign Office, seemed unconcerned with their welfare. They said that the appointment of General Geoffrey Miller coincided with the alleged introduction of new, harsher, treatment, including short shackling and the forced shaving off of beards, which the men kept for religious purposes. In the end, the abusive interrogation lead the three to falsely confess to being the three previously unidentified faces in a video that showed a meeting between Osama bin Laden and Mohamed Atta, although Rasul was in the UK during the time period when the video was created. While still in detention, The Tipton Three had filed "habeas corpus" petitions, which were consolidated under "Rasul v. Bush" (2004). All the detainees had been prevented from seeing or contacting legal counsel and challenging their detention before a tribunal, under "habeas corpus." Two other major cases of "habeas corpus" petitions were consolidated under "Rasul v. Bush," including "Habib v. Bush" and "Al-Odah v. United States". In a landmark decision by the United States Supreme Court, made in June 2004 after their release, it determined that detainees were covered by the jurisdiction of US courts and had constitutional rights, including the right to counsel and to "habeas corpus". Following that, the United States Department of Defense (DOD) devised the Combatant Status Review Tribunal (CSRT) to evaluate whether detainees qualified as enemy combatants, and military commissions to try charges against them. CSRTs were held beginning in 2004. After their release, in 2004, "Rasul v. Rumsfeld," the plaintiffs and former detainees Shafiq Rasul, Asif Iqbal, Ruhal Ahmed, and Jamal Al-Harith, sued former Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld in the United States District Court for the District of Columbia. They charge that Secretary Rumsfeld and the military chain of command permitted illegal interrogation tactics to be used against them. The plaintiffs each sought compensatory damages for torture and arbitrary detention while being held at Guantánamo. Some aspects of the case were dismissed at the District Court level. The Appeals Court overturned the lower court ruling on coverage of religious protections. In 2008 the United States Supreme Court granted "certiorari," vacated the judgment, and remanded the case to the Court of Appeals, based on the intervening "Boumediene v. Bush" (2008). In that case, it had ruled that detainees and foreign nationals had the "habeas corpus" right to bring suit in federal courts. On April 24, 2009, the Court of Appeals dismissed the "Rasul v. Rumsfeld" case again, on the grounds of "limited immunity" of government officials. It ruled that the courts at the time of the alleged abuses had not yet clearly established legal prohibitions against the torture and religious abuses suffered by the detainees. On December 14, 2009, the US Supreme Court declined to accept the case for hearing. The film, "The Road to Guantánamo (2006)" is a docu-drama by the director Michael Winterbottom based on their accounts of their capture, interrogations and detention. It uses both actors and interviews with the former detainees. On April 25, 2011, whistleblower organization WikiLeaks published formerly secret assessments drafted by Joint Task Force Guantanamo analysts. His three-page Joint Task Force Guantanamo assessment was drafted on October 28, 2003. It was signed by camp commandant Major General Geoffrey D. Miller. He recommended continued detention by the Department of Defense. Historian Andy Worthington, author of "The Guantanamo Files", called Iqbal's assessment "extremely dubious". Worthington pointed out that one of the trips to Pakistan that Guantanamo analysts regarded as suspicious, visits, Iqbal made, with other family members, when he was just a child. When Worthington noted the analysts claim that Iqbal and his friends spent four weeks at the al Farouq training camp, al Qaeda's primary "basic training" camp, he speculated as to how those analysts could have been so poorly informed that they were not aware of the well documented fact that al Qaeda shut the camp down on September 10, anticipating its well-known location would make it a target for an aerial counter-attack. Worthington noted how, even though Iqbal traveled with his friend Shafiq Rasul, the DoD narrative of his travels was wildly at odds with that they offered for Rasul. Worthington noted how the DoD's fanciful narrative described Iqbal traveling around Afghanistan, when it was well documented he was one of those who survived the infamous "convoy of death", and the shockingly brutal conditions in General Dostum's Sherberghan prison.

"Beds Are Burning" is a 1987 song by the Australian rock band Midnight Oil, the first track from their album "Diesel and Dust". This song was the second from the album to be released as a single, and is among the band's best-known songs outside Australia. It reached No. 1 in New Zealand, South Africa and Canada, No. 3 in the Netherlands, No. 5 in France, No. 6 in the United Kingdom and Australia, No. 11 in Ireland and No. 17 in the United States and Sweden. It is one of The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll. It was named number 95 on VH1's "100 Greatest One Hit Wonders of the 80s" and number 97 by the Triple J "Hottest 100 of All Time" in 2009. In May 2001, Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA) celebrated its 75th anniversary by naming the Best Australian Songs of all time, as decided by a 100 strong industry panel. "Beds Are Burning" was declared third behind the Easybeats' "Friday on My Mind" and Daddy Cool's "Eagle Rock". "Beds Are Burning" is a protest song in support of giving native Australian lands back to the Pintupi, who were among the very last people to come in from the desert. These 'last contact' people began moving from the Gibson Desert to settlements and missions in the 1930s. More were forcibly moved during the 1950s and 1960s to the Papunya settlement. In 1981, they left to return to their own country and established the Kintore community, which is nestled in the picturesque Kintore Ranges, surrounded by Mulga and Spinifex country. It is a community with a population of about 400. Kintore and the town of Yuendumu are mentioned by name in the lyrics, as are vehicles produced by the Holden company. Midnight Oil performed the song in front of a world audience of millions at the closing ceremony of the 2000 Sydney Olympics. Prime Minister John Howard had triggered controversy that year with his refusal to embrace symbolic reconciliation and apologise to Indigenous Australians and members of the Stolen Generations. But he had also claimed that the reconciliation-themed "Beds Are Burning" was his favorite Midnight Oil song. The band played it dressed in black, with the word "Sorry" printed conspicuously all over their clothes, as a popular apology to indigenous people and to highlight the issue to Howard, who was in the audience as the ranking Olympic host.

Wanderer was the penultimate documented ship to bring an illegal cargo of slaves from Africa to the United States, landing at Jekyll Island, Georgia on November 28, 1858. (, which transported slaves in 1860, is the last known ship to bring slaves from Africa to the US.) Originally built in New York as a pleasure schooner, "The Wanderer" was purchased by a Southern planter and used in a conspiracy to import slaves. An estimated 303 to 409 slaves survived the voyage from Angola to Georgia. The federal government prosecuted the owner and crew, but failed to win a conviction. During the American Civil War, Union forces took over the ship and used it for various military roles. It was decommissioned in 1865, converted to merchant use, and lost off Cuba in 1871. In November 2008 the Jekyll Island Museum unveiled an exhibit dedicated to the enslaved Africans on "Wanderer". That was also the month of unveiling of a memorial sculpture on Jekyll Island dedicated to the surviving slaves. Upon ending the slave trade in all British colonies in 1808, the British began pressuring other nations to end their slave trades. At the same time, the British began pressuring the African rulers to stop exporting people as slaves. The United States officially outlawed the importation of slaves in 1808. It did not use its own ships to enforce the law until 1819, when U.S. naval ships joined British patrol ships in the Caribbean and African waters to intercept slavers (See African Slave Trade Patrol). Even after the US outlawed the slave trade, people tried to evade the law. "The Wanderer" was built in 1857 and in 1858 it was partially outfitted for a long voyage. The ship flew the pennant of the New York Yacht Club. Although there was speculation about the ship's projected use, it was inspected. As there was no conclusive evidence that it was to be used as a slave ship, it was allowed to pass. The captain sailed to Angola, Africa. For a period of 10 days, he had shelves and pens built into the hold in order to accept a shipment of 490-600 slaves, who were loaded on the ship. Many of the slaves died on the six-week journey across the Atlantic Ocean. "Wanderer" reached Jekyll Island, Georgia on November 28, 1858, delivering 409 slaves alive. A prosecution of the slave traders was launched, but the defendants were acquitted by the jury. The outrage aroused by the case is believed to have contributed to the sectional tensions and the American Civil War. The US prosecutor, Henry R. Jackson, became a major general in the Confederate States Army and one of the defendants, John Egbert Farnum, became a colonel and brevet brigadier general in the Union Army. Also among the defendants was John Frederick Tucker, a planter and one of the owners of the ship. During the war, the ship was seized by Union troops and used for the Naval blockade of the Confederate States of America. "Wanderer" was built in a Setauket, New York (Long Island) shipyard in 1857 as a pleasure craft yacht for Colonel John Johnson. The vessel's streamlined design allowed the ship to achieve speeds of up to , making "Wanderer" one of the fastest ships of the day. While on a trip to New Orleans, Johnson stopped in Charleston, South Carolina and sold the "Wanderer" to William C. Corrie. Corrie became a partner with wealthy businessman and cotton planter Charles Augustus Lafayette Lamar (son of Gazaway Bugg Lamar) from Savannah, Georgia. He was hired to transport slaves from Africa, although such importation had been prohibited since 1808 by federal law. Corrie achieved some elements of conversion, but much of the work was accomplished after the ship reached an Angolan port. Both men opposed the restrictions on importing slaves, as demand drove a high price for domestic slaves. The "Wanderer" was returned to New York to undergo preparation for a long voyage. Some observers accused the shipyard of preparing it as a slave ship. The ship was inspected and cleared on its voyage out. Public rumors of the ship's being involved in the slave trade persisted and were permanently associated with her name. In his ship's log, Corrie noted arriving at Bengula (probably Benguela in present-day Angola) on October 4, 1858. "Wanderer" took on 487 slaves at this port on the Congo River. After a six-week return voyage across the Atlantic, "Wanderer" arrived at Jekyll Island, Georgia around sunset on November 28, 1858. The tally sheets and passenger records showed that 409 slaves survived the passage. They were landed at Jekyll Island, which was owned by John and Henry DuBignon, Jr., who conspired with Lamar. These figures present a slightly higher mortality rate than the estimated average of 12 percent during the illegal trading era. Hoping to evade arrest, Lamar had the slaves shipped to markets in Savannah and Augusta, Georgia; South Carolina and Florida. As the federal government investigated, news of the slave ship raised outrage in the North. Southerners pressed Congress to reopen the Atlantic trade. The federal government tried Lamar and his conspirators three times for piracy, but was unable to get a conviction. It failed to convince a jury of a connection between Lamar and the ship. The arrival of "Wanderer" prompted the Buchanan Administration to strengthen the United States' role in anti-slave-trade efforts. Following the dispersion and sale of the 400 Africans throughout the South, there were rumors of subsequent slave ship landings in the region. The Buchanan Administration sent a "secret agent" named Benjamin F. Slocum on a two-month journey to search for evidence. Slocum, working undercover, spoke with slave traders, plantation owners, and townspeople, hunting down every possible lead. In the end he delivered a detailed report, in which he concluded that the rumors of subsequent landings, "were founded upon the movements of the Wanderer negroes, or else they were mere fabrications, manufactured and circulated for political effect, or to fill a column in a sensation newspaper." Based on that investigation, Buchanan reported to Congress on December 3, 1860 that "since the date of my last inaugural message not a single slave has been imported into the United States in violation of the laws prohibiting the African slave trade." The slaves who arrived in the United States on "Wanderer" gained a celebrity status, that spread beyond the South to newspapers in New York, Washington, and London. They were the only group of slaves who were frequently identified with the ship on which they had been transported. The tendency of newspapers and private correspondence to identify the slaves in this way suggests there were no other known large-scale importations of African slaves in this period. During the next two years, ownership of the vessel changed several times. On one occasion, the ship was stolen and taken to sea on a piratical and slaving voyage. Near the coast of Africa, the first mate led a mutiny and left the pirate captain at sea in a small boat. He sailed the ship back to Boston, Massachusetts, arriving on 24 December 1859 and turning her over to authorities. In April 1861, upon the outbreak of the American Civil War, the United States Government seized "Wanderer" to prevent her from falling into the hands of the Confederate States of America. She served in the United States Navy from then until June 1865, serving as a gunboat, a tender, and a hospital ship. Sold into mercantile service in June 1865, "Wanderer" operated commercially until lost off Cape Maisí, Cuba, on 12 January 1871. Most historians believe that "Wanderer" was the last slave ship to reach the U.S., including W. E. B. Du Bois, in his book "The Suppression of the African Slave-Trade to the United States of America, 1638–1870". In 2008, on the south tip of Jekyll Island, the state of Georgia erected a monument to the African survivors of the "Wanderer." It consists of three steel sails and several historical storyboards. On November 25, 2008 a dedication of the memorial was held, attended by 500 participants, including descendants of the original "Wanderer" slaves, and Erik Calonius, author of "The Wanderer: The Last American Slave Ship and the Conspiracy that Set Its Sails" (2008), credited for reviving interest in the "Wanderer" story.

Margaret Long Wisdom High School, formerly Robert E. Lee High School, is a publicly funded secondary school located in Southwest Houston, Texas, United States 77057. The Houston Independent School District, the 7th largest school district in the United States, operates Wisdom, a public admission school that enrolls grades 9 through 12 (ages 14–19). The school serves the neighborhoods of Uptown, Briargrove, Westchase, and Gulfton areas of the city of Houston. Houston Independent School District will submit construction documents in 2016-2017 school year. After the construction documents are submitted, They will vote to seek approval for the new school. The school is named after teacher Margaret Long "Tiny" Wisdom (born October 2, 1922). Lee High School was officially Lee Senior High School, named after Robert E. Lee and opened in 1962 to relieve high attendance at Lamar and Bellaire high schools. Lee's first principal, Woodrow Watts, was previously the principal of Lamar. After its opening Lee became Lamar's primary athletic rival. At that time, Lee High School had a white and mostly affluent and suburban student body. For its first twenty five years, Robert E. Lee High School built a comprehensive suburban high school, drawing students primarily from Afton Oaks, Tanglewood, Briargrove, Briarcroft/Briarmeadow, and Rivercrest/Briargrove Park/Walnut Bend neighborhoods, all south of Buffalo Bayou. It has been home to multiple award-winning students and faculty, service clubs and programs, athletic teams and graduates over its 50-year history. The school's motto is "Fortune Favors the Brave", taken from the Lee family and based on the Roman philosopher Virgil's quote. The United Daughters of the Confederacy's Robert E. Lee chapter number 186 supported the school in its early years; it donated portraits of Lee, gave American Civil War-related books to the library, and gave the school a rebel flag. The school's symbol is the Lee family coat of arms, which has a squirrel on the top holding a nut. The Lee campus was the subject of a 1974 "60 Minutes" story on drug culture in American High Schools. It was expanded significantly by HISD to address overcrowding two times in its first 25 years; first in 1967, and again in 1987. As times changed, the demographic of Lee's student body shifted. As of 2008, it was made up predominantly of Hispanic immigrants and sons and daughters of Hispanic immigrants. Lee's multi-ethnic population changes parallel Houston's immigration waves, beginning with the Vietnamese families in the early 1980s. With the change in apartment housing rules in the 1980s, both the community and the school population changed. The demographic of Lee's student body shifted significantly in the 1990s, as students from the south zone (Gulfton area) who are a majority Mexican and Central American immigrants and/or sons and daughters of Hispanic immigrants became the overwhelming majority of the student body. Lee became one of the largest 5A high schools in the region by the late 1990s. Stacey Childress, author of "Transforming Public Education: Cases in Education Entrepreneurship", wrote that in the mid-1990s Lee "was one of Houston's most feared schools" due to the surrounding area having one of the highest rates of juvenile crime in the state and due to being the school with the lowest rate of English fluency in Houston. Lee's student body was relieved of about 1,000 students when Westside High School, about west of Lee, opened in 2000, removing the last significant numbers of middle-class students and non-Hispanic White students. When Westside opened, residents of the Lee attendance boundary gained the option to attend Westside instead of Lee. Around 2000 the school stopped using the "Robert E." part of the same, and its logo became that of a four-point, star-bodied person. Steve Amstutz, the principal, said around that year "People think we stole it from Cingular." The school removed its portraits of Robert E. Lee. The star in the logo juggles ten balls, representing ten learning communities established around that year to provide personalized education to students. The establishment of the learning communities was part of a $68 million HISD initiative to personalize and improve high schools throughout the district; this reflected a national trend of personalizing education in high schools. Newcomer Charter High School (as of 2007, known as Liberty High School) was opened in January 2005 and housed in Lee High School. In 2006 it was scheduled to move into a new campus at 6400 Southwest Freeway (U.S. Highway 59). According to the Houston Independent School District October 2006 "For Your Information" newsletter, Lee was one of four high schools that took the most refugees from Hurricane Katrina. In the 2005-2006 school year, HISD was required to provide free tutoring to low income students at Lee because for three consecutive years, Lee did not meet academic targets, which were set by the federal No Child Left Behind act. During the school year, 2,912 students at Lee, Marshall Middle School, and Kay On-Going Education Center qualified for the tutoring. The tutoring, which covered the Texas Assessment of Knowledge and Skills (TAKS), began on February 4, 2006. On the three campuses, 74 students, 3% of the eligible students, enrolled in the tutoring program. Mercedes Alejandro of the group Parents for Public Schools accused HISD of not effectively communicating that the tutoring was available to the communities at the schools. In 2007, a study by Johns Hopkins University and the Associated Press referred to Lee among American high schools designated as "dropout factories", where at least 40% of the entering freshman class does not make it to their senior year. YES Prep Lee, a charter middle school, was located inside the Lee High School campus; the school planned to expand to a six through 12 campus with 30 classrooms. In the summer of 2007 the school was established on the third floor of Lee High School. YES paid $65,000 annually to lease the space. YES intended to grow its school to around 700 students. YES and charter officials wanted state officials to pass a bill allowing schools occupying the same campus to share test scores; the bill failed. In 2008 Bill Gates and Melinda Gates visited Lee and the YES Prep school inside Lee. In December 2009, YES Prep moved all of the around 400 students in the Lee program off of the Lee campus. In January 2010 the board of YES Prep voted to terminate its partnership with Lee High School. YES Prep Lee, now YES Prep Gulfton, is no longer located inside Lee High School. In 2010, Amstutz stopped being the principal of Lee. HISD did not state whether his departure was voluntary or involuntary. Amstutz continued to be an employee of HISD. Paul Castro from Westside High School was transferred to become the new principal of Lee High School. He resigned after three months. In April 2010 Terry Grier, the superintendent, announced that he had an improvement plan for Lee. Xochitl Rodriguez-Davila was promoted from HISD's Stonewall Jackson Middle School leader to become Robert E. Lee's 18th principal (its 14th since 1990) in July 2010. During that summer "Newsweek" ranked Lee HS among the "America's Best High Schools" list. The HISD board voted to give the school its current name in 2016. The school was featured on "", and principal Trinh gave an interview on that show. In 2010 Lisa Falkenberg said "The Lee of today, with its crumbling façade and graffiti on nearby buildings, is far from the glistening school on the prairie that opened in 1962 to relieve overcrowding at prestigious Lamar High." As of 2010, one of the brick façades outside one of the entrances had bricks missing. Lisa Falkenberg of the "Houston Chronicle" said that it was "left to gape like a toothless mouth for the past eight years." After Xochitl Rodriguez-Davila was hired as the Lee principal, she arranged a campus facelift. During that year, HISD reported that two distinct portions of the 49-year-old main school building's foundation are sinking into the ground at different rates. ever since the 2012 Bond Proposition was passed Lee is one of the first campuses that will receive a new school building in the next 2–3 years as soon as 2016. Due to this event many of the conflicts Lee High School has faced will be relieved just like the establishment of Westside High School in 2000. Houston Robert E. Lee High School had 1,891 students during the 2010-11 school year. They are drawn largely from its attendance zone, which borders include Bellaire Blvd., Gessner Road, Buffalo Bayou and IH 610 West. There are a smaller percentage of magnet students drawn from multiple other zones within the HISD boundaries. The ethnic diversity break down of the 2010-11 student body is: ***LIST***. In 2010-11, Lee qualifies as a US Department of Education Title I campus: thus, 76% of the student body qualifies for free or reduced breakfast and lunch under federal poverty guidelines. As of 2015 96% of the students are classified as low income. In the 1960s and 1970s, Lee's student body consisted of affluent White Americans. Principal Steve Amstutz stated in 2003 that Lee's student body was "a sea of white faces. They all looked like me." As the school matured, the demographics of the students changed. By the 1999 Lee was very overcrowded, so many students had to use air conditioning units as chairs. Around that time period, half of a given 9th grade class would no longer be present in the class once it became a 12th grade class. Around 1999, students fought in the hallways daily. The opening of Westside High School in 2000 removed the last significant numbers of White and upper income students, causing the school to refocus itself to cater to its new population. In 2010 Harvin Moore, Lee's HISD school board trustee, said "There is no high school in Houston that has a more unique and difficult challenge with respect to a significant portion of the children who attend there," citing the concentration of older, immigrant students who come from third world countries and often lack basic education. Monica Rhor of the "Houston Chronicle" wrote that in 2015 many of Lee's students "are coping with problems at home." The school provides a weekend lunch program to give students meals on days when school does not operate. In a 2003 article by the "Houston Press", Amstutz stated, referring to the "Hispanic" designation, "But that covers from Nuevo Laredo to Tierra del Fuego. We're from the top of Mexico to the south of Argentina. And I've got kids from everywhere in between." Amstutz said in a 2002 article that "Sometimes I can lose a whole country in a day, other times I can gain one." Lisa Falkenberg said in 2010 that Lee was a school "Where being Rwandan isn't 'weird'". As of 2010 over 40 languages were spoken by the Lee High School student body, and the number of English language learners, over 700, was higher than the populations of some other peer high schools in the area. As of that year, half of the HISD students zoned to Lee did not attend that school. Lee High School requires students to wear a school uniform. ***LIST***. Students have the option of wearing a university/college T-shirt or a Lee HS club shirt (only) on Fridays. Additionally, at the end of each month, seniors can opt to dress professionally on a designated day. Some teachers who worked at Lee after the student population became mostly Hispanic recalled that some members of gangs who were enrolled at Lee openly wore gang colors and other gang insignia while on campus. Around 1990, according to "Strong Families Strong Schools: Building Community Partnerships for Learning", the school had a "serious gang problem". The school adopted a "zero tolerance for gangs" policy. A committee of ten people, including Houston Police Department security guards, HISD administrators, and administrators and teachers at Lee identified possible gang members and evicted any who were identified as violent. A group of administrators and teachers also worked to properly identify gang members and avoid misidentifying a student who would participate in a gang due to alienation if they are misidentified. In addition, the City of Houston established a school day curfew with fines for parents of children truant from school. The Texas Assessment of Academic Skills (TAAS) scores of Lee, which was still considered "low-performing" by the Texas Education Agency in 1993, had increased over a three-year period ending around 1994. "Strong Families Strong Schools: Building Community Partnerships for Learning" argued that the TAAS score increase is evidence that "things are turning around" and "The climate of the school has changed dramatically". Now Lee High School begins to start changing policies in the past couple years, their rating has met AYP Status, and Has increased to acceptable rating, the school now has four principals per grade level like many other schools, and is improving its system to meet it with other high schools, it has changed many things and is now showing significant improvement. In 2010 Lisa Falkenberg of the "Houston Chronicle" said of Lee: "Lee High School isn't your typical failing school. In one campus, its students seem to personify every major socio-economic problem and demographic challenge facing urban schools today. At the same time, it's a petri dish for academic innovation, full of Stand and Deliver-type successes." During that year she also said "The school is flailing in a test-driven accountability system blind to extenuating circumstances like poverty, pregnancy, 30 percent student turnover, and 780 students out of 1,850 considered "English language learners."" Lee High School U.S. Army(JROTC) program has re-emerged as a force, improving from 24th to 7th place, out of the 25 HISD Army based student programs. Successful, statewide award winning distributive teaching programs in Metal-fabrication and Woodworking have been built in recent years, as well. In 2010, Lee had improved its state mandated TAKS test scores significantly, yet was named academically "unacceptable" by the TEA, due to its 30% dropout rate. As a result of 3+ years of this designation, it became one of the HISD "Apollo 20" laboratory schools. It was subject to the Texas Education Agency (TEA) "turnaround" model for reforming schools in jeopardy of closing, including replacing the administration and much of the existing faculty. As of 2010 the think tank "Children at Risk" ranked Lee as one of the most improved high schools in Greater Houston. As of 2015 the STAAR exam failure rate at Lee was about 70%. When Lee began as a high school, all of its foreign language activities occurred in the "Language Lab" area. As of now the Lee High School has a drop-out rate of <1% less than any other comprehensive high school in HISD, and Lee is also a subject to 100% of Seniors Acceptanced to a 2 or 4 year university or college. Lee High School administers an advanced placement curriculum, where high performing students take college level classes while in high school and earn college level credits. The number of students taking AP courses and exams has increased dramatically since the AP Program was re-introduced at Lee. A March 2009 "Houston Chronicle" article stated that the student body took approximately 550 AP tests; eight times the number taken in 2004. In June 2010, "Newsweek" magazine ranked Lee #151 out of over 16,000 schools nationwide, acknowledging it among "America's Best High Schools" for its number of students taking AP tests. Jason Spencer of the "Houston Chronicle" called the ranking a "head scratcher," since prior to the announcement of the ranking the HISD administration had forced 160 teachers at Lee and other schools to leave due to low performance. Thompson explained that the ranking system, which divides all of the AP exams taken by the total number of students, is "freakishly simplistic" since it does not take into account performance during the AP exams. The ranking done by the think tank "Children at Risk" that year placed Lee in number 133 out of 140 high schools. Responding to the "Newsweek" ranking, HISD superintendent Terry Grier said "The efforts at Lee High School to encourage more students to take college-level courses are to be commended. We must raise the level of achievement for all students, and it is for this reason that we will be initiating the Apollo 20 project at Lee in the next school year. We will continue to build on the work you and your colleagues have done so that we can ensure that every child in our school district receives a quality education that will prepare him or her for college and career success." There are a number of advanced, college prep Advanced Placement courses taught at Lee, including: AP World History<br> AP U.S. History<br> AP U.S. Government & Politics<br> AP Macroeconomics<br> AP English Language<br> AP English Literature<br> AP Calculus AB<br> AP Calculus BC<br> AP Chemistry<br> AP Statistics<br> AP Studio Art<br> AP Spanish Language<br> AP Spanish Literature<br> AP French Language<br> AP Biology<br> AP Environmental Science<br> AP Physics B In May 2010, 300 students signed up to take approximately 800 AP tests, with increases in exemplary scores in AP US Government, AP Macroeconomics, and AP Calculus across the board. The school is divided into 4 academies, paralleling grades 9-12, each managed by an assistant principal. There is an additional academy for non-English speaking students and 9th graders in need of ESL or additional math or English tutoring. There are a steadily growing number of electives, student clubs and organizations at Lee. Some of these include, For "electives": ***LIST***. For "extracurriculars" and "student clubs": ***LIST***. In 2011 Lee began to offer a class in Band and Guitar Instruction again. From 1962-2000, Lee had student service organizations, including Pilot Club for Women's Anchor Club, Galleria Area Rotary Club's "Interact," and Kiwanis Club's Key Club. Marla Morrow, a former student quoted in "Education Week", said that prospective members of the Key Club were required to reproduce the financial statements of their parents. As of 2011, Galleria Rotary Club is working with both Robert E. Lee and Lamar High Schools to re-organize and sponsor Interact student service clubs at each campus. The Lee Mighty Rebel Band will perform in the 2015 Rose Parade in Pasadena, California on New Year's Day. Robert E. Lee HS currently plays a full complement of UIL girls and boys varsity sports in District 21-4A, along with HISD's Waltrip, Davis, Yates, Sharpstown, Reagan, & Austin High Schools. Lee has alternated as a 4A and 5A school throughout its 50-year history, playing in 19-4A, 18-4A,17-4A,18-5A, 21-5A, and the current 20-5A district. It plays Men's varsity soccer in UIL District 20-5A, where it is the 2011 District Champions. Robert E. Lee Varsity sports teams include: ***LIST***. In previous eras the school used a statue called "Uncle Bob," a depiction of Robert E. Lee, as a mascot. In previous eras the primary athletic rival was Lamar High School. American football games were the primary outlet of this rivalry, but it manifested itself in other ways; in 1975 Gregory Curtis of the "Texas Monthly" wrote that "the respective Key Clubs know year by year which club has sold more grapefruit in the Christmas drive and more tickets to the spring Pancake Breakfast." According to Curtis, the rivalry "is as natural as it is intense" because the schools had students from the same social class and general geographic area. From the 1960s to the 1980s, Lee High School's American football team often appeared in high school playoffs. Many famous football players and coaches were involved in the program. Of the seven most recent inductees to the Texas High School Football Hall of Fame as of August 24, 2010, two were involved with Lee High School. Joe Clemens, a famous football coach, coached at Lee in the 1960s. Peter Gardere, a former University of Texas at Austin quarterback, played for Lee in the 1980s. The significance of American football at Lee decreased when the student demographics changed. The opening of Westside High School, which decreased the number of students at Lee from 3,100 to 2,100, drained most of the American football players from the school and the school did not have enough children who were interested in playing American football. In 2003 the school dropped American football from its sports program; This is likely because American football is not a popular sport in the home countries of its largely Hispanic student body. Steve Amstutz, the principal, said that he did not receive complaints after the team was cut. After 2003 soccer (football) became the main sport at Lee High School. Soccer is played at Lee's homecoming games instead of football. In 2010, some alumni visiting the school expressed shock when they found out that football was not a sport at Lee. The school no longer had its historical American football trophies. Around 1995, the principal at Lee had virtually all of its athletic and academic trophies thrown out, leaving the cases empty. In February 2010 the school administration decided to re-establish American football as a school sport. As of May 2010 plans to re-establish American football were ongoing. The school administration assembled the football team from scratch. As of August 2010 the players originated from countries in Africa, Canada, Guatemala, Mexico, and other countries. The team had some Muslim players. In 2010, the R.E. Lee Alumni Association worked with the school and district, and established a partnership with the Houston Texans Football Team, to help re-establish a permanent football program. In accordance with UIL rules, LEE will field a JV football squad for 2010 and 2011, returning to 21-4A Varsity District play in Fall, 2012. Lee High School's home green was the Sharpstown Golf Course, a municipal golf course in Sharpstown, Greater Sharpstown, Houston located about from Lee. The Lee High School girls' golf team existed in the 1970s. When the demographics of the school shifted, the golf team ended. Around the time that American football was cut, the school revived its boys' and girls' golf teams. As of 2003 six boys and four girls played golf for Lee; one of the ten was caucasian. Steve Amstutz, the principal, explained that Lee founded the team to teach students how to learn to commit to a goal and to give them an activity that would keep them involved and attending school. As of 2003 the Lee golf team had relatively little experience with the game compared to other area teams. In 2002 Lee's golf team was ranked last in a golf competition, with none of the players selected to continue forward in the competition. The players did not like to be ranked first, because the best player would compete against other district golf teams. The teams of Bellaire and Lamar high schools had more experienced players, and many of them had played with golf professionals. During that year Ryan Rhodes, the coach, said "It really is frustrating for the guys and girls to go out there and compete against somebody who's been playing a lot longer and has a lot better grasp of the game." Amstutz said that the team was not as well performing as other teams, because the team had been recently established. As of 2011 Lee no longer offers golf. When Westside HS opened in 2000, most of the infrastructure and active parents transferred their allegiance and PTO assets to the new school. As a result, since 2000, Lee does not have a parent-teacher organization. As of 2010 Lee was coordinating an alumni database with Harris Publishing and has an on campus alumni liaison group. Almost all of the inquiries that former Lee principal Steve Amstutz received from Lee alumni (2000–2009) asked for information on when school reunions would occur. Lisa Falkenberg of the "Houston Chronicle" said in 2010 that when she writes about Lee, she receives responses from Lee alumni. She said that some e-mails criticize illegal immigration, holding it responsible for Lee High School's decline. She received some complaints about Lee no longer using the name "Robert E. After Falkenberg aired her 2010 column about former principal Paul Castro leaving the school after three months, she received messages from school alumni who stated that they intended to help Lee. 1965 Lee graduate Martin Bailey requested for volunteers to assist the school. Two alumni, Tom Behrman, and John Carloss, began discussing possibilities of charitable activity with the school administration, including donating to the Lee NEXT STEP Fund, a nonprofit fund that places Lee students in career and university preparatory programs; mentoring; and holding speaking events. In April 2010 a group of alumni who intended to start an alumni organization organized a tour of the school. One alum in the tour, Joe Berwick, reported that he enjoyed meeting the students. Another, Behrman, expressed disappointment towards the deteriorated condition of the physical plant. After the Lee tour, the involved alumni proceeded to award two $5,000 scholarships to Lee students. An editorial in the "Houston Chronicle" praised the alumni for supporting their school. Three Lee alumni, Behrman, Melanie Hauser, and Richard Spence, founded the Robert E. Lee High School Alumni Association to reconnect alumni with their alma mater and provide additional, ongoing assistance for Lee High School and to help it improve its community relations. The Robert E. Lee Alumni Association hosted a 50th Birthday, "Gray & Gold JubiLEE" All School Reunion in October 2012, where alumni from all 50 graduating classes convened to celebrate and recognize 50 years of Generals history. The school district zones a large area of west/southwest Houston outside of the 610 Loop to Lee. A significant number of Lee's students now come from the Gulfton community, a group of apartment complexes housing recent immigrants. Other areas zoned to Lee include Uptown Houston, St. George Place (Lamar Terrace), Larchmont, Briargrove, Shenandoah, Tanglewood, Tanglewilde, Briar Meadow, Briarcroft, Woodlake, West Oaks, Jeanetta, the Houston ISD portions of Piney Point Village and Hunters Creek Village, Sharpstown Country Club Estates, and small portions of Westchase east of Gessner Road. Lee High School served all areas within the Westside attendance boundary until its 2000 opening, including Walnut Bend, Briargrove Park, and Rivercrest. The pre-2000 Lee attendance zone bordered City of Bellaire, the communities of Alief and Spring Branch, and Greater Katy. Even though several wealthier neighborhoods such as Tanglewood and Briargrove are primarily zoned to Wisdom, parents there prefer to send their children to Lamar, Westside, private high schools, or charter high schools. Houston ISD provides school buses for students who live more than away from the school or who have major obstacles between their houses and the school. Students are eligible if they are zoned to Lee or are in the Lee magnet program. A METRO bus stop is located beside the school's entrance. Elementary schools that feed into Wisdom include: ***LIST***. ***LIST***. Middle schools that feed into Lee include: ***LIST***. ***LIST***. All pupils zoned to Pilgrim K-8 are zoned to Wisdom. All pupils zoned to Long and Pershing Middle Schools may attend Pin Oak Middle School. Accordingly, Pin Oak also feeds into Lee High School. Students of the Briargrove, Emerson, Pilgrim, and Piney Point elementary attendance zones may also attend Briarmeadow Charter School, so that school feeds into Wisdom.

The Junín grebe, Junin flightless grebe or puna grebe ("Podiceps taczanowskii") is a grebe found only on Lake Junin in the highlands of Junín, west-central Peru. The grebe generally breeds in bays and channels around the endge of the Lake, within of reed beds, entering the reeds only for nesting or roosting. When not breeding, Junin grebe prefer open water, moving far out from lake shores. The current population is estimated at less than 250. The scientific name commemorates the Polish zoologist Władysław Taczanowski, author of "Ornithology of Peru" (1884–86). Another highly endangered species, the Junin rail, is restricted to the same lake. With a size of approximately 35 cm, the Junin grebe has a dark grey crown extending down the back of its neck to a black back. It has white lower parts of the face, neck and underparts, with a narrow grey bill. Perhaps the most striking feature is its bright red eyes. On the side of the head of adults there are silvery grey feathers, which are absent on non-breeding adults and juveniles. Its calls include melodic whistles "doo’ ith, wit," and a longer "phooee-th" when trying to attract a mate. The Junin grebe’s exceptional diving skills allows it to feed on small fish and invertebrates. They can be often seen feeding and diving simultaneously in small groups. Courtship involves two grebes facing breast to breast and turning their head quickly from side to side, called ‘head-shaking’. The nests of Junin grebes are built in reed beds around the border of Lake Junin, and a typical clutch size is two eggs, laid in December or January. In years when the water level of the lake is particularly low, no young are raised. Junin grebes are endemic to Lake Junin, in west-central Peru. The lake covers approximately 140 km and at its deepest is 10m deep, although most of the lake is less than 5m deep. Around the borders of the lake are substantial reed marshes, where the grebes nest and roost. Large fluctuations in water levels, caused by a nearby hydroelectric plant, and water pollution from mining activities have caused the population of grebes to fall from 1000 in 1961 to around 200 in 2007. Contamination of the lake from mining waste products kills the small fish that are the Junin grebes main source of food. The hydroelectric plant can cause the water level to drop below 5m, which prevents the birds from raising chicks, and can cause damage to the bordering reed marshes. Lake Junin has been classed as a national reserve since 1974, which has restricted the amount of fishing and hunting that can take place there. More recently, in 2002, the Peruvian government made an emergency law to place harsher restrictions on water extraction and provisions for cleaning of the lake, but so far this has not been properly enforced. Attempts have been made to translocate the grebes to a lake just north of Lake Junin, however gill nets used to catch rainbow trout in this lake meant it was unsuccessful. Further studies are being carried out to locate other lakes that the Junin grebe could successfully be translocated to. A local organisation, Asociaciόn Ecosistemas Andinos, is working to educate local people about the Junin grebe and the Junin rail – which is also endemic to the lake. The aim is to raise awareness of the issue, and get the mining and hydroelectric plant organisations to understand the issue.

Jass () is a trick taking card game and a distinctive branch of the Marriage family, popularly supposed to be the progenitor of the American game of Pinochle. It is popular throughout the Alemannic German-speaking area of Europe (German-speaking Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Alsace part of France, Vorarlberg province of Austria, South-Western Germany (Baden-Wuerttemberg land), beyond in Romansh-speaking Graubünden and in French-speaking area of Switzerland, German-speaking South Tyrol in Italy and New Glarus, Wisconsin. The most common variant of "Jass" is the Schieber (in Vorarlberg also known as "Krüzjass"), played by two teams of two players each. It is often considered Switzerland's national card game, and is so popular there that the Swiss have come to apply the name Jass to trick-taking card games in general. Jass, first mentioned in Switzerland in 1796, was originally the name of the highest trump, the Jack, in a family of related games originally spread from the Netherlands during the Late Middle Ages. Today, "Jass" is the name of the game. The traditional 36-card, Swiss-German-suited pack with which it is played is called "Jasskarten". By extension, "Jass" is often used of any game played in Switzerland with such cards. The Jack of the trump suit is not known as "Jass" in the contemporary game. It is called "Trumpf Puur" or simply "Puur". The name "Schieber" is from the verb "schieben" "to push", from the act of "pushing" the responsibility of choosing trumps on one's partner. "Jass" is played with a deck of 36 cards (A, K, Q, J, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6) Swiss-French or Swiss-German cards. The Swiss-French cards are in the ordinary French suits but have a distinctive design. The Swiss-German cards use Swiss suits, a variant of German suits, and also have a distinctive design. The game is traditionally played with Swiss suited playing cards east of the Brünig-Napf-Reuss line and with the French in western Switzerland. The Swiss suits are "Rosen" (roses) "Eicheln" (acorns), "Schilten" (shields) and "Schellen" (bells). Jass is essentially a game of points which are scored for three features known as "Stöck", "Wiis", "Stich", respectively, "marriages, melds, tricks". The game is won by the player (or the team) who first reaches a previously agreed target score, most often 2500 points. Play ceases the moment one side reaches the target score, for which purpose it is important to remember that scores accrue in order "marriage, melds, tricks". The standard "Schieber" involves four players, sitting in two partnerships, opposite each other. 9 cards are dealt in batches of 3s. Eldest (holder of 7 of Roses/Hearts) may nominate the trump suit in the first match. The privilege of declaring trumps is passed around the table in counter-clockwise direction for each subsequent match (variant: each deal from the second onwards is made by a member of the side which won the previous deal, so that the losing team has the advantage of making trumps and leading first.) The player who may nominate the trump suit may pass ("schieben") the privilege to his partner, who must then exercise it. If elder leads without making any announcement, whatever is led becomes trump. There are a number of conventional expansions of the type of play that can be chosen beyond the four trump suits, and modifications to the value of the tricks. Most commonly: ***LIST***. The trump Jack, also called "Puur", counts 20 and is the highest card in the game. The trump Nine, or Nell, "Näll", is the second best card. Plain suit numerals below 10 count nothing. The total value of all counters in the pack is 152, that is, 62 in trumps plus 30 in each plain suit. Winning the last trick scores an additional 5 points. Hence the total possible for the third scoring feature, "tricks", is normally 157 points. ***LIST***. The no-trumps game called Obenabe and Undenufe, in which the ranks are reversed, are shown in the following table: Eldest leads to the first trick and the winner of each trick leads to the next. The trick is taken by the highest card of the suit led, or by the highest trump if any are played. If trumps are led, suit must be followed if possible, except that a player whose only trump is the trump Jack (also called "Buur"), need not play it but may discard any card instead. If a plain suit is led, players must follow suit or trump, as preferred, but any trump played must be higher than any other already played to the trick. Only if unable to follow suit may any of the players then renounce. The tactical elements of the "Schieber" derive mostly from the situation of two players each needing to cooperate without seeing, or being allowed to communicate about, the hand the other is holding. The choosing of the trump suit at the beginning of each match is a crucial decision. If the choosing player holds a mediocre hand, he must decide whether to make the call and hope that his partner holds at least some of the cards his hand is missing, or whether to "push" ("schieben") the responsibility away in the hope that his partner has an unambiguosly strong hand. Once the match is in progress, players need to keep track of which cards have been played, especially which card of each suit is currently the highest left in play and which trumps have been played. If the player in the lead plays a card that is certain to take the trick (called a "Bock"), the partner needs to recognize this and contribute as many points to the trick as he can (known as "Schmieren") without sacrificing valuable cards that he may still need to use for taking a later trick. Played by 2-4, each for himself. Each player is dealt 9 cards in batches of 3s. If four players take part in the game, the last card is turned for trumps, so that dealer does not take it into his hand until about to play the first of the tricks. If two or three play then, the top card of the first dead hand is turned for trumps, which may be exchanged for the Six of trumps if it has been dealt. The aim is to score as much as possible for cards and melds. Each player must first declare whether or not he wants to play the hand. If not, he turns it down and sits the deal out. If all players pass, there is a new deal by the same dealer and if all but one pass, he wins without playing. Two game points are awarded at the end of the play, one each to the players making the highest totals. If there is a tie for second, it is broken in favour of the player cutting the higher card from the pack. If only one player stays in the game, he scores them both, as does the better of two players if the other failed to make 21. Any player failing to make 21 scores a negative game point. As each player reaches seven game points he drops out of play, and the last left in is the loser. Four players usually play, but only three are active in the game, and each in turn sits out the hand to which he deals. The scorekeeper deals first, giving 8 cards to each player in batches of 4s from a 24-card pack made by stripping out all ranks below Nine. I addition to the usual melds, a player may announce a sequence of six or a quartet of Nines, each counting 150 points. Only the soloist may score for melds, provided that he has the best, that is, if an opponent has a better meld, it does not score itself but only prevents the soloist from scoring. Each in turn, starting with eldest, may bid or pass, and having passed may not come in again. The lowest bid is 100 and higher bids must be multiple of 10. A numerical bid is the minimum amount the soloist undertakes to make for "marriages, melds and tricks" in return for nominating trumps and leading to the first trick. A bid of 200 is overcalled by misère, then trumps misère, then 210 etc. In misère, the soloist must lose every trick, playing at no trump. In trump misère, the suit of the card he leads is automatically trump. Players are still required to trump when unable to follow suit, but are not obliged to overtrump. A bid of 250 is over called by Pandur, and 300 by Trump Pandur. In Pandur, the soloist must win every trick, playing at no trump and in Trump Pandur, the suit of the card he leads is automatically trump. If successful, the soloist wins a number of game points equivalent to the bid divided by 50 (maximum 6). Misère count 4, Pandur 5, Trump Pandur 6. For a failed bid, the game value is credited to each opponent. Game is 15 points or any other agreed target. If four play, the dealer gets the value of a failed bid, but not if he stands at 13 or 14 points. Each player drops out upon reaching the target, the game being played by three, then two. The last one left in loses the game. Trump Misère is a bit dangerous and must be made in a very short suit, typically in order to lose a card that would be even more dangerous at no trump, that is, with three safe suits and a singleton Queen, the soloist would announce "trump" and lead the Queen. As the Jack and Nine are top trumps, this would only lose if one opponent held the 10 and the others were void. If played at no trump, there would be three cards lower than the Queen, making the bid very risky. When only two players remain, so that eight cards are out of play, any misère, is riskier than usual, especially with a trump.

A network bridge is a computer networking device that creates a single aggregate network from multiple communication networks or network segments. This function is called network bridging. Bridging is distinct from routing, which allows multiple different networks to communicate independently while remaining separate. In the OSI model, bridging is performed in the first two layers, below the network layer (layer 3). If one or more segments of the bridged network are wireless, the device is known as a wireless bridge and the function as wireless bridging. There are four types of network bridging technologies: simple bridging, multiport bridging, learning or transparent bridging, and source route bridging. A simple bridge connects two network segments, typically by operating transparently and deciding on a frame-by-frame basis whether or not to forward from one network to the other. A store and forward technique is typically used so, during forwarding, the frame integrity is verified on the source network and CSMA/CD delays are accommodated on the destination network. Contrary to repeaters that simply extend the maximum span of a segment, bridges only forward frames that are required to cross the bridge. Additionally, bridges reduce collisions by partitioning the collision domain. A multiport bridge connects multiple networks and operates transparently to decide on a frame-by-frame basis whether and where to forward traffic. Like the simple bridge, a multiport bridge typically uses store and forward operation. The multiport bridge function serves as the basis for network switches. A transparent bridge uses a forwarding database to send frames across network segments. The forwarding database starts empty - entries in the database are built as the bridge receives frames. If an address entry is not found in the forwarding database, the frame is flooded to all other ports of the bridge, flooding the frame to all segments except the one from which it was received. By means of these flooded frames, the destination network will respond and a forwarding database entry will be created. In the context of a two-port bridge, one can think of the forwarding database as a filtering database. A bridge reads a frame's destination address and decides to either forward or filter. If the bridge determines that the destination node is on another segment on the network, it forwards (retransmits) the frame to that segment. If the destination address belongs to the same segment as the source address, the bridge filters (discards) the frame. As nodes transmit data through the bridge, the bridge establishes a filtering database of known MAC addresses and their locations on the network. The bridge uses its filtering database to determine whether a frame should be forwarded or filtered. Transparent bridging can also operate over devices with more than two ports. As an example, consider a bridge connected to three hosts, A, B, and C. The bridge has three ports. A is connected to bridge port 1, B is connected to bridge port 2, C is connected to bridge port 3. A sends a frame addressed to B to the bridge. The bridge examines the source address of the frame and creates an address and port number entry for A in its forwarding table. The bridge examines the destination address of the frame and does not find it in its forwarding table so it floods it to all other ports: 2 and 3. The frame is received by hosts B and C. Host C examines the destination address and ignores the frame. Host B recognizes a destination address match and generates a response to A. On the return path, the bridge adds an address and port number entry for B to its forwarding table. The bridge already has A's address in its forwarding table so it forwards the response only to port 1. Host C or any other hosts on port 3 are not burdened with the response. Two-way communication is now possible between A and B without any further flooding in network. Both source and destination addresses are used in this algorithm: source addresses are recorded in entries in the table, while destination addresses are looked up in the table and matched to the proper segment to send the frame to. Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) originally developed the technology in the 1980s.

"I Knew You Were Waiting (For Me)" is a Grammy Award-winning number-one song performed by Aretha Franklin and George Michael as a duet in 1987. It was written by Simon Climie and Dennis Morgan. It also stands as Franklin's biggest hit at the Adult Contemporary chart, spending several weeks at number two. The official music video for the song was directed by Andy Morahan. It begins with George Michael and two bodyguards entering a dark room. There is a large viewing screen on the wall showing Aretha Franklin preparing for George Michael. Over the course of the video, the two are brought together, and shown performing the song both in front of the screen and on it. At the end of the video, Aretha winks at the camera. The song was a one-off project that helped Michael achieve his ambition to sing with one of his favorite artists, and it reached number-one in both the UK Singles Chart and "Billboard" Hot 100. The song was Franklin's first and only UK number-one hit, and only her fourth top ten achievement in the country since "I Say a Little Prayer", nearly two decades earlier. This was also the last of Franklin's seventeen top 10 hits in the "Billboard" Hot 100. For Michael, it became his third consecutive number-one in the UK since going solo, following 1984's "Careless Whisper" (though the single was actually from the Wham! album "Make It Big") and 1986's "A Different Corner". In the US, it was Michael's fourth number-one hit, counting his Wham! The single was the first Michael had recorded as a solo artist that he had not written himself. The co-writer, Simon Climie, was unknown at the time, although he later had success as a performer with Climie Fisher in 1988. On the US "Billboard" Hot 100, "I Knew You Were Waiting (For Me)" debuted at number 59, the week of February 21, 1987, reaching number-one in its ninth week, April 18, 1987, and remaining there for two consecutive weeks.

The sooty albatross, dark-mantled sooty albatross or dark-mantled albatross, ("Phoebetria fusca"), is a species of bird in the albatross family. They breed on sub-Antarctic islands and range at sea across the Southern Ocean from South America to Australia. Sooty albatrosses are a type of albatross that belongs to Diomedeidae family and comes from the Procellariiformes order, along with shearwaters, fulmars, storm petrels, and diving petrels. They share certain identifying features. First, they have nasal passages which attach to the upper bill called naricorns. Although the nostrils on the albatross are on the sides of the bill, the bills of Procellariiformes are also unique in that they are split into between 7 and 9 horny plates. Finally, they produce a stomach oil made up of wax esters and triglycerides which is stored in the proventriculus. This is used against predators as well as being an energy-rich food source for chicks and for the adults during their long flights. They also have a salt gland that is situated above the nasal passage and helps desalinate their bodies, which is necessitated by the high amount of sea water that they imbibe. It excretes a richly saline solution from the nose. The sooty albatross is a medium-sized albatross, measuring about , with a wingspan. Adult body mass ranges from . It is sooty-brown with darker shading on the sides of its head. It has a white crescent above and behind its eye. Its bill is black with an orange or yellow sulcus. The tail of this albatross is wide diamond-shaped. Juveniles are similar to adults, although they can have paler feathers on the nape and upper back, possibly creating confusion with light-mantled albatross. The sooty albatross is a colonial bird, although not to the same degree as other albatrosses, as their colonies usually consist of 50 to 60 pairs. They will build their nests on cliffs and steep slopes. Although are able to mate annually, they normally only do so biennially. This albatross nests on islands in the southern Atlantic Ocean (Gough Island and the Tristan da Cunha group) and Indian Ocean (Prince Edward Island, Marion Island, the Crozet Islands, Amsterdam Island, and Kerguelen Islands). They forage in both oceans north to about 30°S. The IUCN ranks the sooty albatross as endangered with an occurrence range of and a breeding range of . A 1998 estimate placed the population at 42,000 adult birds. Populations have shrunk 75% over the last 90 years, although the rate of reduction has recently slowed. The 21st century has so far seen stable populations at Gough Island. This species is not excessively affected by longline fisheries, but instead by domestic cats eating eggs and chicks on Amsterdam Island and the Kerguelen Islands. Avian cholera, pasteurellosis, and erysipelas are major threats. Illegal poaching has nearly ceased. Studies and surveys are conducted to assist in slowing its demise. It is a protected species on the Tristan da Cunha group, Gough Island is a World Heritage Site, and Prince Edward Island, Gough Island, and Inaccessible Island in the Tristan da Cunha group are protected nature preserves. Also, in 2007, the Crozet Islands, Amsterdam Island, and the Kerguelen Islands were declared nature preserves.

He was born in Fintray in Aberdeenshire and attended Aberdeen Grammar School and then stiudied Divinity at Aberdeen University. In 1832, Cumming was appointed to the Crown Court Church in Covent Garden, London, a Church of Scotland congregation that catered for Scots living in London. At the time, the congregation had approximately 80 members, but Cumming was able to grow his congregation to around 900, and he regularly preached to congregations of 500-600 on Sundays. Cumming was a controversial figure in his day, George Eliot being the most prominent figure to criticize him for his anti-Catholicism, obsession with the End Times, and perceived intellectual dishonesty. In 1853 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. His proposer was Sir John Archibald Murray. Cumming retired in 1879. In total, he published approximately 180 books during his lifetime. He died on 5 July 1881 in Chiswick near London and was buried in Kensal Green Cemetery. He married Elizabeth Nicholson in 1833. She died in 1879. Cumming was one of the most virulently anti-Catholic preachers of his day. Several of his books attacked Catholicism, including "The Romish Church a Dumb Church" (Arthur Hall, 1853) and "Ritualism, the Highway to Rome" (James Nisbet & Co., 1867). He gave public lectures denouncing Cardinals Nicholas Wiseman and John Henry Newman. "The Times" also frequently printed letters from Cumming in which he pointed to perceived misdeeds on the part of the Roman Catholic Church. Cumming also took a deep interest in Christian eschatology, adhering to the Historicist school of Christian eschatology. He believed that historical events such as the French Revolution and the Irish Potato Famine had fulfilled prophecies contained in the biblical Books of Daniel and Revelation. He preached that the sixth vial of judgment (discussed in Revelation 16) had been poured out in 1820. Cumming therefore taught that Judgment Day would occur some time between 1848 and 1867.

LNER Class A4 No. 4469 Sir Ralph Wedgwood was an A4 class locomotive of the LNER. Built at Doncaster Works, it was originally named "Gadwall," being renamed Sir Ralph Wedgwood in March 1939 in recognition of Wedgwood's sixteen years of service as Chief Officer of the LNER between 1923 and 1939. 4469 was built at the Doncaster Works as builders number 1871 in 1938. It received the name "Gadwall", and was allocated to Gateshead shed on completion. It was paired with non-corridor tender No. 5672 built new in 1938; as one of the A4 class locomotives built for general express duties it was painted in garter blue. In March 1939, No. 4469 was officially renamed "Sir Ralph Wedgwood" shortly before the retirement of its namesake. This was one of three locomotives to be named after LNER officials in that year, the others being No. 4499 "Sir Murrough Wilson" (originally "Pochard", renamed April 1939) and 4500 "Sir Ronald Matthews" (formerly "Garganey", renamed March 1939). Following the outbreak of World War II, No. 4469 initially retained its garter blue livery before being repainted into wartime black. The valances over the driving wheels were also removed for ease of access to the locomotive's valve gear. In late April 1942, No. 4469 received repairs at Doncaster Works and was temporarily allocated to Doncaster shed for running in on local services before returning to Gateshead. It was stabled at York North Shed on the night of 28/29 April 1942, the night of the Baedeker raid on York. During the attack, York station and North Shed were bombed; during the attack No. 4469 and another nearby engine, B16 class No. 925 were damaged after a bomb fell through the shed roof and exploded between the two engines. The locomotive was severely damaged as a result of the explosion, but was recovered and towed to Doncaster shortly afterward. Due to the degree of damage, it was considered impractical to rebuild No. 4469, and the locomotive was condemned and later scrapped. Tender No. 5672, attached to No. 4469 since new in 1938, was stored at Doncaster until 1945, when it was then rebuilt, given the new tender number 703 and attached to LNER Thompson Class A2/1 No. 3696 "Highland Chieftain". The chime whistle was also removed and fitted to Y8 class 0-4-0T No. 560 as a trial. Following the scrapping of No. 4469, one of its damaged nameplates was rescued from scrap by a member of the Doncaster workshops staff for preservation at his home. It was later sold by his grandson in the early 2000s, with speculation that the National Railway Museum would seek to obtain it; the NRM subsequently were unable to purchase it and it became part of a private collection. A new set of nameplates were made two years later in 1944 and fitted to A4 No. 4466, formerly named "Herring Gull", and which carried these plates until withdrawn as British Railways No. 60006 on 3 September 1965. A plaque was placed on the spot where No. 4469 was destroyed in 1942, now within the Great Hall of the National Railway Museum, by the Gresley Society on 29 April 1992 to mark the 50th anniversary of the raid.

John Scory (died 1585) was an English Dominican friar who later became a bishop in the Church of England. He was Bishop of Rochester from 1551 to 1552, and then translated to Bishop of Chichester from 1552 to 1553. He was deprived of this position on Queen Mary's accession, but returned to the Anglican episcopate under Elizabeth's reign as Bishop of Hereford from 1559 to 1585. He participated in the Westminster Disputation of 1559. He was a Norfolk man, who became a friar in the Dominicans' house at Cambridge about 1530, and was one of those who signed the surrender on its suppression in 1538. He proceeded B.D. in 1539. In 1541 he was one of the six preachers whom Thomas Cranmer appointed at Canterbury Cathedral. He was also one of Cranmer's chaplains. Scory was accused for a sermon preached on Ascension day 1541, but nothing seems to have resulted. King Edward notes that when Joan Bocher was executed (2 May 1550) for heresy, Scory preached, and she reviled him, saying that he lied like a rogue and ought to read the Bible. He was about this time made examining chaplain to Nicholas Ridley, the bishop of London. In Lent 1551 he called attention to the want of ecclesiastical discipline, and to the covetousness of the rich, particularly in the matter of enclosures. He was appointed to the bishopric of Rochester on 26 April 1551, and was a commissioner appointed to revise the ecclesiastical laws (February 1551–2). On 23 May 1552 he was translated to Chichester. On Mary's accession Scory was deprived, but submitted himself to Edmund Bonner, renounced his wife, did penance for being married, and, having recanted and been absolved, was allowed to officiate in the London diocese. He is also supposed to have circulated Cranmer's "Declaration concerning the Mass". He soon, however, left England and went to Emden in Friesland, where he became superintendent of the English congregation. He also spent time at Wesel, then resided from 1556 at Geneva. On Elizabeth's accession Scory returned to England. He preached before the queen in Lent 1559, took part in the Westminster disputation on 31 March 1559, and on 15 July 1559 became bishop of Hereford, one of the first bishops nominated by Elizabeth. When Henry III of France died, Scory preached at the solemn service held at St. Paul's Cathedral on 8 September 1559. He also assisted at Matthew Parker's consecration, and preached the sermon on 17 December 1559. As diocesan bishop at Hereford Scory had troubles. He wrote to Parker describing the condition of his diocese, which contained many chapels either unserved or served with a reader only; some of the parish churches were in danger, owing to an interpretation of the statute for the suppression of colleges. He also was bothered by the proceedings of the council for the marches of Wales, and had difficulties with the cathedral clergy; but he obtained new statutes for the cathedral in 1582. He was accused of being a money-lender. John Aubrey says that he loved his son Sylvanus Scory "so dearly that he fleeced the Church of Hereford to leave him a good estate". He instituted a thorough review of the lands of the bishopric which was carried out 1577–80 by the young Swithun Butterfield. In dogma Scory was orthodox, and signed the articles of 1562, and the canons of 1571. He died at Whitbourne on 26 June 1585. He left money to charitable uses. Scory's wife Elizabeth survived till 8 March 1592. A son Sylvanus Scory was prebendary of Hereford 1565–9, fought in the Low Countries, was M.P. for Newtown, Hampshire in 1597, and, dying in 1617, was buried in St. Leonard's, Shoreditch. He left one son, Sylvanus, who died a prisoner in Wood Street counter in 1641, and another son, Edmund, knighted on 4 July 1618.

Sodium ethoxide (also is the organic compound with the formula CHONa) is a white to yellowish powder that dissolves in polar solvents such as ethanol. It is commonly used as a strong base. Few procedures have been reported to the anhydrous solid. Instead the material is typically prepared in a solution with ethanol. It is commercially available and as a solution in ethanol. It is easily prepared in the laboratory by treating sodium metal with absolute ethanol: An alternative, cheaper route involves the reaction of sodium hydroxide with anhydrous ethanol. This reaction suffers from incomplete conversion to the alkoxide, but for less stringent applications, full conversion is unimportant. The salt product may be purified by precipitation in a solution of anhydrous acetone An improvement to this process involves removing generated water with molecular sieves The solid gradually turns dark on storage in dry air because of oxidation. In moist air, it hydrolyzes rapidly to sodium hydroxide. The conversion is not obvious and typical samples of NaOEt are contaminated with NaOH. Sodium ethoxide is commonly used in the Claisen condensation and malonic ester synthesis. Sodium ethoxide may either deprotonate the α-position of an ester molecule, forming an enolate, or the ester molecule may undergo a nucleophilic substitution called transesterification. If the starting material is an ethyl ester, trans-esterification is irrelevant since the product is identical to the starting material. In practice, the alcohol/alkoxide solvating mixture must match the alkoxy components of the reacting esters to minimize the number of different products. Many alkoxides are prepared by salt metathesis from sodium ethoxide.

A Pirouette is a French word for the Ballet reference, "to whirl about." A pirouette is a two-track lateral movement asked of a horse in dressage, in which the animal makes a circle with its front end around a smaller circle made by the hind end. Specifically, the front legs and outside hind leg should travel around the inside hind leg, with the horse remaining slightly bent in the direction of travel. From the part of the rider it needs "much practice in collecting and balancing the horse and in using the aids correctly." The horse may perform the movement at the walk or canter, although the pirouette at the walk is more commonly called the turn on the haunches. It "can also be executed at piaffe." As in all dressage, the horse should remain relaxed, engaged, and responsive, with the poll as the highest point. Ideally, the pirouette will be almost in-place, although many horses perform a slightly larger pirouette. A pirouette may be performed either as a 360-degree turn (full pirouette), 270 degrees (¾-pirouette), or 180-degrees (half-pirouette). Some dressage tests call for two full pirouettes in a row (720 degrees). The walk stride has to consist of four beats. Pivoting around one hindleg without lifting it is not considered a correct movement: "The inside hind foot is raised and put down almost in the same place". When performed at the canter, the gait actually is meant to remain a three-beat action with a moment of suspension. However, the high level of collection, strength and discipline required means that it often degenerates into an incorrect four-beat motion. The correct half-pirouette in canter "should take three steps" or strides, the whole pirouette should take "six to eight" strides. To see a canter pirouette, see and . To see a walk pirouette, see .

She has collaborated several times with Armando Iannucci, improvising with the US cast of Veep at the character development stage of Season 1 and Season 3, in which she also appears. Iannucci later cast her as Helen Hatley, the ambitious special adviser to Nicola Murray in the fourth and final series of The Thick of It. She played Lizzie Bunton, the daughter of camp pantomime director Bunny, in the fourth episode of the first series of Extras also starring Les Dennis. This episode was first broadcast in the UK on 11 August 2005. She worked with Ricky Gervais, playing Miriam, the head of Human Resources in "David Brent: Life on the Road", released in August 2016. Her film work also includes "Casino Royale" and "Mad to Be Normal". Gethings' long time partner is the Emmy award winning animation director Tom Brass. They have one daughter.

Roustam Tariko (; born March 17, 1962) is the founder of Russian Standard Vodka. He also founded Russian Standard Bank, a credit and term life insurer in Russia. In 2009, Tariko's net worth was estimated at $1.1 billion. Born in the town of Menzelinsk in Tatarstan on March 17, 1962, Tariko moved to Moscow to study at the age of 17. He graduated in 1989 from the Economics faculty of Moscow Institute for Railway Engineering and got an MBA from INSEAD in France in 2000. The economic reforms of the 1980s created new business opportunities, which Tariko recognized and took advantage of. Unlike many other Russian businessmen who created their empires through the privatization of state enterprises in the early 1990s, Tariko built his company from scratch. While studying, Tariko had a part-time job as a street cleaner. He says he had to get up early and clear the snow even if it was −20C. Already at this point, Tariko had an eye for making money: Tariko's first business was a small cleaning company he established with two friends. In the late 1980s, Tariko began importing Kinder Surprise and Ferrero Rocher chocolates to the Soviet Union and selling them for rubles. Previously, such goods were only available in hard currency stores closed to average Russians. Tariko parlayed his success in selling Italian chocolates into an exclusive contract to import the Martini brand. Record sales of Martini enabled him to grow his company Roust Inc. into the leading importer of premium spirits in Russia. Building on his success, Tariko wanted to build a Russian consumer brand which would "embody the vibrant spirit of Russia." Tariko reportedly wondered why Russia, the birthplace of vodka and the biggest vodka market in the world did not possess a domestically produced premium vodka brand. In 1998, Tariko, through his Russian Standard Company, brought to market Russian Standard Vodka Original, the first genuinely Russian premium vodka. It became an almost instant success, and quickly established itself as the number one brand of its kind in the country. In 1999, Tariko expanded his empire into the banking business by founding Russian Standard Bank. Today, the bank is the market leader in consumer finance and the country's largest consumer lending bank. In total, the companies belonging to Tariko's holding company Russian Standard Corporation now employ over 25,000 people. Roustam Tariko is unmarried and has three children. The mother of Tariko’s twin daughters, Eva and Anna, is Tatiana Osipova who is not married to Tariko. Another woman, Aliona Gavrilova, is the mother of Tariko’s third child, a boy, named Roustam Junior.

Ethambutol (EMB, E) is a medication primarily used to treat tuberculosis. It is usually given in combination with other tuberculosis medications, such as isoniazid, rifampicin and pyrazinamide. It may also be used to treat "Mycobacterium avium complex", and "Mycobacterium kansasii". It is taken by mouth. Common side effects include problems with vision, joint pain, nausea, headaches, and feeling tired. Other side effects include liver problems and allergic reactions. It is not recommended in people with optic neuritis, significant kidney problems, or under the age of five. Use during pregnancy or breastfeeding has not been found to cause harm. In the United States the FDA has raised concerns about eye issues in the baby if used during pregnancy. Ethambutol is believed to work by interfering with the bacteria's metabolism. Ethambutol was discovered in 1961. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the most effective and safe medicines needed in a health system. Ethambutol is available as a generic medication. The wholesale cost in the developing world is about 2.58 to 4.73 USD per month. In the United States it costs 100 to 200 USD per month. Ethambutol is bacteriostatic against actively growing TB bacilli. It works by obstructing the formation of cell wall. Mycolic acids attach to the 5'-hydroxyl groups of -arabinose residues of arabinogalactan and form mycolyl-arabinogalactan-peptidoglycan complex in the cell wall. It disrupts arabinogalactan synthesis by inhibiting the enzyme arabinosyl transferase. Disruption of the arabinogalactan synthesis inhibits the formation of this complex and leads to increased permeability of the cell wall. It is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and well distributed in body tissues and fluids. 50% is excreted unchanged in urine.

Virginia Air Line Railroad (VAL) was a short-line railroad that operated from 1908 to 1975 in Central Virginia. It was built by the Virginia Air Line Railway Company to connect the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad's (C&O) Piedmont Subdivision at Lindsay, Virginia, to the Rivanna Subdivision of C&O's James River Line at Strathmore Yard, near Bremo Bluff, Virginia. The route was once an important link for providing coal to power the Washington, D.C. area. However, facing increased competition from other modes of transportation such as trucks and automobiles, service on the rail line was cut back and eventually abandoned after 67 years of declining use. The idea for the railroad originated from C&O president George Stevens. The Commonwealth of Virginia issued a charter to the Virginia Air Line Railway Company on April 10, 1906. Construction began in October 1906, under chief engineer Walter Washabaugh of Charlottesville, Virginia. Designed as an air-line railroad, the slope of grades were limited to 1 percent and the curvature of tracks were limited to six degrees. By 1907, of the approximately of planned track had been laid from the initial junction of Lindsay to the Fluvanna County seat of Palmyra. Six bridges were built on the railway: four under contract with the American Bridge Company, and one each by the Phoenix Bridge Company and the Virginia Bridge & Iron Company. A quarry was opened in Carysbrook to mine granite for bridge construction. The project was budgeted at $900,000 at a cost of about $30,000 per mile. Around May 1908, a full-service agency for the rail line was built in the town of Clarkland, newly renamed Troy after Virginia Air Line Railway company president "Captain" T. O. Completed in October 1908, this branch route was built to handle cargo that would have otherwise been too tall or wide to fit through the tunnels that crossed the Blue Ridge Mountains between Charlottesville and Waynesboro. Coal destined for Washington, D.C. and Northern Virginia was sent down the James River Line to the southern junction of the route at Strathmore Yard, near Bremo Bluff. The shipments then proceeded up the Virginia Air Line to the northern junction at Lindsay, and continued on to Gordonsville. The railway also became an important line of communication that connected the small communities along the route with larger cities, such as Washington, D.C. C&O began to operate the company directly in July 1909, and acquired it outright in July 1912. Stevens stepped down as the president of C&O in 1920. During the 1950s, young Ethel Mae Robinson, whose family members worked for C&O, became a regular sight along the route. Robinson, who lived near the tracks, waved so consistently at passing trains that the crew became accustomed to seeing her and brought her gifts until her teenage years. She later married William DeLong, who also worked for C&O. On July 31, 1942, four rail employees were killed when two trains were involved in a head-on collision on the Virginia Air Line Railway. Trains traveling in opposite directions were given a "meet order" to use a passing loop at Troy. However, a "meet" had not been coordinated on the line in 20 years. The northbound locomotive was having problems maintaining pressure for the uphill journey and collided with a coal train south of Palmyra, two stops before reaching Troy. No passengers were on either train. Northbound railroad engineer Bill Ganzert was killed instantly and was found in the wreckage of the locomotive on the engineer's seat with his hand still on the steam pressure gauge. Brakeman Jack “J.J.” Ferrer survived burn injuries from the crash and joined a 1992 reunion of the surviving crew, organized at Bethel Baptist Church near Palmyra by retired trainmaster Frank Schumaker with the Fluvanna County Historical Society. In February 1927, dedicated passenger rail service was reduced to one train per day in each direction, and replaced by mixed trains in June 1932. The growing adoption of automobiles and airplanes had been taking business away from railroads since the 1930s. In 1931, the Virginia Electric & Power Company (now Dominion Resources) constructed a 30-megawatt coal-fired power station right along the path of the James River Line at Bremo Bluff, which did not require the connection through the Virginia Air Line Railway for coal shipments. The railway's practice of mixing passengers and cargo amid declining traffic resulted in a $500 personal injury suit. 65-year-old farmer S. O. Butler claimed that he was injured on June 10, 1939, while disembarking from a moving train which had slowed down at Palmyra, rather than coming to a complete stop, because of its heavy load. The Supreme Court of Virginia ruled in favor of parent company C&O on June 8, 1942, as the conductor had discussed the circumstances ahead of time with the passengers and did not compel Butler to leave the train. By June 1954, all remaining mixed train service had come to an end. On October 26, 1971, the Fluvanna Board of Supervisors sued C&O to keep the railway in operation. However, the Interstate Commerce Commission permitted C&O to proceed with plans to close the line. On August 1, 1973, the final train made its round trip on the route. After a one-year delay by the Environmental Protection Agency, the Virginia Air Line was officially abandoned on November 3, 1975. The remaining tracks were removed by August 25, 1978. On September 2, 1987, C&O itself was merged into CSX Transportation. In 2003, the Fluvanna Heritage Trail Foundation acquired the right-of-way of the old Virginia Air Line for adaptive re-use as a rail trail. The pathway was cleared and publicly opened in 2004. In 2005, the foundation undertook restoration work to open a museum at the trailhead, as well as designing a replacement bridge at the Rivanna River in Palmyra, to provide access to views of the area.

The Adventures of Kathlyn (1913) is an American motion picture serial released on December 29, 1913 by the Selig Polyscope Company. An adventure serial filmed in Chicago, Illinois, its thirteen episodes were directed by Francis J. Grandon from a story by Harold MacGrath and Gilson Willets and starred Kathlyn Williams as the heroine. Harold MacGrath's novel of the same title was released a few days later in January 1914, so as to be in book stores at the same time as the serial was playing in theaters. "The Adventures of Kathlyn" was the second serial ever made by an American film studio, and is considered to be the first of the cliffhanger serials that became enormously popular during the next decade. The success of the serial spawned a 1916 feature-length film of the same title with basically the same crew and cast. The serial came about due to a newspaper circulation war in Chicago that forced the "Chicago Tribune" to use more sensationalism. William Selig, noting the popularity of serial fiction in newspapers and magazines, took the idea of a "film" serial to the newspaper. Despite the Tribune being in favor of abolishing nickelodeons only 5 years previously, Tribune editor James Keeley agreed and the serial was released as a promotional project. The chapters of the film were released biweekly and the story was also printed as a newspaper serial in the Tribune and other newspapers including the "Los Angeles Times". Although the first American film serial was "What Happened to Mary", "The Adventures of Kathlyn" is a more important piece of film history, being the first serial to use cliffhangers as the ending of its chapters—and thus the first recognizable film serial. Frank Leon Smith, in a letter to "Films in Review" (February 1958), wrote that the cliffhanger ending of chapter one "was a 'situation' ending, but other episodes wound up with sensational action or stunts, broken for holdover suspense...gave the serial both the key to its success and the assurance of its doom." "The Adventures of Kathlyn" used animals from the Selig Zoo, and had more action than "What Happened to Mary." The "Tribune" announced a 10% increase in circulation as a result of the film serial's success. The film is now considered to be a lost film. According to silentera.com, however, the film archive has the first episode and the EYE Film Institute Netherlands possesses print fragments.

The extreme points of Bulgaria include the coordinates that are further north, south, east or west than any other location in Bulgaria; and the highest and the lowest elevations in the country. Also included in this list is the southernmost Bulgaria station in Antarctica. With the exception of Cape Shabla, the easternmost location of Bulgaria, all other extreme points are uninhabited. The latitude and longitude are expressed in , in which a positive latitude value refers to the northern hemisphere, and a negative value refers to the southern hemisphere. Similarly, a positive longitude value refers to the eastern hemisphere, and a negative value refers to the western hemisphere. The coordinates used in this article are sourced from Google Earth, which makes use of the World Geodetic System (WGS) 84, a geodetic reference system. Bulgaria's northernmost point is where the Timok River flows into the Danube. The northern tip of Bulgaria is located in the Vidin Province, and neighbours the Mehedinţi County of Romania. The closest Bulgarian village to that area is Vrav. Bulgaria's most southern point is in the Kardzhali Province's Mount Veykata. At , Veykata is the highest Bulgarian peak of the Gyumyurdzhinski Snezhnik ridge in the Eastern Rhodope Mountains, and borders the East Macedonia and Thrace periphery of Greece. Bulgaria's westernmost point is in Mount Shulep Kamak of the Chudintsi Mountain, standing at . This is the point where the Kyustendil Province borders both the Pčinja District of Central Serbia and the Kriva Palanka municipality of Northeastern Macedonia. Cape Shabla is Bulgaria's easternmost point; it lies in the Dobrich Province, on the country's Black Sea outlet. Also included in this table is St. Kliment Ohridski Base, Bulgaria's station in Antarctica. The highest point in Bulgaria is Mount Musala, which, standing at , is located in the Rila National Park. Musala is part of the Rila mountain range in the Sofia Province. In addition to being Bulgaria's highest point, Musala is also taller than any other peak in the Balkans. Other peaks of comparable height in the vicinity of Musala include Little Musala, standing at , and Irechek, which is . Bulgaria's lowest point is located on the coast, with its outlet on the Black Sea. The region stays steady at sea level, and stretches , from the Romanian Black Sea Riviera to Turkey's Marmara Region.

Her career in politics began as a member of the city council of from 1970–76. She served on the city council of Huy in 1977 and was an alderman for Huy from 1980–82. In 1983, she was appointed mayor of Huy, holding this position for 26 years. In March 2009 she was forced to resign because of a series of scandals. She was succeeded by Micheline Toussaint. In 1979, Lizin was elected as an elected Member of the European Parliament. In 1988, she was elected into the Belgian government, and served in office for eight years. During her first term, she was appointed as Secretary of State for European Affairs, yet she decided to leave this role in 1992 to initiate the Commission of Inquiry on human trafficking. In 2003, she became President of the Commission for External Relations and Defence of the Belgian Senate; In 2004, she was appointed President of the Senate of Belgium, before finally becoming Senator in July 2007. She was the first female President of the Belgian Senate (2004–07). On 27 January 2009 she was banned from the Socialist party after a corruption case. In March 2015 she was convicted in appeals court in Liege for electoral malpractice. She had appealed the conviction to the Supreme Court. Lizin was a member of the Board of Directors of the International Centre for Missing & Exploited Children (ICMEC), a global nonprofit organization that combats child sexual exploitation, child pornography, and child abduction. In 2008, she created the organisation HOCRINT, an international co-ordination network that fight against honor crimes and forced marriages. She played an active role for the End Human Trafficking Now (EHTN) organisation, in which she sat on the board till her death. During her time in politics, Lizin released many publications, her most famous include, "Women of Europe and the Third World, what solidarity?" (1983) "Social Democracy Tomorrow" (1990) and "Kosovo Independence Inevitable" (1997). Lizin was widely acclaimed for her devotion to tackling human rights issues. Of particular importance to her were the rights of women across the globe and the need to eradicate human trafficking. Lizin was hospitalized in Paris on 7 October 2015. A few days after being released from hospital in Paris, she died in Hotel Fort at Huy in Belgium on 17 October 2015 at the age of 66.

The Honor Society of Phi Kappa Phi (or simply Phi Kappa Phi or ) is an honor society established in 1897 to recognize and encourage superior scholarship without restriction as to area of study and to promote the "unity and democracy of education". It is the third academic society in the United States to be organized around recognizing academic excellence, and is the oldest all-discipline honor society. The society's motto is ("Philosophía Krateítõ Phõtôn"), which is translated as "Let the love of learning rule humanity", and its mission is "to recognize and promote academic excellence in all fields of higher education and to engage the community of scholars in service to others." Membership is by invitation only, by an established campus chapter, and is restricted to students with integrity and high ethical standards and who are ranked scholastically in the top of their class, regardless of field of study: the top 7.5 percent of second-semester university juniors and the top 10 percent of seniors and graduate students. Faculty, professional staff and alumni who have achieved scholarly distinction also might be eligible. Phi Kappa Phi claims to have over 100,000 active members, to initiate approximately 30,000 new members annually, and to have a total of more than 1 million members since its creation, from over 300 college-based chapters in the United States, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines. In the late 1800s, there were only two academic societies founded and organized as honor societies, and they were discipline specific – Tau Beta Pi and Sigma Xi, which were founded in 1885 and 1886, respectively. There was also Phi Beta Kappa, a social and literary society that did not originate as an honor society when it was founded in 1776 but would soon become one for the liberal arts and sciences. Although Phi Beta Kappa was not exclusive to one discipline, it did not extend its membership beyond the liberal arts and sciences, hence the establishment of Tau Beta Pi, an honor society for engineering. Phi Beta Kappa became sufficient as an all-campus honor society for liberal arts colleges, but there was no honor society that could serve as such for the universities encompassing both liberal education and also technological and professional education, a mission to which the newly burgeoning land-grant universities of the time were dedicated. That was to change in 1897 when the first organizational meeting of "Lambda Sigma Eta" (later named Phi Kappa Phi), the nation's first all-discipline honor society, was held in Coburn Hall at the University of Maine under the leadership of undergraduate student Marcus L. Urann. In opposition to what he saw as the separateness and exclusivity promoted by the social fraternities and discipline bound honor societies, Urann wanted to create a society that was defined by inclusiveness and that unified a campus, constituted by "high rank men drawn from all classes and all groups and all societies". Those selected for invitation into the society would be the top ten students of the senior class whose rank did not fall below the 90th percentile for the four years of work at the university. In all, the Society was founded by 10 senior students, two faculty members, and the university president, Abram Winegaard Harris. Urann graduated in 1897, and leadership of Phi Kappa Phi was assumed by President Harris. A year or so later, the name was changed to the Morrill Society, in honor of the sponsor of the Congressional Act which provided for land-grant universities. In 1899, the first woman was initiated into the Society, Pearl Clayton Swain. In 1900, the society became national in scope by action of the presidents of the University of Maine (the founding chapter), University of Tennessee, and Pennsylvania State University. There was considerable debate among the three existing chapters regarding the purpose and naming of the society. Pennsylvania State University's President George W. Atherton cautioned that using Greek letters to label the society would be "too much like aping other organizations", and President Charles W. Dabney of the University of Tennessee did not want to accept institutions that already had a chapter of Phi Beta Kappa. Nonetheless, on June 12, 1900, the Society changed its name to Phi Kappa Phi, drawing from the initial letters of the Greek words forming its motto (see article ). The year 1900 also saw the first national convention of Phi Kappa Phi, which was held in New Haven, Connecticut and attended by delegates representing the three original chapters. In 1915, Phi Kappa Phi continued to struggle to earn a reputation. The then Secretary of the organization, L.H. Pammel, pointed out that institutions that were seeking to establish a chapter of Phi Beta Kappa were often hesitant about establishing a chapter of Phi Kappa Phi. To this, the society continued to make its case: Phi Beta Kappa, it was repeated time after time, represented the literary side of education such as history, literature, and economics. "The Phi Kappa Phi on the other hand stands not only for the democracy of education, making no distinction between different lines of investigation, such as literature, history, science, home economics, agriculture, veterinary medicine, law, but for sound scholarship based on four years of collegiate work." It would later be asserted that the Society's aim is not to replace older societies, but to "help raise the broader educational program initiated by our government when it established the land-grant system, to appreciation of scholarly worth whether the subject matter be strictly academic or of a more vocational type." 1915 was the same year the first issue of "The Phi Kappa Phi Journal" was published and also the year the society established an association with the American Association for the Advancement of Science that would last until 1962. In 1919, Phi Kappa Phi still struggled with securing growth and in the spirit of "the unity and democracy of education" the leadership took the stance that "although certain honor societies like Phi Beta Kappa and Sigma Xi are unwilling to venture out into these technical schools", Phi Kappa Phi should push to become part of those institutions. In 1922, the question of admitting African-Americans into the society was raised openly, and the leadership decided that although the constitution did not debar African-Americans, the society would not "urge the election of colored people" because the "southern institutions would resent it." Nonetheless, in 1925 the Society as a whole formally took the position that it would not discriminate on color or race. Yet it would take until 1976 for Phi Kappa Phi to successfully establish a chapter at a Historically Black College or University, when one was established at Jackson State University. Also in 1925, Phi Kappa Phi would be instrumental in creating the Association of College Honor Societies (ACHS), being one of its six charter members. In 1933, while the Philippines was still an American colony, the first chapter outside of the continental United States was founded at the University of the Philippines. About this time, President of the Society Frank D. Kern stated that "integrity, moral courage, spirited discernment, and concern for human welfare" were equally important for membership in the society. During the two world wars and into the 1960s, Society membership numbers and finances struggled. In 1963, Chapter 105 was chartered at the oldest and largest university system in the American territory of Puerto Rico, Universidad de Puerto Rico. By 1969, new member numbers were triple what they were in 1960. That year, the Phi Kappa Phi Foundation was incorporated to promote academic excellence and achievement by means of scholarships and fellowships. To support first-year graduate work, the Society now offers annually through the Foundation 60 Fellowships and 30 Awards of Excellence, on a competitive basis, to graduating students who have been initiated into the Society and who have also been nominated by their chapters for the competition. In a 1969 Special Convention, the motto devised in 1900, "The Love of Learning Rules all Mankind", was changed to "Let the Love of Learning Rule Mankind" due to membership insistence that the former was, in the words of one member, "the most barefaced lie that had ever been cast in bronze." By 1971, 74 years after its founding, Phi Kappa Phi numbered 120 chapters. In the next 12 years, that number would double to 239. Phi Kappa Phi's mission is "to recognize and promote academic excellence in all fields of higher education and to engage the community of scholars in service to others." In honoring "those persons of good character who have excelled in scholarship, in whatever field, it will stimulate others to strive for excellence." To this end, the Society insists that "in order to acquire a chapter...an institution provide the means and atmosphere conducive to academic excellence." Furthermore, the Society awards more than $700,000.00 in national and local scholarships annually, as well as grants and graduate fellowships. According to Baird's Manual of College Fraternities, the aim of these awards "is not to give the recipient something which may encourage complacency, but to challenge the member to continued excellence." According to the website of the National Association of Fellowships Advisors, "The multidisciplinary nature of Phi Kappa Phi is reflected in its Fellowship and Award of Excellence recipients. Awardees represent a variety of fields including biology, chemistry, engineering, political science, mathematics and psychology. Likewise, the professions they select are equally diverse: law, medicine, business, education, science, or the arts". This multidisciplinary nature is represented by the rays of light on the Phi Kappa Phi badge (see "Society Symbols" below). In addition, Phi Kappa Phi aims to foster community service and leadership through its grants for local and national literacy initiatives, promotion of excellence grants, and training and leadership opportunities available to its membership. Some chapters of Phi Kappa Phi also sponsor conferences and campus speakers. Phi Kappa Phi publishes for its active membership a quarterly journal, "The Phi Kappa Phi Forum" and the triannual "Honor Chord e-zine", both of which have won awards. The Society also publishes the "Monthly Mentions" newsletter. Each issue of "The Phi Kappa Phi Forum" is devoted to a significant theme and addresses prominent issues of the day from an interdisciplinary perspective. The journal features articles by scholars inside and outside the academic community. In addition to timely articles, each issue of "The Phi Kappa Phi Forum" contains selected poetry and reviews of current books and periodical literature. The "Honor Chord" e-zine and "Phi Kappa Phi Newsletter" feature professional advice columns and news items of interest to members on both the national and local levels. Notable people who have contributed to "The Phi Kappa Phi Forum" include Ronald Reagan, Bob Dole, Edward Kennedy, Jesse Jackson, Sr., Newt Gingrich, Myrlie Evers-Williams, Michael Dukakis, Thomas "Tip" O’Neill, Annette Kolodny, Warren E. Burger, Ellis Marsalis, Jr., and Molefi Kete Asante. Phi Kappa Phi is governed ultimately by the Biennial Convention, supplemented by any interim – though rare – special conventions deemed necessary. Each chapter may send one official delegates to a convention, which is held at a major city in the United States. Between conventions, the business of the Society is conducted by the Board of Directors, composed of 12 people, of whom 11 are elective (president, president-elect, a vice president of development, five directors, two student representatives, and the immediate past president) and one is appointive (executive director of the Society). The executive director is in charge of the Society's national office. Each of the 300 active chapters of Phi Kappa Phi elect their own set of chapter officers and is governed by the chapter constitution and by-laws. Chapters are numbered chronologically based on their date of founding, with the oldest chapter at the University of Maine identified as Chapter 001. Phi Kappa Phi is a 501(c)(3) organization under the United States Internal Revenue Code. Its national headquarters is located in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. The badge, which appears on the key and in the center of the Society's seal, is the terrestrial globe with the sun's eight-rayed corona extending behind it. The sun represents the dissemination of truth and knowledge as light. The eight-rayed sun represents the various branches into which general education at the time was divided, and the arrangement of the rays "stood for the unity and democracy of the various branches of learning" Encompassing the globe is a band with the Greek letters Phi(Φ) Kappa(K) Phi(Φ), representing the honor society's motto, ("Philosophía Krateítõ Phõtôn"). This band represents the bond of fellowship that binds all lovers of learning in a common purpose. The Seal of the Society has at its center the badge. This in turn is surrounded by a crenelated line which represents the battlements and walls of Troy as well as a technological aspect of the ancient Greek culture. In the space between this line and the periphery of the seal appear three stars just above the badge, one for each of the three original chapters. Just below the badge is the phrase "Founded 1897."

Charles Bettelheim (20 November 1913, Paris – 20 July 2006, Paris) was a French Marxian economist and historian, founder of the Center for the Study of Modes of Industrialization (CEMI : "Centre pour l'Étude des Modes d'Industrialisation") at the EHESS, economic advisor to the governments of several developing countries during the period of decolonization. He was very influential in France's New Left, and considered one of "the most visible Marxists in the capitalist world" ("Le Monde", 4 April 1972), in France as well as in Spain, Italy, Latin America, and India. Henri Bettelheim, the father of Charles Bettelheim, was a Viennese Austrian of Jewish origin, and a representative of a Swiss bank in Paris. The family had to leave France after the beginning of the First World War in 1914. The Bettelheims lived in Switzerland then in Egypt. In 1922, Charles Bettelheim returned to Paris with his French mother, during which time his father, who was living in Egypt, committed suicide. After Adolf Hitler's rise to power in 1933, Charles Bettelheim broke away from his familiar environment, first joining the "Young Communists" ("Jeunesses communistes"), and subsequently the French Communist Party. In addition to his studies in philosophy, sociology, law and psychology, he also learned Russian. In July 1936, he arrived in Moscow with a tourist visa. Thanks to his mastery of the language, he was able to get a resident permit for five months, during which time he worked as a tourist guide, and later on with the French edition of the Moscow Journal, and finally at Mosfilm, where he directed film dubbing. His experiences during his Moscow stay, in the anxious atmosphere at the beginning of the "purges" and the trials of the Bolshevik leaders who opposed Joseph Stalin, made him keep a critical distance from the Soviet Union, without actually abandoning his Communist convictions. He was excluded from the Communist Party for his "slanderous" remarks. In 1937, he married a young militant Communist, Lucette Beauvallet. During the German occupation, he cooperated with the French Trotskyites (the International Workers Party). His decision to choose economics as a profession was not an easy one, since at that time economics was considered a minor science; however, inasmuch as he had become so knowledgeable about the Soviet Union and about economic planning, Bettelheim was able to fill a gap. After World War II, he became an official in the Ministry of Labor. In 1948 he entered the "Sixth Section" of the École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE). In the Fifties, Bettelheim began his international activities as an advisor to the governments of Third World countries; he was the spokesperson for Gamal Abdel Nasser in Egypt, for Jawaharlal Nehru in India, and for Ahmed Ben Bella in Algeria. In 1958, he created an institutional base for his research by founding the CEMI. In 1963, Che Guevara invited him to Cuba, where he participated in a "grand debate" on socialist economics. In 1966, Bettelheim was particularly interested in China. He helped the Union of Young Communists (Marxist–Leninist) with theoretical planning, without being directly affiliated with the organization. In his capacity as President of the Franco-Chinese Friendship Association (Association des amitiés Franco-Chinoises), he visited the People's Republic of China several times, in order to study new methods of industrial development created by the "Cultural Revolution." After the death of Mao Zedong in 1976, Bettelheim was very critical of the new leaders (Hua Guofeng and Deng Xiaoping) who began to abandon Maoist principles, and replacing them with a politics of modernization which Bettelheim considered reactionary and authoritarian. From 1980 onward, Bettelheim fell more and more by the wayside—a result of the profound political changes in the Third World—and, in Europe, of the decline (and eventual failure) of "hard-line socialism", which rendered "obsolete" any debate over the paradigms of development in the Southern countries, in an atmosphere of planned economy independent of the world market—an economy to which Bettelheim had contributed so much. Bettelheim has written a book of memoirs which, as yet, has remained unfinished. Until his death, Bettelheim lived in Paris. He did not publish anything in his later years. His student and long-time colleague Bernard Chavance is among the leading exponents of "Regulation" theory. Despite his negative experiences in Moscow, Bettelheim retained a favorable attitude towards Soviet socialism until the Sixties, citing the economic accomplishments of the Soviet Union, which he appreciated from an independent point of view. In 1956, he endorsed the "de-Stalinization" inaugurated by Nikita Khrushchev at the Twentieth Congress of the Soviet Communist Party, as well as the reforms conceived by Soviet economist Evsei Liberman, suggesting a decentralization of decisions made within the planning leadership. In the Cuban debate of 1963, Bettelheim was opposed to the voluntarist ideas of Che Guevara, who wanted to abolish free market and the production of merchandise through a very rapid and centralized industrialization, morally mobilizing "the new man." Bettelheim took a position against this plan - to which Fidel Castro had also subscribed : both Che Guevara and Castro preferred the monoculture of sugar as the basis of Cuban economy, rather than a strict analogy to the economy of the Soviet Union. In Cuba, Bettelheim recommended a diversified economy, based on agriculture, prudent industrialization, broad central planning, mixed forms of property ownership with market elements—a pragmatic strategy similar to the "New Economic Policy" begun in Russia by Vladimir Lenin in 1922. Opposing Guevara, Bettelheim argued (in line with the last writings of Stalin) that the "law of value" was the manifestation of objective social conditions which could not be overcome by willful decisions, but only by a process of long-term social transformation. This debate demonstrated the profound differences which, from then on, separated Bettelheim from Marxist "orthodoxy", which considered Socialism as the result of "the development of maximum centralization of all forces of industrial production". For Bettelheim, socialism is rather an alternative voice in development; a process of transformation of social understandings. Inspired by the Chinese Cultural Revolution and the thought of Mao Zedong, and in cooperation with the Marxist philosopher Louis Althusser, Bettelheim was opposed to "economism" and to the "primacy of the means of production" of traditional Marxism: against the idea that socialist transformation of social bonds was a necessary effect of the development of the forces of production (liberating those bonds from them, according to Marxist orthodoxy, since private property dominates them in "bourgeois" society), he affirmed the necessity for actively and politically transforming social connections. In his book "Economic Calculations and Forms of Ownership" ("Calcul économique et formes de proprieté"), Bettelheim re-thinks the problems of transition to socialism, while criticizing the supposition that nationalization and state ownership of the means of production was already "socialist"—it is not the "legal" form of property, but "true socialization" of the web of production, which characterizes such a transition ; the crucial problem in socialist planning is the replacement of the form of "value" with the development of a method of measurement which takes into account the social utility of production. In China, Bettelheim had the impression that he was in the process of witnessing just such a process of transformation. More specifically, he noted that the Cultural Revolution—a revolution of the political, ideological and cultural superstructure—changed the industrial organization accompanying it by a general participation by the workers in all decisions, and overcoming the division of "manual" and "intellectual" labor. During these years, China was the benchmark for the Neo-Marxist "radical school of economics", represented by Bettelheim, Paul Sweezy, Andre Gunder Frank, Samir Amin and others who, by fighting against theories of "modernization," affirmed that at the periphery of the worldwide capitalist system, in "under-developed" countries, "development" is only possible under conditions where these countries pry themselves free from their unequal and asymmetrical connections with the world market, dominated by imperialist countries, in order to choose a different and autonomous path: a development of production neither for profit, nor for an accumulation of abstract wealth, but for the needs of the people. Under the banner of such a "Maoist" approach, Bettelheim began his voluminous work on the history of the Soviet Union : "Les luttes de classes en URSS (1974–1982)" ("Class Struggle in the USSR (1974–1982)"), where he examines the reasons for the distortions of soviet socialism, which, according to Bettelheim, is nothing more than a "State Capitalism." Bettelheim showed that after the October Revolution, the Bolsheviks had not succeeded in any long-term stabilization of the alliance between workers and poor peasants which had earlier been conceived by Lenin. During the 1920s, this alliance was replaced by an alliance of elite workers and technological intellectuals against the peasants, culminating in the forced collectivization of agriculture in 1928. "Economistic" ideology (the "primacy of the forces of production"), born in social-democracy and fed by the interests of the "worker aristocracy" and progressivist intellectuals, was resurrected by the enablement of the Bolshevik Party, acting as a legitimization of new technocratic elites which established the same hierarchies, divisions of labor and social differentiations, as had capitalism. However, the "legal" mirage, according to which the property of the State is defined as "socialist," hides the actual exploitation. Finally, Bettelheim called into doubt the socialist character of the October Revolution, interpreting it as a seizing of power by a radical branch of the Russian intelligentsia, which "confiscated" a popular revolution. Bettelheim was a leading proponent of the thesis that "development" in the countries of the "Third World" necessitates a political break with imperialism and a distantanglement from the bonds of dependency on the unequal international division of labor of the world market. This position also includes a sharp criticism of the international role of the Soviet Union whose politics of development Bettelheim saw as just another variant of capitalist accumulation models. This theory saw a chance for a disentanglement of the political groundwork in order to practice an alternative development model, one that was not oriented towards accumulation and profit, but rather towards an economy for the everyday needs of the people, with a balanced proportion allowed between agriculture and industry. When, in 1978, the People's Republic of China, under the leadership of Deng Xiaoping, put paid to the "Maoist" strategy of autarkic (tr. note: independent and self-sustaining) development, guided by political priorities, in order to reaffirm the primacy of the economy and to introduce itself into the world market, the theoreticians' paradigm of autonomous development lost the force of its convictions. At the same time, Marxism lost its influence, especially in France, where a wave of anti-Communism succeeded in discrediting not only the "archaeo-Communist" orthodoxy, but also Marxist critics such as Bettelheim. Bettelheim, who had never abandoned Marxist thinking, was condemned to disappear. In 1982, he published the two volumes of the third part of "Class Struggle in the USSR", dedicated to the "dominated" and "dominators" of Stalinism, but the Marxist environment, in which Bettelheim had been rooted before, had dissolved. Although his name and work might have been forgotten, Charles Bettelheim has left some tracks. His heterodox Marxist thinking has helped bring into doubt the "Progressivism" and "Productivism" of classic leftism, giving rise to "alternative" thinking, which not only gave birth to the idea of "social emancipation from industrial growth" as an end in itself, but aspired to put productive development into the context of social consciousness (basically, it was no more than the idea originated by Karl Marx: to end the submission of social action to the process of production, in favor of conscious submission to production for social needs). Thus, Bettelheim was an intermediary between "red" thinking and "green", between socialism and ecology. In the realm of economic theory, his analysis, distinguishing different forms of capitalism, influenced the school of "Regulation."

King James Version Codex Sinaiticus version The opening verse of the Gospel of Mark states right from the start Mark's belief. However, because there is no article in the Koine Greek, some have suggested ( ) be translated "...a Son of God". Robert Miller translates it as "The good news of Jesus the Anointed" on the basis that χριστου means "anointed" and the phrase υιου του θεου is not present in a few early witnesses. The "beginning" could refer to the beginning of the book, or the next verse, or the beginning of the story of Jesus, as Mark is only beginning to tell you about Jesus' life, not writing his entire biography. By saying he is the anointed, Mark is declaring Jesus the Messiah, the successor to King David. Mark always uses "Christ" which is derived from the Greek translation, he never uses "Messias" (Strong's G3323) which is derived from the Greek transliteration of the Aramaic word for "Messiah". Son of God can be seen as synonymous with a political messiah, in this case the King of the Jews, but can also be seen as expressing divinity, as in the phrase "God the Son". Only the demonic opponents of Jesus call him this in Mark until the centurion in . The good news could refer to the news about Jesus or from Jesus or Jesus as the good news or a combination of them all. Henry Barclay Swete's "Introduction to the Old Testament in Greek", pages 456-457 states: Mark introduces verses 2 and 3 with "It is written in Isaiah the prophet:", however his quote does not exactly match any extant Book of Isaiah, not even those found in the Dead Sea Scrolls. Some manuscripts of Mark instead have "... in the prophets". Some think this might indicate he did not use a complete Jewish Bible but instead used a general collection of quotations from them. The quote appears to be a composite from the books of Exodus, Malachi and Isaiah: , and , linking the gospel of Jesus with a fulfillment of the "Old Testament". Mark assumes these refer to John the Baptist. The passage from Malachi describes one who will prepare the way of God "for God". Mark has changed the statement of Malachi, which refers to Elijah returning to prepare God's way, to one in which John is seen as Elijah, because the spirit of Elijah rested on him and "my" way has been changed to "your" way, i.e. Jesus' way. Mark thus might be equating Jesus with God. In more detail, it appears Mark has taken part of Exodus 23:20 of the Septuagint: (Brenton Ex 23:20: "behold, I send my angel before thy face") and combined it with part of Malachi 3:1 of the Septuagint: (Brenton Mal 3:1: "survey the way") to create in the Westcott-Hort Greek NT: . The significant differences are ("survey" -Brenton) is replaced with ("prepare" -NRSV) and a final ("your" -NRSV) has been added: "See, I am sending my messenger ahead of you, who will prepare your way" ( in the NRSV). The following quote of Isaiah 40:3 is specifically from the Septuagint, compare Brenton Isa 40:3: "The voice of one crying in the wilderness, Prepare ye the way of the Lord, make straight the paths of our God." to the Masoretic Text : "Hark! one calleth: 'Clear ye in the wilderness the way of the LORD, make plain in the desert a highway for our God." or the NRSV : "A voice cries out: ‘In the wilderness prepare the way of the Lord, make straight in the desert a highway for our God." or the new JPS Tanakh (1985) 40:3: "A voice rings out: Clear in the desert A road for the Lord! Level in the wilderness A highway for our God!" All four gospels use the quote from Septuagint Isaiah: it is in Luke in , Matthew in , and John in . This section of Isaiah is about the return journey home from the Babylonian captivity and was a passage Jews often used as a way of expressing the help of God. Isaiah probably uses this passage symbolically to describe moral cleansing and renewal. Thus John is linked to Isaiah as well and once again Mark equates the lord of this passage, Yahweh, with Jesus. Some see John's statement patterned on the Book of Exodus, in . Other books used this pattern to describe other prophets, such as Hosea in and . Mark then describes John's activities, preaching repentance and forgiveness of sins and baptising in the Jordan river. He says he wore camel hair, a leather belt, and survived on locusts and wild honey. His clothes resemble Elijah's described in . There is also the prophecy of true prophet's clothing in the Book of Zechariah . His diet may have been his attempt at purity There has been much speculation that John was an Essene, perhaps also Jesus, but there is no hard evidence either way. According to Luke, Jesus and John were relatives () and John is described as being a Nazarite from birth (). All portraits of him paint him as certainly an ascetic, but also as a popular and respected preacher. This portrait of John is somewhat the same but somewhat different from the one Josephus gives us. Josephus states that John baptized, but not for the forgiveness of sins and that he was a great leader of the people, making no mention of Jesus regarding John. This difference might show how Mark views John, as a representative of Elijah and merely the herald of who Mark deems the more important, Jesus. According to the Q hypothesis John baptising was also found at the beginning of that book as well. John is revered in Mandaeism. Many people come to be baptised by John. He tells them "After me will come one more powerful than I, the thongs of whose sandals I am not worthy to stoop down and untie. I baptize you with water, but he will baptize you with the Holy Spirit". Untying someone's sandals was a task commonly done by someone's slave. What baptising with the Holy Spirit refers to, as Jesus never baptises in Mark, is uncertain if one only considers Mark. has Jesus' disciples (but not Jesus) baptising at the same time as John the Baptist. (See also Paraclete, , , , .) and specify baptism with holy spirit "and fire". Jesus is one of the many who come to be baptised, in his case from Nazareth in Galilee. Since John, according to Mark, baptised repentance for the forgiveness of sins ( ) some have argued Jesus also is coming to be forgiven for his sins; but Mark notes that John says that he is unworthy ( ) . Mark also has John's function as preparing things for Jesus, and some argue this baptism is meant to forward the fulfillment of Jesus' plan. has John say his baptism was his method of revealing Jesus to Israel. Perhaps Jesus is doing this to embrace the doctrine of baptism and repentance of sins and his oneness with those who embrace it. The Epistle to the Hebrews, in , says Jesus was "just as we are—yet was without sin" and states: "...sin is lawlessness." Mark introduces Jesus without a history or a description, suggesting the intended reader already has heard of him. Mark, like all the Gospels, gives no physical description of Jesus, unlike the short previous description of John. Mark's readers are presumed to already know about the two of them. John baptizes him and Jesus then sees a theophany. He sees "heaven being torn open and the spirit descending on him like a dove." (), telling him that he is his son whom he loves and is pleased with. This could be related to a Psalm, , as well as . The opening of the heavens is often seen as the union and beginning of communication between God and the world. Whether anyone else besides Jesus saw this has been often debated. says the Spirit descended in "bodily" form. says John said he saw the Spirit descend onto Jesus. Some have speculated that this event may have been a story that has its origins in the Early Christian practice of baptism, but Robert J. Karris argues that is unlikely. Some have argued that since Mark begins his story here, at the baptism, that this could be seen as a form of adoption, as it is God's action which changed Jesus' life, although Mark probably is confirming the two's preexistent relationship Jesus is never declared as God's adopted son anywhere in the book, but Mark does not exactly state how or when Jesus became God's son. Both Matthew and Luke use their infancy narratives to show he was God's son from the moment of conception, and has him as the word of God from the moment of creation. The voice from heaven calls Jesus "beloved". Some see a relationship between this description and that of Isaac in Genesis , where Abraham had shown his devotion to God by being "willing" to sacrifice his son, so God shows his love for humanity by "actually" sacrificing his son, see also Substitutionary atonement. There is also the possible link with this and the beloved servant of God in , , , and . The spirit then "at once", "Kai euthys" (Strong's G2117), sends him out into the desert to be tempted by Satan for forty days. Forty is a common numerological device in the Bible, such as the forty days of the flood in and the forty years of the Israelites wandering in the desert in Exodus. Elijah also spent forty days and nights travelling to Mount Horeb in . Unlike - and the number of temptations or what they were are not described. Mark does say that Angels came to minister to him. Karris argues the angels and the wilderness are related to . John is put into prison, presumably by Herod Antipas. Mark uses the term "paradothēnai" (Strong's G3860) to describe John being turned over, which Mark also uses to describe Jesus being arrested during his Passion. Mark has already highlighted two themes, Jesus' power from and favor of God, contrasted with his confrontation with Satan and John being arrested, showing his power and mission have already encountered the most extreme challenges both from the authorities of this world and supernatural powers. The Jesus Seminar concluded that parts of these accounts were authentic ("red") acts of Jesus, specifically: "John baptizes Jesus": , , , Gospel of the Ebionites 4, and "Jesus proclaims the gospel": . Jesus then goes into Galilee, preaching "The kingdom of God is near ("ēngiken"). Repent and believe the gospel ("euangelion")!" The kingdom of God can be seen as a physical or spiritual place. It could also be translated as "God's imperial rule", indicating the power of God over all things. The gospel is seen as not just God's message but his actions. Jesus here links the coming of God with the term "ēngiken" (Strong's G1448), which some see as meaning near as in upcoming in the future but others argue it means near as in Jesus himself is near and the coming of God has arrived. These are then linked with repentance, a change of heart, and then belief. Belief and repentance are thus what Jesus says God desires. See also Justification (theology). Jesus goes to the Sea of Galilee and finds Simon (whom he will name Rock (Peter) in ) and his brother Andrew. They are fishing, a large business then in Galilee. He speaks the famous phrase "Come, follow me...and I will make you fishers of men." Some have argued their status as fishermen is metaphorical, based perhaps on , but Karris argues that their occupations as fishermen was historical and related by Mark to show the costliness of being a disciple, as they had to leave a presumably thriving business. Andrew was a disciple of John the Baptist according to John. He only appears three times in Mark, here, and in and . They follow him and then soon come upon James and John (whom he will name the Sons of Thunder in ), who also quickly join the group, "they left their father Zebedee in the boat with the hired men." Peter, James, and John will play a prominent part in several incidents in the Gospel. Mark does not relate that Jesus convinced them to follow him in any way. Mark simply has them follow him without question. Kilgallen argues that historically this calling was not so sudden, with perhaps a prior meeting, but Mark has shortened it for extra effect to emphasize total devotion to Jesus. John relates Jesus convincing Nathanael to join the group. Mark says they had nets in and they and their father, Zebedee, employed other men in . Karris argues this shows they had money and a high probability of being educated, with a knowledge of the Jewish Bible. Others point to to show that they were unschooled, but Karris argues against reading this too literally. Jesus and the four go to Capernaum, which Mark has as Jesus's center of activity and Jesus teaches in the synagogue on the sabbath. Eventually, in , at the Transfiguration of Jesus, Mark uses the technical term Rabbi, Strong's G4461, meaning a Jewish teacher of Mosaic Law. See also Rabboni. Gathering disciples (students) and teaching are thus the first part of what Jesus does to proclaim the kingdom of God. Mark does not relate what Jesus taught, which could mean he left it out because he did not deem it important enough for his book or because he did not know what Jesus taught there. Some archaeologists believe a synagogue in Capernaum that has been excavated lies on top of the synagogue that existed at this time that would have been the one Jesus would have gone to. Anyone who showed a sufficient knowledge of the scriptures could preach in the synagogue. Mark says the people thought Jesus taught with "authority", which the scribes did not. The scribes would answer questions in a traditional, official manner, see also Pharisaic Principles and Values. Jesus in Mark operates on no authority but his own judgement. According to Jesus attended the Marriage at Cana before going to Capernaum. He then performs an exorcism on a demon possessed man. Curing people, especially possessed people, will be another major method Jesus uses in his mission in Mark. The demon recognizes Jesus as "the Holy one of God", the first time Jesus' supernatural opponents are shown to know his true identity. Jesus simply says "Be quiet, and come out of him! ", healing the man with words alone. The people are amazed. This follows a path Mark often uses, that of a description of the affliction, Jesus' cure of the affliction, and then a demonstration of the cure to others. The power of Jesus' word over the demon might be Mark's way of trying to show to his audience, perhaps under the threat of persecution, that Jesus' message will overcome evil. By showing Jesus' teaching first before his exorcism Mark might be placing emphasis on Jesus' teachings as more important that any miracle he could perform. There were several people who were claimed to have the ability to perform exorcisms in the ancient world and many ancient opponents of Christianity dismissed Jesus as just another magician. Most descriptions of exorcisms at the time tended to involve the exorcist tricking the spirit or demon into leaving the victim by convincing them the exorcist had more power than the being, not a method Jesus employs. Parallels in Hellenistic cultural stories of exorcisms differ in that they usually involve an associated disease, which is not the case here. John P. Meier sees a clear distinction between these incidents and descriptions of magicians at the time. They go to Peter and Andrew's house and Jesus cures Peter's sick mother-in-law. The house was presumably near the synagogue. She then gets up and helps Jesus and his companions. Attending to her guests would have been her social duty in the Jewish culture. Mark uses the term "ēgeiren" (Strong's G1453), to lift up, to describe Jesus' cure of her, followed by "diēkonei" (Strong's G1247), she served, which some have seen as a theological message about Jesus' power requiring service. Karris argues for this event's historicity, perhaps based on an eyewitness. A story about Peter's mother-in-law might have survived due to the popularity of Peter among early Christians. Peter is clearly listed here as having a wife, as Jesus healed his mother-in-law. Paul says that other Apostles, Cephas (Peter), and Jesus' brothers have wives, but not him, in . See also Clerical celibacy. It is now night. Mark says "That evening after sunset…," one of his examples of redundancy as evening and after sunset are really the same thing repeated. Both Luke and Matthew do not have this redundancy. By this time word has spread and the people have brought the sick and possessed for Jesus to heal, which he does. Mark says the "whole city" came to see Jesus, which is probably an exaggeration. Both Luke and Matthew just state there were many people. The demons leaving the possessed people are not allowed to tell people who Jesus is, a common theme of Mark called the Messianic Secret. Jesus is able to cure every affliction of the people who come to see him. He then leaves town in the morning for solitary prayer, see also Discourse on ostentation#Prayer. Mark says "prōi ennycha lian", a complicated description of time employing three adverbs. His disciples find him and tell him that everyone is looking for him. He says "Let's go somewhere else", to the nearby villages and he will preach to them there also. He says "That is why I have come", using the word "exēlthon" (Strong's G1831) which some see as meaning a statement about Jesus divine mandate or a rejection of Capernaum, but there is no general agreement on these points. He then travels over all of Galilee, preaching and curing. He cures a leper who comes to him asking for a cure and tells him to show the priests and offer the cleaning sacrifices Moses had commanded (), but not to tell people that Jesus had done it. Jesus here seems to stress the importance of the Mosaic law, see also Expounding of the Law. This episode is also recorded in the Egerton Gospel 2:1-4. People have seen Jesus telling the man to be quiet about what had happened as related to the Messianic Secret, although it could be Jesus just telling the man to immediately go to the priests. Leprosy could mean many skin diseases, such as favus or psoriasis. Mark says Jesus had "compassion" for the man, although a few manuscripts say he was angry, and some have argued that angry was the original word intentionally changed to make Jesus look less angry, as he is described as giving a "stern", "embrimēsamenos" (Strong's G1690), warning to the man in verse 43. Mark however also shows Jesus' anger in many other places, such as and the incident at the Temple, see also Expounding of the Law#Anger. Bruce Metzger's "Textual Commentary on the Greek NT" postulates a possible "confusion between similar words in Aramaic (compare Syriac ethraham, "he had pity," with ethra'em, "he was enraged")." See also Aramaic primacy. The man then seems to disobey and spreads the news, increasing Jesus' popularity even more. Whether or not he ever made it to the priests Mark does not say. This is the first of many times in Mark that Jesus unsuccessfully tries to conceal his workings by telling people to keep what he has done a secret. Karris argues that one could also read it as Jesus "spreading the news", not the man. Matthew records these events in without an explicit mention of the exorcism and the curing of Peter's mother-in-law. The curing of the leper then appears in after the Sermon on the Mount, along with the healing of Peter's mother-in-law in . Luke largely has the same order as Mark in except that Jesus calls his disciples after meeting Peter and curing his mother-in-law. Luke also has Jesus going to Nazareth after his temptation and arguing with the people there. Matthew says he left Nazareth and went to Galilee, but does not relate what happened there. John records Jesus' baptism and calling of disciples in . John also has Jesus' disciples baptising at the same time as John the Baptist and so has more occur before John's arrest than the Synoptics do.

Braamfontein (English: "blackberry fountain") is a central suburb of Johannesburg, in South Africa. Braamfontein is part of a cultural arc that includes Newtown, the University of the Witwatersrand, Constitution Hill and the Civic Centre. The Nelson Mandela Bridge is a landmark that connects Braamfontein to the city centre. Jan Smuts Avenue and Empire Road are two major thoroughfares that run through the suburb. The name "Braamfontein" dates from as early as 1853, when a farm with this name to the north-west of Randjeslaagte belonged to Gert Bezuidenhout. In that year he applied to the government to have his farm surveyed. Five years later, in 1858, Gert sold his farm to F.J. Bezuidenhout. Like many farms on the Witwatersrand, Braamfontein was subdivided early on, indicating a fairly dense population in the area. Two other Bezuidenhouts, Gerhardus Petrus and Cornelis Willem, each purchased one third of the farm in 1862, and a third part went to Frans Johannes van Dijk. Between 1862 and 1886 different portions were further subdivided, at escalating prices. Three other well-known owners were Johannes Jacobus Lindeque, who in 1884, bought a section where the Country Club was later established in 1906, and Frans Eduard and Louwrens Geldenhuys. The first suburb established on the farm Braamfontein in 1888-1889 was unofficially named after the farm, as an official extension of the city of Johannesburg. This area is still called Braamfontein. There was, however, an earlier but unsuccessful effort to create a suburb prior to this. On February 19, 1896, a train containing 56 tonnes of dynamite exploded in Braamfontein, killing 78 people. During the apartheid era, large-scale commercial development in the area was encouraged. After the abolition of apartheid, the area began to deteriorate. However, intervention by both the city of Johannesburg and large corporate business, acting as the "Braamfontein Management District", initiated a process of urban renewal in this inner-city district. Urban renewal efforts and the establishment of the Braamfontein Management District by the Johannesburg Development Agency and property owners have led to the district's regeneration as a corporate district, educational centre, and entertainment and arts hub. Situated north of the city centre, Braamfontein is the fourth-largest node supplying office space in the city of Johannesburg. The Nelson Mandela Bridge links Newtown and Braamfontein to form a "Cultural Arc". Several South African-based multinational companies have their offices here. The offices of the Johannesburg City Council and the University of the Witwatersrand are located in Braamfontein. Braamfontein is a prominent centre in Nyoso Johannesburg for arts and entertainment and hosts many of South Africa's musicians and artists. The Joburg Theatre is one of the country's prime theatres, has a daily visitor count of 1,200 people and houses the Nelson Mandela Theatre. The National School of the Arts is also situated in Braamfontein as is the not-for-profit organization Southern African Music Rights Organisation (SAMRO), which protects the intellectual property of music creators by licensing music users, collecting licence fees and distributing royalties to music creators.

Christopher Allen Hoiles (born March 20, 1965) is an American former professional baseball player. He played his entire Major League Baseball career as a catcher for the Baltimore Orioles from 1989 to 1998. Although his playing career was shortened by injuries, Hoiles was considered one of the best all-around catchers in Major League Baseball, performing well both offensively and defensively. Hoiles was drafted by the Detroit Tigers in the 19th round of the 1986 Major League Baseball draft. He played in the Tigers' minor league system until , when he was traded with Cesar Mejia and Robinson Garces to the Baltimore Orioles for Fred Lynn. Hoiles made his major league debut with the Orioles on April 25, 1989 at the age of 24, but appeared in only six games with the Orioles, as he spent most of the season in the minor leagues with the Rochester Red Wings. He appeared in 23 games with the Orioles in 1990, but once again spent most of the season playing in Rochester. Hoiles returned to the major leagues in 1991 when the Orioles traded away catcher Mickey Tettleton and gave Hoiles an opportunity to be their starting catcher. He made only one error in 89 games played as a catcher and ended the year with a league-leading .998 fielding percentage, becoming the fifth rookie catcher in major league baseball history to win a fielding title. Hoiles had his best season offensively in 1993, hitting for a .300 batting average at mid-season. Cito Gaston, the American League manager for the 1993 All-Star Game held in Baltimore, received criticism for naming Oakland catcher Terry Steinbach as a reserve player instead of hometown favorite Hoiles. Both players were hitting .300, but Hoiles had 18 home runs compared to Steinbach's seven. Gaston explained that he was forced by Major League Baseball rules to name at least one Oakland player to the All-Star team. Hoiles finished the season with a .310 batting average along with 29 home runs, 80 runs batted in, a .416 on-base percentage and a .585 slugging percentage. He ranked fifth in the American League in slugging percentage and in on-base percentage, and finished in sixteenth place in balloting for the American League Most Valuable Player Award. By early 1996, Hoiles' offensive production had diminished to the point to where the Orioles tried to drop him from the team by exposing him through waivers, but he managed a comeback. On May 17, 1996, Hoiles joined the list of 23 major league players who have hit an ultimate grand slam when he hit a grand slam in the bottom of the ninth inning with the Orioles down by three runs against the Seattle Mariners. Hoiles' feat was unique, in that he hit his home run on a full count with two outs, only the second time in major league history this has ever been recorded (the first was by Alan Trammell in 1988). Hoiles ended the 1996 season with 25 home runs and 73 runs batted in to help the Orioles finish in second place in the American League East Division and capture the wild card berth, the Orioles' first postseason berth since winning the 1983 World Series. The Orioles went on to defeat the Cleveland Indians in the first round of the playoffs, before losing to the eventual world champion New York Yankees in the 1996 American League Championship Series. In 1997, Hoiles played the entire season without committing an error, leading American League catchers with a 1.000 fielding percentage, as the Orioles went on to win the American League East Division title. The Orioles defeated the Seattle Mariners in the first round of the playoffs, before losing to the Cleveland Indians in the 1997 American League Championship Series. On August 14, 1998, at Jacobs Field in Cleveland, Hoiles became the ninth player and the first catcher in major league history to hit two grand slams in one game. He played in his final major league game on September 27, 1998 at the age of 33. By the beginning of 1999, the 34-year-old Hoiles was hampered by injuries that included a degenerative hip and a bad back. On May 1, 1999, the Orioles announced that Hoiles had been placed on waivers, but had been offered another job within their organization. In a ten-year major league career, Hoiles played in 894 games, accumulating 739 hits in 2,820 at-bats for a .262 career batting average along with 151 home runs, 449 runs batted in and an on-base percentage of .366. He led American League catchers four times in fielding percentage and ended his career with a .994 average, which was .004 above the league average during his playing career. His .994 career fielding percentage ranks ninth all-time among Major League catchers. Hoiles' career .837 on-base plus slugging percentage is seventh-highest all time among major league catchers. His .467 slugging percentage is 11th highest all-time among major league catchers. His 151 career home runs rank 12th highest in Orioles team history. Hoiles was the Orioles' catcher on July 13, 1991, when four Orioles pitchers combined to pitch a no-hitter. In a game against the Kansas City Royals on April 9, , Hoiles set a major league record for catchers by being involved in four double plays in one game. After his playing career, Hoiles returned to his alma mater, Eastern Michigan University, where he served as a baseball coach. He later became a baseball coach at Bowling Green State University. He was inducted to the Eastern Michigan University Athletics Hall of Fame in 2000. Hoiles was inducted into the Baltimore Orioles Hall of Fame on August 26, . On December 20, 2006, Hoiles was named as the first manager of the York Revolution of the independent Atlantic League of Professional Baseball. He led the team to the playoffs, after winning the Freedom Division in the second half of the season. He stepped down as the manager on August 5, , citing personal reasons. In April 2010, along with Adam Gladstone, Hoiles began his professional radio career as co-host of "Bird Talk", a daily baseball show heard on Baltimore's Fox 1370. The show is a baseball-oriented talk show focusing primarily on the Baltimore Orioles and their minor league affiliates.

He initially played for Gençlerbirliği and for Fenerbahçe as a central defender or a defensive midfielder. Later, he was converted to a full back on the left side. He is right-footed, but still he can play as left full back. He was once a regular of the Turkish national team. Mostly playing as a wingback and also supporting attackers, he is known for his unexpected long shots and rather successful crosses with his weak foot. He can also play the sweeper and central defender positions, as well as being able to play as a defensive midfielder when needed. In May 2007, he signed a three-year contract with 1. FC Köln. On 29 August 2008 he collapsed during a Bundesliga match against Karlsruher SC. After losing consciousness for a short period and being treated on the field, he became responsive and was sent to hospital for further examination. Further testing has determined that the ex-club captain has a heart condition called myocarditis. On 14 March 2009, it became official that he had ended his career. His retirement was influenced by the collapse. Özat made his debut for Turkey on 16 August 2000 against Bosnia and Herzegovina. He played 41 times for national team including at the 2002 World Cup in which they achieved third place. His career continued as an assistant coach of 1. FC Köln under Zvonimir Soldo, between his resign on 21 December 2009. He subsequently became Roger Lemerre's assistant at Ankaragücü, stepping up to become the manager when Lemerre was sacked in May 2010.

Žan Tabak (born June 15, 1970) is a Croatian former professional basketball player and a current head coach. His basketball career, spanning twenty years, was marked by several notable achievements, despite injuries. He was the first international player to play in the NBA Finals for two different teams. Zan Tabak averaged 5.0 points in his 6-year NBA career. Born in Split, SR Croatia, SFR Yugoslavia, Tabak's father-in-law Ratomir Tvrdić was a top European basketball player, his wife played first-division basketball for Croatia, and his younger brother played professionally in Croatia. Tabak began his basketball career in 1985, at the age of fifteen, making his debut with the Jugoplastika Split organization. Only a few years later, he and Split teammates Dino Rađa and Toni Kukoč led the club to three consecutive European Championships (1989–91), a feat only equaled in EuroLeague's storied history by its first champions, ASK Riga, some thirty years before. Rađa and Kukoč were 2nd-round selections in the 1989 and 1990 National Basketball Association (NBA) Drafts, respectively. The Houston Rockets followed suit, drafting Tabak with the 24th pick in the draft's second round (51st overall) in the 1991 NBA Draft. He did not immediately play for Houston, however, opting instead to spend another year in Croatia with SD Split. On June 25, 1991, Croatia, along with Slovenia, decided to end relationships with the other republics of the Yugoslavia. The newly independent state, then, was able to send its own athletes to the 1992 Summer Olympic Games; this delegation also included a national basketball team. Along with previous Split teammates and Dražen Petrović, Tabak and the Croatian team performed well and won the silver medal; they were bested only by the star-studded United States Dream Team. After Barcelona, Tabak continued with his career, spending two years in the Italian Serie A league. In his years there, Tabak shot the ball extremely well, with a field goal percentage of over 60%. He also averaged a double-double in points and rebounds in both the 1992–93 season for Baker Livorno and in the 1993–94 season for Recoaro Milano. Over three years after he was drafted by them, Tabak was signed by the Rockets on July 20, 1994. With nine years of experience, he played his first NBA minutes on November 5, 1994. As a "rookie", he saw limited playing time, averaging less than five minutes per game in thirty-seven appearances. He spent the season as a backup to Hakeem Olajuwon, who led Houston to the franchise's second NBA title that year. In the subsequent year's expansion draft (1995), Tabak was selected by the Toronto Raptors. He started several games and saw increased playing time, but a strained left groin kept him from competing during the close of the 1995–96 season. Tabak did not fare well in the following season, either; plantar fasciitis in his left foot restricted his appearances to thirteen games. After another average start and a transverse fracture to a metacarpal bone in his right hand, Tabak was traded in a seven-player deal to the Boston Celtics in February 1998. Tabak played in Turkey for Fenerbahçe during the next year. He then returned to the NBA and signed with the Indiana Pacers. As back-up to Rik Smits, Tabak contributed to the Pacers' appearance in the 2000 NBA Finals, which was ultimately won by the Los Angeles Lakers. The 2000–01 season was to be Tabak's last in the NBA, despite improved numbers and increased playing time. When asked about his decision to return to European basketball Tabak said "...I wanted to come back [to Europe] because I felt I was 31 years old and I was feeling my career was coming to the end. I didn't want to finish my career being just one of the players. I wanted to be an important player in my team." Tabak spent the remaining four years of his playing career in Spain with Real Madrid, DKV Joventut, and Unicaja Málaga. He maintained a high caliber of play during his later career. Even as he won with Split and the Rockets in his earlier days, he ended twenty years of professional basketball also as a winner: along with Jorge Garbajosa, Tabak helped Málaga to win the 2005 King's Cup, the Spanish national cup trophy. In 2006, he worked for the New York Knicks as an international scout. In 2011, he debuted as head coach with Sant Josep Girona of the LEB Oro league. In 2012, he moved to Poland where he became the head coach of the 2011-12 Polish league runner-up Trefl Sopot. In November 2012, he became head coach of Saski Baskonia. With the Spanish squad, he achieved a 17-game winning streak for games played in both the EuroLeague and the Liga ACB. After being eliminated in the 2012–13 season quarterfinals, Baskonia announced that Tabak would not continue as head coach.

The Volvo 700 series is a range of mid-size luxury cars produced by the Swedish manufacturer Volvo Cars from 1982 to 1992. The 700 series was introduced in 1982 with the luxurious 760, followed two years later by the lower priced 740 which capitalized on the prestige attained by the very similar 760. The 700 series was then gradually replaced, beginning in 1990, by the 900 series. The 700, designed by Jan Wilsgaard, was originally to have been a replacement for the 200 series, but production of that model continued until the early nineties. The expensive 780, a Bertone-designed coupé version, entered production in 1986 and departed without a direct successor only four years later. The most visible differences between the 700 and the 900 series were the more rounded corners on the body of the latter, and a somewhat better-appointed interior. The 700 series came to an end in late 1992 when the last 740s were built (although they were considered to be of model year 1993). The range was then augmented and finally supplanted by the Volvo 850 in 1993, with the last of the 900s being sold in 1998. Introduced in early 1984 (in the U.S. and Australia for the 1985 model year), nearly two years after the luxurious 760, the 740 was the lower-end version of the original 760. The 740 was intended to be a mid-size car that offered more style, performance, and luxury than the 200 series. The '4' in the middle of the Volvo model name had once signified a four-cylinder engine, but by the time of the introduction of the 740 it simply meant less luxurious equipment as four- and six-cylinder engines were fitted across the range. The 740 was available as a four-door sedan (sometimes referred to as the 744) and a five-door station wagon (also known as the 745). Production of the 740 ceased on October 2, 1992, though the engine, transmission, chassis, and other details continued in the Volvo 940 (see below), which was essentially identical to the 740 with the exception of the rear of the sedans. For 1985, an intercooled version of the two-litre turbo engine (B200ET) was introduced for markets such as Italy, where larger engines were heavily taxed. This unit produces at 5500 rpm, ten horsepower more than the preceding non-intercooled B19ET variant, enough for a claimed top speed. For 1989, a sixteen-valve version of the larger B230 engine was introduced (B234), with nearly as much peak power as the turbo version. This was Volvo's first multi-valve engine. In 1990, the 740 received a minor facelift with new, smaller, composite headlamps and 780-style tail lights. In 1991, both the 740 and the newly introduced 940 received an updated dashboard, similar in appearance to the ones found in the 760. The 740 remained mostly unchanged for the 1992 model year, and sales ended in 1993 in favour of the Volvo 940. Aside from styling, 1990 marked a number of mechanical improvements to the 740 series. The B200 and B230 motors received larger connecting rods. The 740 Turbo switched from the Garrett T3-series turbocharger to the Mitsubishi TD04 series, which offers quicker spool-up and better boost at low engine speeds, albeit at the expense of top-end performance. The electronic fuel injection system was upgraded from Bosch LH-Jetronic 2.2 to 2.4 (in 1988 for naturally aspirated cars, in 1990 for turbocharged cars). The newer fuel system offers onboard diagnostics, which are accessible from the engine compartment and require no special equipment. For 1993, the final model year for the 740, the mechanical engine cooling fan was replaced with an electric fan. The 1990-92 Volvo 700-series cars may very well represent one of the most reliable four-door passenger sedans of their era due to relatively few engineering limitations and solid build quality. Trim levels were 740, 740 GL, 740 GLE, 740 SE, 740 GLT and 740 Turbo, worldwide. Continental markets had some exceptions to this rule. The 740 Turbo 16V (most markets had the 2.3 litre eight-valve turbo engine) was sold mainly in Italy, but also in Portugal and Belgium, and used the 2-litre B204FT engine found also in the 780 for these same markets. The 740 Turbo 16V was equipped with the ECC from the 780 as standard. Late in 1991, Volvo offered a sedan and wagon badged the 740 SE, standing for "special equipment". The 740 SE came in three colors; red, black, and white. Mechanically, the 740 SE was the same as a normal 740 Turbo, but with many features, such as a power sunroof and leather seats, as standard equipment. The SE also had a special factory color-keyed body kit, including front and rear bumpers, side skirts, and a spoiler for the sedan. The 740 SE, along with the 740 Turbo sedan, was discontinued for 1992. The 760, the first was Volvo's attempt to cement a place in the prestige market, after building a reputation for building solid and safe rather than out-and-out luxurious cars. Jan Wilsgaard, head of Volvo's Design and Styling Team, proposed over 50 new designs for the new car. It was introduced to the U.S. in 1982 for the 1983 model year as the 760 GLE saloon, having been launched in Sweden in February 1982 and in Britain from July 1982. An estate model followed in 1985. This new design was criticized by the media when released: Gordon Murray of "Autocar Magazine" said, "to me it's obscene. That goes right against the grain of what everybody else is trying to do. To me it looks like a European version of a North American car. It produces the same amount of power as a 2600 or 3500 — in this day and age it disgusts me to see something about like that. It's a definite step backwards." All that changed however when "Autocar" and "Car & Driver" got their hands on a turbo intercooled 760; they said it was one of the best handling and fastest accelerating cars they had seen in a while, going from 0-60 mph (97 km/h) in under eight seconds. Turbocharged and intercooled variants were added in 1984, station wagon variants and the 740 (the 760's lower-specification sibling) were introduced for the 1985 model year. In 1985, an electronic traction control system was introduced. Unlike the lesser 740, the 760 received standard anti-lock brakes in many models. For the 1988 model year, the 760 received numerous updates. From the outside, the most noticeable of the over 2000 changes were the revised front sheet metal, including an aluminium hood, recessed windscreen wipers, and new aerodynamic headlights. Inside, all 760s received a revised dashboard which was angled towards the driver, three-position tilt steering, and a new stereo system. The top versions (standard in the US) were equipped with a new electronic climate control (ECC). Underneath, saloons received the same multi-link independent rear suspension which was also introduced on the 780. The new four-link rear axle also required a new fuel tank, which was in the form of a saddle, sitting atop the driveshaft. The volume of the tank shrunk by two liters, to . Along with the revised dash, the interior saw the addition of a revised dome light and many fabric accent pieces. The 760 Estate received the same changes, except it continued to use the live rear axle. This was due to the weight increase: the new rear suspension weighed about more than the old one, and Volvo meant that loss of payload would not be worth the comfort improvements. The Volvo 760 was a popular choice as a police car in several parts of Europe. East German leader Erich Honecker often used this Volvo in his governmental car pool. It was inevitably a popular choice with police in Scandinavian countries. For 1990, its final year of production, Volvo 760 saloons received taillights in the style of the Volvo 780 and minor interior changes. The 760 was discontinued after the 1990 model year (with production ending on 27 June 1990), replaced by the Volvo 960, an update of the 760 chassis. The Volvo 740 outlived the 760, remaining for another two years, finally being discontinued in 1992 after the 850 was launched. The Volvo 760 was built in Kalmar, Sweden, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, and Ghent, Belgium. The Volvo 780 coupé debuted at the International Auto Show in Geneva, Switzerland in 1985, marking Volvo's return to the two-door coupé market following the departure of the 262C in 1981. The 780 became available in Europe in 1986 and in United States a year later. Like its predecessor, the 780 was designed and built by Carrozzeria Bertone in Turin, Italy. The hood, trunk, and roof lines were all slightly lower than the standard 700 series profile, and the C-pillar was wider and had a more gradual slope down to the trunk. Headroom was improved over the 262C because of Bertone’s 1 cm lowering of the roofline. Window frames all had black matte trim, and were accented with chrome. Chrome also highlighted the door handles, bumpers, and side mouldings. Originally, it had been planned to use a smaller, 2,458 cc turbocharged, version of the PRV V6 (as seen in the Renault 25 and Alpine), which had been successfully tested in 740s and 760s. In the smaller engine compartment of the 780, however, the engine overheated and the PRV V6 Turbo never appeared in a Volvo. In the first two years that the 780 was available worldwide (1986 and 1987) it received the B280F V6 engine and a solid (live) rear axle. In the Italian market, originally only the Volkswagen built D24TIC was to be offered, with , but soon the V6 also became available and a 2.0-litre turbo (B200ET) Italian tax special was also added later in 1986. In August 1987, the 780 came equipped with Volvo's independent rear suspension, which used self-leveling Nivomat shocks, to keep ride height correct. An improved climate control unit (ECC) was also fitted. The B280F at this point had roughly , but the car itself weighed nearly . To address concerns about performance, Volvo introduced the B230FT+; a B230FT with Volvo's Turbo+ boost controller, increasing the engine output to . The following model year saw it increase to . In Italy, later 780s were available with the B204GT. This was a 16 valve turbo motor producing . In the car's final year, 1991, it was rebadged simply as "Coupé". At this point, the car came only in turbo guise. Volvo's official production total for the 780 is 8518 cars built between 1986 and 1991. From 1986 to 1995, Volvo offered a small, sporty coupé, the front-wheel drive Volvo 480, but a successor to the 780 would only be introduced in 1997 when the C70 became available. The saloon model originally debuted in 1982 in Europe, and was joined by the estate for 1985. Model availability:

Premalekhanam (The Love Letter) is Vaikom Muhammad Basheer's first work (1943) to be published as a book. The novel is a humorous story of love. Through the hilarious dialogs, Basheer attacks religious Conservatism and the dowry system. A young bank employee, Keshavan Nair, Hindu by religion, "Nair" by caste lodges on the upper floor of the house belonging to Saramma's father. Saraamma is a Christian by religion, beautiful, young, unmarried, unemployed, happy-go-lucky with a sting on the tip of her tongue. Keshavan Nair is an honest simpleton haplessly in love with her. The book gets its title from the letter that Keshavan Nair composes to reveal to Saramma his love for her. The setting is 1940's Kerala. The story is a sarcastic commentary on the dowry system and is in favour of inter-religious marriage. But this is disguised in a funny love story. Basheer was not a "Nair" or a Christian, he was a lover of humanity. Saramma is an educated woman, and she is trying to get a job, and she has applied for jobs in many countries( because the story is set in Travancore, which was a country, or princely state). At last she gets a job. The job provider was Keshavan Nair, and the only job assigned to Saramma was to love him!He pays for that too in a monthly basis. Now the serious questions arise. They belong to different religions, then which religion will their children follow? They decides to teach their children every religion and it is up to the children to choose their religion. They plan to grow their children "Religion less". Then comes the other serious issue, How will they name the child? They cannot choose a Hindu name or Christian name, Keshavan Nair asks "Shall we go for Russian names? "Saramma asks "How will it be?" "Anything ending with 'Visky'is a Russian name" Saramma was not happy with it. Keshavan Nair asks "Shall we go for Chinese names like Kwang" Saramma is still not happy. Finally they decides to go with names over objects like sky, sand, Air, toffee, balloon. They finally decide to take a lot of these objects, The result of the lot will be two chits which say "Sky" and "Toffee". They name their child as "Skytoffee". Keshavan Nair shouts saying "Mr.Skytoffee","Skytoffee","Comrade:Skytoffee". Saramma interrupts "Do you want our child to become a communist" Keshavan Nair says "Let him decide on that". The story ends happily. My dearest Saraamma, When life is at its most intense state of youth, and one's heart has reached its most beautiful state of love, how does my dearest friend while away spend her time during this rare and short-lived beautiful period of life? As for me, I am living each moment of my life with my mind stirring hopelessly in love with my Saaraama. What about Saaraamaa? I request you to think deeply and kindly bless me with a sweetly generous reply, Saaraama's own, Keshavan Nair... "Premalekhanam" was written in 1943 when Basheer was under imprisonment at Thiruvananthapuram Central Jail, Poojappura as a political prisoner on charges of "raajadroham" (treason), for writing articles against Dewan C. P. Ramaswami Iyer. Basheer mentions the writing of "Premalekhanam" in his later work "Mathilukal". The love-story that forms the plot of "Mathilukal" happened during the same prison term. At jail, he wrote many stories to entertain fellow prisoners, especially people sentenced for life. But at the time of leaving prison, the only work that he could get hold of was "Premalekhanam". (Some of the other stories he later rewrote from memory). After his release, he got "Premalekhanam" published in 1943. By 1944, the book was banned in Thiruvithankoor, although there was nothing political in it. The main reason for banning this book in Travancore is that, Travancore was a Hindu country(princely state)where interreligious and intercaste marriages were strictly opposed, and the book indirectly favoured interreligious marriages. P. A. Backer adapted the novel for his film of the same name in 1985. The cast includes Soman (Kesavan Nair), Swapna (Saramma Thomas), Meena (Aliyama), Captain Raju (Babu), Vincent (Joykutty) and Mala Aravindan (Kunchan).

Duncan Max Meldrum (3 December 1875 – 6 June 1955) was a Scottish-born Australian painter. He is known as the founder of Australian Tonalism, a representational style of painting, as well as his portrait work, for which he won the Archibald Prize in 1939 and 1940. Meldrum was born in Edinburgh, Scotland, son of Edward David Meldrum, chemist, and his wife Christine, "née" Macglashan. The family emigrated to Australia in 1889. Meldrum studied at the National Gallery School in Melbourne. In 1899, he won the Victorian Travelling Scholarship, under which he chose to complete his art education in Paris. Soon after, he became dissatisfied with the academic conventions of the Paris schools and left them to study on his own. He returned to Melbourne to his family in 1912, where he lived with his parents in East Melbourne, then at St Kilda. In 1915 he took a studio at 527 Collins Street, for a time sharing it with Harley Griffiths senior. He ran the Meldrum School of Painting there between 1916 and 1926. Among his students were Clarice Beckett, Colin Colahan, Auguste Cornels, Percy Leason, John Farmer, Polly Hurry, Justus Jorgensen, Percy]] and Arnold Shore, and had consderable influence on the work of his friend Alexander Colquhoun, whose son Archibald was also a Meldrum student at that time. In 1916-17 he was elected president of the Victorian Artists' Society. Meldrum influenced the young Albert Ernest Newbury. While in Paris, he befriended American painter Joseph Allworthy. Meldrum stayed with Allworthy during his American tour lecturing on his theory of tonal analysis. While living in France, he married Jeanne Eugenie Nitsch, a singer with the Opéra-Comique. Meldrum and his wife returned to Australia in 1931. Meldrum criticized Nora Heysen's 1938 Archibald win, saying that women could not be expected to paint as well as men. The following year, he won the Archibald prize himself.

Central Ohio Technical College (COTC) is a public two-year technical college located in Newark, Ohio, with extended campuses in, Pataskala, Knox, and Coshocton. Founded in 1971, COTC is located on a shared campus with Ohio State University at Newark and currently offers 31 associate degree programs and 12 certificate programs, including the Associate of Applied Science (A.A.S. ), Associate of Applied Business (A.A.B. ), and Associate of Technical Studies (A.T.S.) Central Ohio Technical College offers career-oriented degrees in Electrical Engineering Technology, Architectural Engineering Technology, Civil Engineering Technology, Electrical Trades Technology, Mechanical Engineering Technology, Heavy Equipment Operation Technology, Manufacturing Engineering Technology, Digital Media Design Technology, Information Technology, Accounting Technology, Advertising Technology, Business Management Technology, Early Childhood Education Technology, Culinary Science Technology, Associate of Arts, Associate of Science, Criminal Justice Technology, Emergency Medical Services Technology, Fire Science Technology, Forensic Science Technology, Law Enforcement Technology, Human Services Program, Diagnostic Medical Sonography, Health Services Technology, Associate degree in Nursing (RN), Licensed Practical Nursing (LPN), State Tested Nursing Assistant (STNA), Radiologic Science Technology, and Surgical Technology. At Central Ohio Technical College, students can earn associate degrees (including all options and majors) or certificates, and obtain the skills and training needed to apply for jobs in today's workforce. Students choose COTC to gain hands-up, applicable experience to begin working. One of the unique features of COTC is four full-service campus locations throughout the region, as well as convenient online classes. Through the newly developed Workforce Development Innovation Center, COTC continues to meet the customized training and education needs of the business communities. The campus also offers abundant student recreation and cultural activities, with more than 50 student organizations and clubs. The John L. and Christine Warner Library and Student Center has become a beautiful and friendly hub of student life on the campus, and is also valued by community groups and visitors. COTC is proud to enjoy the support of the community, and to be able to provide students with personal attention, education, facilities, and faculty and staff on a very scenic campus. Six buildings make up COTC's Newark campus. These include the John and Christine Warner Library and Student Center, opened in August 2008, and the John Gilbert Reese Conference Center. The College's current enrollment on the Newark campus is approximately 2900. The Center for Academic Success is a multi-service program consisting of the Communications Resource Center, which includes the Communications Resource Center for writing and speech tutoring at Newark, Pataskala, Coshocton and Knox campuses; the Nursing Student Success tutoring program; the Math Learning Center; and the Education Media and Resource Center. The centers are available to all enrolled COTC students in order to assist students in a successful academic experience.

The Palm-Wine Drinkard (subtitled "and His Dead Palm-Wine Tapster in the Dead's Town") is a novel published in 1952 by the Nigerian author Amos Tutuola. The first African novel published in English outside of Africa, this quest tale based on Yoruba folktales is written in a modified Yoruba English or Pidgin English. In it, a man follows his brewer into the land of the dead, encountering many spirits and adventures. The novel has always been controversial, inspiring both admiration and contempt among Western and Nigerian critics, but has emerged as one of the most important texts in the African literary canon, translated into over a dozen languages. The "Palm-Wine Drinkard, "told in the first person, is about an unnamed man who is addicted to palm wine, which is made from the fermented sap of the palm tree and used in ceremonies all over West Africa. The son of a rich man, the narrator can afford his own tapster (a man who taps the palm tree for sap and then prepares the wine). When the tapster dies, cutting off his supply, the desperate narrator sets off for Dead's Town to try to bring the tapster back. He travels through a world of magic and supernatural beings, surviving various tests and finally gains a magic egg with never-ending palm wine. The "Palm-Wine Drinkard" was widely reviewed in Western publications when it was published by Faber and Faber. In 1975, the Africanist literary critic Bernth Lindfors produced an anthology of all the reviews of Tutuola's work published to date. The first review was a rave from Dylan Thomas, the Welsh poet who would die the following year of alcoholism and whose lyrical 500-word review of the drinker’s tale drew attention to Tutuola’s work and set the tone for succeeding criticism. Thomas's own surreal imagery and folkloric grounding seems to have given him a special ear for Tutuola’s novel, saying it was "simply and carefully described" in "young English." Indeed, as Tutuola’s was the first African novel published in English outside of the continent, Thomas can be said to have launched the literary criticism of the Anglophone African novel in the West. The early reviewers after Thomas, however, consistently described the book as "primitive," "primeval," "naïve," "un-willed," "lazy," and "barbaric" or "barbarous." "The New York Times Book Review" was typical in describing Tutuola as "a true primitive" whose world had "no connection at all with the European rational and Christian traditions," adding that Tutuola was "not a revolutionist of the word, …not a surrealist" but an author with an "un-willed style" whose text had "nothing to do with the author’s intentions." "The New Yorker" took this criticism to its logical ends, stating that Tutuola was “being taken a great deal too seriously” as he is just a “natural storyteller" with a "lack of inhibition" and an "uncorrupted innocence" whose text was not new to anyone who had been raised on "old-fashioned nursery literature." The reviewer concluded that American authors should not imitate Tutuola, as "it would be fatal for a writer with a richer literary inheritance." In "The Spectator", Kingsley Amis called the book an "unfathomable African myth", but credited it with a "unique grotesque humour" that is a "severe test" for the reader. Given these Western reviews, it is not surprising that African intellectuals of the time saw the book as bad for the race, believing that the story showed Nigerians as illiterate and superstitious drunks. They worried that the novel confirmed Europeans’ racist "fantastic" concepts of Africa, "a continent of which they are profoundly ignorant." Some criticized the novel as unoriginal, labeling it as little more than a retelling of Yoruba tales heard in the village square and Tutuola as "merely" a story teller who embellished stories for a given audience. Some insisted that Tutuola’s "strange lingo" was related to neither Yoruba nor West African Pidgin English. It was only later that the novel began to rise in the general estimation. Critics began to value Tutuola's literary style as a unique exploration of the possibilities of African folklore instead of the more typical realist imitation of European novels in African novels. One of the contributions Tutuola made was to "kill forever any idea that Africans are copyists of the cultures of other races." Tutuola was seen as a "pioneer of a new literary form, based on an ancient verbal style." Rather than seeing the book as mere pastiche, critics began to note that Tutuola had done a great deal "to impose an extraordinary unity upon his apparently random collection of traditional material" and that what may have started as "fragments of folklore, ritual and belief" had "all passed through the transmuting fire of an individual imagination." The Nigerian critic E. N. Obiechina argued that the narrator’s “cosmopolitanism" enables him "to move freely through the rigidly partitioned world of the traditional folk-tale." In contrast to the works of an author like Kafka, he added, in which human beings are the impotent victims of inexorable fate, the narrator of "The Palm Wine Drinkard" "is the proud possessor of great magical powers with which he defies even Fate itself." The lack of resolution in the novel was also seen as more authentic, meant to enable group discussion in the same way that African riddles, proverbs, and folktales did. Tutuola was no more ungrammatical than James Joyce or Mark Twain, whose use of dialect was more violent, others argued. The Nigerian novelist Chinua Achebe also defended Tutuola's work, stating that it could be read a moral commentary on Western consumerism. Well aware of the criticism, Tutuola has stated that he had no regrets, "Probably if I had more education, that might change my writing or improve it or change it to another thing people would not admire. Well, I cannot say. Perhaps with higher education, I might not be as popular a writer. I might not write folktales. I might not take it as anything important. I would take it as superstition and not write in that line." He also added "I wrote "The Palm-Wine Drinkard" for the people of the other countries to read the Yoruba folklores. ... My purpose of writing is to make other people to understand more about Yoruba people and in fact they have already understood more than ever before." Although "The Palm-Wine Drinkard" is often described as magical realism, the term was not invented until 1955, after the novel was published. Kool A.D., one of the rappers in Das Racist, released a mixtape of the same name in 2012. Law and Order SVU character Detective Odafin "Fin" Tutuola's name is derived from this novel.Canadian rock band The Stills named a track on their 2008 album "Oceans Will Rise" after the book.

Table shuffleboard (also known as American shuffleboard, indoor shuffleboard, slingers, shufflepuck, and quoits) is a game in which players push metal-and-plastic weighted pucks (also called "weights" or "quoits") down a long and smooth wooden table into a scoring area at the opposite end of the table. Shooting is performed with the hand directly, as opposed to deck shuffleboard's use of cue sticks. Shuffleboard tables vary in length, usually within a , and are at least wide. Tables are intended to be kept flat, but any given table may have its own slight concave or convex condition, adding an extra challenge. In order to decrease friction, the table is periodically sprinkled liberally with tiny, salt-like beads of silicone (often referred to as "shuffleboard wax" even though silicone is not a wax, or sometimes as "shuffleboard sand", or "shuffleboard cheese", due to its visual similarity to grated cheese). These beads act like ball bearings, letting a puck slide down the table a great distance with only a slight push. There are many different speeds of wax to choose from to match the player's skill level. Each end of the table is divided into three scoring sections by straight lines across the width of the table. The scoring sections extend from the very edge of either end of the table towards the middle of the table, covering approximately one-third of the length of the table. The outer scoring section, at the end of the table, is labeled with the number "3" in the middle (for "3 points"). The next section is adjacent to this section, of equal length (6 inches), and is labeled with a "2." The final section, "1", is adjacent to section "2." This section continues all the way to the foul line. The foul line measures 6 feet from the end of the table. The center third of the table is unmarked. The line that separates the center third of the table and the beginning of the "1 point" section is called the "foul line" (a weight which does not pass the foul line closest to the player is removed from the table for the round). The table is surrounded by a gutter, or "alley"; pucks that accidentally fall, or are knocked, into a gutter are out of play for the rest of the round. Players take turns sliding, or "shuffling," the weights to the opposite end of the board, trying to score points, bump opposing pucks off the board, or protect their own pucks from bump-offs. Points are scored by getting a weight to stop in one of the numbered scoring areas. A weight has to completely cross the zone line to count as a full score (if a weight is partially in zone 2 and 3 the weight's score is 2). A weight that's hanging partially over the edge at the end of the table in the 3-point area, called a "hanger" (or sometimes a "shipper"), usually receives an extra point (count as 4). If a puck hangs off the end corner, it receives no additional scoring points other than being a 4 for hanging over the back edge of the board. Weights that haven't passed the foul line closest to the player are removed for the round. Pucks that fall off or are bumped off the table into the gutter are removed from play for the round. No points are tabulated until the end of the round. When all weights have been shuffled, the player with the puck closest to the far edge of the table takes points for all pucks that are ahead of their opponent's furthest shot. The other player does not take points. For example: there is a red puck in 3, a red in 1, a blue in 1, but not as close to the end as the red, and two red pucks in 1 but further away from the end of the table than the blue puck. Red player would receive 4 points for the first 2 pucks ahead of the blue and no points for the pucks behind the blue, blue player does not score. The player who scores will shoot first the next round. In 1974, Reginald Charles Gilchrist invented the digital scoring unit for table shuffleboards while president of Universal Shuffleboards, one of the companies he founded. The objective of the game is to slide, by hand, all four of one's weights alternately against those of an opponent, so that they reach the highest scoring area without falling off the end of the board into the alley. Furthermore, a player's weight(s) must be farther down the board than his opponent's weight(s), in order to be in scoring position. This may be achieved either by knocking off the opponent's weight(s), or by outdistancing them. Horse collar, the most common form of the game, is played to either 15 or, more typically, 21. Below is an image of the weights on the board. Only the weights in front score. In one-on-one, each player is assigned a color of puck (4 pucks per player). Play begins at one end of the table, and each player alternates shuffling one weight at a time down towards the opposite end of the table (which becomes the "scoring end" of the table), until all 8 pucks have been shuffled. Each player tries to either land his puck closest to the end of the table, knock the opponent's pucks off the table, knock their own puck into a higher scoring area, or position a puck so that it will block their opponent from being able to hit another puck off the table. This finishes the "round." Play then continues from the other end of the table, where the pucks have come to rest. When a set number of points has been reached by a player (often 15 or 21), that player has won that "frame." A "match" consists of a predetermined number of frames. In two-on-two, teammates stand on the opposite end of the table and play every other round, shooting from alternating ends of the table (i.e. two games are effectively played at once, with team scores combined). Sometimes players will switch to the other end of the table between frames. An unofficial but common variation has all players at one end of the table. Each player will have 2 weights/shots per round. Teams alternate turns, with each teammate shooting every other turn. While there are some official rules agreed upon by shuffleboard organizations, players should be aware that it can be a very informal and spontaneous game, and as such, regional variations and house rules abound. There are some differences by country, as well. In Canada, the game is played under rules approved by the Canadian Shuffleboard Congress. Except in certain tournaments, in one-on-one play, games are played to 15. Two-person teams compete until one team reaches 21 points. In both cases, a frame consists of four stones (pucks) per player. A variant of table shuffleboard, more clearly related to billiards and air hockey, is bankboard (often simply called shuffleboard by its players), in which the player may bounce the puck off one of the rubber cushions or "banks" that run the length of both long sides of the table (in place of gutters), e.g. to go around an interfering puck. Bankboard tables are within the shorter range of table sizes (usually 12–13 ft long) and so can be useful for maximizing revenue per square foot of floorspace in a bar or other venue. A Dutch variation known as sjoelen, apparently influenced by bagatelle (a billiards offshoot and pinball ancestor), bar billiards, skeeball, miniature golf and related games, makes use of a long, unidirectional board placed on a table in which the goal is to slide 30 wooden pucks towards the end of the board and try to have them enter through small open doorways or arches into numbered scoring boxes. Each player has 3 sub-turns to get as many pucks in the scoring boxes. The boxes are numbered from left to right: 2, 3, 4 and 1. A notable rule is that for each set of pucks (a puck in every box) they count double so instead of 10 points for a set, the player will get 20 points for each set. The maximum score is 148 which is accomplished by getting 7 pucks in 2, 7 pucks in 3, 9 pucks in 4 and 7 pucks in 1. It totals to 7 × 20 + 4 + 4 = 148. However, if the player accomplishes the max score of 148 in 2 sub-turns, they are returned one puck, increasing the maximum possible score to 152. The most famous manufacturers of "sjoelbakken" ("sjoelen" boards) are Homas, Heemskerk Sport and Schilte, who mass-produce the game for the continental European market and more recently American Sjoel with their branded Shool Game at shoolgame.com in the North American market. An even more miniaturized, related British game, with a much less elongated board and many more scoring zones, is played with coins and known as shove ha'penny. An evolutionary relationship between the game variants is uncertain. In the 1979–1980 version of "Beat the Clock" which aired on CBS and was hosted by Monty Hall, the final round of the main game was called Bonus Shuffle, a game of table shuffleboard where the two teams attempted to throw disks to win cash from $300–$1,000. The team whose disk was the farthest won the game and the chance to play the Bonus Stunt for 10 times their Bonus Shuffle amount from $3,000–$10,000.

The morphology of the Welsh language has many characteristics likely to be unfamiliar to speakers of English or continental European languages like French or German, but has much in common with the other modern Insular Celtic languages: Irish, Scottish Gaelic, Manx, Cornish, and Breton. Welsh is a moderately inflected language. Verbs inflect for person, tense, and mood with affirmative, interrogative, and negative conjugations of some verbs. There is no case inflection in Modern Welsh. Modern Welsh can be written in two varieties — Colloquial or Literary. The grammar described on this page is for Colloquial Welsh, which is used for speech and informal writing. Literary Welsh is closer to the form of Welsh used in the William Morgan's 1588 translation of the Bible and can be seen in formal writing. Initial consonant mutation is a phenomenon common to all Insular Celtic languages, although there is no evidence of it in the ancient Continental Celtic languages of the early first millennium. The first consonant of a word in Welsh may change when preceded by certain words (e.g. , , and ), or because of some other grammatical context (such as when the grammatical object directly follows the grammatical subject). Welsh has three mutations: the soft mutation, the nasal mutation, and the aspirate mutation. These are also represented in writing: ***LIST***. A blank cell indicates no change. For example, the word for "stone" is , but "the stone" is (soft mutation), "my stone" is (nasal mutation) and "her stone" is (aspirate mutation). These examples represent usage in the standard language; there is some regional and idiolectal variation in colloquial usage. In particular, the soft mutation is often used where nasal or aspirate mutation might be expected on the basis of these examples. Mutation is not triggered by the "form" of the preceding word; the meaning and grammatical function of the word are also relevant. For example, while meaning "in" triggers nasal mutation, homonyms of do not. For example: ***LIST***. The soft mutation (Welsh: ) is by far the most common mutation in Welsh. When words undergo soft mutation, the general pattern is that unvoiced plosives become voiced plosives, and voiced plosives become fricatives or disappear; some fricatives also change, and the full list is shown in the above table. In some cases a limited soft mutation takes place. This differs from the full soft mutation in that words beginning with "rh" and "ll" do not mutate. Common situations where the limited soft mutation occurs are as follows – note that this list is by no means exhaustive. ***LIST***. Common situations where the full soft mutation occurs are as follows – note that this list is by no means exhaustive: ***LIST***. The occurrence of the soft mutation often obscures the origin of placenames to non-Welsh-speaking visitors. For example, is the church of (Mary), and is the bridge on the Tawe. The preposition becomes if the following noun (mutated or not) begins with "m", and becomes if the following noun begins with "ng". E.g. ("Bangor"), ("in Bangor") ("Cardiff"), "yng Nghaerdydd" ("in Cardiff"). In words beginning with "an-", the "n" is dropped before the mutated consonant (except if the resultant mutation allows for a double "n"), e.g. + → (although it would be retained before a non-mutating consonant, e.g. In some dialects the soft mutation is often substituted after "yn" giving forms like "yn Gaerdydd" for "in Cardiff", or it is even lost altogether, especially with place names, giving "yn Caerdydd". This would be considered incorrect in formal registers. Under nasal mutation, voiced stop consonants become nasals, and unvoiced stops become voiceless nasals. A non-standard mutation also occurs in some parts of North Wales where nasal consonants are also unvoiced, e.g. "fy mham" ("my mother"; standard: " fy mam"). This may also occur (unlike the ordinary nasal mutation) after "ei" ("her"): e.g. "ei nhain hi" ("her grandmother", standard "ei nain hi"). Under aspirate mutation (), plain stops become fricatives. This is represented by the addition of an "h" after the original initial consonant ("c" /k/, "p", "t" → "ch" , ["ph"] , "th" //), but the resultant forms are pronounced as single phonemes. The aspirate mutation occurs: ***LIST***. Aspirate mutation is the least-used mutation in colloquial Welsh. The only word that it always follows in everyday language is "ei" ("her") and it is also found in set phrases, e.g. "mwy na thebyg "("more than likely"). Its occurrence is unusual in the colloquial Southern phrase "dyna pham" ("that's why") as "dyna "causes a soft, not aspirate, mutation. A mixed mutation occurs when negating conjugated verbs. Initial consonants undergo aspirate mutation if subject to it, and soft mutation if not. For example, ("I heard") and ("I said") are negated as ("I heard nothing") and ("I said nothing"). In practice, soft mutation is often used even when aspirate mutation would be possible (e.g. ); this reflects the fact that aspirate mutation is in general infrequent in the colloquial language (see above). Under some circumstances /h/ is added to the beginning of words that begin with vowels. This occurs after the possessive pronouns "ei "("her"), "ein "("our") and "eu "("their"), e.g. "oedran" ("age"), "ei hoedran hi" ("her age"). It also occurs with "ugain "("twenty") after "ar" ("on") in the traditional counting system, e.g. "un ar hugain" ("twenty-one", literally "one on twenty"). Although aspirate mutation also involves the addition of an "h" in spelling, the environments for aspirate mutation and initial /h/ addition do not overlap except for "ei" ("her"). Welsh has no indefinite article. The definite article, which precedes the words it modifies and whose usage differs little from that of English, has the forms and . The rules governing their usage are: ***LIST***. The article triggers the soft mutation when it is used with feminine singular nouns, e.g. "(a) princess" but ("the princess"). As in most other Indo-European languages, all nouns belong to a certain grammatical gender; the genders in Welsh are masculine and feminine. A noun's gender usually conforms to its referent's natural gender when it has one (e.g. "mother" is feminine), but otherwise there are no major patterns (except that, as in many languages, certain noun terminations show a consistent gender, as sometimes do nouns referring to certain classes of thing, e.g. all months of the year in Welsh are masculine) and gender must simply be learnt. Welsh has two systems of grammatical number. Singular/plural nouns correspond to the singular/plural number system of English, although unlike English, Welsh noun plurals are unpredictable and formed in several ways. Most nouns form the plural with an ending (usually ), e.g. Others form the plural through vowel change, e.g. Still others form their plurals through some combination of the two, e.g. A few nouns also display a dual number, e.g. "llaw", "hand", "dwylo", "(two) hands". The other system of number is the singulative. The nouns in this system form the singular by adding the suffix (for masculine nouns) or (for feminine nouns) to the plural. Most nouns which belong in this system are frequently found in groups, for example, "children" and "a child", or "trees" and "a tree". In dictionaries, the plural is often given first. Adjectives normally follow the noun they qualify, while a few, such as "hen, pob, annwyl", and "holl" ("old", "every", "dear", "whole") precede it. For the most part, adjectives are uninflected, though there are a few with distinct masculine/feminine or singular/plural forms. After feminine singular nouns, adjectives receive the soft mutation. Adjective comparison in Welsh is fairly similar to the English system. Adjectives with one or two syllables receive the endings "-er" and "-est", which change final "b, d, g" into "p, t, c" by provection, e. g. "fair", "fairer", "fairest". Adjectives with two or more syllables use the words "more" and "most", e. g. "sensitive", "more sensitive", "most sensitive". Adjectives with two syllables can go either way. There is an additional degree of comparison, the "equative", meaning "as ... as ...". These are the possessive adjectives: The possessive adjectives precede the noun they qualify, which is often followed by the corresponding form of the personal pronoun, e.g. "my bread", "your bread", "his bread", etc. The demonstrative adjectives are" 'ma" "this"' and" 'na" "that" (this usage derives from their original function as adverbs meaning "here" and "there" respectively). They follow the noun they qualify, which also takes the article. For example, "the book", "this book", "that book". The Welsh personal pronouns are: The Welsh masculine-feminine gender distinction is reflected in the pronouns. There is, consequently, no word corresponding to English "it", and the choice of (south and north Welsh respectively) or depends on the grammatical gender of the antecedent. The English dummy or expletive "it" construction in phrases like "it's raining" or "it was cold last night" also exists in Welsh and other Indo-European languages like French, German, and Dutch, but not in Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, or the Slavic languages. Unlike other masculine-feminine languages, which often default to the masculine pronoun in the construction, Welsh uses the feminine singular , thus producing sentences like: Third-person masculine singular forms and are heard in North Wales, while and are heard in South Wales. The pronoun forms , and are used as subjects after a verb. In the inflected future of the verbs , and , first-person singular constructions like may be heard. , and are also used as objects with compound prepositions, for example 'in front of him'. , and are used after conjunctions and non-inflected prepositions, and also as the object of an inflected verb: Both , and and , and are heard with inflected prepositions, as objects of verbal nouns, and also as following pronouns with their respective possessive adjectives: The use of first-person singular is limited in the spoken language, appearing in "to/for me" or as the subject with the verb , used in a preterite construction. , in addition to serving as the second-person plural pronoun, is also used as a singular in formal situations, as is in French and Russian. Conversely, can be said to be limited to the informal singular, such as when speaking with a family member, a friend, or a child. This usage corresponds closely to the practice in other European languages. A third form, used almost exclusively in the language's northern varieties, is , which has a value close to ; as an independent pronoun it occurs especially frequently after a vowel sound at the end of the phrase (e.g. The reflexive pronouns are formed with the possessive adjective followed by "self". There is variation between North and South forms. The first person singular possessive pronoun "fy" is usually pronounced as if spelt . Note that there is no gender distinction in the third person singular. Welsh has special emphatic forms of the personal pronouns. The term 'emphatic pronoun' is in fact misleading since they do not necessarily indicate emphasis. They are perhaps more correctly termed 'connective or distinctive pronouns' since they are used to indicate a connection between or distinction from another nominal element. Full contextual information is necessary to interpret their function in any given sentence. Less formal variants are given in brackets. Mutation may also, naturally, affect the forms of these pronouns (e.g. "minnau" may be mutated to "finnau") The emphatic pronouns can be used with possessive adjectives in the same way as the simple pronouns are used (with the added function of distinction or connection). In addition to having masculine and feminine forms of "this" and "that", Welsh also has separate set of "this" and "that" for intangible, figurative, or general ideas. In certain expressions, may represent "now" and may represent "then". In Colloquial Welsh, the majority of tenses make use of an auxiliary verb, usually "to be" or "gwneud". The conjugation of "bod" is dealt with in Irregular Verbs below. There are four periphrastic tenses in Colloquial Welsh which make use of : present, imperfect, future, and conditional. The preterite, future, and conditional tenses have a number of periphrastic constructions, but Welsh also maintains inflected forms of these tenses, demonstrated here with 'pay'. ***LIST***. In the preterite, questions are formed with the soft mutation on the verb, though increasingly the soft mutation is being used in all situations. Negative forms are expressed with "ddim" after the pronoun and the mixed mutation, though here the soft mutation is taking over ( for ). "Bod" 'to be' is highly irregular. In addition to having inflected forms of the preterite, future, and conditional, it also maintains inflected present and imperfect forms which are used frequently as auxiliaries with other verbs. "Bod" also distinguishes between affirmative, interrogative, and negative statements for each tense. The present tense in particular shows a split between the North and the South. Though the situation is undoubtedly more complicated, King (2003) notes the following variations in the present tense as spoken (not as written according to the standard orthography): ***LIST***. A few verbs which have in the verbnoun display certain irregular characteristics of itself. is the most irregular of these. It has preterite and conditional forms, which are often used with present and imperfect meaning, respectively. The present is conjugated irregularly: The common phrase "I don't know" uses a special negative form of the first person present. The four verbs "to go", "to do", "to get", and "to come" are all irregular in similar ways. The forms often appear as in writing, and in places in Wales these are also heard in speech. In the conditional, there is considerable variation between the North and South forms of these four irregular verbs. That is partly because the North form corresponds to the Middle Welsh (and Literary Welsh) imperfect indicative, while the South form corresponds to the Middle Welsh (and Literary Welsh) imperfect subjunctive. In Welsh, prepositions frequently change their form when followed by a pronoun. These are known as inflected prepositions. Most of them, such as , follow the same basic pattern: There is some dialectal variation, particularly in the first and second person singular forms. In some places one may hear or The majority of prepositions trigger the soft mutation.

Medvejie is derived from the Russian word meaning "bear." Most likely the lake's name comes as a holdover from Russian colonization of Alaska and the Sitka area. Also known as: ***LIST***. Medvejie Lake and the Medvejie Lake valley is nestled between the hulks of Bear Mountain and Cupola Peak at 243 feet (73 meters) of elevation. Little forested land exists between the mountains and shores of the lake owing to the precipitous rise of surrounding topography. As such, the geography of the area creates a narrow natural wind tunnel making blowdowns very common inside the valley. In the winter, with little or no water flowing into the lake due to all precipitation in the lake's watershed falling as snow, the lake usually freezes over and slowly shrinks into itself abandoning shards of ice that are strewn on the exposed former lakebottom. Medvejie Lake's outlet stream empties into Bear Cove, Silver Bay, and the Pacific Ocean. The temperature in the Medvejie Lake valley, partly due to sunlight blocked by surrounding peaks (but also because of air cooled by snow from surrounding mountains and icefields that flows into the valley basin), is roughly five degrees colder than Sitka or the Medvejie Fish Hatchery's temperature. A salmon hatchery sits at the mouth of Medvejie Lake's roughly mile-long outlet stream. Medvejie Lake serves as a recreational gateway to inland destinations such as Peak 5390 and Indigo Lake. Medvejie Lake is also the beginning (or ending) segment of the Baranof Cross-Island Trail. Two modes exist to travel past the lake and up the valley: An untidy and bouldery hunter's trail along the north shore of the lake, and an assortment of communal canoes and paddles are located at the outlet of the lake. Hatchery staff and the City of Sitka also collaborate to maintain a well-kept trail from Bear Cove to the outlet of Medvejie Lake.

Thomas Ho (born June 17, 1973, in Winter Haven, Florida) is a former professional tennis player from the United States. His parents are immigrants from Taiwan. Ho first came to the tennis world's attention as an exceptionally successful junior player. He won several junior tennis events in the 1980s, and set a number of 'youngest-ever' records. In August 1988, Ho became the youngest-ever male player to play in the main draw of the US Open at the age of 15 years and 2 months. He lost the first round match to Johan Kriek 6–4, 7–6, 7–6. That same month, Ho became the second youngest male player to win a main draw match at a top-level tour event when he beat Matt Anger in the first round at Rye Brook 6–4, 3–6, 6–4, just after Argentina's Franco Davín. Ho's early successes drew many comparisons with Michael Chang, another Asian American tennis player who achieved great success as a junior. However Ho did not manage to make the same kind of impact on the professional circuit as Chang (who went on to win the French Open and reach the World No. 2 singles ranking). Ho enjoyed some success in satellite tournaments, but did not win any top-level singles events on the tour. He did, however, win four tour doubles titles (Beijing in 1994, and Beijing, Hong Kong and Indian Wells in 1995). Ho's professional career was hampered by injuries. In 1995, Ho and Brett Steven became the fastest-ever losers of a match at Wimbledon. In the very first point of their Men's Doubles match, Steven served and Ho tried to intercept the return at the net, only to injure his back. The pair thus had had to forfeit the match after just one rally, which had lasted all of five seconds. The back injury was to recur again in future years, and eventually led to Ho's retirement from the tour in 1997. During his professional career, Ho reached career-high rankings of World No. 85 in singles and World No. 13 in doubles. His career prize-money totalled $793,819. Since retiring from the tour, Ho has completed a degree at Rice University in Houston and worked as a tennis journalist. In 2011, Ho was inducted into the USTA Florida Hall of Fame.

Elizabeth Tilley (c. Aug 1607 - December 21, 1687) was one of the passengers on the historic 1620 voyage of the "Mayflower" and a participant in the first Thanksgiving in the New World. She was the daughter of Mayflower passenger John Tilley and his wife Joan Hurst and, although she was their youngest child, appears to be the only one who survived until the voyage. She went on to marry fellow Mayflower passenger John Howland, with whom she had ten children and 88 grandchildren. Because of their great progeny, she and her husband have millions of living descendants today. Elizabeth Tilley was born in Henlow, Bedfordshire, England where she was baptized in August, 1607. According to parish records, she was the youngest of five children born to her parents. She also had an older step-sister, Joan, from her mother's first marriage to Thomas Rogers (no relation to the Mayflower passenger of the same name). It is likely that when she was a small girl, she moved with her parents to the Netherlands, where her parents and her uncle Edward Tilley are documented as members of the Leiden Separatist congregation. Edward’s ward, Henry Samson, may also have been a member. William Bradford, in his memoirs, listed the Tilley family on the Mayflower as: “John Tillie, and his wife; and Elizabeth, their daughter.” Elizabeth would have been about 13 years old during the journey. The Mayflower departed Plymouth, England on September 6/16, 1620. The small, 100-foot ship had 102 passengers and a crew of about 30-40 in extremely cramped conditions. By the second month out, the ship was being buffeted by strong westerly gales, causing the ship's timbers to be badly shaken with caulking failing to keep out sea water, and with passengers, even in their berths, lying wet and ill. This, combined with a lack of proper rations and unsanitary conditions for several months, attributed to what would be fatal for many, especially the majority of women and children. On the way there were two deaths, a crew member and a passenger. On November 9/19, 1620, after about 3 months at sea, including a month of delays in England, they spotted land, which was the Cape Cod Hook, now called Provincetown Harbor. After several days of trying to get south to their planned destination of the Colony of Virginia, strong winter seas forced them to return to the harbor at Cape Cod hook, where they anchored on November 11/21. The Mayflower Compact was signed that day. Elizabeth's father, John Tilley signed as “John Tilly.” Upon arriving in the New World, John Tilley took part in early expeditions of exploration around their new home and was present at the first meeting between the Pilgrims and Native Americans, later known as the First Encounter. Elizabeth's parents both died the first winter, as did her uncle, Edward Tilley, and aunt, Ann. This left Elizabeth an orphan and so she was taken in by the Carver family. The elder Carvers died about a year later, and part of their estate was inherited by their servant, John Howland, and Elizabeth became his ward. Although the date of their marriage is not recorded, a few years after their arrival in the New World, Elizabeth married John Howland (c. 1623/4). She and John would go on to have ten children, all of whom would live to adulthood, and 88 grandchildren. Elizabeth outlived her husband by fifteen years, being one of the few original Pilgrims to live to see King Philip's War. John and Elizabeth Howland founded one of the three largest "Mayflower" progenies and their descendants have been "associated largely with both the 'Boston Brahmins' and Harvard's 'intellectual aristocracy' of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries." Their direct descendants include notable figures such as: ***LIST***.

Sidney Eugene "Sid" Bream (born August 3, 1960) is an American former professional baseball first baseman. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Los Angeles Dodgers, Pittsburgh Pirates, Atlanta Braves, and Houston Astros between 1983 and 1994. He is specifically remembered by his game-winning run scored in the 1992 National League Championship Series that sent the Braves to the World Series. After attending Liberty University, Bream was drafted in the second round by the Los Angeles Dodgers in the amateur draft. During his minor league career he hit .329 with 83 home runs and 407 RBI, including a .419 on-base percentage and a .537 slugging percentage in the Dodgers' farm system. Bream's minor league success led to his big-league debut with the team in . Despite his excellent power numbers in the minors, Bream demonstrated mostly gap power in the majors (resulting in lots of doubles), and he was known for above-average defense at first base. The Dodgers expected him to compete with Greg Brock for the first base job, as Brock had performed below expectations after longtime starter Steve Garvey left to sign with the San Diego Padres. But Bream failed to hit for the Dodgers in multiple opportunities from 1983-85. The Dodgers finally gave up on Bream late in the season and traded him along with Cecil Espy and R.J. Reynolds to the Pittsburgh Pirates for Bill Madlock, who the Dodgers wanted as they pursued the NL West title. It was in Pittsburgh where Bream finally had a chance to play every day. In he set an MLB record with 166 assists at first base. Bream's best season at the plate in Pittsburgh was also 1986 when he batted .268 with 16 home runs and 77 runs batted in. Following the season, Bream became a free agent and signed with the Atlanta Braves. He suffered through injuries in Atlanta, which limited his playing time. However, he did play in two World Series, in 1991 and 1992. After a poor start in , the Braves acquired Fred McGriff from the San Diego Padres to play first base and Bream was relegated to pinch-hitting for the rest of the season. The most famous moment of Bream's career came in Game 7 of the 1992 National League Championship Series. Bream was the Atlanta first baseman, and the Braves were playing his old team, the Pittsburgh Pirates, in the NLCS. The Pirates carried a 2-0 lead into the bottom of the ninth inning under the pitching of their ace, Doug Drabek, needing just three outs to make the World Series. However, Drabek gave up a leadoff double to Terry Pendleton, then allowed another runner (David Justice) on an infield error by second baseman José Lind. After Drabek walked Bream to load the bases, Pirates manager Jim Leyland pulled him out of the game. Reliever Stan Belinda replaced him on the mound, and managed to get two outs, despite giving up a run on a sacrifice fly by Ron Gant. Then, Braves third-string catcher Francisco Cabrera belted a single to left field, and Justice scored easily to tie the game. Pirates left fielder and eventual National League MVP Barry Bonds fielded the ball as Bream ran toward home plate. Bonds's throw arrived first, but it was slightly offline and bounced on its way towards the first-base line. As soon as catcher Mike LaValliere received the ball, he desperately lunged toward the plate to tag Bream out, but Bream was able to slide just underneath the tag to score the winning run and send the Braves to the World Series for the second consecutive year. Following the 1993 season, Bream signed with the Houston Astros and served as a backup to Jeff Bagwell, and continued his success as a pinch-hitter. He hit .344 in limited play, and retired during the baseball strike. Bream retired to the northern suburbs of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania where he lives with his wife Michele. The couple have four children. He is currently a motivational speaker and served as the hitting coach for the State College Spikes in 2008. Bream serves as the spokesman for Christian Sports International (CSI,) a 501(c)(3) faith based charity based in Pittsburgh. His second child Tyler attended Liberty University on a baseball scholarship and was drafted by the Arizona Diamondbacks in the 42nd round (1264th overall) in 2011. On November 13, 2015, it was announced that Bream would take a job as Corporate Chaplain for PGT Trucking, which is located just outside Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Bream's sister-in-law is Fox News journalist Shannon Bream.

Eugene Keefe Robinson (born May 28, 1963) is a former professional American football player who played free safety. He played collegiately at Colgate University. In his 16-year NFL career, Robinson played for the Seattle Seahawks from 1985 to 1995, the Green Bay Packers from 1996 to 1997, Atlanta Falcons from 1998 to 1999, and Carolina Panthers in 2000. He won Super Bowl XXXI with the Packers over the New England Patriots. After the 1995 season, Robinson signed with the Packers. That year, he recorded 55 tackles and led Green Bay with eight interceptions. After the 1996 season, the Packers went on to win Super Bowl XXXI 35–21, over his hometown team, the New England Patriots, earning Robinson his first and only championship ring. Then again, after the 1997 season, Robinson and the Packers went to Super Bowl XXXII, however they lost 31–24, to the Denver Broncos. With his team trailing 24–17 in the third quarter, Robinson intercepted a pass from Broncos quarterback John Elway in the end zone, preventing Denver from building a bigger lead and setting up a touchdown on Green Bay's ensuing drive to tie the game. He also recorded an interception of Steve Young that set up a touchdown in the Packers 23–10 win over the San Francisco 49ers in the NFC title game a week prior. During Super Bowl XXXII, Robinson not only declared to his teammates that the Broncos were like the Colts (the worst team in football that year, but who defeated the Packers 41–38 in week 12), but also declared, "This team is not better than us; they're not even good!" After the 1997 season, Robinson joined the Atlanta Falcons in 1998. During the season, Robinson recorded 46 tackles, two fumble recoveries, four interceptions, and one touchdown return, earning his third career Pro Bowl selection. After making a game-saving play in the NFC Championship game (breaking up an otherwise certain winning touchdown to Minnesota Vikings wide receiver Randy Moss) Robinson made it back to the Super Bowl (the Falcons' first appearance ever) for the third year in a row, and again faced the Broncos. The night prior to Super Bowl XXXIII, Robinson was arrested by an undercover police officer for soliciting a prostitute. Earlier that day, Robinson received the Athletes in Action/Bart Starr Award, given annually to a player who best exemplifies outstanding character and leadership in the home, on the field and in the community. After the arrest Robinson agreed to return the award. The next day, without much sleep the night before due to the prostitution incident, Robinson gave up an 80-yard touchdown reception to Broncos receiver Rod Smith, giving the Broncos a 17–3 lead over the Falcons. Later, in the fourth quarter, he missed a tackle on Denver running back Terrell Davis that enabled Davis to break a long run to the Atlanta 10-yard line. The Atlanta Falcons ended up losing the game, 34–19, and Robinson was widely denounced by the press and fans for the previous night's incident. The next season was Robinson's last with the Falcons. In his 16 seasons, Robinson recorded 1,415 tackles, 57 interceptions, 762 return yards, 22 fumble recoveries, 71 return yards, and two touchdowns (one fumble return, one interception return), and 7.5 sacks. His 57 interceptions have been exceeded by just 11 players, four of whom are in the Pro Football Hall of Fame. Robinson currently serves as a color analyst for the Carolina Panthers Radio Network, and as a varsity football and wrestling coach at Charlotte Christian School in Charlotte, North Carolina. Beginning in January 2015, Robinson is a co-host of the morning television show "Charlotte Today" on WCNC, Charlotte, NC.

The British Collegiate American Football League (BCAFL) was an American football league consisting of players from various colleges and universities in the United Kingdom. In 2007 it was succeeded by the British Universities American Football League. The league officially began in the 1985–1986 season with 4 teams, with founder members Newcastle Skolars, led by Mike Rea, and Hull University, and celebrated its 20th anniversary with 37 teams competing the 2005–2006 campaign. The final season was contested by 39 teams, with some teams consisting of players from more than one institution. Throughout its existence, BCAFL was plagued by the fact that some of its teams played at a vastly higher skill level than others. During its final years the British Student American Football Association (BSAFA), who was responsible for the operations of BCAFL, made great strides towards competitive balance; increasing the skill level on the field and expanding the game throughout the UK. However, after extended public disagreements with the policies of the games governing body the British American football Association(BAFA), the BAFA dissolved the BSAFA with all the teams being forced to transfer to the new British university American Football League (BUAFL). BCAFL largely followed the rules of American college football (though there were restrictions on the number of North American players allowed on the field at any one time). As opposed to the conference and "bowl game" set-up used in American college football BCAFL divided itself into two conferences and used a season-ending playoff system, similar to the NFL (however, it should be noted that below the Bowl Subdivision of Division I, the NCAA uses a season-ending playoff system to crown national champions). At the end of an 8-game regular season, 16 teams would advance to the playoffs (the playoffs expanded from 12 to 16 teams in the 2004–2005 season), with the 4 division champions and 4 "wild card" teams from each conference participating. The playoffs culminated with a championship game, called the "College Bowl" which features the champions of the Northern and Southern Conferences. Each season BCAFL held an All-Star game between the Northern Conference Cougars and the Southern Conference Wildcats. Trials for these All-Star teams are open to all players in the league. Along with the accolades of competing for their conference, All-Star players are also eligible to try out for the Great Britain Bulldogs, a national college team that competes with North American and other European American football national teams.

Insect traps are used to monitor or directly reduce populations of insects or other arthropods. They typically use food, visual lures, chemical attractants and pheromones as bait and are installed so that they do not injure other animals or humans or result in residues in foods or feeds. Visual lures use light, bright colors and shapes to attract pests. Chemical attractants or pheromones may attract only a specific sex. Insect traps are sometimes used in pest management programs instead of pesticides but are more often used to look at seasonal and distributional patterns of pest occurrence. This information may then be used in other pest management approaches. The trap mechanism or bait can vary widely. Flies and wasps are attracted by proteins. Mosquitoes and many other insects are attracted by bright colors, carbon dioxide, lactic acid, floral or fruity fragrances, warmth, moisture and pheromones. Synthetic attractants like methyl eugenol are very effective with tephritid flies. Insect traps vary widely in shape, size, and construction, often reflecting the behavior or ecology of the target species. Some common varieties are described below Light traps, with or without ultraviolet light, attract certain insects. Light sources may include fluorescent lamps, mercury-vapor lamps, black lights, or light-emitting diodes. Sticky traps may be simple flat panels or enclosed structures, often baited, that ensnare insects with an adhesive substance. Sticky traps are widely used in agricultural and indoor pest monitoring. Shelter traps, or artificial cover traps, take advantage of an insect's tendencies to seek shelter in loose bark, crevices, or other sheltered places. Baited shelter traps such "Roach Motels" and similar enclosures often have adhesive material inside to trap insects. These traps are designed to catch flying or wind-blown insects. Flight interception traps or are net-like or transparent structures that impede flying insects and funnel them into collecting. Barrier traps consist of a simple vertical sheet or wall that channels insects down into collection containers. The Malaise trap, a more complex type, is a mesh tent-like trap that captures insects that tend to fly up rather than down when impeded. Pan traps (also called water pan traps) are simple shallow dishes filled with a soapy water or a preservative and killing agent such as antifreeze. Pan traps are used to monitor aphids and some other small insects. Bucket traps and bottle traps, often supplemented with a funnel, are inexpensive versions that use a bait or attractant to lure insects into a bucket or bottle filled with soapy water or antifreeze. Many types of moth traps are bucket-type traps. Bottle traps are widely used, often used to sample wasp or pest beetle populations. Pitfall traps are used for ground-foraging and flightless arthropods such as Carabid beetles and spiders. Pitfall traps consist of a bucket or container buried in soil or other substrate so that its lip is flush with the substrate. A grain probe is a type of trap used to monitor pests of stored grain, consisting of a long cylindrical tube with multiple holes along its length that can be inserted at various depths within grain. Soil emergence traps, consisting of an inverted cone or funnel with collecting jar on top, are employed to capture insects with a subterranean pupal stage. Emergence traps have been used to monitor important disease-vectors such as Phlebotomine sandflies. Aquatic interception traps typically involve mesh funnels that or conical structures that guide insects into a jar or bottle for collecting. Aquatic emergence traps are cage-like or tent-like structures used to capture aquatic insects such as chironomids, caddisflies, mosquitoes, and odonates upon their transition from aquatic nymphs to terrestrial adults. Aquatic emergence traps may be free floating on the water's surface, submerged, or attached to a post near shore.

Never at War: Why Democracies Will Not Fight One Another is a book by the historian and physicist Spencer R. Weart published by Yale University Press in 1998. It examines political and military conflicts throughout human history and finds no exception to one of the claims made by the controversial democratic peace theory: well-established liberal democracies have never made war on one another. In addition to the democratic peace, Weart argues that there is also an oligarchic peace and provides a new explanation for both the democratic and oligarchic peace. The book is often mentioned in the academic debate and has received both praise and criticism. Due to the long time period, Weart has often relied on the works of other historians but has consulted at least five works for even trivial crises involving democracies and oligarchies. Some cases have never been studied with this question in mind and he has then used primary sources which included reading works in French, German (including Alemannic German), Italian (including the Tuscan dialect), Spanish, Greek and Latin. The book classifies human societies into four broad groups: Looking at a borderline case, the Athenian democracy that excluded metics and slaves, Weart argues that it was a democracy since appearance alone could not decide who was a citizen, citizens could become slaves and slaves could become free, citizens could be poorer than slaves, and slaves could work for example as bankers. The metics were even harder to tell from the citizens. Typically the citizens and the non-citizens worked alongside under similar conditions. Thus, the non-citizens were so interwoven through the community that their views were probably represented by the citizens on most issues. Some aspects of the direct democracy practiced in Athens may have been more open and democratic than the representative democracy used today. In contrast, the Confederate States of America was an oligarchy. In order to help differentiate between oligarchies and democracies, Weart requires that the classification should not differ from how the people at the time viewed the differences, the oligarchic elite should live in constant fear of a rebellion, and for democracies a war should not have been prevented if everyone had the vote. For example, it was the Greeks who first created the concepts of democracy and oligarchy and they classified Athens as a democracy while Sparta was an oligarchy. There is no mention in the historical record of fears of a revolt by the slaves in Athens, but such fears were frequent in Sparta and the Confederate States. Weart uses a broader definition of war than is usual in research on the democratic peace theory and includes any conflict causing at least 200 deaths in organized battle by political units against one another. He requires that the democracies and the oligarchies should have tolerated dissent for at least 3 years, finding this time necessary for a political culture in a nation to change and be reflected in foreign policy. Using these definitions, Weart finds numerous wars between the same and different kinds of societies but also two exceptions. Democracies have never fought one another and oligarchies have almost never fought one another. Wars between democracies and oligarchies have, however, been common. The book argues that the pattern is sharply evident in for example 300 years of Ancient Greek history, the Swiss Cantons since 14th century, in the County of Flanders during 14th century, in the three and a half centuries of the Hanseatic League, and in Renaissance Italy. These periods included numerous societies that frequently changed regime type. The societies abruptly stopped fighting other oligarchies if they became an oligarchy and abruptly stopped fighting other democracies if they became a democracy. This pattern immediately reversed if the regime type changed again. Weart argues that the only clear case of war between oligarchies is a 1656 battle between Bern and Lucerne, caused by religious fervor during the Reformation. The War of the Pacific may be another, but both Chile and Peru had strong anocratic tendencies where family and personal loyalty formed much of the power base of the leaders. Toleration of political dissent was at best limited. Democracies have a few times issued formal declarations of war on other democracies, usually because of a war between a temporary allied nondemocracy and the other democracy. In these cases the democracies have carefully avoided engaging in almost any real battle with one another. There seems to have been almost no deaths during the 369–362 BC war between Thebes and Athens, while at the same time Sparta and Thebes fought numerous bloody battles. In the main battle in 362 BC, the Athenian infantry avoided joining the charge. Finland and the United Kingdom carefully avoided attacking one another during World War II despite a formal declaration of war. Weart's explanation for the democratic and the oligarchic peace is the human tendency to classify other humans into ingroup and outgroup, documented in many psychological studies. Members of the outgroup are seen as inherently inferior and thus exploitation of them is justified. Citizens of democracies include citizens of other democratic states in the ingroup; the elites of oligarchies include the elites of other oligarchies in the ingroup. However, the oligarchic elites and the democratic citizens view each other as outgroup, democracies viewing the elites as exploiting the rest of the population, the oligarchic elites viewing democracies as governed by inferior men and are afraid that the democratic ideals may spread to their state. The democratic and oligarchic peace are also strengthened by the culture of arbitration and the respect for the ingroup opposition in both democracies and oligarchies. Similar policies are applied to foreign policy when dealing with states belonging to the ingroup. In contrast, the leaders of autocracies are the survivors of a culture of violence against opponents. They use similar methods when dealing with other states which often cause wars. The book presents earlier statistical studies and case studies showing that democracies and oligarchies conduct diplomacy very differently from autocracies. Weart argues against explanations like more trade between democracies, finding the pattern to change too abruptly for this to be the case. Earlier democracies and oligarchies did not include non-Europeans in the ingroup, perceiving them to be racially inferior people living in autocracies and anocracies. This allowed colonial and imperialistic wars and exploitation. The book also describes an "appeasement trap". The autocratic leaders misunderstand the conciliatory methods used by democracies and oligarchies, seeing it as an admission of weakness that can be exploited with little risk. When the conciliatory methods are suddenly abandoned and the war arrives the autocratic leaders are often surprised and then conclude that the other side planned the war from the beginning. Most of the book describes specific conflicts that are borderline cases where critical features might be expected to show up. The following presents some of the conflicts mentioned and Weart's arguments for why they are not wars between well-established liberal democracies. ***LIST***. Weart finds that nations have often tried to spread their political system to other nations. He finds many failed attempts to impose democracy by military intervention. For example, during the early part of the 20th century the United States sent soldiers to many nations in Central America in order to hold free elections, but with little long-term success. Those attempts that succeeded, like the occupied Japan after World War II, involved drastic change of the whole political culture. Weart argues that it is generally better to spread democracy by diplomacy and by slowly promoting internal political change. One is that Weart makes no attempt to use statistics to prove that the findings are statistically significant. This would be very difficult to do if including all of human history. The many statistical studies on this subject have almost always limited themselves to the period after 1815. For this period there are prefabricated data sets available which lists for example all battle deaths for all nations. Weart instead uses a well-tried method often used by historians: comparative case studies. Especially by looking at many ambiguous cases it is possible to sift out a set of features that decide if a pair of regimes makes war or avoids it. Some find Weart's use of sources questionable, in particular regarding the conflicts in antiquity: He excludes the earlier wars of Rome, including the Punic Wars, stating that there are no primary sources and no reliable secondary sources, for example by a historian who could understand Punic, from Carthage, making it impossible to determine the exact form of government at the start of these wars. Yet he uses Xenophon for other conflicts, who has also been doubted as a reliable source, although not for the same reason. Also, many modern classicists agree that Rome and Carthage were oligarchic republics, "which suggests that excluding them was a largely arbitrary judgment that just happened to leave Weart's central claim intact." However, Weart states that there have been some wars between oligarchies, so these wars would add to this list, not disprove his statement. The Sicilian Expedition is sometimes mentioned as a war between somewhat democratic states. Some democratic peace researchers have excluded the states in Ancient Greece due to the limited franchise and the use of allotment to select many government leaders. As noted earlier, Weart classifies Athens as a democracy and argues that this war was actually an example of a war between a democracy and an oligarchy. However, he also states "The possibility that the Athenians were wrong suggests a qualification to our rule. Instead of saying that well-established democracies do not make war on their own kind, perhaps we should say that they do not make war on other states they "perceive" to be democracies." Critics argue that there is no ancient evidence for this perception, and that the major source on Syracuse democracy is Thucydides, the Athenian. Weart states Aristotle (an Athenian metic), the only scholar who ever possessed the documents required to study the constitution of Syracuse, carefully avoided calling Syracuse a democracy. One of the main reason for the Sicilian Expedition was that Syracuse was reported to have violent factional strife. Help from an inside group was essential since the Greeks lacked effective siege machinery and the expedition was ill-suited for the alternative long wait in order to starve the defenders. In every other known case when cities were betrayed to an Athenian army, it was by a democratic faction. Furthermore, scholars have argued that Thucydides had a distaste of democracy which affected his descriptions and evaluations. Weart's argument regarding the Sicilian Expedition is similar to the position of the prominent scholar G.E.M. de Ste. The same review also includes a list of possible wars between Greek oligarchies, including the recurrent wars between Sparta and Argos. Weart mentions these wars in a footnote with references where he states that Argos was a democracy. JM Owen, in a generally friendly review, questions Weart's conclusion that universal democracy will mean lasting peace. If Weart's explanation for the democratic peace is true and this also depends on perception, then democratic leaders may misperceive each other as authoritarian. More seriously, if the outgroup of oligarchs disappears, what will prevent the democracies from dividing into a new ingroup and outgroup? (Weart later suggested there would be a tendency to promote an internal outgroup such as criminals, perverts, or terrorists.) There are many other proposed explanations for the democratic peace. For example, a game-theoretic explanation for the democratic peace is that the public and the open debate in democracies send clear and reliable information regarding the intentions to other states. In contrast, it is difficult to know the intentions of nondemocratic leaders, what effect concessions will have, and if promises will be kept. Thus there will be mistrust and unwillingness to make concessions if at least one of the parties in a dispute is a nondemocracy.

KCBD is an NBC-affiliated television station serving the Lubbock, Texas metropolitan area. Owned by Raycom Media, its studios and transmitter are co-located in South Lubbock near the interchange of I-27 and Slaton Highway. KCBD-TV signed on the air on May 10, 1953 as the second television station in Lubbock, after KDUB-TV (now KLBK-TV). It was owned by a group headed by Joe Bryant, owner of KCBD radio (AM 1590). For a short time thereafter, Jim Reese was a broadcaster on KCBD.KCBD was a primary NBC affiliate with a secondary ABC affiliation. KCBD became a sole NBC affiliate in 1969 when KSEL (now KAMC) signed on and took the ABC affiliation. KCBD was also the first station in Lubbock to broadcast in color. From 1968 to 1983, KCBD-TV also operated KSWS-TV, Channel 8 in Roswell, New Mexico as a repeater or satellite station. The Roswell station now operates as KOBR-TV, owned by Albuquerque NBC affiliate KOB-TV. Bryant sold both KCBD and KSWS to State Telecasting Company of Columbia, South Carolina in 1971. The radio station was spun off to separate owners who changed the calls to KEND (at the then-END of the radio dial) It is now KDAV. State Telecasting sold the station to Caprock Broadcasting in 1983. Caprock Broadcasting sold the station to the Holsum bakery in 1986. Holsum sold KCBD to Cosmos Broadcasting, the broadcasting arm of South Carolina-based insurer Liberty Corporation, in 2000. Liberty exited the insurance business later that year, bringing the Cosmos stations directly under the Liberty banner. Liberty merged with Raycom Media in 2006. In May 2002, KCBD became the first station in the Lubbock market to begin broadcasting a digital signal. Later that year, the station became the first to broadcast network programming in true High-Definition. Since 2002, "Jeopardy!" and "Wheel of Fortune" have aired on KCBD. Prior to that, they both aired on KLBK, although in late 1999, "Wheel" moved to KAMC. "Live with Regis & Kelly" had also aired on KAMC before moving to KCBD in 2004, though that show has returned to KAMC. On the evening of February 4, 2015, a small plane crashed into KCBD's tower, damaging the structure and killing one passenger. There were no injuries at the station's nearby studios, but its power was taken out by the crash, disrupting its operations. The station continued to transmit on local cable provider Suddenlink Communications, and that night's 10 p.m. newscast originated from the facilities of the Lubbock Independent School District's "LISD TV" educational channel. By February 5 the remnant of the tower had been deliberately dropped, power was restored and operations had returned to the building. KCBD arranged a feed to another station in Lubbock and is operating as a multicast of the other station. After rescanning receivers, virtually all viewers (including cable, Dish, DirecTV and off air can see the station in standard definition. KCBD shut down its analog signal, over VHF channel 11, on June 12, 2009, the official date in which full-power television stations in the United States transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. The station's digital signal relocated from its pre-transition VHF channel 9 to channel 11. Syndicated programming on KCBD includes: "Wheel of Fortune", "Jeopardy! ", "Inside Edition", and "Right This Minute" among others. On April 10, 2011, KCBD began broadcasting their newscasts in high-definition. KCBD's stability, especially in terms of its anchor staff, has contributed to its relative standing in the Lubbock media market. Since 1984, when it switched from the "Eyewitness News" branding to "News 11" (one it would keep through about 1993 or 1994) KCBD's newscasts have routinely ranked #1 in the Lubbock market. Abner Euresti has been at the station since the mid seventies when he anchored with Jane Prince. Euresti was paired with Karin McCay in 1980 under news director Carl Skip Watson (guiding light of the Lubbock food bank initiative) and have worked together since. Not far behind is chief meteorologist John Robison, who came to the station in 1983. Sharon Hibner Maines was the main anchor at cross town KLBK-TV from 1975-82 until she left for KAMC, where she would co-anchor the evening newscasts there until 1989. Between her departure from KAMC and her arrival at KCBD in 1996, she worked in public relations for Furr's Supermarkets. She resurfaced at KAMC and later came to KCBD. Maines, the wife of noted local musician Kenny Maines, is only one of a handful of media personalities (along with Texas Tech football color commentator John Harris, who served as KCBD's sports director from 1989-95; and current KAMC evening anchor Bryan Mudd, who served as a KCBD sports anchor in the late 1990s) to have anchored either news, sports, or weather at all of Lubbock's Big Three affiliates. One time weather anchor Clyde Robert "Bob" Stephens was founder of 99.5 FM KWGN in Abernathy, Texas. It was later called KWGO and is nowadays Lubbock's KQBR. Former sports anchor Bob Howell was a co founder of a Texas oriented sports channel for cable that is now at the heart of the present day Fox Sports Southwest network.

A National Olympic Committee (NOC) of the Saarland was founded in spring of 1950 in the "Saar Protectorate" which existed from 1947 to 1956 (German state of Saarland since), a region of Western Germany that was (again) occupied in 1945 by France. As a separate team, they only took part in the 1952 Summer Olympics before being allowed to rejoin the German team for the summer games of 1956. Thirty-six competitors, 31 men and five women, took part in 32 events in nine sports. Just as after World War I Saarland had initially been disallowed from uniting with the Weimar Republic and remained under military occupation for several years after the war, after World War II the Saarland was not allowed to become part of the Federal Republic of Germany which was founded in May 1949. On the other hand, the area's annexation by France was prohibited by the other Allies and the Atlantic Charter's points 2 and 3. As the local population did not want to join France, separate international organisations were founded, like the Saarland football team, and in 1950 a NOC, in German called "Nationales Olympisches Komitee des Saarlandes". The region, in which the Dollberg at 695 metres is the highest mountain, did not send athletes to Oslo for the 1952 Winter Olympics due to a lack of competitive athletes in winter sports. Having a recorded history of over 500 years of coal mining, the Saarland donated a miner's safety lamp in which the flame of the torch relay of the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki could be carried safely aboard airplanes. At the opening ceremony, 36 or as reported by the Chefs de Mission on the preceding evening, 41 athletes from the Saarland marched in ahead of the team of Germany, which is called "Saksa" in the Finnish language. The team, which is listed in the official report with a maximum strength of 44 men and 6 women and with 71 competitors, 16 officials, 11 spectators for a total of 98 did not win a medal and was ranked a joint 44th among a total of 69 teams. Following a referendum in October 1955 that overwhelmingly rejected the Saar statute proposing Saar independence as a "European territory", its people were thus voting indirectly in favor of accession to the Federal Republic of Germany. The subsequent Saar Treaty of October 1956 allowed the Saarland to rejoin Germany effective as of 1 January 1957. Even though theoretically possible, no separate Saarland teams were sent to the 1956 games, as a Unified Team of Germany comprising athletes of all three German states took part for the first and only time. Thus 1952 was the first and only Olympic appearance of the Saarland as a separate German team. The "Olympic Committee of the Saarland" formally dissolved itself in February 1957 as its members, like other separate institutions of the Saarland, became part of their German counterparts. Therese Zenz (born 15 October 1932 in Merzig), a local champion, finished 9th in the canoe race at the 1952 Olympics, held on the open Baltic Sea, a new experience for the 19-year-old athlete from a landlocked country (as long as separated from Germany). She became world champion in 1954 in the K-1 500 m event, making history for the Saarland and her home town of Mettlach. Allowed to enter for Germany in 1956, she went on to win a silver medal and in 1960 even two silver medals, after being beaten in photo finishes by Soviets. In 1964, she coached the gold medalists Roswitha Esser and Annemarie Zimmermann, a team that defended their gold in 1968.

The pezhetairoi (Greek and Ancient Macedonian: , singular: "pezhetairos") were the backbone of the Macedonian army and Diadochi kingdoms. They were literally "foot companions" (in Greek, "pezos" means "foot warrior" or "infantryman", and "hetairos" means "companion" or "friend"). The Macedonian phalanxes were made up almost entirely of pezhetairoi. Pezhetairoi were very effective against both enemy cavalry and infantry, as their long pikes could be used to impale enemies charging on horse-back or to keep enemy infantry with shorter weapons at bay. The pezhetairoi were the battalions of the Macedonian phalanx. They first came to prominence during the reign of Philip II, particularly when they played such an important role in Philip's subjugation of Greece at the Battle of Chaeronea in 338 BCE. The name "foot companions" was used by famed commander Alexander the Great, the successor of Phillip II, as an ancient recruiting method. By labeling his infantry as his personal "companions" and "friends," Alexander was able to engage a wider manpower base for his subsequent military campaigns, as positions in his personal infantry would denote pride and honor. Therefore, as Alexander would campaign across Asia, he was able to use his reputation as a brilliant military strategist, along with the personal connotation given to his infantry, to recruit more native peoples to his cause than conventional recruitment methods of the day. This created a near endless base of manpower for the burgeoning military leader, and allowed him to engage in longer, costlier campaigns in areas like Asia Minor, Egypt, Persia, and India. They were armed with the sarissa, a long spear with a shaft made from flexible cornel wood, which had a much longer reach than the traditional hoplite spear. Because of its length the phalanx could present the spearpoints of around five files of men; which made the phalanx almost impenetrable, and fearsome to oppose. Tactically, the pezhetairoi were best used as a strong defensive line, rather than as shock troops. The length of the sarissa, while making them terrifying for an enemy to oppose, severely limited their maneuverability; and if they were taken in flank or rear they had little chance of responding. This was particularly clear at the Battle of Gaugamela in 331 BCE, when the rapid advance of the right wing caused a breach to open between two of the battalions of pezhetairoi—a force of enemy cavalry broke through and, had it not been for a lack of discipline in their own command, and for Alexander's placing of a second line of traditional hoplites in reserve, the phalanx might have been destroyed from the rear. Apart from in pitched battles, the pezhetairoi and their sarissas were not very practical; it is supposed that they were re-armed, and their tactics adapted, to suit the guerrilla warfare that was prevalent, and necessary, in Bactria and Sogdia. There is a separate group of Pezheteroi called "Asthetairoi" (singular "Asthetairos"). There is a debate as it is not fully clear what the prefix asth- (Greek: -) is referring to. Some claim it comes from "asty" (= city) or "asthoi" (= townsmen), which would mean the "Asthetairoi" were recruited from cities. But the units referred to as "Asthetairoi" where recruited in northern Macedonia, where there are just a few cities. Another suggestions say asth- comes from "aristoi" (= the best) and thus implying they were some kind of elite. This would correspond to the fact, that they were placed on the right side next to the Hypaspists. The common conception is that "Asthetairoi" means 'closest companion' in terms of kinship and designated units from Upper Macedonia. Another explanation is that 'close' is referring to their position in battle, as they were the closest to the king. For fighting near the Hypaspists it is possible, that they were better trained and equipped than normal Pezheteroi. The battalions of pezhetairoi appear to have been organised on a regional basis, at least to begin with. We know of battalions named for the regions of Orestis/Lyncestis (two battalions probably combining men from both regions), Elimaea and Tymphaea—if all pezhetairoi were from Upper Macedonia then we would expect the other battalions to have represented Eordaea and Pelagonia. In 334 BCE Alexander the Great took six battalions of pezhetairoi with him to Asia. By the time the army moved into India in 327 BC, a seventh battalion had been added. ***LIST***.

Grevillea longifolia (Fern-leaf spider flower) is a plant of the family Proteaceae, formerly known as "Grevillea aspleniifolia". Commonly growing in the Sydney basin of central New South Wales, Australia "Grevillea longifolia" is recognizable by its deep red "toothbrush" flowers which appear in spring, and narrow, sawtoothed leaves. It is fairly readily grown in gardens. The prolific botanist Robert Brown described "Grevillea longifolia" in 1830 in his "Supplementum primum prodromi florae Novae Hollandiae", the specimen having been collected by George Caley somewhere in Port Jackson (Sydney) near the river. Karel Domin relegated it to a subspecies of "Grevillea aspleniifolia", but the consensus is for it as a distinct species. Its name is derived from the Latin words "longus" "long" and "folium" "leaf", and refers to the long leaves. "Grevillea longifolia" grows as a shrub anywhere from high. It has long narrow leaves long and wide. The leaves have coarsely toothed margins. Appearing from July to January and peaking in September, the inflorescences are long and composed of scores of smaller individual flowers, arranged in a "toothbrush" pattern. Flowering is followed by hairy seedpods, which are prone to predation. "Grevillea longifolia" is restricted to the Sydney basin, particularly the southern areas and Woronora Plateau. It is found in the Heathcote and Royal National Parks, but has vanished from the Burwood and Carlton districts where it once grew. It grows on Hawkesbury Sandstone and yellow clay soils, often along riverbanks and streams. It grows in shaded or part-shaded situations in woodland or forest. It grows under such trees as blue leaved stringybark ("Eucalyptus agglomerata"), Sydney peppermint ("E. piperita"), stringybark ("E. oblonga"), smooth-barked apple ("Angophora costata") and red bloodwood ("Corymbia gummifera"), and shrubs such as gymea lily ("Doryanthes excelsa"), and near creeks with such shrubs as "Lomatia myricoides", watergum "Tristania neriifolia", kanooka ("Tristaniopsis laurina") and trees blackbutt ("Eucalyptus pilularis") and coachwood ("Ceratopetalum apetalum"). "Grevillea longifolia" adapts readily to cultivation, and can be propagated vegetatively by cutting as plants have a tendency to hybridise, making seed parentage unclear. It is grown commercially in the south of France for its foliage. It is sometimes sold mistakenly labelled as "G. aspleniifolia".

"Grevillea rosmarinifolia" usually occurs as a small to medium, shrub to 0.3–2 meters high. The leaves resemble rosemary - narrow-linear, stiff with sharp points and curled-under margins, 0.8-3.8 cm long and 0.7–3 mm wide. "G. rosmarinifolia" produces clusters of red or pink flowers from winter to spring. The flowers are rich in nectar and attract nectarivorous insects and birds. It was first described by Allan Cunningham, an English botanist on an expedition in New South Wales. There are two currently recognised subspecies: ***LIST***. It is native to New South Wales and Victoria, Australia, and has naturalised in South Australia. "G. rosmarinifolia" prefers full sun. It is frost and drought tolerant.

The Strasburg Rail Road is the oldest continuously operating railroad in the western hemisphere and the oldest public utility in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. Chartered in 1832, the Strasburg Rail Road continues to operate under its original charter and original name (Strasburg Rail Road Company). Located just outside of the town of Strasburg, Pennsylvania, the railroad is a heritage railroad offering excursion trains, hauled by steam locomotives, through the heart of world-famous Pennsylvania Dutch Country. Strasburg currently has four (4) serviceable historic steam locomotives (Canadian National 7312, Canadian National 89, Great Western 90, N&W 475) on its roster and has the nation's largest fleet of historic wooden passenger coaches in operation. The Strasburg Rail Road is also one of the few railroads in the United States to occasionally use steam locomotives to haul revenue freight trains. It hosts 300,000 visitors per year. Across the street from the Strasburg Rail Road is the Railroad Museum of Pennsylvania. The Strasburg Rail Road serves as the Museum's physical rail connection to the Amtrak Philadelphia to Harrisburg Main Line junction in Paradise, Pennsylvania. Strasburg Rail Road is a shortline railroad whose construction in the 19th century was intended to connect the town of Strasburg with the main line. Today, the original 4½-mile (7.2 km) line carries passengers on a 45-minute round-trip journey from Strasburg to Leaman Place Junction through nearly 1,000 acres in south-eastern Lancaster County. The train includes the United States' only operational wooden dining car on which visitors may dine while riding. Attractions at the station include the fully operational gauge Pint-Sized Pufferbelly (Cagney steam-powered ridable miniature railway) a vintage pump car and several c.1930s "cranky cars" along with several gift shops and a cafe. A percentage of each train ticket is contributed to the Lancaster Farmland Trust. In addition to the excursion train rides, Strasburg Rail Road mechanical and car shops conduct contract work for a wide variety of public and private clients including fellow steam railroads, train museums, attractions, and more. Strasburg Rail Road's freight department facilitates the carrying of goods to and from the main line for a number of local and regional clients. In 2016, it was announced that they are to expand their shop an extra 12,000 square feet due to the increase of jobs from other railroads. By the 1820s, the canal system had replaced the Conestoga Wagon as the primary method of long-distance transportation. When the Susquehanna Canal opened, the majority of goods were directed through Baltimore, Maryland rather than Philadelphia. The small amount of goods that were destined for Philadelphia traveled via a wagon road through Strasburg. Philadelphia attempted to reclaim its position as a major port city by constructing the Philadelphia and Columbia Railroad in 1831. A railroad was easier and more cost effective to build than a canal. Because the new railroad would bypass Strasburg and cause Strasburg to lose its livelihood, a group of businessmen petitioned the state government for the right to build their own railroad to connect Strasburg to the Philadelphia and Columbia. A charter was issued by the Pennsylvania Legislature with the signature of Governor George Wolf on June 9, 1832 to "incorporate the Strasburg ". Although the pre-1852 history of the Strasburg Rail Road is sketchy, it is believed that the line was graded in 1835 and was operational by 1837. The railroad operated as a horse-drawn railroad until it purchased a second-hand Norris-built, 4-2-0 steam locomotive named the "William Penn" in 1851. Controlling interest in the railroad was purchased by John F. and Cyrus N. Herr in 1863. The rails were replaced around the same time with heavier ones to accommodate the locomotive. In 1866, the Herrs were granted a charter to extend the Strasburg Rail Road to Quarryville; surveys were carried out, but the extension was eventually canceled because of an economic depression in 1867. Isaac Groff managed The Strasburg Rail Road for about 20 years until the destructive fire of January 16, 1871 which destroyed the depot, grist, and merchant-mill, planing-mill, and machine-shop. In one night over fifty thousand dollars' worth of property was destroyed. In 1878, the Strasburg Rail Road and the shops were sold. The railroad was eventually again sold in 1888 to the Edward Musselman, with the Musselmans retaining control of it until 1918, when it was purchased by State Senator John Homsher. By this time, the number of passengers had dropped off due to tracks for the Conestoga Traction Company's streetcars reaching Strasburg in 1908, which offered a more direct route between Lancaster and Strasburg. In 1926, the Strasburg Rail Road purchased a , gasoline-powered, Plymouth switcher—the only locomotive that was ever built specifically for the Strasburg Rail Road. By 1958, the railroad fell on hard-times from cumulative effect of years of declining freight business and infrequent runs, damage caused by Hurricane Hazel, and inspectors from the Interstate Commerce Commission's lack of approval for operation of the Plymouth locomotive. Upon the death of Bryson Homsher, the Homsher estate filed for abandonment with the Pennsylvania Public Utility Commission. Hearing of the potential abandonment, and effort to purchase and save the railroad was organized by Henry K. Long and Donald E. L. Hallock, both railfans from Lancaster. They organized a small, non-profit group to purchase the railroad. After the better part of a year of hard work, the purchase was completed on November 1, 1958. The following week, on November 8, the first carload of revenue freight was hauled to what was then the only customer, a mill in Strasburg. Tourist excursion service began on January 4, 1959, and the first steam locomotive, No. 31, arrived the following year. 1 was formerly BEDT Brooklyn Eastern District Terminal engine #15, rebuilt as Thomas the Tank Engine by SRR. Thomas' face was replaced with the CGI face in June 2014. 89 was purchased from the Steamtown Foundation in 1972. En route to Strasburg that June, it was caught in Penn Central's Buttonwood, Pennsylvania, yard when Hurricane Agnes flooded the Susquehanna River over the locomotive's stack, delaying its debut at Strasburg. For several years, groups have scheduled photo charters when the railroad reletters locomotives in their heritage paint scheme. For the movie Thomas and the Magic Railroad, #475 and three passenger cars were relettered "Indian Valley". 90 was painted in her old Great Western Railway (Colorado) colors in 2013. 1187 ran as No. 4 between 1962 and 1967. It was retired as being of inadequate strength for SRR's heavy trains. It is a camelback-type locomotive. After a loan to the Railroad Museum of Pennsylvania, it is now back on the railroad property and is currently dismantled pending long-term future restoration. 972 was acquired from Rail Tours Inc. of Jim Thorpe, Pennsylvania after the company could not afford the payments for mechanical repairs that Strasburg was performing on the locomotive at the time. ***LIST***. Both 1223 and 7002 were leased for operation. 1223 was leased from the PRR from 1965 to 1968, from Penn Central from 1968 to 1979 and from the Railroad Museum of Pennsylvania from 1979 to 1990. 7002 was also leased from the Railroad Museum of Pennsylvania. After ultra-sonic testing both engines were found to have thin spots in their fireboxes, which are a part of their boilers, thus the engines were taken out of service. Today, 1223 and 7002 are static displays in the Railroad Museum of Pennsylvania. 98 is currently operating at Wilmington and Western Railroad. Strasburg rostered at least five steam locomotives prior to 1958. Evidence suggests that Strasburg only rostered one locomotive at a time, operating it until it was no longer economically viable to run it anymore and would purchase a new locomotive to replace it.

Derek Leslie Quinnell (born 22 May 1949 in Llanelli, Carmarthenshire) was a Welsh rugby union player. He played as a lock-forward and as a number eight. Educated at Coleshill Secondary Modern School, Llanelli, Derek Quinnell first played for Llanelli RFC in 1967 and made his international debut for Wales against France in 1972. He captained Llanelli in 1979–80 and went on three British and Irish Lions tours. He had 23 caps for Wales, from 1972 to 1980, scoring 1 try, 4 points on aggregate. He played at the Five Nations Championship in 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1977, 1978 and 1979. He was a member of the winning squad in 1973, ex-aequo, 1975, 1978 and 1979. He was the only player in the Lions squad not to have been capped by his country when he went on the tour to New Zealand in 1971, playing in one test. He went to New Zealand again in 1977, playing in two tests, and finally to South Africa in 1980, again playing in two tests. Remarkably, his three sons, Scott, Craig and Gavin went on to play top-flight professional rugby, with Craig winning caps for Wales in rugby union and Scott earning Wales caps in both union and league. Derek's youngest son, Gavin, played professionally for the Magners League side Scarlets before an injury suffered in an October 2010 match between Llanelli RFC and Cross Keys cost him the sight in his left eye.

Clarke's Head, Newfoundland is the first community on the north side of the mouth of the Gander River. A small community, which joined with several other small communities, to form Gander Bay. Clarke's Head is located near Gander in Gander Bay, Newfoundland. This lumbering community is said to have been populated by Aboriginals until European settlers moved near the community in the 19th century. People came to Clarke's Head for the salmon fishery and farming was important as well. In 1869 the "Census" of Newfoundland recorded a population of 69. In 1883 Clarke's Head had a road built leading to Victoria Cove, and by 1890 they had started exploiting timber. By 1935 Clarke's Head had a population over 300 with logging as the main source of employment. There is records that show a school was operating in Clarke's Head in the late 19th century. In 1869 there were 61 members of the Church of England and 8 Roman Catholics. In 1905 a Church of England church was built, and a Roman Catholic church was also built. - Lovell's Directory describes Clarke's Head as a small fishing settlement in the Twillingate and Fogo district with a population of 70. The names that are listed are: ***LIST***.

John Templeton (1766–1825) was an early Irish naturalist and botanist. He is often referred to as the "Father of Irish Botany". He was the father of naturalist, artist and entomologist Robert Templeton. Templeton was born at Orange Grove, Belfast in 1766 (some 68 years after it was so named from William of Orange having tethered his horse to a Spanish Chestnut tree beside the house on his way south from Carrickfergus to face the armies of James II at the River Boyne). He married Katherine Johnson of Seymour Hill, on the outskirts of Belfast, the daughter of a Belfast merchant on 21 December 1799. The couple had five children: Ellen, born on 30 September 1800, Robert, born on 12 December 1802, Catherine, born on 19 July 1806, Mary, born on 9 December 1809 and Matilda on 2 November 1813. The union between the two already prosperous merchant families provided more than ample means enabling Templeton to devote himself passionately to the study of natural history. Influenced by the French Revolution, which many saw as lighting a beacon of enlightenment before the counter-revolutionary Civil War and the ensuing "Terror", Templeton was an early member of the United Irishmen. At once a fervent advocate of Irish independence from the United Kingdom he changed the name of the family home to 'Cranmore' (Irish: crann mór; 'big tree'). Disillusionment came with the murders of a number of Protestants at Wexford bridge and the rise of sectarian Irish nationalism, though he remained a strenuous and enlightened advocate of civil and religious liberty. Never of strong constitution, he was not expected to survive, he was in failing health from 1815 and died in 1825 aged only 60, "leaving a sorrowing wife, youthful family and many friends and townsmen who greatly mourned his death". The Australian leguminous genus "Templetonia" is named for him. His son Robert became a famous entomologist. John Templeton's interest in botany began with an experimental garden laid out according to a suggestion in Rousseau's 'Nouvelle Heloise' and following Rousseau's 'Letters on the Elements of Botany'. Here he cultivated many tender exotics out of doors and began botanical studies which lasted throughout his life and corresponded with the most eminent botanists in England Sir William Hooker, William Turner, James Sowerby and, especially Sir Joseph Banks, who had travelled on Captain James Cook's voyages, and in charge of Kew Gardens. Banks tried (unsuccessfully) to tempt him to New Holland (Australia) as a botanist on the Flinders's Expedition with the offer of a large tract of land and a substantial salary. An associate of the Linnean Society, Templeton visited London and saw the botanical work being achieved there. This led to his promotion of the Belfast Botanic Gardens as early as 1809, and to work on a "Catalogue of Native Irish Plants", in manuscript form and now in the Royal Irish Academy, which was used as an accurate foundation for later work by succeeding Irish botanists. He also assembled text and executed many beautiful watercolour drawings for a "Flora Hibernica", sadly never finished, and kept a detailed Journal during the years 1806–1825 (both now in the Ulster Museum, Belfast). Of the 12000 algal specimens in the Ulster Museum Herbarium about 148 are in the Templeton collection and were mostly collected by him, some were collected by others and passed to Templeton. The specimens in the Templeton collection in the Ulster Museum (BEL) have been catalogued. Those noted in 1967 were numbered: F1 – F48. Others were in The Queen's University Belfast. Queens University Belfast All of Templeton's specimens have now been numbered in the Ulster Museum as follows: F190 – F264; F290 – F314 and F333 – F334. Templeton was the first finder of "Rosa hibernica" (1795) and in Ireland of "Sisymbrium Ligusticum seoticum" (1793), "Adoxa moschatellina" (1820), "Orobanche rubra" and many other plants. John Templeton had wide-ranging scientific interests including chemistry as it applied to agriculture and horticulture, meteorology and phenology following Robert Marsham. He published very little aside from monthly reports on natural history and meteorology in the 'Belfast Magazine' commenced in 1808.John Templeton studied birds extensively, collected shells, marine organisms (especially zoophytes and insects, notably garden pest species. He planned an 'Hibernian Fauna' to accompany 'Hibernian Flora'.This was not published, even in part, but "A catalogue of the species annulose animals and of rayed ones found in Ireland as selected from the papers of the late J Templeton Esq. of Cranmore with localities, descriptions and illustrations" Mag. 9: 233- 240; 301 305; 417–421; 466 -472 and 1837. "Irish vertebrate animals selected from the papers of the late . John Templeton Esq"., Mag. 1: (n. s. ): 403–413 403 -413 were (collated and edited By Robert Templeton). Much of his work was used by later authors, especially by William Thompson whose 'Natural History of Ireland' is its essential continuation. John Templeton supported many Belfast societies, such as Belfast Literary Society and Belfast Natural History Society, which became the Belfast Natural History and Philosophical Society in 1842. He was a founder, with other far-sighted Belfast men, of the Royal Belfast Academical Institution.

The University of Law (ULaw) (formerly the College of Law) is a for-profit, private university in the United Kingdom, providing law degrees, specialist legal training, and continuing professional development courses for British barristers and solicitors. Founded in 1962 as the College of Law, it is the UK's largest law school. The College of Law was granted degree-awarding powers in 2006, and in 2012 it became the UK's first for-profit educational institution to be granted university status. ULaw has eight branches across England. The College of Law had been incorporated by royal charter as a charity in 1975, but in 2012, prior to the granting of university status, its educational and training business was split off and incorporated as a private limited company. This became the College of Law Ltd and later University of Law Ltd. The charitable branch, which remained incorporated by the 1975 royal charter, became the Legal Education Foundation. Shortly after the granting of university status in 2012, College of Law Ltd. was bought by Montagu Private Equity. Three years later Montagu sold the University of Law to its present owner, the Netherlands-based company Global University Systems. The Law Society of England and Wales created the College of Law in 1962 by merging its own solicitors' training school with the tutorial firm Gibson and Weldon. The college was created in its legal form by Royal Charter on 5 December 1975. It was registered as a charity on 24 May 1976 with the aim "to promote the advancement of legal education and the study of law in all its branches". Until the transfer of its training business to College of Law Ltd. 2012, the College of Law was in the top 100 of UK charities ranked by expenditure. Following the recommendations of the Ormrod Report on the reform of legal education in England and Wales, the Law Society submitted proposals in 1975 for a 36-week Final Examination course for aspiring solicitors and a Common Professional Examination (CPE) or law conversion course for non-law graduates to be taught at the College of Law. The first CPE was held in 1978. The number of institutions approved to deliver the CPE gradually increased until by 2006 the BPP Law School and 27 universities, most of them former polytechnics, were also running the course. However, the leading providers of the CPE (now called the Graduate Diploma in Law) remained the College of Law and BPP Law School whose enrollments still "dwarfed" those of the universities in 2010. In the 1980s, The Law Society asked the college to produce a scheme for additional tuition in accounts for articled clerks (now trainee solicitors), combining distance learning with one-day's attendance at lectures. Further distance learning courses were developed in a partnership with the Open University beginning in 1998. The Guildford branch of the college also established the Fresh Start distance learning course for solicitors returning to practice after a career break or those wishing to change their specialisation. The 1990s saw a major change in the relationship between the Law Society and the College of Law. In 1994 Nigel Savage, then the dean of Nottingham Trent University's law school, called for a review of the link between the college and the Law Society which had eight of its council members on the college's board of governors. Savage suggested that this gave the college an unfair advantage in recruiting students to the Legal Practice Course which had been set up the Law Society in 1993 to replace the Final Examination course. The society also regulated the course and determined which institutions would receive a licence to deliver it. He proposed that the college should either "come clean" about the relationship and declare itself the official college of the Law Society or sever the link and become completely independent. The college subsequently severed the link, and the Law Society stopped appointing college governors. Savage went on to become the president and CEO of the College of Law in 1996 and served in that capacity for the next 18 years. The College of Law established "pro bono" clinics, with students undertaking legal advice work for free supervised by the college's lecturers. In March 2015 the University of Law (as the college is now called) obtained an alternative business structure licence, allowing it to expand its legal advice clinics. It also restructured its Legal Practice Courses to give students more choice and won contracts to develop law firm-specific LPC programmes for three magic circle firms – Allen & Overy, Clifford Chance and Linklaters. However, by the end of 2014, it had retained only Linklaters, having lost the contracts with Allen & Overy and Clifford Chance who moved to BPP Law School. The college was granted degree-awarding powers by the Privy Council in 2006, leading to development of its Bachelor and Master of Laws degree programmes. The London Moorgate centre was also opened that year. According to the University of Law, the Moorgate centre is the UK's largest corporate-specific law school. In 2012, the College of Law underwent a major restructuring. College of Law Ltd. was created as a private limited company to take on its educational and training business. The parent charity changed its name to the Legal Education Foundation. In April of that year Montagu Private Equity agreed to buy College of Law Ltd. for approximately £200 million. On 22 November 2012, it was announced that the college had been granted full university status and its name would be changed to "University of Law". Shortly thereafter, Montague Private Equity completed the acquisition process. This raised questions about the legality of transferring the degree-awarding powers granted under royal charter to the original College of Law to the newly created company, and then selling that company, now with University status, to a for-profit provider. The UK Department for Business, Innovation and Skills explained that while degree-awarding powers cannot be transferred, when a whole institute changes its legal status the powers remain with it. This was considered to be the case with University of Law because all of the original College of Law's education and training business had been transferred to the for-profit college, and the activities remaining with the chartered body were not related to the degree-awarding powers. Dame Fiona Woolf was named the newly created university's first chancellor in 2013. The university began selling off its property portfolio on a leaseback basis in 2014, starting with the four buildings of its Bloomsbury campus. According to analysis of the university's accounts earlier that year by the "Times Higher Education Supplement", the purchase by Montagu Private Equity in 2012 had loaded the university with £177m of debt. Critics had compared the purchase by Montagu Private Equity to the leveraged buyouts of Premier League clubs in English football. At the time, the University of Law's ultimate parent company was L-J Holdco Ltd. which was incorporated in Guernsey and majority owned by Montagu-managed funds. In June 2015 Montagu Private Equity sold the university to Global University Systems (GUS) for an undisclosed sum. Former UK Education and Employment Secretary and Home Secretary David Blunkett, at the time a visiting lecturer at the London School of Business and Finance (also owned by Global University Systems), was named Chairman of the Board. GUS began a programme of restructuring its UK holdings with the intention of making the University of Law the company's sole provider of academic qualifications and professional qualifications, including the master's degrees previously offered by the London School of Business and Finance. The University of Law announced the launch of its De Broc School of Business in July 2015 but had to defer the first intake of students (originally planned for September of that year) due to low student recruitment. The summer of 2015 also saw a restructuring of the university's governance. The provost, Andrea Nollent, also assumed the role of Chief Academic Officer. John Latham, who had been its CEO and president since 2014 and had overseen the sale of the University of Law to Global University Systems, resigned by "mutual consent". The office of president became a non-executive position and was assumed by Lord Grabiner. David Johnston, the former Chief Operating Officer, took over as CEO. Johnston was subsequently replaced as CEO by economist Stelios Platis in April 2016. In turn, Platis stepped down in October 2016 and was replaced by Andrea Nollent who serves as both CEO and Vice-Chancellor. Unlike many law schools in the UK and around the world, the university was not ranked in Times Higher Education World University Rankings as it excluded small and specialist institutions. In the 2014 "National Student Survey", based on ratings provided by students of the university, it was jointly classified with University of Exeter, University of East Anglia and University of Buckingham as the UK's second most successful university with a learner satisfaction level of 92% from its students. In the 2016 National Student Survey the university was ranked joint first (with The University of Buckingham) for satisfaction within the student body, achieving an overall satisfaction rate of 97%. The Advertising Standards Authority has noted, however, that this compared the ranking for all subjects, and that when limited to law, ULaw ranked sixth for student satisfaction. Courses and degrees offered by the university (as of 2016) include: ***LIST***. The Open University's courses in Law (including the LL.B by distance learning) are offered in association with the University of Law. However, the Open University announced in a 2013 press release that this partnership was being phased out and would end completely in 2018. In 2015, the university also established a one-year foundation programme for international students wishing to progress to undergraduate legal study in the UK.

Sudbury railway station is the northern terminus of the Gainsborough Line, a branch off the Great Eastern Main Line in the East of England, serving the town of Sudbury, Suffolk. It is from London Liverpool Street; the preceding station on the branch is . Its three-letter station code is SUY. The station is managed by Abellio Greater Anglia, which also operates all trains serving it. Sudbury is an unstaffed station with one platform as the line is single-track, and a self-service ticket machine. Volunteers from Sudbury In Bloom man the station, which is annually entered into the Anglia In Bloom station competition; it won the Silver Gilt award in 2006, 2007 and 2008. It also won the Best Station Garden at the 2008 ACoRP Community Rail Awards. The current station is the third in Sudbury. The first was built by the Great Eastern Railway in 1849, but that was replaced in 1865 when the line was extended to to create the Stour Valley Railway. However, Sudbury became a terminus again following the Beeching cuts to railway services which included the closure of the Stour Valley line on and from 6 March 1967. In 1991 the station was re-sited to the edge of the town centre, to make way for the construction of the Kingfisher Leisure Centre. On 27 January 2006 at least four passengers were slightly injured when a train ran into the buffer stop at Sudbury. The 6:05 pm service from was travelling at a speed at the time of the collision of approximately six miles per hour. An investigation determined that the driver failed to apply the brakes in a "timely and appropriate manner".

Charles Penrose (born Charles Penrose Dunbar Cawse; 11 November 1873 – 17 November 1952) was an English music hall and theatre performer, and later radio comedian, who is best known for his unusual comic song "The Laughing Policeman". He was born in Biggleswade, Bedfordshire, the son of a master watchmaker and jeweller. He initially followed his father into the jewellery trade, but enjoyed such success with his innovative laughing songs at local concert parties that he was invited to join a theatrical tour at the age of 18. His theatrical career took off, and he appeared in music hall and the West End. One of his most successful performances was in "Tonight's the Night" at the Gaiety Theatre, London in 1914–15. Penrose married architect's daughter Harriet Lewcock in 1899. It was his second wife, songwriter Mabel Anderson, 26 years younger than he was, who became his most important collaborator. In 1922, Penrose made the first recording of his song "The Laughing Policeman" under the pseudonym 'Charles Jolly'. The composition of the song is officially credited to his wife Mabel under the pseudonym 'Billie Grey', but the music, melody, and laughing are taken from "The Laughing Song" by the American George W. Johnson which was recorded in 1898, 1901 and 1902. The Penroses wrote numerous other laughing songs including "The Laughing Major", "Curate", "Steeplechaser", "Typist", "Lover" and "Sneezing Man". The B-side of "The Laughing Sneezing Man" was a short comical sketch called "The Dog Vs The Cornet" where a little boy had to get his dog to out-sing a cornet player and make him stop playing. In 2016 78Man Records collected 20 rarely heard Penrose songs and released the album "78Man Presents Charles Penrose". Penrose was one of the first comedians to star on BBC Radio, his most popular role being Sgt. Bob Evergreen in the wartime radio series "The Pig and Whistle". He was also a character actor in a number of films in the 1930s and 1940s.

This is a list of Japanese verb conjugations. Almost all of these are regular, but there are a few Japanese irregular verbs, and the conjugations of the very few irregular verbs are also listed. Japanese verb conjugation is the same for all subjects, first person ("I", "we"), second person ("you") and third person ("he/she/it" and "they"), singular and plural. The plain form of all verbs ends in "u". In modern Japanese, there are no verbs, at least in the plain form, ending in "fu", "pu", or "yu", no verbs ending in "zu" other than certain する forms (such as 禁ず "kin-zu"), and 死ぬ (しぬ, "shinu"; to die) is the only one ending in "nu". This article describes a set of conjugation rules widely used in order to teach Japanese as a foreign language. However, Japanese linguists have been proposing various grammatical theories for over a hundred years and there is still no consensus about the conjugations. Japanese people learn the more traditional "school grammar" in their schools, which explains the same grammatical phenomena in a different way with different terminology (see the corresponding Japanese article). Verb conjugates are often grouped into (type I) and (type II). The plain form of a type I verb has an "u" sound ("u", "tsu", "ru", "ku", "gu", "bu", "mu", "su"), the "-masu" form has an "i" sound ("i", "chi", "ri", "ki", "gi", "bi", "mi", "shi"), and the negative form has an "a" sound ("wa", "ta", "ra", "ka", "ga", "ba", "ma", "sa"). The potential form has an "e" sound ("e", "te", "re", "ke", "ge", "be", "me", "se") and the volitional form has an "ō" sound ("ō", "tō", "rō", "kō", "gō", "bō", "mō", "sō"). The conjugation tables below will include the edict word class abbreviations to disambiguate classes with similar word endings. See Japanese consonant and vowel verbs for more information about verb groups and their conjugations. In Japanese, the basic verb form is an imperfective aspect. It is broadly equivalent to the present and future tenses of English, and is sometimes called the "non-past tense". The imperfective form of a verb is the same as its dictionary form—it is used as the headword, or lemma—and no conjugation needs to be done. For example, using the verb する ("do"): ***LIST***. In most cases, the base form of the imperfective aspect cannot be used to make a progressive statement, such as in the English sentence "I am shopping". Rather, it can only be used to express habit or other actions that are expected to continue into the future, such as in "I shop". To convey the former, the "te" form with "iru" must be used. Patterns for adjectives in an imperfective setting are: The perfective aspect, on the other hand, has a specific suffix. The basic pattern is the "-ta" (or "-da") ending, but various phonetic changes are made, depending on the verb's last syllable. These phonetic changes are known as 音便 "onbin" "euphony", and the resulting form as 音便形 "onbinkei" "euphonic form" – see Euphonic changes (音便 onbin). The perfective is broadly equivalent to the English past tense, and is often called the past tense in treatments of Japanese grammar, but it is not restricted to any single tense. N.B. : A verb not ending in "-iru" or "-eru" in its Latin transcription is not an ichidan verb, and it follows that it is then either godan or irregular. ***LIST***. Note that the perfective conjugation for verbs ending in -う more commonly follows the v5u-s pattern listed above for speakers of Western Japanese. The う in the perfective ending -うた may be pronounced either as an "u" or as an "o" depending on the preceding vowel, according to regular Japanese phonological rules. Consequently, in Kansai, one may hear forms such as つかう "tsukau" → つこうた "tsukōta", or いう "iu" → いうた "yuuta". Usage of the perfective aspect follows the same pattern as the imperfective aspect. For example, 日本に行く "nihon ni iku" (I go to Japan) becomes 日本に行った "nihon ni itta" (I went to Japan). The basic pattern is: "u" becomes "anai" (informal). The ない "nai" ending conjugates in two ways. ***LIST***. The "i" form, or 連用形 "ren'yōkei", is very regular, and in almost all cases it is formed by replacing the "u" with "i". Phonetically, this changes す "su" to し "shi", and つ "tsu" to ち "chi". Usage The "i" form has many uses, typically as a prefix. These include: ***LIST***. The "i" form also has some uses on its own, such as: ***LIST***. For some verbs, the "i" form also forms part of related words in ways that are not governed by any general rules. For example: ***LIST***. The "te" form of a Japanese verb (sometimes called the "participle") is used when the verb has some kind of connection to the following words. This originally came from the combination of the "i" form described above plus the particle "te". For all verbs, it is formed by changing the -"a" of the perfective aspect form to -"e". Adjectives behave slightly differently. ***LIST***. The general pattern is: "u" becomes "eru". Usage The potential is used to express that one has the ability to do something. Since this is a passive form, what would be a direct object in English is marked with the particle が "ga" instead of を "o". For example, 日本語が読める "nihongo ga yomeru": "I can read Japanese". It is also used to request some action from someone, in the exact sense of the English "Can you ... For example, 「コーヒー買える？」 "kōhī kaeru? ": "Can (you) buy (some) coffee?" However, sometimes in English "Will you...?" and "Can you ... is used interchangeably to make requests. Though it is possible in Japanese, 「コーヒー買う？」 "kōhī kau? ", it is very casual and might also mean simply "Are you buying/Will you buy coffee?" in a very dry factual sense. Unlike in English, the potential is not often used to express permission (as in the sentence "Can I eat this apple?") as it is almost always understood to mean "Do I have the ability to eat this apple? ": 「このりんごが食べられる？」 "kono ringo ga taberareru?". And since the "-reru" form is more often used in speech than the more standard passive potential form "-rareru", and subjects are often implied in Japanese, it may implicitly be asking (in this case) if the apple is edible. So, to seek permission, a more polite form is used, such as the -てもいい -te mo ii or more casual -ていい "-te ii"" usage of the -て "-te" form, resulting in something literally more like "Is eating this apple OK?" 「このりんごを食べてもいいですか？」 "Kono ringo o tabete mo ii desu ka?" or 「このりんごを食べていい？」 "Kono ringo o tabete ii?". The potential "-ru" ending conjugates as a vowel stem verb. Consonants and vowels conjugate differently, see consonant and vowel conjugation. There is no potential equivalent for です; other constructions for expressing may-be situations are used: ***LIST***. The causative passive form is obtained by first conjugating in the causative form and then conjugating the result in the passive form. Usage As its rule suggests, the causative passive is used to express causation passively: 両親に勉強させられる "ryōshin ni benkyō saserareru": "(I) am made to study by (my) parents". Because words such as 待たせられる "mataserareru" are considered to be difficult to pronounce, frequently in colloquial speech, the middle part of the causative passive would contract. That is, 待たせられる "mataserareru" (I was made to wait), would become 待たされる "matasareru". Another example such as "(I) was made to buy (something)" would formally be 買わせられた "kawaserareta" from the verb 買う "kau", but colloquially, it is frequently contracted to 買わされた "kawasareta". This abbreviation is not used for vowel-stem verbs, nor for the irregular する "suru" and くる "kuru". The "eba" provisional conditional form is characterized by the final "-u" becoming "-eba" for all verbs (with the semi-exception of "-tsu" verbs becoming "-teba"). ***LIST***. Usage The "-eba" provisional conditional form is used: ***LIST***. The "nakereba" negative conditional form means "if not X" or also "unless X". It is obtained by replacing the final "-i" of the plain negative form with "-kereba". ("tabenakereba": "if I don't eat" or "unless I eat") The conditional is also called the "provisional form" in some grammars, because the implied condition is "provided that X happens" ("mireba shiru": "provided that you see, you'll know" = "if you see, you'll know"). The conditional "ra" form (also called the "past" conditional) is formed from the past tense (TA form) by simply adding "ra". "ba" can be further added to that, which makes it more formal. Usage The conditional "ra" form can be used in the same way as the provisional "eba" form. However, it implies more certainty about the condition, and therefore places more emphasis on the result than the condition. It can be used to mean more like "if and when", and is typically preferred over the "eba" form when this meaning is more accurate. For example: ***LIST***. The conditional "ra" form can also be used when the main clause is in the past tense. In such situations, it means "when", and carries the additional implication that the result was unexpected. For example: ***LIST***.

The Legal Practice Course (LPC)also known as the Postgraduate Diploma in Legal Practiceis the final vocational stage for becoming a solicitor in England and Wales. The course is designed to provide a bridge between academic study and training in a law firm. It is a one-year, full-time (or two-year, part-time) course, and tuition fees range from £8,000-£14,550 a year. A small proportion of students may have their fees and some living expenses paid for by future employers under a training contract. The course is usually taken after a law degree, but a large minority take the course after studying a different subject at university and taking a conversion course called the Graduate Diploma in Law (GDL/CPE). The LPC is regulated through the Law Society of England and Wales and replaced the Law Society’s Final Examination (LSF) in 1993. Like the GDL/CPE, the LPC can be applied to through the Central Applications Board. The LPC is also offered to LLB graduates at some Australian universities, as an alternative to an articled clerkship. In Scotland, the equivalent is the Diploma in Professional Legal Practice. The course content can be broadly classified into three phases of learning. These are (a) "Core" compulsory modules, (b) "Elective" modules and (c) practical skills. Skills comprise advocacy, interviewing and advising, writing, drafting and research, solicitors' accounts, wills and administration and taxation. Generally taught in the first (and longest) part of the course, the compulsory modules are generally Criminal Litigation, Business Law and Practice, Property Law and Practice, and Civil litigation. In the shorter second part of the course, students select their "Elective" modules from a list chosen by the providing institution. Topics vary from institution to institution, but those widely available include advanced courses in the compulsory modules, along with: personal injury, family law, employment law, housing law, immigration law, probate and private client, commercial law, welfare law and commercial property law. Some topics recur throughout the teaching of all course topics and can come up in all examinations. These include: professional conduct, restricted activities under the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000, business accounts and taxation. Different institutions require different grades before accepting candidates onto their course. Institutions will often interview students with third class degrees before accepting them while only some will interview before accepting a candidate with a lower second. The course generally lasts nine months and has substantially less holiday than an undergraduate course. Emphasis is placed on class room teaching alongside independent study. LPC providers are rigorously inspected by the Solicitors Regulation Authority, commonly referred to as the SRA with the intention of maintaining high standards throughout the sector. Some providers are notably more expensive than others and will often be able to spend more money on both staff and facilities. University providers (on average considered to be the less expensive providers) generally allow their students access to university libraries, IT resources as well as societies, fitness facilities and the student union. In 2005, a total of 6,554 people passed the LPC, an overall rate of 84%, representing a 3% rise from the previous year. It is possible to sit all LPC exams three times before failing the course. It is necessary to pass all subjects. 9,337 students enrolled on the LPC in 2008/09. Quite a few deferred their exams or dropped out altogether, leaving 7,759 to take the exam; 5,824 of those passed the exams that year (75% of those who entered), just over the number of training contracts on offer (5,809). It should also be noted that training contracts with big firms tend to start recruitment 2 years in advance i.e. 2 years before completion of the LPC. The Law Society has a bursary scheme, this is available for some candidates who have already taken the LPC. Upon securing and commencing a training contract the recipient individual gets their fees paid through Law Society funds. It is not uncommon for law firms to provide sponsorship to LPC students as part of a job offer. Generally sponsorship is only offered by wealthy commercial practices, although a limited number of legal aid sponsorship packages (funded by the Law Society of England and Wales) do exist. Banks do offer preferential bank loans to post-graduate students in employment. This is an expensive option with loans of up to £25,000 being available. Alternatively, information on professional career development loans run by the National Careers Service can be found on the National Careers Service website, or in Job Centres.

The greater white-toothed shrew ("Crocidura russula") is a small insectivorous mammal found in Europe and North Africa. It is the most common of the white-toothed shrews. This species is found along the Mediterranean, Netherlands, Belgium, Germany and Portugal; in addition, the Osorio shrew of the Canary island of Gran Canaria, originally described as a separate species ("Crocidura osorio"), was later discovered to be a population of introduced greater white-toothed shrew. Its preferred habitats are grassland and woodland. It is slightly larger than the lesser white-toothed shrew but otherwise very similar, and can often be distinguished only by close inspection of its teeth which are unpigmented. The greater white-toothed shrew is distinguished by a careful examination of their unpigmented teeth. Like other "white tootheed-shrews", "C. russula" lacks the deposition of iron in their enamel at the tips of their teeth This particular species has a greyish or reddish brown upper coat with a yellowish grey coat in the underside The greater white-toothed shrews are part of the medium-sized shrews and weigh around 11 grams to 14 grams The head and body length of "C. russula" is about 6 to 9 cm and the tail length averages to about 3 to 4.3 cm "C. russula" are fond of temperate regions with plentiful insects. They are generally found in habitats such as grasslands, woodlands, hedgegrows and prime agricultural areas. To prepare for colder seasons, these shrews can be found living near farms and gardens. The greater white-toothed shrews tend to build their nest under stones, logs, and in abandoned burrows. Typically these shrews are found in elevations below 1000 meters Owls, snakes, and other small carnivorous mammals such as weasels are the main predators of "C. russula". In order to avoid predation, the greater white-toothed shrews can be found undercover of vegetation or leaf litter when active. Cryptic coloration is also used as an effective method to avoid predation. The greater white-toothed shrews are classified as semi-social mammals. During winter, "C. russula" are found sharing nests and enter torpor. Mated pairs are found guarding their territories together. "C. russula" are highly monogamous and exhibit a female-biased dispersal, which is highly uncommon in mammals. This dispersal pattern can also occur due to infiltration and migration to empty breeding sites. Nonetheless, this dispersal pattern is a preventative measure for inbreeding. The greater white-toothed shrew can be very vocal."C. russula" can find their way around their environment via a primitive form of echolocation where they produce a high pitched twittering call to interpret their environment. The use of this laryngeal call and vibrissae allow the shrews to find their way around their environment. There have not been any concrete reports on the modes of communication used by this species,however, the vocalization and tactile and chemical cues likely to be used. The greater white-toothed shrew typically experiences one breeding season in its entire lifetime, whereby fertilization occurs right after parturition. "C. russula" breed mainly from March to September, producing about four litters which can contain anywhere from 2 to 10 young. The sexual maturity in this species is fairly quick. The litters remain in their parental territory till the next breeding season. The "C. russula" serves as a prey to many animals, however, an abundance in this species may lead to a decline in other small mammals such as pygmy shrews. In April 2008, the greater white-toothed shrew was discovered in Ireland. While the introduction of the species will possibly sustain threatened birds of prey, such as the barn owl, the nonnative mammal could threaten some of the smaller native species, such as the Eurasian pygmy shrew.

The Danish Frogman Corps () is the maritime special operations force of the Danish Defence part of Special Operations Command. On 1 July 2015, the Frogman Corps transferred from the Royal Danish Navy to the newly established Special Operations Command. The Frogman Corps was establised on 17 June 1957 based on the model of the United Kingdom Royal Marines Special Boat Service. Initially it was under the Danish Navy's Diving School at Flådestation Holmen (Naval Station Holmen, Copenhagen), but in 1972 it was made an independent unit, operationally under the submarine squadron. The Frogman Corps primary role is reconnaissance, but it is also tasked with assaulting enemy ships, sabotage of fixed installations, advanced force and maritime anti-terrorism tasks. It performs special operations work on land also, including anti-terrorism and anti-criminal work. The Corps supports the police with clearing up criminal matters that demand highly specialised diving. Also, local authorities, etc. can benefit from the frogman's skills, for example when underwater installations must be inspected. The Frogman Corps trains at the Torpedo Station at Kongsøre and works through a long series of courses, e.g. ***LIST***. The basic Frogman Course is nine months. Each year 500-600 applicants start the course and less than a dozen complete all nine months. Since its creation in 1957, 311 have completed the training, and become a Frogman. Crown Prince Frederik of Denmark passed selection and completed continuation training to become a badged Frogman, in the course of which he earnt the nickname "Pingo". In 2015, a DR-produced documentary detailing the life of Frogman cadets was released. The Frogman Corps was involved in operations in Afghanistan such as Task Force K-Bar and in Iraq. From 2008 until the end of 2014, the Frogman Corps was involved in counter-piracy operations as part of Operation Ocean Shield. On 5 February 2010, ten Frogman Corps aboard HDMS "Absalon" (L16) conducted a counter-piracy mission in the Gulf of Aden approaching the Antigua and Barbuda-flagged merchant vessel by rigid hull inflatable boat which had been hijacked by six armed Somali pirates. They scaled the side of the ship and freed the 25 crew, who had locked themselves in a secure room, and continued to search the vessel for the pirates who had however fled.

Norwood Green is a place in the London Borough of Ealing, and partly within the London Borough of Hounslow, in London, England. It is a suburban development situated west of Charing Cross and northeast of Heathrow Airport. It lends its name to a much larger electoral ward within Ealing, which has a population of 12,500. Norwood Green is the modern name for the old hamlet called Norwood in the manor of Norwood; this name in turn derives from the Saxon settlement name of "Northuuda." The manor of Norwood was in the parish of Hounslow until 1859 when the church of St Mary became the parish church for a new parish that also took the name Norwood. This new parish encompassed also the hamlets of Southall and Northcotte. In 1894, under the Local Government Act 1894, Norwood Green formed part of the Southall Norwood Urban District of Middlesex. The urban district gained further status as a municipal borough in 1936 and was renamed Southall. When the municipal borough was abolished in 1965, under the London Government Act 1963, the area became part of the London Borough of Ealing. The New Zealand Bass Player Gary Thain of the band Uriah Heep died of a heroin overdose in Norwood Green on 8 December 1975. The area of this settlement is bounded by the Grand Union Canal to the north, Osterley Lane to the south, Windmill Lane to the east and Norwood Road to the west. The village retains its green, church and local pub but the local Metropolitan Police station and Post Office closed in 2008. There is a primary school in Norwood Green. The roadsides are lined with trees and there are several open spaces and wooded areas. Residential property consists of a mix of bungalows, large and small detached, semi-detached and terraced houses. The parish church, St Mary The Virgin, has a bell-tower and is a Grade II* listed building. One local pub, The Plough, is grade II listed building. The Plough serves hand-drawn Fullers beers and featured in the "Good Beer Guide" published by CAMRA. The adjoining gradeII listed stables were demolishes in 2013 to allow the pub's associated bowling green to be built on by the brewery's developers. The pubs to the North of the Green is The Wolf, and further on, by the canal, The Lamb. Another Grade II listed building is Friars Lawn, a Georgian house, overlooking the Green whose previous residents include Gordon Selfridge of Selfridges, and the actress Hayley Mills. The second Saturday of July is when the Norwood Green Residents' Association hold Village Day on the green - a local fete - and the church is dressed and opened to visitors. Three Bridges (a transport intersection, designed and built by the Victorian engineer, Isambard Kingdom Brunel) in the north-east corner, is claimed as an ancient monument. It is located where north-south running Windmill Lane goes over the Grand Union Canal as it "flows" West-East towards the Thames at Brentford and where the canal goes over the single track, freight only, railway line running from the main Great Western Railway line to its end just north of the A4 trunk road. There are in fact just "two" bridges at "Three Bridges" (the road over the canal bridge and the canal over the railway bridge) but they are stacked one above another with the road on top of the canal which is on top of the railway which is in a deep cutting at this point. There are weight and width restrictions on the road bridge. The nearest underground station is Osterley tube station on the Piccadilly line, which is 30–40 minutes walk from Norwood Green. Via the underground it take 20 minutes to arrive at Heathrow Airport (Westbound) 40 minutes to Central London. London Buses provide the 120 bus service along Norwood Road with a stop at the Green itself. Buses run every 10–12 minutes during the day and every 20 minutes or so during the evening. The H32 bus service runs through the Western edge of Norwood Green ward (Hounslow Bus Garage to Southall Town Hall. Northwards it is just under a mile Southall railway station (First Great Western to Ealing Broadway (5 minutes) and Paddington (15 minutes); Slough; Reading and Oxford plus Heathrow Connect trains serving Heathrow Airport and local stations to Paddington). The M4 motorway is accessed at Junction 2 for Central London and Junction 3 for Heathrow and Bristol. The A40 "Western Avenue" to the north and the A4 to the south are the nearest east-west trunk roads. As stated above, Norwood Green also gives its name to the local electoral ward which is part of the parliamentary constituency of Ealing Southall, represented since 2007 by Labour Member of Parliament Virendra Sharma. The Norwood Green ward for local council elections elects councillors to Ealing Council. Norwood Green ward has three Labour councillors. Ealing Council is currently run by a Labour administration. Norwood Green ward is in the London Assembly constituency of Ealing and Hillingdon which has one assembly member: Onkar Sahota (Labour), who was elected in May 2012. The Norwood Green Ward Forum (formerly the Area committee) is held in the main hall of St Mary's Church, Norwood Green. According to the 2001 census, the population of the Norwood Green ward stood at 12,650. 67% of ward are in ethnic groups other than British. Indian/Pakistani is the largest ethnic group, making up 49.8% of the population of the Norwood Green ward.

Chittaranjan Locomotive Works ( Bengali: চিত্তরঞ্জন লোকোমোটিভ ওয়ার্কস ) is a state-owned electric locomotive manufacturer based in India. It is located at Chittaranjan in Asansol. It is one of the largest locomotive manufacturers in the world. Founded in 1950 the Indian Railway owned industrial unit is named after the Indian freedom-fighter Chittaranjan Das. The manufacturing unit was established at a place close to the Chittaranjan railway station. The township, which included a factory, of roadways, 43 schools, 9,131 staff quarters, 8 clinics (including a 200-bed hospital) and 7 markets, was built at a cost of and had a population of over 80,000. The factory commenced the production of steam locomotives on the 26 January 1950 (the date when India formally declared itself a Republic), in collaboration with the North British Locomotive Company. On November 1, 1950 Indian President Dr. Rajendra Prasad formally dedicated the first steam rail-engine produced by the company (a WG class locomotive bearing the registration number 8401) to the freedom fighter Deshbandhu Chittranjan Das. The name of the nearby railway station Mihijam was also changed to Chittaranjan. Many of the specialized machinery required for steam locomotive manufacture was obtained from the Vulcan Foundry in England, previously a major supplier of locomotives to India, which at this time was moving from building steam locomotives to diesel. Post-1968 the factory began to manufacture diesel-hydraulic locomotives. The production of steam and diesel locomotives were discontinued in 1973 and 1994 respectively. The company has since been manufacturing only electric rail-engines. It is now the only government electric loco producing factory in India. The factory obtains its iron & steel from IISCO Steel Plant, Asansol and Tata Steel, Jamshedpur and hydel power from Maithon Dam. The township under CLW is bordered by high boundaries and 3 main gates, and guarded by Railway Protection Force (RPF), Railway Protection Special Force (RPSF) and also West Bengal police. The planners of the nation with their prudence planned to set up a loco building factory in the eastern part of a country. In the late 1930s,a committee consisting of M/s Humphries and shrinivasan was constituted to consider the possibility of establishing a locomotive manufacture unit and its economic facilities. The initial project at Chandmari, a place south to Kalyani in the state of West Bengal, could not mature due to partition, which inevitably necessitated a change of site. This present site at Chittaranjan was chosen after a fresh survey and for this the approval of Railway board was obtained in 1947. Chittaranjan Locomotive Works (CLW) started producing locomotives from the year 1950, the same year the township was formally established! Starting with steam engines, CLW now produces state of the art Electrical engines capable of running at 160 km/h and upgradable up to 225 km/h. WAP-7 : 6000 hp, 25 kV AC, Broad Gauge (B.G. ), passenger locomotive, 140 km/hr, 3-phase technology. WAP-5 : 5440 hp, 25 kV AC, Broad Gauge (B.G. ), passenger locomotive, 160 km/hr / 200 km/hr, 3-phase technology WAG-9 : 6000 hp, 25 kV AC, Broad Gauge (B.G. ), freight locomotive,100 km/hr, 3-phase technology WAG-7 : 5000 hp, 25 kV AC, Broad Gauge (B.G. ), 1.676 m, freight locomotive, 100 km/hr, Tap changer/ DC Traction Motor technology WAP-4 : 5000 hp, 25 kV AC, Broad Gauge (B.G. ), 1.676 m, passenger locomotive, Max. Operating speed 140 km/hr, Tap changer/ DC Traction Motor technology I 3-PHASE TRACTION MOTOR TYPE 6FRA6068 & 6FXA 7059: 3-Phase Trcation Motors type 6FRA6068 for WAG-9 and WAP-7 locomotives & 6FXA7059 for WAP-5 locomotive are being manufactured indigenously by CLW since the financial year 1998-99 & 1999-2000 respectively. With the production of 3-phase Traction Motor,CLW has entered the era of state of the art,3-phase technology II HITACHI TRACTION MOTOR TYPE HS15250A: Hitachi traction Motor is one of the most critical and vital equipments in conventional Electric locomotives type WAG-7 & WAP-4 under production at CLW. The production of Hitachi TM is now completely stabilized.

Birchwood railway station is a railway station opened in 1981 by British Rail, serving the Birchwood district to the north east of Warrington, Cheshire, in the north west of England. The station is west of Manchester Piccadilly on the Manchester-Liverpool Line. The station is operated by Northern and is on the southern route of the Liverpool to Manchester Line. It is manned full-time (between 0610 and 2345 Mondays-Saturdays and 0825 and 2320 Sundays). It is across from the main Birchwood shopping complex and is well served by onward transportation to all parts of Birchwood and further afield. There is sheltered seating on both platforms with a ticket office with seating on the Manchester-bound platform. A footbridge connects the two platforms. Outside the station there is a bus stop and the station is close to the Birchwood shopping mall. The ticket office is open until 22:00, though it does occasionally close during the day whilst staff carry out other duties. During the daytime there are three staff members on the station (station clerk, kiosk and a cleaner), and two of an evening (station clerk and a security guard). When the ticket office is closed there is a ticket machine in the station lobby. Train running information is provided by automated announcements, digital information screens and timetable posters. Step-free access is available via lifts on both platforms (commissioned in the autumn of 2014). The station sees a general frequency of three trains per hour per direction, provided by TPE and Northern: ***LIST***. TPE services are due to cease in December 2017, as a result of the new Northern & TransPennine Express franchise agreements coming into effect in the spring of 2016. All services thereafter will then be provided by Arriva Rail North, operating as Northern (who will also take over the management of the station). The fast service will run to and from rather than Scarborough (all TPE services from Liverpool will be diverted via ) and be marketed under "Northern Connect" brand.

Bryan Fletcher (born 12 April 1974 in Sydney) is an Australian former professional rugby league footballer of the 1990s and 2000s. A New South Wales State of Origin and Australian international representative second-row-forward, he played his club football in Australia with the Sydney Roosters and South Sydney Rabbitohs, before a stint in England with Wigan. Fletcher's junior club was the Paddington Colts in the Eastern Suburbs District Junior Rugby League. He started his top-level career at the Sydney Roosters in the second row in the 1997 ARL season. Despite only 24 National Rugby League appearances, Fletcher was selected for the Australian team to compete in the end of season 1999 Rugby League Tri-Nations tournament. In the final against New Zealand he played at second-row forward in the Kangaroos' 22-20 victory. Over the years Fletcher would gain 13 caps for the Australian national side and also play 14 games for New South Wales in the State of Origin matches. One of the highlights of Fletcher's Sydney Roosters career was his appearance at second-row forward in the 2000 NRL Grand Final, their first in 20 years. He also helped Australia inflict a humiliating defeat on the New Zealand national team 52–0 as well as a 3–0 whitewash of Queensland in the State of Origin series. Fletcher achieved even more success in the 2002 season. He played for the Roosters from the interchange bench in their 30-8 win over the New Zealand Warriors in the 2002 NRL Grand Final in front of 80,130 fans at the Telstra Stadium. It was Fletcher's final appearance for the club (making a total of 125 appearances for the red, white and blue) before moving to rivals the South Sydney Rabbitohs. Fletcher left the Roosters and moved to perennial strugglers the South Sydney Rabbitohs in 2003. Fletcher was soon installed as the club's captain after signing due to his playing pedigree. In 2003 he won the George Piggins Medal as the club's best and fairest player of the season. The Rabbitohs' captaincy was stripped from him after an altercation on the pitch with Parramatta Eels player Dean Widders in which Fletcher made a racially based comment towards Widders. It turned out to be the turning point in the Rabbitohs' season, with Ashley Harrison taking the captaincy from him and the Rabbitohs winning most of their matches under him in a late season surge which saw them avoid a third consecutive wooden spoon. He later apologised for the event, saying: "I apologise unreservedly for comments that I made to Dean Widders in yesterday's game. The comments were totally unacceptable and for that I am sorry. "My actions have set a very poor example for kids who follow Rugby League and these types of comments cannot be tolerated in our game." Before the scandal that led to Fletcher being stripped of his captaincy, banned for 1 game and fined A$10,000 he had agreed to a move to England to play for Super League outfit Wigan Warriors after two years at Souths. Fletcher joined the Wigan club in 2006 in time for the pre season training but was sidelined for the opening four rounds of Super League after needing emergency Bowel Surgery in early January. Fletcher's debut came against Warrington Wolves on 10 March 2006 at the JJB Stadium in Wigan, and made an instant impact as a substitute scoring his first try three minutes into his first appearance. He was one of the stalwarts that helped Wigan through one of the most tumultuous times in the club's history on and off the field in 2006 with the dismissal of coach Ian Millward, the low morale within the team and seeing the once feared Wigan club sitting at the bottom of the table. Thanks to Fletcher's impact in the and the positions Wigan managed the seemingly impossible and survived relegation from the Super League, finishing 7th and just missing a playoff place to local rivals Warrington. Fletcher has begun pre season training with Wigan for the 2007 season, and played in the club's first friendly over the weekend against Huddersfield Giants in which Wigan lost 24–22. At the end of the 2007 Super League season, Bryan Fletcher retired from competitive rugby league. He had played in 125 games for the Sydney Roosters, 45 for Souths, and a further 55 for Wigan. He also played 2 games for City Origin, 14 State of Origin games for NSW and 13 Test and World Cup matches for Australia. When he retired from playing in 2007, Fletcher and his business partner Craig Markham began a cleaning company called Cleanfit. The company cleans a number of pubs, clubs and office blocks in Sydney. It also allows Fletcher, who is a qualified plumber, to utilise his trade in order to help with the business. In 2013, Bryan Fletcher was a regular presenter on Channel 9's weekly football season program "The Footy Show". Fletcher presented the "Kick for Cash" segment. In 2014, Bryan Fletcher joined Fox Sports "Monday Night with Matty Johns' forming a duo with fellow former NRL player Nathan Hindmarsh. Fletcher and Hindmarsh participate in many challenges set by the producers. 'Fletch & Hindy' created their own spoof NRL bid team known as the 'Nepal Donkeys.'

There are several main differences between Esperanto and Ido, two constructed languages that have a related past but have since parted ways. Ido was invented in the early 20th century after a schism between those who believed that Esperanto was almost good enough, were it not for inherent features seen by them as flaws that prevented it from being a suitable proposal of international auxiliary language, and those who believed that Esperanto was sufficient as it was, and that endless tinkering with a language would only weaken it in the end. The languages remain close, and to some extent mutually intelligible. An Italian play which was written with the dialog in two dialects of Italian was translated with Esperanto and Ido representing these two dialects. In the same manner in which dialects often serve as sources for new words through the literature of ethnic languages, so Ido has contributed many neologisms to Esperanto (especially in poetic substitutes for long words using the "mal-" prefix). One study conducted with 20 college students at Columbia University circa 1933 suggests that Esperanto's system of correlative words is easier to learn than Ido's. Two other studies by the same researchers suggest no significant overall difference in difficulty of learning between Esperanto and Ido for educated American adults, but the sample sizes were again small: in the two tests combined, only 32 test subjects studied Ido. The researchers concluded that additional comparative studies of Esperanto and Ido are needed. In 1900 Louis Couturat, after initial correspondences with Esperanto-founder L. L. Zamenhof created the Delegation for the Adoption of an International Auxiliary Language. In 1907 in Vienna, the Delegation met to choose an international auxiliary language to give its approval from among the many candidates which had crept up. Most Esperantists assumed Esperanto would be an easy win. However, when Couturat presented his own pet project, a series of reforms to Esperanto which would eventually become Ido, and demanded an answer within a month, many in the Esperanto movement felt betrayed. Some Esperantists even accuse Couturat and his colleague Louis de Beaufront of a conspiracy saying the International Delegation was simply a front to put forth Ido. Esperanto is based on the "Fundamento de Esperanto" by L. L. Zamenhof, whereas the grammar of Ido is explained in the "Kompleta Gramatiko Detaloza di la Linguo Internaciona Ido". Modern Esperanto has received some influence from Ido in areas such as a clarification of the rules for word derivation and suffixes like "-oz-" ("abundant in") and "-end-" ("required to"). Ido omits two consonants used in Esperanto, and , opting to use the similar sounds and exclusively. Ido's rule for determining stress is regular, but more complex than Esperanto's. In Esperanto, all words are stressed on the second-to-last syllable: radio, televido. In Ido all polysyllables are stressed on the second-to-last syllable except for verb infinitives, which are stressed on the last syllable—skolo, kafeo and lernas for "school", "coffee" and the present tense of "to learn", but irar, savar and drinkar for "to go", "to know" and "to drink". If an i or u precedes another vowel, the pair is considered part of the same syllable when applying the accent rule—thus radio, familio and manuo for "radio", "family" and "hand", unless the two vowels are the only ones in the word, in which case the "i" or "u" is stressed: dio, frua for "day" and "early". Esperanto eliminates the letters ‹q›, ‹w›, ‹x›, and ‹y› from the 26-letter Latin alphabet and adds the new letters ‹ĉ›, ‹ĝ›, ‹ĥ›, ‹ĵ›, ‹ŝ› and ‹ŭ›. Ido uses the 26-letter alphabet without changes, substituting digraphs for Esperanto's diacritics. While words in both Ido and Esperanto are spelled exactly as they are pronounced, the presence of digraphs means that Ido does not have the one-to-one correspondence between letters and sounds that Esperanto has. However, Ido's digraphs are more recognizable to speakers of Romance languages and its avoidance of diacritics guarantees that any computer system that supports English could easily be used for Ido. The "Fundamento de Esperanto" does allow the use of the digraphs ‹ch›, ‹gh›, ‹hh›, ‹jh›, ‹sh› and the single letter ‹u› instead of the ordinary diacritical letters of Esperanto when those are unavailable. With the advent of computers, another system of surrogate Esperanto writing using ‹cx›, ‹gx›, ‹hx›, ‹jx›, ‹sx› and ‹ux› was introduced. It however remains unofficial. In general, the letter "ĥ" in Esperanto becomes "h" or "k" in Ido. The letters "ĝ" and "ĵ" are merged into "j" while "ĉ", "ŝ", "ŭ", "ks"/"kz", and "kv" respectively become "ch", "sh", "w", "x", and "qu". Both in Ido and in Esperanto, each word is built from a root word. A word consists of a root and a grammatical ending. Other words can be formed from that word by removing the grammatical ending and adding a new one, or by inserting certain affixes between the root and the grammatical ending. Some of the grammatical endings of the two languages are defined as follows: Most of these endings are the same as in Esperanto except for "-i", "-ir", "-ar", "-or" and "-ez". Esperanto marks noun plurals by an "agglutinative" ending "-j" (so plural nouns end in "-oj"), uses "-i" for verb infinitives (Esperanto infinitives are tenseless), and uses "-u" for the imperative. Verbs in both Esperanto and Ido do not conjugate depending on person, number or gender; the -as, -is, and -os endings suffice whether the subject is I, you, he, she, they, or anything else. Both languages have the same grammatical rules concerning nouns (ending with -o), adjectives (ending with -a) and many other aspects. However, the relationship between nouns, verbs and adjectives underwent a number of changes with Ido, based on the principle of reversibility. In both languages one can see a direct relationship between the words "multa" "many" and "multo" "a multitude" by simply replacing the adjectival "-a" with a nominal "-o", or the other way around. Some minor differences include the loss of adjectival agreement, and the change of the plural from an agglutinative "-j" tacked onto the end to a synthetic replacement of the terminal "-o" with an "-i". Hence, Esperanto "belaj hundoj" ("beautiful dogs") becomes Ido "bela hundi". Ido also does away with the direct object ending "-n" in sentences where the subject precedes the object, so Esperanto "mi amas la belajn hundojn" ("I love the beautiful dogs") would in Ido become "me amas la bela hundi". Greater differences arise, however, with the derivations of many words. For example, in Esperanto, the noun "krono" means "a crown", and by replacing the nominal "o" with a verbal "i" one derives the verb "kroni" "to crown". However, if one were to begin with the verb "kroni", "to crown", and replace the verbal "i" with a nominal "o" to create a noun, the resulting meaning would not be "a coronation", but rather the original "crown". This is because the root "kron-" is inherently a noun: With the nominal ending "-o" the word simply means the thing itself, whereas with the verbal "-i" it means an action performed with the thing. To get the name for the performance of the action, it is necessary to use the suffix "-ado", which retains the verbal idea. Thus it is necessary to know which part of speech each Esperanto root belongs to. Ido introduced a number of suffixes in an attempt to clarify the morphology of a given word, so that the part of speech of the root would not need to be memorized. In the case of the word "krono" "a crown", the suffix "-izar" "to cover with" is added to create the verb "kronizar" "to crown". From this verb it is possible to remove the verbal "-ar" and replace it with a nominal "-o", creating the word "kronizo" "a coronation". By not allowing a noun to be used directly as a verb, as in Esperanto, Ido verbal roots can be recognized without the need to memorize them. Ido corresponds more overtly to the expectations of the Romance languages, whereas Esperanto is more heavily influenced by Slavic semantics and phonology. Ido word order is generally the same as Esperanto (subject–verb–object). The sentence "Me havas la blua libro" is the same as the Esperanto "Mi havas la bluan libron" ("I have the blue book"), both in meaning and word order. There are a few differences, however: ***LIST***. Unlike Esperanto, Ido does not impose rules of grammatical agreement between grammatical categories within a sentence. Adjectives don't have to be pluralized: in Ido "the large books" would be "la granda libri" as opposed to "la grandaj libroj" in Esperanto. Although Esperanto and Ido share a large amount of vocabulary, there are differences. The creators of Ido felt that much of Esperanto was either not internationally recognizable, or unnecessarily deformed, and aimed to fix these with more "international" or "corrected" roots. This can sometimes be at the expense of Esperanto's simpler word building process. Ido, unlike Esperanto, does not assume the male sex in roots such us for family. For example, Ido does not derive the word for "waitress" by adding a feminine suffix to "waiter", as Esperanto does to derive it from neutral to only feminine. Instead, Ido words are defined as sex-neutral, and two different suffixes derive masculine and feminine words from the root: "servisto" for a waiter of either sex, "servistulo" for a male waiter, and "servistino" for a waitress. There are only two exceptions to this rule: First, "patro" for "father", "matro" for "mother", and "genitoro" for "parent", and second, "viro" for "man", "muliero" for "woman", and "adulto" for "adult". Below are some examples in first Esperanto then Ido with English, French, German, Italian, Spanish and Portuguese for linguistic comparison:* ***LIST***. Another principle of Ido is "Unasenceso" or "one sensedness." This means each Ido root is supposed to correspond to only one meaning. Ido proponents feel that this allows for more precise expression than in Esperanto. Ido claims the prefix "mal-" (creating a word with the exact opposite meaning) in Esperanto to be overused as a prefix, and also to be inappropriate since it has negative meanings in many languages, and introduces "des-" as an alternative in such cases. Ido also uses a series of opposite words in lieu of a prefix. For example, instead of "malbona" ("bad", the opposite of "bona", "good"), Ido uses "mala", or instead of "mallonga" ("short", the opposite of "longa", "long"), "kurta". Listening comprehension was also given as a reason: the primary Ido grammar book states that one reason for the adoption of the Latin-based "sinistra" for "left" instead of "maldextra" ("mal-" plus the word "dextra", or "dekstra" for "right") is that often only the last one or two syllables can be heard when shouting commands. Esperanto has developed alternate forms for many of these words (such as "liva" for "maldekstra"), but most of these are rarely used. An extreme example of overuse of the "mal-" suffix. Most Esperanto words are gender-neutral ("table", "grass", etc.). However, Esperanto assumes the male gender by default in other words, mainly words dealing with familial relationships and some animals. These words can be made female with the use of the feminine suffix. In Ido there is no default gender for normal root words, and one simply adds the corresponding masculine or feminine suffix only when desired. For example, "frato" means "brother" in Esperanto, but "sibling" in Ido. Ido uses the suffixes "-ino" ("female", used as in Esperanto) and "-ulo" ("male", not to be confused with the same Esperanto suffix which means "person"). Thus "sister" is "fratino" (the same as Esperanto), but brother is "fratulo". "Sibling" and other gender neutral forms are especially difficult in Esperanto since Esperanto simply does not have a word for such gender neutral forms. Esperanto does, however, have an epicene prefix that indicates “both sexes together”: "ge-". "Patro" means "father" and "patrino" "mother"; "gepatroj" means "parents". In standard usage "gepatro" cannot be used in the singular to indicate a parent of unknown gender; one would say instead "unu el la gepatroj", "one (out) of the parents". There is a nonstandard suffix in Esperanto that means "male": "-iĉo" (see Gender reform in Esperanto). There is also an existing prefix, "vir-", with the same meaning, used for animals. A few exceptions exist in Ido's gender system as described above, which avoid its suffix system, for which it was decided that the feminine words were so much more recognizable to its source languages: "viro" ("man"), "muliero" ("woman"), "patro" ("father"), and "matro" ("mother"). Compare these with Esperanto "viro", "virino", "patro", and "patrino", respectively. Ido also has several other neutral-gender words, such as "genitoro" for "parent". "Gepatri" in Ido means the same as Esperanto "gepatroj" (i.e. "parents" of both genders); "genitori" means "parents" in the English sense, not making any implication of gender whatsoever. Other words, such as "amiko" ("friend"), are neutral in Esperanto as well as Ido. Esperanto adopts a regular scheme of correlatives organized as a table. Ido combines words together and changing word endings with some irregularities to show distinction, which is not as regular as that of Esperanto but is better distinctable by ear. The Ido correlatives were changed so it would be better distinctable when hearing. note: "ĉiujn tiujn, kiuj(n)" (all those, which) is more commonly said as "ĉiujn, kiuj(n)" (all, which) in Esperanto. The pronouns of Ido were revised to make them more acoustically distinct than those of Esperanto, which all end in "i". Especially the singular and plural first-person pronouns "mi" and "ni" may be difficult to distinguish in a noisy environment, so Ido has "me" and "ni" instead. Ido also distinguishes between intimate ("tu") and formal ("vu") second-person singular pronouns as well as plural second-person pronouns ("vi") not marked for intimacy. Furthermore, Ido has a pan-gender third-person pronoun "lu" (it can mean "he", "she", or "it", depending on the context) in addition to its masculine ("il"), feminine ("el"), and neuter ("ol") third-person pronouns. ***LIST***. It should be noted that "ol", like English "it" and Esperanto "ĝi", is not limited to inanimate objects, but can be used "for entities whose sex is indeterminate: "babies, children, humans, youths, elders, people, individuals, horses, cows, cats," etc." Esperanto may or may not "Esperantize" names and proper nouns, depending on many factors. Most standard European names have equivalents, as do many major cities and all nations. Ido, on the other hand, treats most proper nouns as foreign words, and does not render them into Ido. Many common cross-culture European names have Esperanto equivalents, such as "Johano" (John, Johann, Juan, Jean, etc. ), "Aleksandro" (Alexander, Aleksandr, Alessandro, etc. ), "Mario" or "Maria" (Mary, Maria, Marie, etc. ), among others. Some Esperanto speakers choose to take on a fully assimilated name, or to at least adjust the orthography of their name to the Esperanto alphabet. Others leave their name completely unmodified. This is regarded as a personal choice, and the Academy of Esperanto officially affirmed this proclaiming that “everyone has the right to keep their authentic name in its original orthography, as long as it is written in Latin letters.” Personal names in Ido, on the other hand, are always left unmodified. Most countries have their own names in Esperanto. The system of derivation, though, is sometimes complex. Where the country is named after an ethnic group, the main root means a person of that group: "anglo" is an Englishman, "franco" is a Frenchman. Originally, names of countries were created by the addition of the suffix "-ujo" ("container"), hence England and France would be rendered "Anglujo" and "Francujo" respectively (literally "container for Englishmen/Frenchmen"). More recently, many Esperantists have adopted "-io" as the national suffix, thus creating names more in line with standard international practice (and less odd-looking): "Anglio", "Francio", nevertheless the suffix remains unofficial. In the New World, where citizens are named for their country, the name of the country is the main word, and its inhabitants are derived from that: "Kanado" ("Canada"), "kanadano" ("Canadian"). Names of cities may or may not have an Esperanto equivalent: "Londono" for London, "Nov-Jorko" for New York. Place names which lack widespread recognition, or which would be mangled beyond recognition, usually remain in their native form: Cannes is usually rendered as "Cannes". In Ido, country names must conform to the language's orthography but otherwise are left unchanged: "Europa", "Peru", "Amerika". City names are treated as foreign words (London), except when part of the name itself is a regular noun or adjective: Nov-York ("Nov" for "nova", or "new", but the place name York is not changed as in Esperanto "Nov-Jorko"). This is not a hard and fast rule, however, and "New York" is also acceptable, similar to writing "Köln" for the city of "Cologne" in Germany. South Carolina becomes Sud-Karolina, much in the same way that a river called the "Schwarz River" is not transcribed as the "Black River" in English even though "schwarz" is the German word for "black". However, less well-known place names are generally left alone, so a small town by the name of "Battle River" for example would be written the same way, and not transcribed as "Batalio-rivero". This is because transcribing a little-known place name would make it nearly impossible to find in the original language. Esperanto is estimated to have approximately 100,000 to 2 million fluent speakers. In the same manner estimates for the number of Ido speakers are far from accurate, but 500 to a few thousand is most likely. It is also important to note the distinction between the number of speakers compared to the number of supporters; the two languages resemble each other enough that a few weeks of study will enable one to understand the other with little difficulty, and there are a number of people that have learned Ido out of curiosity but prefer to support the larger Esperanto movement and vice versa. The number of participants at the respective international conferences is also much different: Esperanto conferences average 2000 to 3000 participants every year whereas Ido conferences have around 10 participants each year. Each language also has a number of regional conferences during the year on a much less formal basis, and with smaller numbers.

The Holy Savior Cathedral ( – "Surb Amenaprkich Vank"; – "Kelisā ye Āmenāperkič"), also known the Church of the Saintly Sisters, is a cathedral located in the New Julfa district of Isfahan, Iran. It is commonly referred to as the Vank (; ), which means "monastery" or "convent" in the Armenian language. The cathedral was established in 1606, dedicated to the hundreds of thousands of Armenian deportees that were resettled by Shah Abbas I during the Ottoman War of 1603-1618. The varying fortunes and independence of this suburb across the Zayande River and its eclectic mix of European missionaries, mercenaries and travelers can be traced almost chronologically in the cathedral's combination of building styles and contrasts in its external and internal architectural treatment. The construction is believed to have begun in 1606 by the first arrivals, and completed with major alterations to design between 1655 and 1664 under the supervision of Archbishop David. The cathedral consists of a domed sanctuary, much like an Iranian mosque, but with the significant addition of a semi-octagonal apse and raised chancel usually seen in western churches. The cathedral's exteriors are in relatively modern brickwork and are exceptionally plain compared to its elaborately decorated interior. The interior is covered with fine frescos and gilded carvings and includes a wainscot of rich tile work. The delicately blue and gold painted central dome depicts the Biblical story of the creation of the world and man's expulsion from Eden. Pendentives throughout the church are painted with a distinctly Armenian motif of a cherub's head surrounded by folded wings. The ceiling above the entrance is painted with delicate floral motifs in the style of Persian miniature. Two sections, or bands, of murals run around the interior walls: the top section depicts events from the life of Jesus, while the bottom section depicts tortures inflicted upon Armenian martyrs by the Ottoman Empire. The courtyard contains a large freestanding belfry towering over the graves of both Orthodox and Protestant Christians. A tile work plaque inscribed in Armenian can be seen by the entrance to the cathedral. Graves are also placed along the exterior wall before the entrance, with inscriptions in Armenian. In one corner of the courtyard, there is a raised area with a memorial to the 1915 Armenian Genocide in Turkey. Across the courtyard and facing the cathedral, there is a building housing a library and museum. Outside of this building are several carved stones showing scenes from the Bible. The library contains over 700 handwritten books and many valuable and unique resources for research in Armenian and medieval European languages and arts. The museum displays numerous artifacts from the history of the cathedral and the Armenian community in Isfahan, including: ***LIST***. The cathedral has greatly influenced the architecture and decorative treatment of many subsequent Orthodox churches in the region.

In artificial intelligence, an embodied agent, also sometimes referred to as an interface agent, is an intelligent agent that interacts with the environment through a physical body within that environment. Agents that are represented graphically with a body, for example a human or a cartoon animal, are also called embodied agents, although they have only virtual, not physical, embodiment. A branch of artificial intelligence focuses on empowering such agents to interact autonomously with human beings and the environment. Mobile robots are one example of physically embodied agents; Ananova and Microsoft Agent are examples of graphically embodied agents. Embodied conversational agents are embodied agents (usually with a graphical front-end as opposed to a robotic body) that are capable of engaging in conversation with one another and with humans employing the same verbal and nonverbal means that humans do (such as gesture, facial expression, and so forth). Embodied conversational agents are a form of intelligent user interface. Graphically embodied agents aim to unite gesture, facial expression and speech to enable face-to-face communication with users, providing a powerful means of human-computer interaction. Face-to-face communication allows communication protocols that give a much richer communication channel than other means of communicating. It enables pragmatic communication acts such as conversational turn-taking, facial expression of emotions, information structure and emphasis, visualisation and iconic gestures, and orientation in a three-dimensional environment. This communication takes place through both verbal and non-verbal channels such as gaze, gesture, spoken intonation and body posture. Research has found that users prefer a non-verbal visual indication of an embodied system's internal state to a verbal indication, demonstrating the value of additional non-verbal communication channels. As well as this, the face-to-face communication involved in interacting with an embodied agent can be conducted alongside another task without distracting the human participants, instead improving the enjoyment of such an interaction. Furthermore, the use of an embodied presentation agent results in improved recall of the presented information. Embodied agents also provide a social dimension to the interaction. Humans willingly ascribe social awareness to computers, and thus interaction with embodied agents follows social conventions, similar to human/human interactions. This social interaction both raises the believability and perceived trustworthiness of agents, and increases the user's engagement with the system. Rickenberg and Reeves found that the presence of an embodied agent on a website increased the level of user trust in that website; as well as this, the presence of the agent increased users' anxiety and affected their performance just as if they were being watched by a real human. Another effect of the social aspect of agents is that presentations given by an embodied agent are perceived as more entertaining and less difficult than the same presentations given without an agent. Research shows that perceived enjoyment, followed by perceived usefulness and ease of use, is the major factor influencing user adoption of embodied agents. One example result from a recent study indicates the power of a character when moderating search inquiries. When a character asked people to type search requests into a window, people used, on average, three more words in their requests (averaging about 7 words per inquiry) compared to identical requests made without a character. Character suggest that a conversational style is appropriate, resulting in higher liking for the interaction on the part of the user, and better accuracy for the engine generating the required results. This rich style of communication that characterises human conversation makes conversational interaction with embodied conversational agents ideal for many non-traditional interaction tasks. A familiar application of graphically embodied agents is computer games; embodied agents are ideal for this setting because the richer communication style makes interacting with the agent enjoyable. Embodied conversational agents have also been used in virtual training environments, portable personal navigation guides, interactive fiction and storytelling systems, interactive online characters and automated presenters and commentators. The U.S. Department of Defense utilizes a software agent they call "Sgt. Star" on U.S. Army-run Web sites and Web applications for site navigation, recruitment and propaganda purposes. Star is run by the Army Marketing and Research Group, a division operated directly from The Pentagon. Star is based upon the "ActiveSentry" technology developed by Next IT, a Washington-based information technology services company. Other such bots in the Sgt. Star "family" are utilized by the Federal Bureau of Investigation and the Central Intelligence Agency for intelligence gathering purposes.

Glazebrook railway station is in the Warrington unitary authority in the north west of England. The station, and all trains serving it, are operated by Northern. The station is west of Manchester Oxford Road on the Manchester to Liverpool Line. Glazebrook station was formerly located between two junctions, Glazebrook West for the Wigan Junction Railways to Wigan Central and St Helens Central, services to those stations ceasing in 1964 and 1952 respectively; and Glazebrook East Junction for the line to Stockport Tiviot Dale via Skelton Junction, passenger services to there ceased in 1964. West of Glazebrook there is the only passing loop east of Warrington, though this is rarely used. The station building, opened on 2 September 1873, is of typical Cheshire Lines Committee design. The ticket office is open weekday mornings only (07:10 -10:10). Although this station is not within the Greater Manchester area, it does mark the western boundary of the range of rail tickets produced by Transport for Greater Manchester. Level access to the platform is available on the Liverpool-bound side; the opposite side is accessed via a long ramp but neither side is listed as step-free by National Rail Enquiries. Daytime services are roughly two hourly towards Birchwood and Liverpool Lime Street and two hourly towards Irlam and Manchester Oxford Road. Against the trend, evening services are in fact more frequent than during the day (roughly hourly, though most services run to/from Warrington Central only). There are additional peak services but no Sunday services (nearest stations with Sunday services are Irlam or Birchwood). A summary of services is: ***LIST***.

Flowing-afterglow mass spectrometry (FA-MS), is an analytical chemistry technique for the sensitive detection of trace gases. Trace gas molecules are ionized by the production and flow of thermalized hydrated hydronium cluster ions in a plasma afterglow of helium or argon carrier gas along a flow tube following the introduction of a humid air sample. These ions react in multiple collisions with water molecules, their isotopic compositions reach equilibrium and the relative magnitudes of their isotopomers are measured by mass spectrometry. Over the years many variations of the instrument have been made. In the beginning during the 1960's there was the study of flowing afterglow plasma. This study was done by Eldon Ferguson, Art Schmeltekopf and Fred Fehsenfeld at National Bureau of Standards in Boulder, Colorado.Then in the 1970's it was flowing drift tube, flowing afterglow Langmuir probe (FALP), and variable temperature flowing afterglow Langmuir probe (VT-FLAP). With the addition of the drift tube the kinetics of a reaction could be studied in the gas phase. With the flowing afterglow Langmuir probe the electron density within the reaction region of the drift tube can be studied. With the VT-FLAP version of flowing afterglow the reactions temperature dependence could be studied. Now in the 2000's the ambient version of flowing afterglow mass spectrometry is flowing atmospheric pressure afterglow mass spectrometry (FAPA-MS).The FAPA allows for simple or no sample preparations but the humidity of the instrument's environment may have an effect on an sample fragmentation pattern.Since the cost of helium is steady rising some have started to use alternative methods with ambient flowing afterglow to conserve resources. Instead of using continuously flowing afterglow helium some use interrupted helium flow to conserve gas and Schlieren imaging to maximize the molecular ions produced and the instrument step-up. One of the first papers reporting the use of the flowing afterglow studied ion-molecule reactions pertinent to the Martian atmosphere. This flowing afterglow technique replaced the then standard stationary afterglow when the movable Langmuir probe was introduced. The flowing afterglow has many attractive aspects: well-understood laminar behavior, viscous gas flow, a large density of carrier gas which allows the study of thermalized reactions, and the capability to make new reactant ions in situ. The ambipolar plasma is sampled using a nosecone and detected using conventional quadrupole or tandem mass spectrometry, depending on the application. One of the drawbacks of the flowing afterglow technique is the possibility of generating multiple reactant ions. This problem is circumvented by implementing the selected ion flow tube (SIFT). The flowing afterglow technique can be used to identify and quantify the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of a sample as long as the fundamental ion chemistry is known. The commonly used ions are HO, O, and NO. All ions have drawbacks and advantages. Strategies that have been employed to identify the VOCs include using gas chromatography coupled with flowing afterglow and using a complement of reagent ions. Also in addition to being able to detect volatile organic compounds, the flowing afterglow technique has also been used to study chronic kidney disease. Studies have been done to create a spectrum of deuterium water and its isotopes to measure total body water, which can be used to determine the water body overload of a patient. That measurement will then be used to determine the stage of renal failure for a patient.

Latihan (from Indonesian "latihan kejiwaan"; "spiritual exercise") is a form of spiritual practice. It is the principal practice of the Subud organization. "Latihan kejiwaan", or simply "the latihan" means "spiritual exercise", or "training of the spirit". This exercise is not thought about, learned or trained for; it is unique for each person and the ability to 'receive' it is passed on by being in the presence of another practicing member at the 'opening'. About twice a week, Subud members go to a local center to participate in a group latihan, men and women separately. The experience takes place in a room or a hall with open space. After a period of sitting quietly, the members are typically asked to stand and relax by a 'helper', who then announces the start of the exercise. Practitioners are advised to surrender to the Divine and follow 'what arises from within', not expecting anything in advance. One is recommended not to focus on any image or recite any mantra, nor to mix the exercise with other activities like meditation or use of drugs, but simply to intend to surrender to the Divine or the will of God. (The term "God" is used here with a broad and inclusive intention. An individual is at liberty to substitute interpretations that they feel more in tune with.) One is not to pay attention to others in the room, each of whom is doing his or her own latihan. During the exercise, practitioners may find that, in terms of physical and emotional expression, they involuntarily move, make sounds, walk around, dance, jump, skip, laugh, cry or whatever. The experience varies greatly for different people, but the practitioner is always wholly conscious throughout and free to stop the exercise at any time. Outwardly the exercise often manifests as physical movement and vocal activity that vary greatly both over time and between individuals. It proceeds spontaneously, involving neither teacher nor method, being unstructured except for basic rules relating to group practice. Personal capacity to engage in "latihan" the first time, in what is called the "opening", is said to be transmitted by the presence of experienced practitioners. It usually entails an attitude of patience and trust, typically with some preparatory relaxation of thoughts and feelings, and involves the whole human being, not just body, emotions, mind or any other single facet. It is regarded by practitioners as being of spiritual or of psychological benefit, depending on personal interpretation and individual experience though apparently it does not affect all practitioners and may affect some detrimentally. Many practitioners see "latihan" as a way of direct access to a mystical experience that is compatible with a busy modern lifestyle. Accounts of first encounters with latihan are found in the anthology (1998) by anthropologist and Subud member Salamah Pope. While the opinions of Subud's founder are often cited among its members, the organization officially endorses no doctrine regarding latihan's nature or benefits. Practitioners tend to agree that the exercise is best experienced with minimal theorizing or mental imagery. Although "latihan" can be practiced alone, Subud arranges regular practice in group settings. Normally sessions are held two or three times a week and last up to thirty minutes, with the two sexes segregated. Subud offers formal pragmatic, preliminary advice in relation to commencing the practice. Non-members are not allowed to witness Subud "latihan" sessions as they are considered private. Subud's founder speculated that the spontaneous prayer movements which characterise "latihan" are similar in character to early meetings of the Religious Society of Friends which gave rise to the name Quakers. The use of "latihan" is also included by Vladimir Antonov in his program of raja yoga. He states that raja yoga is a large stage of spiritual work aimed at, among other things, purifying the body from coarse energies, and refining oneself as a consciousness to the level of being able to experience samadhi (the bliss of contact with God). The method of "latihan" consists in feeling the Holy Spirit (Te, Brahmin, etc.) above oneself as Living Light—and asking Him to flow through one's body from above. By surrendering to this flow, the body can start making spontaneous movements with the arms, hands, etc. "Latihan" is sometimes referred to by the name 'spontaneous dance', due to the movements of the body that can happen while surrendering to the flow of light. "Latihan" can also be classified as a meditation of the 'Laya' type, i.e. as a means of dissolving oneself in Living God. The method was later adopted by Osho (Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh), who made use of many spiritual methods. He viewed "latihan" as potentially beneficial, capable of cleansing the mind, yet incomplete and potentially dangerous to mental health since it involved surrender of self-control. He therefore incorporated it as a stage of longer "active meditations", advocating the maintenance of a "witnessing consciousness", following "latihan" with a period of complete rest and preceding it with one of several techniques intended to promote an autohypnotic trance, and further recommended that, when practising in groups, both sexes should practise together. Preliminary methods used include listening to quiet music, or else a breathing exercise intended to increase blood carbon dioxide levels followed by fifteen minutes looking at a strobe light while listening to music, both of these running at seven times the rate of the heart-beat in order to create an entrainment to alpha wave brain-state. It may also be followed by a form of wordless prayer. He agreed that it was easiest to learn in the presence of someone already experienced in the method.

Michel Moine (8 March 1920 in Airvault - 15 January 2005 in Buxerolles) was a French journalist and parapsychologist. He was the director of the news division of RTL from 1958 to 1967, and then of RMC from 1967 to 1982. He was also well known for his books on radiesthesia, and the series of TV documentaries "La caméra de l'étrange", created with his friend and fellow journalist Jean-Louis Degaudenzi. Michel Moine was born on 8 March 1920 in Airvault (France). After a schooling at the Jesuit collège of Le Mans (he tells some stories from that period in the "Guide of radiesthesia"), then at lycée in Poitiers, he obtains his baccalauréat (French equivalent of A levels or High School graduation) and moves to Paris. There he obtains a diploma from the École du Louvre, and another diploma from the Sorbonne. According to biographical elements in the "Guide of radiesthesia", his career as occultist began the day before his first communion, when he found a 1902 brochure from a New York City correspondence course in hypnosis in his grandparents' attic. Following the instructions in the course, he succeeds in his attempt to put to sleep Fernand, the fifteen-year-old gardener helper of the family, but then he could not wake him up. At first he considered writing to the New York Institute of Science for help, but the answer would have taken way too long. So he skimmed feverishly through the rest of the course in the hope to find and answer, and it was finally lesson XVII, "How to wake up hypnotised subjects" that saved young Fernand from sleep therapy. He voluntarily enlisted in the French army in 1939 (at the age of 19) and was taken prisoner, but finally managed to escape after several attempts. During one of his attempts he was shot in the leg. At the end of World War II, he became a member of the special services of the provisional government. He was decorated with the Ordre National du Mérite, the Médaille des Évadés, and the Croix du combattant volontaire 1939-1945. He also became secretary for writer and Goncourt academician Jean Ajalbert, and began his career as a journalist by reporting for the daily newspaper "La Presse". In 1948, he founded a small publishing house called "Les Éditions de l'Ermite", and published "La Théosophie au XX siècle", by Marcel Bohrer, as well as his two first books on radiesthesia. This same year his son Jean-Louis was born. In 1954, he founded the periodical "Radiesthésie Magazine". In 1958, he became director of information for RTL Radio, and had to set aside his occult interests for the sake of his reputation. He cased involvement with "Radiesthésie Magazine", which continued without him until the mid-1970s. On 5 July 1959, after the failure of his first marriage, he met the journalist Françoise Eschmann, daughter of Paul Eschmann, architect from the city of Nancy. In 1967, he left RTL for RMC where he did the same thing as director of information until 1982. In 1973, he published his "Guide de la Radiesthésie", now considered a classic. In the early 1980s, he directed a series of documentaries on parapsychology, in collaboration with his fellow journalist and friend Jean-Louis Degaudenzi: "La caméra de l'étrange", for RTL Television. In 1987, he founded a small radio station, "Radio Val d'Or" (R.V.O. ), in his birthplace of Airvault. En 1990, he was appointed by the CSA as "Conseiller du comité technique radiophonique de la région Centre". Michel Moine died on 15 January 2005 in Buxerolles.

Ashley Harrison (born 18 May 1981 in Brisbane, Queensland) is a former Australian professional rugby league footballer for the Gold Coast Titans of the NRL. A Queensland State of Origin representative lock forward, he has played club football previously for the Brisbane Broncos (with whom he won the 2000 NRL Premiership), the Sydney Roosters and the South Sydney Rabbitohs. Harrison attended Wavell State High School in Brisbane, Queensland, and played junior football for Brisbane Brothers and Norths Aspley. He represented the Australian Schoolboys team in 1998. Harrison made his debut in the National Rugby League for the Brisbane Broncos against the New Zealand Warriors on 20 February 2000 (Round 3). He played from the interchange bench for the Broncos in their 2000 NRL grand final victory over the Sydney Roosters. Having won the 2000 NRL Premiership, the Broncos traveled to England to play against 2000's Super League V Champions, St Helens R.F.C. for the 2001 World Club Challenge, with Harrison playing from the interchange bench in Brisbane's loss. After moving to the South Sydney Rabbitohs, he was named the club's player of the year, winning the George Piggins Medal in 2004, and serving as the club's captain for a brief period in 2005. Harrison was selected to play for one State of Origin match, playing for the Queensland Maroons in game 3, 2005, thus become South Sydney's first Queensland Origin representative in many years. Harrison's elevation to the Souths captaincy in 2005 appeared to be a turning point in both Souths' 2005 season and Harrison's career, as Souths won six of eight matches under his captaincy to avoid the 2005 wooden spoon (the only losses in that period were both against the 2005 Grand Finalists, Wests Tigers and North Queensland). Harrison moved to the Sydney Roosters for the 2006 NRL season. He managed 41 out of a possible 48 matches at the Roosters. Harrison returned to Queensland to play for the Gold Coast Titans from 2008. At the Titans, he started at lock and performed well covering five-eighth also while Matthew Rogers was out on suspension. As a result, he was named 18th man for the 2008 State of Origin series for Queensland. He started in both the second and third State of Origin games. Harrison was picked ahead of his club captain Scott Prince (who was only drafted into the squad after a knee injury sustained by Darren Lockyer) to play in the second State of Origin on 11 June 2008. In April 2009, he was named in the preliminary 25-man squad to represent Queensland in the opening State of Origin match for 2009. Harrison was only selected for Game I of the 2013 State of Origin series in which Queensland extended their record for consecutive series victories to eight. On 27 June 2014, he confirmed his retirement earlier than he wanted due to a neck injury.

Codename Icarus is a five-part British children's television drama serial written by Richard Cooper, which was produced by the BBC in 1981. The serial combined elements of teenage drama and conspiracy thriller, and involved child prodigies being manipulated as the basis for a complex scheme involving nuclear missiles and the mysterious Icarus Foundation's plot to take over the world. It starred Barry Angel as child prodigy Martin Smith and Philip Locke as John Doll. Cooper also novelised the serial, which was published by the BBC and Knight Books in 1981. The serial was released on VHS in compilation form by BBC Video in 1985 in the UK, and in 2006 it was made available in its original, unedited episodic format on Region 1 DVD by Home Vision Entertainment in the United States. The location for the scenes when the children were at school was the Redrice, just outside Andover, Hampshire, UK. This school has since been renamed as the Farleigh School. All the child extras came from the Harrow Way Community School in Andover. The credits for all five episodes of the serial bore the captions 'Scientific Advice — Professor John Taylor' and 'BBC wishes to thank: Imperial War Museum, Duxford'. The serial was broadcast twice-weekly, on Tuesdays and Wednesdays, with the original transmission dates being as follows: ***LIST***. The novelisation was published to tie-in with the broadcast of the serial. The book's content is fairly faithful to the televised version, although Richard Cooper has rearranged some scenes and added some extra material not seen on-screen, as well as omitting the character of Frank Broadhurst (played on-screen by Gorden Kaye) entirely. The front cover featured a specially posed publicity photograph by Chris Ridley showing Barry Angel as Martin Smith holding a pair of binoculars, with Philip Locke as John Doll standing in the background. Presented as a 106-minute compilation. BBFC "U" certificate. The opening titles of Part One were edited to remove the episode number caption. The opening titles were missing from Parts Two, Three, Four and Five. The closing titles were missing from Parts Two, Three and Four, with a compilation version of the closing credits — i.e. featuring the cast and production crew of the entire serial — at the end of Part Five. The compilation is also strangely missing some scenes that are present in the episodic version of the serial available on Region 1 DVD in the United States, but why these cuts were made (bearing in mind that the omitted sequences are hardly offensive) remains unclear. The BBC Video presentation was by Katrina Murray. DVD Features ***LIST***. Presented in original, unedited episodic format, with a running time of 146 minutes. MPAA Unrated. To date, "Codename Icarus" has only been released on Region 1 DVD in the United States. There are currently no plans for a Region 2 release for the UK, although all episodes are available for purchase from BBC Store.

Willie Mason (born 15 April 1980) is an Australian professional rugby league footballer who currently plays for the Catalans Dragons in the Super League. A Tonga and Australia national, and New South Wales State of Origin representative Second-row forward or prop, he has previously played for NRL clubs, Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs, with whom he won the 2004 NRL Premiership and Clive Churchill Medal, Sydney Roosters, North Queensland Cowboys, Newcastle Knights and Manly Warringah Sea Eagles, English Super League club, Hull Kingston Rovers and Top 14 rugby union club Toulon. Mason has been associated with many controversial off-field incidents which have received media publicity due to his high profile in the NRL. In 1998, Mason signed with the Bulldogs and played in the under-18s Jersey Flegg competition. In 1999, Mason suffered a leg fracture in the game before the Bulldogs' Jersey Flegg Grand Final win. In 2000, Mason moved on to the NSWRL Premier League. In Round 13 of the 2000 NRL season he made his NRL debut for the Bulldogs against the Penrith Panthers after first-grader Darren Britt suffered an injury. He became a regular first-grader for the rest of the season. After the 2000 season, Mason made his international debut for Tonga, his mother's country of origin, in the 2000 Rugby League World Cup played in Great Britain and Ireland. In 2002, Mason was reported to have run from a taxi to avoid paying the fare. In mid-2002, the Bulldogs were found guilty of serious and systemic breaches of the salary cap. The club was stripped of all 37 competition points, stopping them from taking out the Minor Premiership. Mason therefore missed out on the opportunity to win a Minor Premiership. After the 2002 NRL season, Mason was selected to make his debut for Australia against Great Britain. He scored a try on debut. During 2003, Mason earned a call-up to make his debut for New South Wales in Game 3 of the 2003 State of Origin series. After the 2003 NRL season, he went on the 2003 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France, helping Australia to victory over Great Britain in what would be the last time the two nations contested an Ashes series. In 2003, he tested positive to an illicit social drug, reported to be an amphetamine, and was fined $25,000 by his club. Mason has never commented on the issue publicly. In 2004, Mason along with Trent Waterhouse, Craig Wing, Craig Gower and Mark O'Meley, were fined for unprofessional behaviour and for leaving the team hotel after the side had returned from the night out. Mason forged another player's signature at an autograph event, and after a heavy drinking session with teammates, reportedly visited a brothel. The next season the Dogs reached the 2004 NRL Grand Final and triumphed 16–13 over the Sydney Roosters. Mason was awarded the Clive Churchill Medal for "Man of the Match". He was selected in the Australian team to go and compete in the end of season 2004 Rugby League Tri-Nations tournament. In the final against Great Britain Mason played from the interchange bench and scored a try in the Kangaroos' 44–4 victory. Also at the end of 2004, Mason played in Australia's win over the United States in an international rugby league friendly match at Philadelphia's Franklin Field but suffered a fractured ankle. Mason was out of action during the first half of the 2005 NRL season and did not play in the NRL until Round 18 where the Bulldogs were experiencing a Grand-Final hangover and already stuck in the bottom-eight of the competition. He played in the 2005 Tri-nations tournament. In June 2006, news speculation surfaced that Mason was considering joining the United States' National Football League (NFL), a childhood dream. He was said to be courted by several teams, including the Oakland Raiders and San Francisco 49ers. In July it was confirmed the New York Giants had offered him the opportunity to trial with them after the Rugby League Tri-Nations series finished in November. However, the Canterbury club had dismissed the deal, and Mason remained with the club beyond 2006. In 2006, Willie returned to become a regular member of the Bulldogs team where he managed to play 20 club matches, all three Origin games for NSW – in which he was named "Man of the Match" in the opening game and three Tests for Australia in the 2006 Tri-Nations series. He was a firm figure in the clubs return to finals football as the Bulldogs finished second on the ladder, the Dogs were beaten by eventual Premiers the Brisbane Broncos one game shy of the Grand Final. Mason was televised appearing to swear during the New Zealand haka, before game 1 of the 2006 Gillette Tri-nations Series. Later in the match Mason suffered a swollen black eye and suspected broken eye socket from a shoulder charge by David Kidwell. Mason explained that his swearing was in response to the traditional Māori dance being performed by Brent Webb, an Indigenous Australian of Torres Strait Islander origin who became a New Zealand citizen. Mason was banned for one game and fined $5,000 following an altercation with Stuart Fielden during Great Britain's defeat of Australia in November 2006. In December 2006 Mason took part in a trial with the New York Jets, but still maintained he would fulfil his contract with the Bulldogs until the end of the 2009 season. Mason said "I'm probably at the time in my career now where maybe it is time for a change. New York City is the capital of the world. I'm pretty sure I could settle in there if given the opportunity...". However a Jets representative stated that Mason even being offered a contract was very unlikely, "I don't think they were even football drills, it was more of a visit. We just had a look at him and that is where we left it." The Jets coach Eric Mangini was impressed with Mason, saying "Willie is a guy that came to our attention, he is a pretty good rugby player, and it was just one of those opportunities we had, where we have to take a look at him. What we're doing is taking a look at him, seeing what potential there is for him. He seems to have been a pretty dynamic guy in that league for a long time. He seemed relatively feisty when I spoke to him." The Bulldogs never anticipated any move, saying "Willie has given us his guarantee he will be with us." Mason was selected to play for the Australian national team at second-row forward the 2007 ANZAC Test match victory against New Zealand. A few weeks later he was involved in a nightclub altercation with the out-spoken Richie Williams, who Mason claimed shows no respect to the older players in the NRL and is a cocky kid who has yet to prove himself in the NRL. Mason was voted the most hated player by a fans poll in 2007. At Sydney Airport in 2007, Mason verbally challenged a female reporter from radio station 2GB, resulting in a complaint from 2GB to the Bulldogs club and the ARL Mason later admitted to the outburst, which was captured on audio recordings, and apologised to 2GB journalist Michelle Keighran. Mason is sponsored by sportswear manufacturer, Champion, which almost severed its contract with the controversial footballer as a result of the incident. In 2007, Mason was selected for all three Origin games for NSW and represented Australia in the ANZAC Test match. At the conclusion of the 2007 NRL season, the media began reporting that Mason was unhappy at the Bulldogs. On 31 October 2007 "The Daily Telegraph" reported that Mason wanted to leave the Bulldogs after an altercation with the club's CEO, Malcolm Noad. A day later it was reported that Mason was to be released from the final two years of his contract after the club rejected his chance to fight in a professional boxing match worth up to 100,000 and because the club claimed to be fining Mason $50,000 for failure to attend an end of season function, although this was denied by the Bulldogs. Speculation that Mason was to be released from his contract led to a number of English and Australian clubs confirming they were seeking to sign Mason to a contract for the 2008 season. After the Roosters were able to release back-rower Ashley Harrison to the Gold Coast Titans and considered releasing other players, the club was able to make an offer for Mason. On 15 November 2007 it was confirmed that Mason had signed a three-year deal with the Sydney Roosters. In February 2008 Mason and his new Roosters teammate Anthony Tupou were charged with urinating in a public place during a visit to Port Macquarie. The Roosters dominated through the regular season finishing in 4th spot and in August 2008 Mason was named in both the preliminary 46-man Kangaroos squad for the 2008 Rugby League World Cup and the Tonga training squad. However, in the final regular game of the season Mason ruptured his anterior cruciate ligament in his knee and took no part in the Roosters Finals Campaign. Mason missed the Roosters first game of the 2009 season after they were trashed by South Sydney Rabbitohs 52–12. Mason returned in Round 2, against the Canberra Raiders they were victors 30–4. In May 2009 Mason was fined $2,000 by Sydney Roosters after being photographed urinating in a public place. He was also dropped to the Newtown Jets. The Roosters finished the year in last spot. When Brian Smith took over the coaching role at the Roosters he told Mason he was not in his future plans at the Roosters and his services were no long needed there. Interest in Mason was said to be high with a number of high-profile rugby union and rugby league clubs chasing Mason's signature, Japanese Rugby Union teams, French Super League team Catalans Dragons and the Queensland Reds were just some of the clubs after Mason. He was given extended leave from the Roosters to find a new club. There were also some rumours he was going to join the Newcastle Knights late in the year, but the Knights denied any relation to him. The North Queensland Cowboys made a late play for Willie Mason and held talks with him on 2 February 2010 If the Cowboys had rejected Mason the Newcastle Knights were poised to make a deal with him as they had lost prop Danny Wicks On 5 February 2010, Mason agreed to a one-year contract with the North Queensland Cowboys. On the same day that Lote Tuqiri announced that he would be returning to the NRL it was announced that Willie Mason had signed a one-year deal with the North Queensland Cowboys. He made his Cowboys debut off the bench in a thrilling 30–24 loss to the Broncos in Round 1, 2010. In September 2011, Mason signed a 3-year contract with Hull Kingston Rovers, pending a successful working visa application. Six months into his contract, Hull KR were forced to release Mason as he was unable to obtain a Tongan passport that would have enabled him to come off their overseas quota. After being released by Hull KR, Mason signed with Top 14 rugby union side, Toulon in April 2011. He was seen by Toulon as a possible successor to former Bulldogs teammate and past Toulon centre Sonny Bill Williams. In June Mason was selected to play for Barbarian F.C. from the interchange bench in their victory against Wales. In December Toulon agreed to release Mason as he was reportedly unhappy in rugby union. Mason was described by Toulon fans as "the biggest flop" in the club's history. On 18 April 2012, it was confirmed Mason had signed with the Wayne Bennett coached Newcastle Knights for the remainder of the 2012 NRL season. He made his Newcastle debut at Hunter Stadium in their Round 8 defeat of the Penrith Panthers. Mason's younger brother Rodney was also playing rugby league with the Newcastle Knights at the time. On 15 November 2012, Mason re-signed with the Knights for 2 years.

Warrington Central railway station is one of two main railway stations serving the town of Warrington in the north-west of England. It is located on the southern route of the Liverpool to Manchester Lines (the former Cheshire Lines Committee route between Liverpool and Manchester), being situated approximately halfway between the two cities. Central station is served by diesel stopping trains between Liverpool and Manchester, and diesel express services between Liverpool and the North East of England or between Liverpool and East Anglia. Central station has no electrified lines being served only by diesel trains. The second station serving the town centre is Warrington Bank Quay, which accommodates electrified lines on the West Coast Main Line with express services to London, Birmingham and Scotland and also an electrified service to Liverpool Lime Street. The main station building faces away from the town and is of a classical style with some polychrome brickwork. Most of it is rented out to small businesses, the booking office and other facilities having been relocated to a modern building at a lower level. From street level, passengers climb six steps or a short ramp to reach the booking office, and climb further steps to the platforms. Disabled passengers can now easily access both platforms as lifts were installed in June 2008, making Warrington Central fully accessible for the first time. The station has a customer service office, toilets, waiting rooms, a newsagent and a coffee stall. The entrance building was enlarged and modernised in 2010–11. Outside there is a car park and a taxi rank. The station is located close to Warrington Bus Interchange. The adjoining Cheshire Lines Warehouse (a listed building) has been redeveloped as apartments, along with six new apartment blocks. There are eight trains an hour passing through Warrington Central. Northern operate two suburban stopping services per hour to Liverpool Lime Street via Widnes and two suburban stopper services per hour towards Manchester Oxford Road via Irlam. Late services also terminate at Warrington from either Manchester or Liverpool. TransPennine Express operate an hourly service to Liverpool Lime Street via Liverpool South Parkway and an hourly express service towards Scarborough via Leeds and York. There are also daily services to/from Newcastle, Middlesbrough and Hull (all via Leeds). Late services run short to York only. These are however due to end in December 2017, when all TPE services are to be re-routed via the Chat Moss line (a result of the new Northern & TPE franchise awards and the planned electrification of the Manchester to Leeds via Huddersfield line). A replacement fast service (marketed under the "Northern Connect" brand) will be offered by the new Northern Franchisee Arriva Rail North running to and from . East Midlands Trains operate an hourly service to Liverpool Lime Street calling at Widnes and Liverpool South Parkway only and an hourly express service to Norwich via Sheffield and Nottingham. Late services run to Nottingham only. The apparent large increase in passenger numbers from 2005–6 to 2006–7 is largely due to a change in the way the statistics were compiled. Passengers booking to/from "Warrington Stations" rather than a specific station were allocated differently between the two main Warrington stations with the result that usage at Central apparently increased at the expense of Bank Quay. Total passenger numbers at the two Warrington stations increased by about 8% between 2005–6 and 2006-7.

The second rule of unit propagation can be seen as a restricted form of resolution, in which one of the two resolvents must always be a unit clause. As for resolution, unit propagation is a correct inference rule, in that it never produces a new clause that was not entailed by the old ones. The differences between unit propagation and resolution are: ***LIST***. Resolution calculi that include subsumption can model rule one by subsumption and rule two by a unit resolution step, followed by subsumption. Unit propagation, applied repeatedly as new unit clauses are generated, is a complete satisfiability algorithm for sets of propositional Horn clauses; it also generates a minimal model for the set if satisfiable: see Horn-satisfiability. The unit clauses that are present in a set of clauses or can be derived from it can be stored in form of a partial model (this partial model may also contain other literals, depending on the application). In this case, unit propagation is performed based on the literals of the partial model, and unit clauses are removed if their literal is in the model. In the example above, the unit clause ***formula*** would be added to the partial model; the simplification of the set of clauses would then proceed as above with the difference that the unit clause ***formula*** is now removed from the set. The resulting set of clauses is equivalent to the original one under the assumption of validity of the literals in the partial model. The direct implementation of unit propagation takes time quadratic in the total size of the set to check, which is defined to be the sum of the size of all clauses, where the size of each clause is the number of literals it contains. Unit propagation can however be done in linear time by storing, for each variable, the list of clauses in which each literal is contained. For example, the set above can be represented by numbering each clause as follows: and then storing, for each variable, the list of clauses containing the variable or its negation: This simple data structure can be built in time linear in the size of the set, and allows finding all clauses containing a variable very easily. Unit propagation of a literal can be performed efficiently by scanning only the list of clauses containing the variable of the literal. More precisely, the total running time for doing unit propagation for all unit clauses is linear in the size of the set of clauses.

Jason Croker (born 10 March 1973 in Crookwell, New South Wales) is an Australian former professional rugby league footballer of the 1990s, and 2000s. An Australian international and New South Wales State of Origin representative utility player, he previously played club football in the NRL for the Canberra Raiders, with whom he won the 1994 Winfield Cup and set club records for both highest total games and tries. Croker saw out his career with French Super League club Catalans Dragons. While attending Batemans Bay High Croker played for the Australian Schoolboys rugby league team in 1989. Croker was named the Canberra Raiders' rookie of the year in 1991 and he went on to play somewhat of a utility position over his long career, filling into many spots throughout his team. His 120 tries for Canberra is a club record and in 2000 he was named the Raiders' player of the year. He also gained selection in Australia's 2000 World Cup winning squad. In 2006 Croker played his 300th game for the Raiders, becoming the first to achieve this honour for the Raiders. In Jason Croker's last game in Canberra he was given the keys to the city by Chief Minister Jon Stanhope in front of over 21,000 fans. Croker signed a two-year deal to play for French team Catalans Dragons from 2007, which, after two successful campaigns, was extended by a further year in 2008. Croker's experience was of increasing value to the fledgling French side, and his physical fitness and hunger for the game are admired by many. He is regarded fondly by many Dragons fans for an audacious drop-goal scored in a 29–22 win over Bradford at Odsal in March 2007. Croker was the oldest player in Super League until retiring at the end of the 2009 season at age 36. He currently acts as a player-coach for the Gungahlin Bulls in the Canberra Raiders Cup. On 1 February 2016, Croker was named in Canberra's 2016 NRL Auckland Nines squad.

The 1976 United Kingdom heat wave led to the hottest summer average temperature in the UK since records began. At the same time, the country suffered a severe drought. It was one of the driest, sunniest and warmest summers (June/July/August) in the 20th century, although 1995 is now regarded as the driest. Only a few places registered more than half their average summer rainfall. In the CET record, it was the warmest summer in that series. It was the warmest summer in the Aberdeen area since at least 1864. It was the driest summer since 1868 in Glasgow. Heathrow had 16 consecutive days over 30 °C (86 °F) from 23 June to 8 July and for 15 consecutive days from 23 June to 7 July temperatures reached 32.2 °C (90 °F) somewhere in England. Furthermore, five days saw temperatures exceed 35 °C (95 °F). On 28 June, temperatures reached 35.6 °C (96.1 °F) in Southampton, the highest June temperature recorded in the UK. The hottest day of all was 3 July, with temperatures reaching 35.9 °C (96.6 °F) in Cheltenham. The great drought was due to a very long dry period. The summer and autumn of 1975 were very dry, and the winter of 1975–76 was exceptionally dry, as was the spring of 1976; indeed, some months during this period had no rain at all in some areas. The drought was at its most severe in August 1976. Parts of the south west went 45 days without any rain in July and August. As the hot and dry weather continued, devastating heath and forest fires broke out in parts of Southern England. 50,000 trees were destroyed at Hurn Forest in Dorset. Crops were badly hit, with £500 million worth of crops failing. Food prices subsequently increased by 12%. Massive swarms of seven-spotted ladybirds ("Coccinella septempunctata") occurred across the country, with the British Entomological and Natural History Society estimating that by late July 23.65 billion of them were swarming across the southern and eastern coasts of England. The population explosion occurred because a warm spring had meant there were many aphids, the ladybirds' food prey; as the hot weather dried the plants on which the aphids fed, the aphid populations collapsed, causing the ladybirds to swarm to try to find food elsewhere. In the last week of August, days after Denis Howell was appointed 'Minister for Drought', severe thunderstorms brought rain to some places for the first time in weeks. September and October 1976 were both very wet months, bringing to an end the great drought of 1975–1976. The 1976 heatwave is understood to have been the cause of 20% 'excess deaths' and there were significantly more hospital emergency admissions from 24 June to 8 July 1976 than for the same period in 1975 or 1974. This compares to 59% excess deaths for the 2003 heatwave. The extensive fires paradoxically helped preserve many areas of heathland that had been becoming scrub-land through natural succession because of reduced grazing pressure; the only long-term effect of the fires on Dorset heathlands was a change in the composition of scrub. The impacts of the extended drought on mature trees, especially beech, were still evident in UK woodlands in 2013. The effect on domestic water supplies led to the passing of a Drought Act by parliament and Minister for Drought, Denis Howell, was appointed. There was widespread water rationing and public standpipes in some affected areas. Reservoirs were at an extremely low level, as were some rivers. The rivers Don, Sheaf, Shire Brook and Meers Brook (all in Sheffield) all ran completely dry, without a drop of water in any of them, as well as Frecheville Pond and Carterhall Pond (Carterhall Pond was permanently dry until 2007, when floods hit, and has not dried since ). Longer term, the UK Department of the Environment realised it needed more information about the storage capacity and other properties of British aquifers, as sources of groundwater. In the Central England Temperature series 1976 has the hottest summer for more than 350 years and probably for much longer. The average temperature over the whole summer (June, July, August) was 17.77 °C, compared to the average for the unusually warm years between 2001–2008 of 16.30 °C. There have in other years been hotter specific summer months, though. The summer was so hot that it is embedded in the national psyche, with subsequent heatwaves in 1995, 1997, 2001, 2003 and 2006 all using 1976 as a benchmark.

Jean Thompson Kasem (born c. 1955) is an American actress. She is the widow of radio personality Casey Kasem. Jean Thompson was one of five children born to Irene Celia Thompson (1919-2008) and Herbert Owens Thompson Sr. (deceased). She is of Norwegian heritage on her mother's side. She lived in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, before her civil-servant father moved the family to Guam in 1963. She attended the University of Guam at age 16, but after marrying a U.S. Navy lieutenant when she was 17, she left to work as a waitress and saleswoman on U.S. military bases throughout the Pacific Ocean to which her husband was posted. The marriage lasted six years. She moved to California and unsuccessfully attempted to find work in broadcast journalism. Frustrated, she joined an acting workshop and soon found roles on such TV series as "Matt Houston", "Fantasy Island" and "Alice". Kasem played the recurring role of Loretta Tortelli, the dimwitted wife of Nick Tortelli (Dan Hedaya) on "Cheers" and as a cast-member of the short-lived spinoff "The Tortellis". She made a brief appearance in "Ghostbusters" as one of Louis Tulley's party guests. Kasem has also worked as voice actor for such animated television series as "Darkwing Duck", "2 Stupid Dogs", "Shaggy & Scooby-Doo Get a Clue! ", "Johnny Bravo", and "Mother Goose and Grimm". She made guest appearances in several movies and television shows, including "Growing Pains", "Cybill", "Hunter", "Family Feud", "Hollywood Squares", "My Two Dads", "Hope & Gloria" and others. She holds twelve (12) patents with the United States Patent and Trademark Office, all pertaining to crib and canopy design, developed for her crib business, Little Miss Liberty Round Crib Company. She was married to radio personality Casey Kasem from 1980 until his death in 2014, and they had one child together, Liberty Jean Kasem. In 1989, Casey Kasem purchased a house built in 1954, previously owned by developer Abraham M. Lurie, as a birthday present for her. Casey Kasem had three children from a previous marriage: Kerri, Julie, and Mike Kasem. In October 2013, Kerri Kasem said that her father was suffering from Parkinson's disease; a few months later, she said Casey Kasem had been diagnosed with Lewy body dementia, which is often difficult to differentiate from Parkinson's. Owing to his condition, he was no longer able to speak. On October 1, 2013, Kerri Kasem, her siblings and their uncle, Casey's brother, protested outside Casey and Jean Kasem's home, saying Jean Kasem had been preventing contact with Casey Kasem for three months. Six days later, Julie Kasem and her husband, Dr. Jamil Aboulhosn, filed a conservatorship petition to place Casey Kasem under their care. The court denied their petition. On May 12, 2014, Kerri Kasem was granted conservatorship over Jean Kasem's objection. The court ordered an investigation into Casey Kasem's whereabouts, after Jean Kasem's attorney argued the court had no jurisdiction as he was "no longer in the United States", but did not give any information to the court about Kasem's whereabouts. But after Casey was located in Washington State, Kerri Kasem was given custody. Casey Kasem died on June 15, 2014, aged 82. His widow was given her husband's body for funeral arrangements.

The Common Professional Examination/Graduate Diploma in Law (CPE/GDL) is a postgraduate law course in England and Wales that is taken by non-law graduates (graduates who have a degree in a discipline that is not law or not a qualifying law degree for legal practice) wishing to become either a solicitor or barrister in England and Wales. The course thus allows non-law students to convert to law after university (exceptions exist for non-graduates depending on circumstances); it is also commonly known as a "law conversion course". Regulated by the Solicitors Regulation Authority, the course is designed as an intense programme covering roughly the same content as a Law degree LL.B (Hons) and the main goal is to allow people with a greater variety of educational backgrounds into the legal profession. Most CPE courses award a diploma and are thus often titled Graduate Diploma in Law (GDL). Common post-nominal abbreviations include LL.Dip (Lex. Legis Diploma), PgDL (Post Graduate Diploma in Law) or Dip.Law (Diploma in Law). The CPE is one (full-time) or two (part-time) years long, and successful candidates may proceed to either the Legal Practice Course (LPC) for solicitors or the Bar Professional Training Course (BPTC) for barristers. It is regulated by the Law Society of England and Wales with admissions handled through the Central Applications Board. Some law students study for four years (rather than three years, although this is usually only the case for students taking a combined law degree with the LPC, or for those whose courses include study abroad), making it possible for both non-law and law graduates of the same starting year to finish at the same time, with the CPE providing the "foundations of legal knowledge". The GDL tends to be offered through private institutions or universities. The largest course providers are The University of Law, City Law School, Kaplan Law School and BPP Law School. The GDL is also offered by several British universities including Cardiff University, the University of East Anglia, Keele University, the University of Sheffield, the University of Sussex, Swansea University, Birmingham City University, Manchester Metropolitan University, London Metropolitan University, the University of Westminster, Middlesex University, De Montfort University and the University of East London as well as Oxford Brookes University. In Hong Kong a localised mutation of the CPE known as the Graduate Diploma in English and Hong Kong Law is also recognised for the purpose of admission to the Postgraduate Certificate in Laws (PCLL) course, which can be seen as the local equivalent to the LPC/BPTC and is a prerequisite to become a solicitor or barrister in Hong Kong. Since 2008, all graduates of overseas universities are required to demonstrate competence in three Top-up Subjects on Hong Kong law before they can enter the PCLL, usually by sitting conversion examinations in these three subjects. However graduates of the GDEHKL do not need to sit these three conversion examinations because the course is recognised by the Standing Committee on Legal Education and Training as demonstrating competence in the three Top-up Subjects on Hong Kong law. The CPE/GDEHKL is offered by the University of Hong Kong's School of Professional and Continuing Education (HKU SPACE) in Hong Kong jointly with Manchester Metropolitan University(MMU). Graduates of the GDEHKL who continue on to take the additional MMU LLB year after the CPE/GDEHKL will have passed all necessary law subjects required for PCLL eligibility. The GDEHKL is an exempted course under a Hong Kong law known as the Non-Local Higher and Professional Education (Regulation) Ordinance, which states that it is a matter of discretion for individual employers to recognize any qualification to which this course may lead.

The South Circular Road () is a road in Dublin, Ireland, one of the longest in the city. It runs from Kilmainham in the west of the city, through Rialto and Dolphin's Barn to Portobello, near the centre. As it runs mainly through residential areas, it is used by numerous bus routes. Until the early 18th century most of the area covered by the road was countryside. The site of Griffith Barracks was originally known as Grimswoods Nurseries. The first buildings on the site were those of a Remand Prison or Bridewell begun in 1813 by the architect Francis Johnston. It was then known as Richmond Gaol and later became Wellington Barracks. Now Griffith Barracks are part of Ireland's largest private college, Griffith College. Residential development of the South Circular Road began in earnest at Portobello around 1860 when estates such as Emorville and Portabello Gardens were put up for sale as development land. It quickly continued along the length of the road into the 1890s. Harrington Street (St. Kevin's) Catholic church was completed in 1871, and the Church of Ireland St. Kevin's in 1883. The Donore Presbyterian Church (now the Dublin Mosque) was built in 1884 (in the 1860s). In 1887 Richmond Gaol was transferred to the War Department and became Wellington Barracks. The Dublin tramways system was extended into the South Circular Road in February 1896 when a line was built from Leonard's Corner to Dolphins Barn. It was electrified in December 1899 and extended to Rialto in May 1905. The first Jews fleeing conditions in Lithuania (then part of the Russian Empire) arrived in the early 1870s and eventually settled off Lower Clanbrassil Street. In the following decades many of them settled along the South Circular Road, both sides of Leonard's Corner, and in the side-streets off it. There was a Jewish dairy opposite what was then Wellington Barracks. On July 1, 1943, the South Circular Road was the scene of a robbery by the IRA, then hard-pressed by the Irish Government of Éamon de Valera due to the on-going war. Charlie Kerins, IRA Chief of Staff at the time, and his fellow militants Archie Doyle and Jackie Griffith arrived on bikes at the gates of Player Wills factory on the South Circular Road. With scarves around their faces they stopped at gunpoint the van with some £5,000 for wages, and drove away with the van and the money, which was used to finance the organization's operations. In 1939 part of the Griffith Barracks was leased to the Irish Athletic Boxing Association as the site for the National Boxing Stadium which was opened by Frank Aiken. In the "Ithaca" chapter of Joyce's Ulysses, the question is posed: "Had Bloom discussed similar subjects during nocturnal perambulations in the past? In the short story "Two Gallants" from Joyce's collection Dubliners, Corley speaks of previously picking up girls there. In 1884 with Owen Goldberg and Cecil Turnbull at night on public thoroughfares between Longwood avenue and Leonard's corner and Leonard's corner and Synge street and Synge street and Bloomfield Avenue." (i.e., they walked along South Circular Road, Portobello).

Operation Maslenica was a Croatian Army offensive launched in January 1993 to retake territory in northern Dalmatia and Lika from Krajina Serb forces, with the stated military objective of pushing the Serbs back from approaches to Zadar and Maslenica Bay, allowing a secure land route between Dalmatia and northern Croatia to be opened. While an undoubted net Croatian tactical success (the frontlines shifted in Croatian favour, and Serb military losses far exceeded those of the Croatians), the operation was only a moderate strategic success, and was condemned by the UN Security Council. In early September, 1991, during the opening stages of the Croatian War of Independence, Serb-dominated units of the Knin Corps of the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA), under the command of Colonel Ratko Mladić and supported by the ethnic Serb Krajina militia, conducted offensive operations against areas under the Croatian government's control in Northwestern Dalmatia. Despite vigorous resistance, nascent, inexperienced and poorly armed units of the Croatian Army, police and local militias succumbed to superior force and had to abandon their positions, including the strategically important Maslenica area, the site of a key bridge connecting Dalmatia with the rest of Croatia. Fighting continued in subsequent months, during which the JNA and Krajina Serbs managed to gradually expand territories under their control and even threaten the major urban centre of Zadar. The Maslenica bridge was blown up in November by the Serb forces. In January, 1992, the Sarajevo armistice and the arrival of UNPROFOR solidified battle lines into the boundary between Croatian government control and the self-proclaimed RSK (Republic of Serb Krajina). Although this provided months of relative peace to citizens of Croatian-controlled Dalmatia, the situation proved to be untenable in the long run, because the region was severed from the rest of the country, despite nominally having a land link. The usual land routes through Bosnia, Lika and Dalmatia were controlled by the Serbs both in Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina. This forced traffic and commerce to use ferryboat services and bridges connecting Pag island and mainland Dalmatia, which were often affected by bad weather. The Pag Bridge was also damaged by the JNA air force in 1991, causing doubts about its long-term use. Furthermore, the Serb army also controlled the Peruća hydroelectric dam near Sinj and threatened its destruction, which could have flooded the Cetina valley, leaving Dalmatia without power. The fact that Dalmatia was severed from the rest of Croatia had an effect on Croatian internal politics. Since the Sarajevo armistice, the government of Franjo Tuđman was constantly criticised for using apparently ineffective diplomacy instead of direct military action to liberate the rest of the country. The Elections for the Croatian Chamber of Counties and various local and regional assemblies were scheduled for February 7, and many expected far-right opposition parties to use the issue to make gains against Tuđman's centre-right HDZ party. In the year since the Sarajevo armistice, the Croatian military not only gained valuable experience and boosted their morale through successful offensive operations in neighboring Bosnia-Herzegovina, but also used the lack of major military operations on Croatian soil to improve its equipment, organisation, personnel and tactics. The core of the Croatian military were professional Guards brigades - three of which would ultimately see action in the subsequent battle. The Republic of Serbian Krajina was, on the other hand, much weakened by the retreat of the JNA following the Croatian diplomatic recognition and the eruption of war in neighbouring Bosnia, which gobbled up much of the military, economic and other resources of Serbia proper and left the RSK forces more or less on their own. Their forces were additionally weakened by having to support Serb forces in Bosnia, especially Bosanska Posavina where the RSK elite Knindža unit suffered heavy casualties in 1992. Despite Croatian forces conducting a minor offensive in the area of the Miljevci Plateau in June 1992, RSK leaders didn't believe Croatian military action to be imminent. The UNPROFOR presence and Croatia being involved in the Bosnian War, where the dispute with Bosnian Serbs had begun to lose importance compared with the emerging conflict between Bosnian Croats and the Muslim-dominated government. The Croatian Army and Special Police units started the offensive in the Maslenica and Zadar area on January 22. RSK forces were completely taken by surprise and initially failed to offer any meaningful resistance. One of the reasons for the initial Croatian success was the unprecedented use of Croatian naval and air forces - which was the only instance of Croatian ground, naval and air forces acting together in a single major operation. As a result, Maslenica and areas around Zadar were liberated, and the Croatian Army continued to push into the hinterland of Northern Dalmatia. Janko Bobetko, the Croatian Army general in charge of the operation, was hailed as a national hero and the city of Zadar saw public celebrations. Six days later, seeing RSK forces being overwhelmed, the 126th Home Guard Regiment of the Croatian Army near Sinj conducted its own offensive operation against the Peruča dam. The dam was taken, but not before RSK forces detonated explosives that left it damaged. The dam held long enough to prevent massive flooding, but not long enough to prevent a major loss of hydroelectric power that would plague Dalmatia for much of the next year. The 200-foot-high dam held back an estimated 17 billion cubic feet of water in a narrow lake that stretched for 12 miles. The collapse would have unleashed the water down the Cetina River valley, affecting 50,000 people. In the meantime, the RSK forces reorganised, stormed arms depots held by UNPROFOR and began to resist advancing Croatian forces more effectively. The government in Belgrade failed to honour its promise of military intervention in the case of a major Croatian offensive against the Krajina, but the arrival of volunteers from Serbia proper, including units commanded by Arkan, improved RSK-morale to a certain extent. Those forces mounted a ferocious counter-attack which, although ultimately repulsed, resulted in many Croatian casualties and the Croatian advance lost its momentum. Partly due to international pressure, partly because of the potential for huge casualties to affect the outcome of elections and partly because of the impression that the most immediate aims were met, the Croatian government decided to halt the offensive. The fighting continued in a series of local attacks and counterattacks, with minor pieces of territory changing hands and the Dalmatian coastal cities of Zadar, Biograd and Šibenik being occasionally shelled by Serb artillery. By the autumn of 1993, all those incidents petered out and both sides held the lines that would be unchanged until Operation Storm in August, 1995. According to Croatian sources, the only published military data so far, the Croatians had 114 fatalities and the Serbs suffered 490 dead. Serbian sources mostly agree, citing a figure of 491. Allegedly 326 of them were militiamen and 160 were civilians and the villages Smoković, Kašić and Islam Grčki were burnt down by Croatian forces, and forced many of the civilians to flee. The Croatian officials initially publicly claimed that the number of Croatian fatalities in the Operation Maslenica was 50. It was soon revealed that the correct numbers, found and verified by independent and unbiased sources, were much higher, which sparked a controversy in Croatia. In strictly military and, to a certain degree, political terms, Operation Maslenica was immediately hailed as a major success for the Croatian government. However, subsequent events have put that into question. While the Croatian military inflicted a heavy blow on Krajina and retook a relatively large section of Croatian territory, it failed to completely remove the threat towards the Dalmatian cities. Even the stated aim of securely connecting Dalmatia to the rest of Croatia was not achieved. This became apparent with the opening of a pontoon bridge at Maslenica later in the year. The bridge was in range of RSK artillery, thus allowing RSK leader Milan Martić to publicly brag about his ability to sink it or close it to traffic at his leisure. Traffic over the bridge normalised only after UN-sponsored negotiations. The Croatian Army's failure to properly exploit the initial success of the offensive is usually attributed to tactical mistakes in the latter stages of the operation and its lack of superior artillery - an issue that would be addressed in 1994 and 1995. By exposing these weaknesses, Operation Maslenica allowed Croatian military staff to remedy them and plan more ambitious and ultimately more successful offensives like Operation Flash and Operation Storm. A new Maslenica Bridge was built in 1997-1998, on a slightly different location from the old bridge that had been destroyed. The renovation of the latter was completed in early 2006. Twelve years after the operation, during the 2005 campaign for local elections in Croatia, these events sparked another controversy. On May 1, 2005, the 10th anniversary of Operation Flash, the Croatian prime minister Ivo Sanader used the celebrations to campaign for his HDZ party. The Croatian president, Stipe Mesić, reacted by expressing outrage over the use of Croatian military operations for party politics and claimed that Operation Maslenica had been executed solely as a Tuđman pre-election stunt, and had resulted in the needless waste of Croatian lives. This statement was almost immediately attacked by Croatian war veterans' organizations.

Terry Campese (born 4 August 1984) is an Australian former professional rugby league footballer. A former Australian international and New South Wales State of Origin representative five-eighth, he is also the nephew of rugby union player David Campese. He previously played for the Canberra Raiders in the National Rugby League and Hull Kingston Rovers in the European Super League competition. Campese grew up playing both league and union and always believed he would follow his uncle David in the 15-man code. However the advice of Neil Henry helped persuade him to join the Canberra Raiders youth set-up and turn down offers from Randwick DRUFC and the Brumbies Academy. Campese made his first-grade debut during the 2004 season, appearing 4 times. He made a further 5 appearances in 2005, playing at five-eighth or lock. Injury destroyed his campaign the following year and in 2007 Campese struggled to show consistent form, playing 12 games as Canberra preferred to use Todd Carney at five-eighth and Michael Dobson at halfback. After Dobson departed two games into the 2008 season, Carney shifted to half back and Campese was given an opportunity to stake a claim at five-eighth. Campese was injured in the 2009 NRL season and could not join training sessions. The turning point in the career of Campese came two thirds of the way into the 2008 season when his halves partner and friend Todd Carney was released for disciplinary reasons. Until then Campese had been contributing to the Raiders' sporadic success but Carney was the dominant playmaker. Campese scored 36 points in round 22 against the Panthers with 10 goals and 4 tries. He had a chance to equal Mal Meninga's record of 38 points with a simple kick from in front of the goal posts but decided against the opportunity with the train of thought that he had not yet made a name for himself fitting of such a prestigious club record. Canberra won the game, 74–12. He assumed the goal kicking duties and became the side’s main attacking point as Canberra finished the season second only to Champion’s Manly in point scoring. He finished the season first in line-break assists (25) and 4th in try assists (25), and added 10 tries and 40 goals. After a strong season in 2008, Campese was voted the best five-eighth of the year and was just three points off winning the Dally M Medal. He was also his club's top point scorer. In 2009, Campese was named in the City vs Country game and State of Origin. Then in 2010, Campese was named co-captain with Alan Tongue. As Tongue had many injuries during the year, Campese was one of only a few senior players in the side. He helped lead the Raiders into the finals at 7th position. Campese led the Raiders to their first semifinal victory in 10 years with a win over the Penrith Panthers, but were knocked out a week later by the Wests Tigers. In the Tigers game Campese went off with an injury which would see him out of action for 9 months. He returned in Round 13 2011 against the North Queensland Cowboys. However, he re-injured himself with a groin injury after an attempted tackle. He was out of action for the rest of the 2011 season. He returned in 2012 only to be devastated by injured again in round 7 against the Brisbane Broncos which sidelined the star for the rest of the season. Campese returned in round 6 2013 against the New Zealand Warriors at Canberra Stadium. In December 2014, Campese was released from the final year of his contract with the Raiders to join Hull Kingston Rovers. His form had dipped toward the end of the 2014 season and new coach Ricky Stuart had relegated him to playing New South Wales Cup football for the Mount Pritchard Mounties. In 2008 Campese earned selection in the Prime Minister's XIII and was subsequently named in the Australia squad for the World Cup. Campese played in one game, the group match against PNG. During the first half he suffered an eye injury, which saw him unable to finish the game as well as ruling him out of the rest of the tournament. He was selected for Country in the City vs Country match on 8 May 2009. In May 2009, Campese was named in the 17 man squad to represent New South Wales in the opening State of Origin match on 3 June 2009, in Melbourne. Campese was dropped after the first game which saw the Blues lose 28–18 and has not since represented New South Wales. Campese is of Italian descent and subsequently switched his allegiance to Italy. He was named in the 24-man squad for their 2013 World Cup campaign but he later withdrew after receiving medical advice to stay in Canberra because of his knees. He rejoined the Italian National Team for the 2017 World Cup qualification.

The Royal Norwegian Naval Academy (RNoNA, "Sjøkrigsskolen" in Norwegian) is located at Laksevåg in Bergen. It was formally established 27 October 1817 in Frederiksvern. The institution educates officers for the Royal Norwegian Navy. The predecessor of the Norwegian Naval Academy was the "Søcadet-Akademiet", which was established in 1701 in Copenhagen for the education of naval officers for the Danish-Norwegian naval forces. After the union between Denmark and Norway dissolved in 1814, the "Kongelige Norske Søcadet-Institut" (Royal Norwegian Sea Cadet Institute) was opened in 1817 at the main naval base at Fredriksvern. In 1864 both the main base and the Sea Cadet Institute were moved to Horten, where the operations continued until 1940. During the subsequent German occupation of Norway, a temporary Naval Academy was established in London in 1941. After the war the Academy was first located in Oslo, but in 1960 it was relocated to the present site in Laksevåg, Bergen. The RNoNA has a status of an independent institution under the Norwegian Act on Universities and University Colleges. It has been accredited to develop study programmes at the undergraduate level, to award bachelor's degrees, and to evaluate degrees from other institutions. Master’s degrees are awarded at the Norwegian Defence University College in Oslo, but officers may continue with graduate studies also at civilian universities. In 2013, the Academy offered six programmes leading to the Bachelor of Military Studies degree, where of three programmes leads to a bachelor's degree in engineering.

Syed Mohammad (S.M.) Hadi (12 August 1899 – 14 July 1971, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India) was one of the most gifted pioneering athletes of India. He not only represented India in cricket and tennis, but was also proficient in field hockey, soccer, table tennis, chess, and polo. He was nicknamed "Rainbow Hadi" because of his expertise in these seven sports. Hadi's father, Captain Syed Mohammed, was an officer in the Paigah army in Hyderabad State and died when Hadi was barely two years old. He was supported by the family of, Sir Asman Jah, the former Prime Minister of Hyderabad State, in the court of the Nizam of Hyderabad. He was raised alongside, Asman Jah's son Nawab Moin-Ud-Dowlah, who would become a leading patron of sports in Hyderabad. Hadi learned horse riding and polo as a youth and played soccer for Nizam College. Recognizing their ward's exceptional athletic abilities, Asman Jah's family helped arrange for his studies in England. As a tennis player Hadi burst on to the international scene while studying at Cambridge University where he studied at Peterhouse and worked hard to become a Cambridge Blue. He helped the Cambridge team score a series of victories against Oxford University and visiting American teams. He also earned university colors in field hockey, soccer, and table tennis. Denied the captaincy of the Cambridge team because he was an Indian, he vindicated his claim by representing India at the Davis Cup in 1924 and 1925. He also represented India at Wimbledon for five years and in 1926 reached the quarter finals in doubles. He was one of the first Indians to compete as a tennis player at the Olympics (1924 Summer Olympics). As a cricketer he played several first-class cricket matches in India, including an unofficial Test. When the Ranji Trophy was instituted in 1934, Hadi became the first batsman to score a century. He was the treasurer of the Indian team on their tour of England in 1936 and also played in several matches. He was also on the team in the unofficial Test match series against the Australians led by Jack Ryder. He continued to play for the Hyderabad XI in the Ranji Tropy till 1941. Many of his siblings were also accomplished sportsmen. His brothers Hussein Mohammad and Ashgar Ali were first class cricketers. In 1939-40 Hadi along with his brother Col. Ali Raza, Nawab Mahmood Yar Jung, S.A. Rahim and Ahmed Mohiuddin was one of the founding member of the Hyderabad Football Association and the Hyderabad Cricket Association. After retiring from athletics, Hadi continued his involvement in sports as an educator. He had an MA from Cambridge and a Masters from the University of Pennsylvania. Hadi was the Director of Physical Education in Hyderabad and ultimately became Joint Secretary of Education in the Indian Government. Another brother Syed Ali Akbar was also a prominent educator of Hyderabad. Hadi was an avid supporter of the Scout Movement and received the Wood Badge. He was the National Commissioner of the Boy Scouts of India. When the All-India Council of Sports was formed in 1959 he became its first secretary. Hadi died in his native Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, of lung cancer at the age of 72. In an obituary published on 3 September 1971 the Indian Express wrote - "It is but given to a few and seldom to shine in so many sports." The man who adopted him, Nawab Moin-Ud-Dowlah, was also a great patron of cricket in India. The Moin-ud-Dowlah Gold Cup Cricket Tournament is played to this day. The tournament's runner-up trophy is now called the S.M. Hadi Memorial Trophy.

Filton Abbey Wood railway station serves the town of Filton in South Gloucestershire, England, inside the Bristol conurbation. It is from . Its three letter station code is FIT. There are three platforms but minimal facilities. The station is managed by Great Western Railway, the seventh company to be responsible for the station, and the third franchise since privatisation in 1997. They provide most train services at the station, with two trains per day operated by CrossCountry. The general service level is eight trains per hour - two to South Wales, two to , two toward and two toward . Filton Abbey Wood is the third station on the site. The first station, Filton, was opened in 1863 by the Bristol and South Wales Union Railway. The station had a single platform, with a second added in 1886 to cope with traffic from the Severn Tunnel. The station was closed in 1903, replaced by a new station, Filton Junction, further north, which was built at the junction with the newly constructed Badminton Line from . The new station had four platforms, each with waiting rooms and large canopies. Services at Filton Junction declined in the second half of the twentieth century, with the station buildings and Badminton Line platforms demolished in 1976. The station was closed completely in 1996, replaced by the current station, Filton Abbey Wood. This was built south of the original station, adjacent to a new Ministry of Defence office development. The station was built with two platforms, but a third was added in 2004. The line through Filton Abbey Wood is not electrified, but will be as part of the planned modernisation of the Great Western Main Line. A new platform will also be built, allowing increased services between Bristol Parkway and . Filton Abbey Wood railway station is located in the Filton area of South Gloucestershire, within the Bristol conurbation. The area to the west of the station is primarily residential, while to the east is a large commercial area, including MoD Abbey Wood which is adjacent to the station. The main access to the station is via a long footpath (a slope of approximately 1 in 8) and bridge from Emma-Chris Way to the north, which has a small car park. There is also foot access from MoD Abbey Wood to the east. The station is on the Cross Country Route between and , and just off the South Wales Main Line south of and the eastern end of the Henbury Loop Line. It is from Bristol Temple Meads and from (via Bristol Parkway). The station is just north of Filton South Junction, where the northbound line to South Wales and the westbound line to Avonmouth split from the line to Bristol Parkway, and just south of Filton Junction No. 1, where the southbound lines from South Wales and Parkway converge. The next station south is , the next station north is Patchway, and the next station east is Bristol Parkway. The station is on an alignment of 032 degrees, curving towards the west. There are three active platforms: platform 1 is the easternmost, separated from platforms 2 and 3, which share an island, by two running lines. Platform 1 is for southbound trains and has a speed limit of . Platform 2 is for northbound trains towards Bristol Parkway, but can be used by trains towards South Wales. Platform 3 is for northbound trains towards South Wales. Both platforms 2 and 3 have a speed limit of , and all three platforms are long. Facilities at the station are minimal - there are metal and glass shelters on each platform, and some seating. A small ticket office operates on platform 1 on weekday afternoons, but there are no other facilities for buying tickets and the station is generally unstaffed. There are customer help points, giving next train information for both platforms, as well as dot-matrix displays showing the next trains on each platform. A small pay and display car park with 30 spaces is to the north of the station, as are racks for eight bicycles. CCTV cameras are in operation at the station. There is a bus stop located in the station car park however at present no buses serve it. The nearest bus stop is located on the A4174 Station Road by the McDonald's restaurant. Over the decade 2002–2012, passenger numbers at Filton Abbey Wood almost doubled, from 395,000 to 771,000. In the 2006/07 financial year, over 50,000 passengers used Filton Abbey Wood to travel to or from Bristol Temple Meads. The line through Filton Abbey Wood has a loading gauge of W8, and the line handles over 15 million train tonnes per year. It is not electrified, though it is planned that it will be electrified as part of the 21st-century modernisation of the Great Western Main Line. Filton Abbey Wood is managed by Great Western Railway who operate most services from the station. The basic service Monday to Friday is four trains per hour in each direction, split between four services. These are the hourly services each way between and ; and ; and Cardiff Central; and finally and . The Taunton service has occasional extensions to and beyond, while the Gloucester to Westbury has alternate hour extensions to (via Worcester) in the north, to in the south, and one daily extension to . Combined, there are two trains per hour to Bristol Parkway, two trains per hour to Cardiff Central and four trains per hour to . A single direct service from London Paddington calls at Filton Abbey Wood in the morning, continuing to , but there are no direct services to London. All services are operated by Great Western Railway, with the exception of one morning and one evening service operated by CrossCountry from to via and . The morning service operates to Manchester Piccadilly whilst the evening service returns to Cardiff Central. Other CrossCountry services pass non-stop throughout the day, operating two trains per hour each direction between the South West, Bristol, Manchester and Scotland. The local services described above are formed using , and diesel multiple-unit trains. Until 2012, Pacer units were a regular sight, but these have been moved south to work in Devon and Cornwall following a cascade of Class 150/1 units from London Midland and London Overground. The London to Swansea service is operated by an HST set, and CrossCountry services are operated using and "Voyager" diesel-electric multiple units. The standard journey time to Bristol Temple Meads is 8 minutes, to Bristol Parkway is 4 minutes, and to Cardiff Central is 50 minutes. There have been three different stations in the area of Filton Abbey Wood. The first, Filton, opened in 1863 just north the site of the current Filton Abbey Wood, and was closed in 1903. A second station was opened a few hundred yards to the north, and was known as Filton Junction. This station closed in 1996, replaced by Filton Abbey Wood. The first station at Filton opened on 8 September 1863 when services began on the Bristol and South Wales Union Railway (BSWUR), which ran from to , north of Bristol on the banks of the River Severn. At New Passage, passengers were transferred to a ferry to cross the Severn to continue on into Wales. The line, engineered by Isambard Kingdom Brunel, was built as single track broad gauge, with a platform on the western side of the line. The station was situated in the county of Gloucestershire, from Bristol Temple Meads and immediately south of the modern bridge over the A4174 Avon Ring Road. The BSWUR was amalgamated with the Great Western Railway, who had from the beginning operated all BSWUR services, in 1868; and in 1873 the line was converted to standard gauge. Although the line made travel from Bristol to Wales easier, the change from train to ferry to train was inconvenient, and so a tunnel was built under the River Severn. To cope with the anticipated increase in demand, the line through Filton was doubled, with a new platform built on the eastern side of the new track, complete with waiting room. The new track was first used on 1 September 1886 when the Severn Tunnel opened. The station continued in use until 1 July 1903, when it was closed and replaced by a new station further north. There is no trace remaining of the original station. In 1900, almost all trains from London to Wales travelled via Bath and Bristol, with some still routed via . However, the final to Bristol were relatively slow and congested, so a new route was built further north, the GWR's Badminton Line, now part of the South Wales Main Line, running from to . The new line opened in 1903, and allowed faster services to Wales. There was a new triangular junction between Patchway and Filton, with the new line coming in from the east. The new station, opened on 1 July 1903, was on an embankment at the southern apex of the junction, just north of the present A4174. It was north of the first station, from Bristol Temple Meads and from London Paddington via the new line. The new station had four platform faces - two outer platforms, and two inner platforms sharing an island between the southbound line from Patchway and the westbound line to London. The western platforms served trains between Bristol and Wales, while the eastern platforms served trains on the new line. The platforms were linked by a subway which led to the booking office, situated on ground level by the main entrance on the east side of the station. The approach road led south from the main entrance, towards the A4174. There were waiting rooms and large canopies on each of the platforms. There were goods facilities to the south of the road, on the west side of the line and covering the site of the first station. There was a goods shed with a loading platform on a passing loop, as well as a north-facing covered loading platform and a south-facing siding. An additional south-facing siding for coal traffic was added after the First World War. Opposite the goods yard was Filton Junction Signal Box, which controlled the junction and by 1948 had more than 70 levers. Following the opening of the Henbury Loop Line, which diverged from the line towards Wales to the north, the station was renamed Filton Junction on 1 May 1910. Trains on this line used the western platforms, and often operated loop services to and from Bristol Temple Meads via . From 1928, trains could also run loop services via Clifton Down, and . As well as being useful for passengers changing trains (due to its junction status), Filton Junction was also used by workers at the nearby Filton Aerodrome and the attendant aircraft works. When the railways were nationalised in 1948, Filton Junction came under the aegis of the Western Region of British Railways. Following the publication of the Beeching Report, the Henbury Line was closed to passengers in 1964, and service levels began to decline. The line between and Severn Beach was also closed, putting an end to loop services. The goods yard was closed in July 1965, and the station's name reverted to Filton from 6 May 1968. Much of the station buildings were demolished in 1976, as were the platforms serving Badminton Line trains, as no trains on this line called at Filton anymore. The remaining two platforms had small replacement shelters built on them. In 1974, when the Local Government Act 1972 came into effect, the southern part of Gloucestershire, including the district of Filton, became part of the new county of Avon. British Rail was split into business-led sectors in the 1980s, at which time operations at Filton passed to Regional Railways. In the 1990s, plans were made to build a new station in Filton and close the 1903 station. The last train called on 8 March 1996, with services moving to the new Filton Abbey Wood from 11 March, with two intervening days of no service due to a closure of the Severn Tunnel. The remains of Filton Junction can still be seen from passing trains, and the two western platforms are still present, albeit overgrown. The subway has been blocked off, and the access road is now a residential street called "The Sidings". In the early 1990s, the Ministry of Defence procurement division was consolidated into a major office development in Filton, known as MoD Abbey Wood. As part of this development, a new station was built in Filton, primarily to serve the MoD workers. Construction began in 1995, and cost £1,400,000. The station, named Filton Abbey Wood, was opened to the public on 11 March 1996 and officially opened on 19 March by Minister for Transport Steven Norris MP and the Chair of Avon County Council. Shortly after the station was opened, the county of Avon was disbanded, with the Filton region now governed by South Gloucestershire council. The new station was situated south of the first Filton station, and south of Filton Junction. There were two platforms, each long, separated by two running lines. A ramped footbridge connected the platforms at the north end, and each platform had ground-level access from the sides: the eastern, southbound platform from MoD Abbey Wood; the western, northbound platform via a footpath from the car park to the north. There were metal and glass shelters on each platform and a small, rarely used booking office on the southbound platform. Initial services at the station included local stopping services from Bristol to South Wales, and services between and . Services towards Bath were of particular importance to the MoD, as many of their staff had been based there prior to the construction of MoD Abbey Wood. South Gloucestershire council provided a subsidy for half-hourly services to Bath. The station proved popular with MoD workers, local residents commuting into central Bristol, and also students and staff at the University of the West of England. When the railway was privatised in 1997, local services were franchised to Wales & West, which was succeeded by Wessex Trains, an arm of National Express, in 2001. The line through Filton closed for two weeks in June 2004 to enable the construction of a new platform and third running line on the west side of the station, separating trains towards Bristol Parkway from trains towards Wales before the station, and so allowing through-trains to pass stopping trains. The project cost £16,000,000, and caused the complete suspension of Severn Beach Line services to allow longer-distance services to use it as a diversion. The Wessex franchise was amalgamated with the Great Western franchise into the Greater Western franchise from 2006, and responsibility passed to First Great Western, a subsidiary company of FirstGroup, and rebranded as Great Western Railway in 2015. First introduced new services between and , and between and , each calling at Filton Abbey Wood. From December 2006, Virgin CrossCountry began operating a single daily service to Cardiff Central via Bristol Temple Meads and Filton Abbey Wood. This service was taken over by Arriva CrossCountry when the CrossCountry franchise changed hands in 2007, and then replaced by a daily service each direction between Cardiff Central and . First Great Western declined a contractual option to continue the Greater Western passenger franchise beyond 2013, citing a desire for a longer-term contract due to the impending upgrade to the Great Western Main Line. The franchise was put out to tender, but the process was halted and later scrapped due to the fallout from the collapse of the InterCity West Coast franchise competition. A two-year franchise extension until September 2015 was agreed in October 2013, and subsequently extended until March 2019. The CrossCountry franchise is also due to expire in 2019. The line through Filton Abbey Wood was due to have been electrified by 2017 as part of the Great Western Main Line electrification project, however this has been postponed indefinitely. The Cross Country Route, the Bristol to Exeter Line and the Heart of Wessex Line were not set to be electrified, so services at Filton Abbey Wood would still have been provided by diesel trains; however "Sprinter" units are expected to be replaced by and "Turbo" units. The group Friends of Suburban Bristol Railways supports the electrification continuing beyond the main lines, as does MP for Weston-super-Mare John Penrose. The electrification scheme also includes the four-tracking of the line through Filton to allow more services between and and to separate fast inter-city services from local stopping services. Filton Abbey Wood is on the / corridor, one of the main axes of the Greater Bristol Metro, a rail transport plan which aims to enhance transport capacity in the Bristol area. The plan will also see the reopening of the Henbury Loop Line and the opening of a new station between Filton and .

Hooe is both a small village and a civil parish in the Wealden District of East Sussex; the village being located about two miles (3 km) north-west of Bexhill, and north of the A259 coast road, on the B2095 road from Ninfield. The parish name takes account of local usage, and the location of the parish church; in fact the main population centre is to the north, and is called Hooe Common. The name Hooe comes from the Saxon word meaning a ridge, since the village stood on a ridge of land between two arms of the sea. Those areas are now low-lying land, one being the "Hooe Levels", across which flows the stream known as "Waller's Haven". The River Ashbourne flows into the Haven, down which iron products, particularly cannon, used to be shipped from the Wealden iron works at Ashburnham. During the 18th century Hooe was connected with other local gangs in smuggling. The church, dedicated to St Oswald, is part of a combined ecclesiastical parish with that at Ninfield. Hooe church, both Saxon and Norman, was built in its location as meeting point of several of the surrounding hamlets, including Hooe Common. There were suggestions by a local historian that there was a village surrounding the church but this was burnt down during the plague and the village moved to Hooe Common but there is no archaeological evidence for this. There is an abandoned medieval village, Northeye, which is located on Hooe Levels. This may have been abandoned during the plague. Hooe windmill was situated where the house the Retreat is now, next to the recreation ground. Pevensey Levels, a Site of Special Scientific Interest, lies partially in the parish. The site is of biological interest consisting of low-lying grazing meadows, hosting a wide variety of wetland flora and fauna. Renown Coaches operate two buses services Monday-Friday which consists of: Route 97: Currently Departs Hooe Lamb Inn at 09:03 and 12:03. There is a 15:03 on non school days which operates via Hooe Common 5 minutes later. (This is subject to change due to the national concessionary pass times changing.) These buses operate to Bexhill. There is also a School bus which departs Hooe Common at 08:08 to Claverham with a bus departing Claverham at 15:30. This is route 356.

Thakur Village is a densely populated residential locality in Kandivali, Mumbai, India. It is located to the east of the Western Express Highway, which is part of the National Highway 8. As a part of rapid urban development in this locality, a significant number of residential complexes were constructed here since the late 1990s. The area is broadly divided into two distinct categories of housing complexes: the high-rises and the low-rises. The high-rises include " Thakur Jewel ", "Ekta Meadows", "Gokul Gagan", "Vishu Shivam Tower", "Gokul Concorde", "Challengers ", "Oberoi Gardens", "Oberoi Parkview", "Viceroy Court", "Viceroy Park, Raheja Reflections" and "NG Suncity Phase 2 & 3." The low-rises (up to 8 floors) include "Shree Ganesh Aangan" which is very famous, "Vasant Utsav", "Vasant Sagar", "Evershine Millennium Paradise", "Valley of Flowers" and "NG Suncity". These six complexes put together cover the major land area of Thakur Village, and also house most of the population. Of these, "Evershine's Millennium Paradise" is the largest, with 75 buildings having nearly 2,400 housing units. There are a handful of single-buildings (not complexes). These include "Gaurav Shikhar", "Gokul Gagan", "Gokul Horizon", Shiv Surbhi, "Gokul Residency", "Hill-View Park", "ISM House", "Mineral House", "Bhoomi Hills", "Bhoomi Valley", "Technopark - I", "Technopark - II, Kanchan Ganga" and "Vasundhara". The area boasts of excellent internal and external connectivity. It is located on the busy Western Express Highway, which becomes the NH8 (Mumbai-Ahmedabad) outside Mumbai city limits. There are two approaches from the highway: one at the Mahindra & Mahindra junction, and the other at Magathane Telephone Exchange. Both approaches have flyovers / underpass which makes entry and exit into / from the area very easy. It is equidistant from Kandivali and Borivali railway stations which fall on the Western Railway's suburban section. Almost all outstation trains on the Western Railway halt at Borivali. The domestic and international airports can also be reached quickly due to the proximity to the highway. Mumbai-Pune Shivneri Volvo buses operated by MSRTC can also be boarded from the Sukurwadi or Nancy Colony bus depots which are nearby. The area is well serviced by the public transport buses operated by BEST. Route 287 connects the area to Kandivali station and routes 209, 629 and 703 to Borivali station. Route 223 is a fairly long-distance route that runs along the Link Road and connects to the business hub of Mindspace and the Bollywood hub of Andheri Lokhandwala. Air-conditioned buses operated by BEST and NMMT provide direct connectivity to the business districts like NKP (Nirlon Knowledge Park, Goregaon), SEEPZ, Hiranandani-Harsh Mulchandani (Powai), BKC (Bandra Kurla Complex), Worli, Cuffe Parade, Backbay, MBP (Millennium Business Park, Airoli) and CBD Belapur. Internally, there is a 120-foot wide cement-concrete (CC) road which acts as the traffic backbone of the area. Besides this, the area is well serviced by a network of inter-connected roads, cross-roads and lanes. From 10 July 2013, MSRTC has started the Shivneri Corporate bus service from Thakur Village to BKC. The promotional fare is priced at Rs. A number of banks have their branches and 24-hour ATMs in Thakur Village, which include: HDFC Bank, ICICI Bank, Axis Bank, Andhra Bank, Indian Bank, Karnataka Bank, Allahabad Bank, Bank of Baroda, Bank of Maharashtra, Central Bank of India, Canara Bank, Saraswat Bank, Pratap Co-operative Bank, Punjab National Bank, Federal Bank, State Bank Of India, Oriental Bank of Commerce and Kotak Mahindra Bank (previously ING Vysya Bank ). IndusInd Bank and Union Bank of India have stand-alone ATMs (no branches). D'Mart is the most popular supermarket in this area. Godrej Nature's Basket, which caters to 'world food' requirements is also present here Almost every major national and local (Mumbai) brand has a presence here, and those who do not vie for it. The chain restaurants present here include Pizza Hut, Domino's Pizza, Yoko Sizzlers, Mirch, Subway, Cafe Coffee Day, Barista, Wich Latte, Faaso's and McDonald's. Ice-cream parlours include Baskin Robbins, Natural Ice-cream, Gelato Italiano, Amul, Hokey Pokey and Top in Town. Cake shops include Monginis, Hang Outs and the local wonder, French Connection. The area also has a lot of good Beauty Parlors/ Spa and Saloons like Radiance, Cutz and Colors etc. and also have 2 Centers of Spandan Kerala Panchkarma Ayurvedic Center, which offers Authentic Ayurvedic Therapies and Treatments at affordable price. Mineralz - The Wellness Shop, an exclusive outlet of Naturo Healthplus, is one of Mumbai's most unique shops for Himalayan rocksalt. It is located at Viceroy Court, Thakur village. There are famous spots here. Thakur College is a famous spot and many television show's shootings are held here. Scenes in the shows Aahat, C.I.D, Balika Vadhu and many more have been shot here. Shaktimaan has been extensively shot here. A scene from the movies Chillar Party and Krazzy 4, and the Indian run of the show 24 has been shot at a park here called Evershine Dream Park. Movies like Utt Patang and Idiot Box have shot their whole movie in this area. Celebrities such as R.Madhavan, Parveen Sultana, Shivamani, Sudhir Dalvi, Sudhir Nayak, and Abhijeet Sawant Mohsin Khan Suyyash Rai and Kishwar Merchant reside here. The area is an education hub and is known for a number of educational institutions located here, mostly founded by the Thakur Educational Group. These institutions include, Thakur College of Science and Commerce, founded in 1992, Thakur College of Engineering and Technology, founded in 2001, Thakur Institute of Management Studies and Research, founded in 2002, Thakur Public School and Thakur Shyamnarayan School. Other schools include the Gundecha Education Academy, Chatrabhuj Narsee School and Oxford International school.

The Federation of Uganda Football Associations (FUFA) is the governing body of football in Uganda. The association was founded in 1924 and has been affiliated with FIFA in 1960 and Confederation of African Football in 1961. FUFA organises the men's and women's national football teams, and the first and second tiers of national football covering the Ugandan Super League and the FUFA Big League, respectively. The third tier (Regional Leagues) is organised by the regional football associations and the fourth tier (District Leagues / Fourth Division) are administered by the many district football associations. FUFA also organizes the Ugandan Cup, which is the oldest football competition of knockout format having started in 1971. FUFA is based at FUFA House, Plot No. 879 Kyadondo Block 8, Mengo Wakaliga Road P.O. Box 22518 Kampala. In 1924 the Kampala Football Association (KFA) was formed and in the 1950s became the Uganda Football Association (UFA). In 1967 the Uganda Football Association (UFA) was changed to the Federation of Uganda Football Associations (FUFA). FUFA is an association made up of 31 member associations and represented by 86 delegates at the Supreme Body called the FUFA General Assembly (GA). The member associations include: ***LIST***. The organisation is led by the FUFA Executive Committee (EXCOM) which is advised and supported by the FUFA Standing Committees, Judicial Bodies and Secretariat. The president of FUFA is Moses Hassim Magogo who succeeded Lawrence Mulindwa in August 2013. Magogo is an electrical engineer by trade and has worked for the African Development Bank. Magogo was previously the Federation's Vice President, in charge of administration. In 2000, while playing for Kinyara FC, Magogo started to actively participate in sports talk shows on radio. That platform endeared him to the public and by the time he was elected the FUFA delegate for Lubaga, Magogo had created a niche as one of the most knowledgeable persons about football management. FUFA subsequently appointed him to run the Super League. Magogo is accredited for having transformed the league and football competition systems in Uganda and particularly the FUFA Big League and Regional Leagues. He is also responsible for starting the players contracting regulations and system in Uganda, negotiating and concluding the various sponsorships to football. With an assertive nature he has been a central figure in administration wrangles. The 8 regional football associations administer the Regional Leagues covering the third tier of Ugandan football. Affiliated members includes Regional League clubs, schools football associations and cup competitions. ***LIST***. Below the regional football associations, FUFA has divided the country into 13 administrative zones, each of which encompass several district football associations. These local associations are affiliated to FUFA and manage grassroots affairs in their districts including the Fourth Division Leagues.

The channel was originally launched in 2005 as Sky Three. It was essentially a "shop window" service for Sky's main entertainment channel Sky 1 and its other subscription services, which served to "offer digital terrestrial viewers the opportunity to enjoy a wide variety of popular programmes from Sky". From its launch on 1 November 2005 until 24 June 2010, the channel carried Sky Travel's commercial presentations selling holiday deals for a number of providers. Early highlights from the channel's schedule included "Futurama", "Cold Case", "Tru Calling", "Relic Hunter", "Road Wars", the "Inside" strand of documentaries, "", Airline, and "35mm" from Sky Movies (which looks at upcoming films in the cinema and on Sky's premium movies service Sky Movies) and "Dream Team". The channel has also shown the free-to-air premieres of some of Sky 1's more prestigious shows such as series 3 and 4 of "24", "Rescue Me", "The 10th Kingdom", "Hex" and the latest remake of "Battlestar Galactica". The channel also showed seasons 3 and 4 of "Prison Break" in 2010. In recent years, the number of well known Sky 1 shows being shown on Pick TV has declined. The channel is well known for airing repeats of "Road Wars" and Airline whilst other shows such as "Coach Trip" and "It's Me or the Dog" are also shown regularly, the closure of Sky Real Lives responsible for the increase in lifestyle programming. The number of American shows airing on the channel has declined rapidly, with "Prison Break" the last major US Sky 1 drama to be shown on the channel in 2010. Since its rebrand to Pick TV, recent Sky 1 shows such as "UK Border Force", "Pineapple Dance Studios" and documentary series hosted by Ross Kemp such as gangs and in search of Pirates were aired. On 1 February 2011, Sky Atlantic launched on Sky channel 108, which had originally been occupied by Sky3. Sky rebranded Sky3 as Pick TV on 28 February 2011. On Monday 7 October 2013, Pick TV became Pick introducing a new look and logo for the channel. On 28 June 2016, another new logo was announced which also included a brand new look. In May 2012, Pick TV started broadcasting some older Sky 1 and Sky Living, and the former Channel One and Bravo shows. Sky Three was the first free-to-air general entertainment channel from Sky. It launched on 1 November 2005, replacing the Sky Travel's EPG slot on Freeview in a bid to attract more subscribers to Sky's satellite service. Due to its wider availability on Freeview channel 11, the channel constantly had higher ratings than Sky 2 where Sky3 was achieving on average a 1% share compared to Sky 2's 0.1-3% share. Instead of Sky selling on the terrestrial free-to-air rights for their programmes to another broadcaster, these rights are usually retained to remain exclusive to Sky. In 2008, Sky's entertainment channels changed the wording in the logos to numbers, hence Sky Three became Sky3. On 23 August 2010, Sky Sports News became a pay-TV channel, which was replaced on Freeview by a one-hour timeshift version of Sky3. Sky3 +1 also launched on Sky channel 223 on the same day. A final rebrand took place in early 2011 and saw Sky 1, 2 and 3 gain similar rectangular logos to Sky News and Sky Sports. The channel was rebranded as Pick TV (and Pick TV +1) on 28 February 2011. Only the name was changed, as the channel retained the look of the most recent rebrand which occurred a few weeks earlier. The launch of Challenge saw quiz and gameshow type programming move off Pick TV. On 20 September 2011 at 14:00, Pick TV +1 was removed from Freeview. This was so that all of the channels owned by BSkyB could be on multiplex C and Challenge could broadcast for 24 hours a day in Wales on the platform, in-line with the rest of the UK. On 7 October 2013, Pick TV was rebranded as Pick on Freeview and all platforms. On 23 June 2016, Pick and Challenge were rebranded with entirely new looks. On the weekend of 18–20 September 2009, the channel showed a selection of programmes normally only available to paying Sky subscribers instead of the channel's usual schedule as a "taster" of what is available on the subscription-based Sky to viewers of Freeview, TalkTalk TV, and Freesat from Sky. Channels not available to Freeview and Freesat from Sky viewers, such as sister network Sky 1, Cartoon Network, Nickelodeon, Disney Channel, sister network Sky Living, ESPN and MTV contributed programming to the weekend. Sky showed a second Free Weekend Pass event on 17–18 April 2010 and a third and final event between 11–13 February 2011. The event has not been repeated since Sky3 rebranded as Pick TV. Pick TV showcased some of Sky's premium entertainment content once a week from 24 January 2013 for 12 weeks. 'Sky Thursdays' was a branded segment that offered selected episodes of some of Sky's most popular programmes, usually only available on its pay TV channels. Sky Thursdays kicked off on 24 January with the first episode of comedy series "Modern Family" at 7 pm. Sky's recent documentary on cyclist Bradley Wiggins was shown at 7:30 pm. America's answer to "Sherlock", "Elementary" followed at 9 pm and the evening ended with the first episode of Sky Atlantic's "Game of Thrones" at 10 pm. During subsequent weeks, selected episodes of shows like "Boardwalk Empire", "An Idiot Abroad", "Michael Parkinson's Masterclass" and "Mad Dogs" were shown. Excluding "An Idiot Abroad", there is no indication that the full set of episodes for any of these programmes will air on Pick TV. A 60-second bespoke news bulletin from Sky News was introduced on 26 November 2012 and is broadcast nightly at 21:00. The first hour of "Sunrise" is also simulcast on Pick on weekdays from 06:00 to 07:00.

Joseph Leycester Lyne, known by his religious name as Father Ignatius of Jesus ( – ), was an Anglican Benedictine monk. He commenced a movement to introduce monasticism into the Church of England, Lyne was born in Trinity Square, in the parish of All Hallows-by-the-Tower, London, on 23 November 1837. He was the second son of seven children of Francis Lyne, merchant of the City of London, by his wife Louisa Genevieve (d. 1877), daughter of George Hanmer Leycester, of White Place, near Maidenhead, Berkshire, who came of the well-known Cheshire family, the Leycesters of Tabley. In October 1847 Lyne entered St Paul's School, London, under Herbert Kynaston. In 1852, after suffering corporal punishment for a breach of discipline. His biographer, Baroness Beatrice de Bertouche, four years before his death, described it as the event, "which not only endangered his life" but also "was the cause of a distressing condition of nerve collapse, the effects of which he feels to this day". Bertouche saw it as "the culminating link in a heavy chain of influences, and one which was destined to throw a strange psychological glamour over the entire atmosphere of this devotional and emotional career." He was removed, and his education was completed at private schools in Spalding and Worcester. He early developed advanced views of sacramental doctrine. An acquaintance with Bishop Robert Eden procured Lyne's admission to Trinity College, Glenalmond. There he studied theology from 1850 to 1858 under William Bright, and impressed the warden, John Hannah, by his earnest piety. After a year's lay work as catechist in Inverness, where his eccentricity and impatience of discipline brought him into collision with Bishop Eden, Lyne was ordained into the diaconate in 1860, on the express condition that he should remain a deacon, and abstain from preaching for three years. He became curate to George Rundle Prynne, vicar of St. Mary's, Plymouth, and soon started a guild for men and boys, called the "Society of the Love of Jesus", with himself as superior. Pryme, to Lyne's mother, wrote: "He was animated by a very true spirit of devotion in carrying out such work as was assigned to him; and his earnest and loving character largely won the affections of those among whom he ministered." In Plymouth, Lyne formed two friendships which were very important in his future career; these two friends were Edward Bouverie Pusey and Priscilla Lydia Sellon. According to Bertouche, these two were "the ghostly foster-parents of the monk's vocation, or at any rate of its consummation". Almost up to his death, Pusey was the chosen administrator of the Sacrament of Penance to Ignatius. Pusey was his "friend, his confidant, his arbitrator in all situations difficult." This Society grew to about forty members. Lyne went to Pusey and Sellon for advice about it. Sellon, with Pusey's encouragement, loaned him a house to begin his community life on a monastic pattern. He was encouraged by Sellon, and largely influenced by Pusey, who presented him with his first monastic habit. With two Brothers, he took possession of this house, but the existence of the community was cut short by Lyne's serious illness. In Bruges, Belgium, where he went to recruit, he studied the "Rule of Saint Benedict". On his return in 1861 he replaced Alexander Heriot Mackonochie as curate of St George in the East, London, and took charge of St. Saviour's mission church. Now convinced of his monastic vocation, he assumed the Benedictine religious habit. The innovation was challenged by Charles Lowder, founder of the Society of the Holy Cross, his ritualist vicar, and after nine months Lyne resigned rather than abandon his monastic dress. In 1862 Lyne, who henceforth called himself "Father Ignatius", issued a pamphlet in favour of the revival of monasticism in the Church of England. This publication excited vehement controversy. Together with one or two kindred spirits Lyne formed in Claydon, Suffolk, a community, which was frequently menaced by Protestant violence. His reasons were strong and clear. Souls are perishing by thousands close to our doors. The Church of England, as she is at present, is wholly unable to grapple with the task. Communities of men—call them colleges, monasteries, or whatever you please—appear to be the most suitable for the object in view. These men should be unmarried and altogether unshackled by earthly cares and domestic ties. Such establishments must be governed by rule. The rule of St. Benedict has received universal sanction, and the veneration of thirteen centuries. It is suitable in almost every way for all ages and times, and is consistent with the most faithful loyalty to the English Church. The specific objectives of this order were: ***LIST***. There were three orders within the Community. The First Order, to whom the above objects apply, observed the "Rule of St. Benedict" in its integrity. The novitiate lasted, first for six months, then for four, then for two, then for the year, until the novice was considered really called by God to take the life vows. The Second Order consisted of men and women living in the world, and yet leading in their own homes a strictly religious life, using a prescribed dress, reciting the canonical day hours according to the Benedictine Use, and also observing the five rules of the Third Order. This Third Order consisted of men, women and children bound by solemn promise to obey five definite rules regulating: ***LIST***. The Bishop of Norwich, John Pelham, refused him a licence to preach and subsequently inhibited him. In 1863 Lyne acquired premises on Elm Hill, Norwich, in face of local opposition. Special masses were celebrated for the community by the sympathising vicar in St Laurence's Church, Norwich, at Lyne's instigation, produced further conflicts between him and the bishop. Lyne's appeal for support to Bishop Samuel Wilberforce only elicited a recommendation of submission. Forcing himself upon public notice by addressing the Bristol Church Congress of 1863, he could only secure a hearing through the interposition of Bishop Charles Ellicott. His life in Norwich was varied by a mission to London and by quarrels within the community. In 1866, owing to a flaw in the title-deeds, Lyne found himself dispossed of his Elm Hill property, and he moved to a house in Chale, Isle of Wight, lent him by Pusey. In 1867 he moved to Laleham and in Feltham nearby he started anonther Anglican religious order, a Benedictine enclosed convent for women, who subsequently entered into full communion with the Roman Catholic Church. From 1866 to 1868 he preached regularly at St Bartholomew's Moor Lane Church and other London churches. His conduct was so extravagant, however, that he was suspended, from officiating or preaching in the Diocese of London, by Bishop Archibald Tait; "owing in part to the action taken by in respect to a lady whom he proposed to 'solemnly excommunicate from our Holy Congregation'." De Bertouch wrote that Vilatte also consecrated Ignatius as a mitred Abbot, but whether this is so is not clear. In Catholic practice the conferring of abbatial status is closely analogous to the consecration of a bishop – in that both procedures involve conferring a mitre and crozier on the cleric concerned – and therefore the term "consecration" does not imply anything other than a kind of formal induction to an abbatial post. Suggestions that Vilatte went even further and consecrated Ignatius a bishop have been discounted by Peter Anson a leading authority on episcopi vagantes, who says that Vilatte did nothing other than ordain Ignatius to the priesthood, making it clear that Ignatius refused to consider being raised to the episcopate, even though it is equally certain that Vilatte did offer to consecrate him. Anson, who was at one time a monk under Aelred Carlyle at Caldey, wrote extensively on the Llanthony and Caldey Anglican monastic experiments, and describes the Baroness de Bertouch's hagiographic book (for which Ignatius himself furnished much information) as being one that "reads like fiction"). According to Kollar, Ignatius eventually also became a Zionist, British Israelite, and a believer in the flat earth theory. Joseph Leycester Lyne died in Camberley on 16 October 1908, and was buried in Llanthony Abbey. {{rp|page=496}} The abbey was left to the few remaining monks, subject to the right of an adopted son, William Leycester Lyne; in 1911 it passed into the hands of the Anglican Benedictine community of Caldey Island. {{rp|page=496}} At one point, an Anglican priest, one Father Alban Courtier-Forster was appointed to succeed Ignatius as Abbot, but following the ordination of Ignatius' designated Prior Asaph Harris by Vilatte, the Abbot-designate resigned and all real hope of regularising the Llanthony Benedictines as an Anglican foundation ended. Father Asaph Harris lived on until 1959, and the last of the Llanthony monks, Dom Bede Hale – who became a mainstream Roman Catholic Benedictine monk – died in 1960. The Caldey Benedictines collectively submitted to Rome in 1913 and the Llanthony monastery eventually passed into the hands of Eric Gill who established a community of Catholic artists there. A later religious association the monastery has is that it was, for a year or so, the home of the controversial Carmelite friar and writer Father Brocard Sewell, who withdrew there after he had written to The Times attacking Catholic teaching on birth control and criticising the encyclical Humanae Vitae; as things turned out, no sanction was ever imposed on Fr Sewell either by the Prior Provincial of his Order or the local bishop. Sewell considered his stance a matter of conscience and subsequently published a book "The Vatican Oracle" (1970) detailing his views. Today, the monastery is a riding school, although the statue of Our Lady of Llanthony remains. The Abbey Church of Ignatius, which was never in fact completed, fell into disrepair even before the Gill family arrived and is today signposted as a dangerous ruin. The grave of Ignatius, which in the 1990s still had a legible gravestone, is today unmarked although still fenced around. The site of the memorial has been covered in gravel, and the grave is not now officially accessible at all due to the risk involved in entering the church site. During the early 1990s a broken metal tabernacle for the Blessed Sacrament remained on the stone altar, but this has since disappeared.

The Secret of NIMH 2: Timmy to the Rescue is a 1998 American direct-to-video animated film produced by MGM Animation and the sequel to the 1982 animated film "The Secret of NIMH". In the film, Timothy Brisby, the youngest son of Jonathan and Mrs. Brisby, goes to Thorn Valley wanting to become a hero like his father. Martin is missing and it is up to Timmy and his partner Jenny to confront him and get the rats back. At Thorn Valley, Timothy learns from a young girl mouse that the mice who were presumed to have been killed during the escape from NIMH are still alive, so he and the rats mount a rescue operation. The film, although a sequel, was created without Don Bluth's support or input. The film is unrelated to "Racso and the Rats of NIMH", the sequel to the book on which the original film was based. The film begins with a prophecy, telling how one of Jonathan and Mrs. Brisby's sons would save Thorn Valley from "the secret of NIMH". Timothy is chosen to go but his older brother Martin believes he should have been the one chosen. Martin decides to prove his quality, and goes off to find his own adventure. One day Timmy comes across a female field mouse named Jenny McBride, whose parents were two of the lost eight mice who tried to escape NIMH but were thought to have died. The Thorn Valley council decides it would be too dangerous to save the eight mice, so Jenny and Timmy go alone. They take a hot air balloon, but it is attacked by a hawk and crashes in the forest. Seeking help, they visit the Great Owl but instead find Jeremy the crow, posing as the Great Owl. There they learn that a caterpillar named Cecil has teamed up with Jeremy to trick the forest animals into paying them money. Jeremy and Cecil take the two mice to NIMH where they find two of the rats from Thorn Valley, Justin and Brutus. They also learn that Dr. Joseph Valentine, the head scientist, has made Martin insane. After being made insane, Martin took over the lab and brainwashed Dr. Valentine with a device similar to the one Valentine used on him and made him think he was a dog. Martin plans to use an army of lab rats riding a flock of ravens to take over Thorn Valley. He even turns two cats, Muriel and Floyd, crazy, who then proceed to catch the others. He asks Timmy to join him, but he refuses and is locked in a cage as Martin drags Jenny away to make her his queen. Timmy escapes with the help of Cecil and they go to free Jenny. Together, they knock out Martin, and Timmy tricks Martin's army of ravens and rats to fly in the wrong direction. Timmy and Jenny then leave to find the others, only to find once everyone is free that NIMH is on fire. The survivors flee. Timmy goes back to save Martin. Before he leaves, Jenny tells him she loves him and he tells her the same. After being attacked by the crazy Muriel and Floyd once again, Timmy sends them down an elevator shaft and finally finds Martin. Timmy and Martin are able to escape through the lab's skylight, with some help from Jeremy. Jeremy takes the survivors to safety. The mice return to Thorn Valley, Martin returns to normal and Timmy arrives to a hero's welcome by the citizens of Thorn Valley, including Justin, Brutus, Mr. Ages, and Auntie Shrew, along with Mrs. Brisby and Martin's and Timmy's sisters, Teresa and Cynthia. Upon its release, the film received largely negative reviews by critics and fans of the first movie. "Entertainment Weekly"s Marc Bernardin gave the sequel a C- grade and said, "Alas, this Bluth-less direct-to-tape sequel [...], about a mouse's transformation from misfit to hero, has none of the original's heart or craft, and all of the sappy songwriting and patchwork plotting common to further adventures." The "Chicago Tribune"s Harlene Ellin gave it one and a half stars out of four, adding that "the uninspired continuation [...] clearly wasn't worth the wait". TV Guide gave the film two stars out of four. The music for "Timmy to the Rescue" was composed by Lee Holdridge with lyrics by Richard Sparks, with an official soundtrack album released on compact disc on November 17, 1998 by Sonic Images. It contains 17 tracks featuring instrumental themes from the film performed by the Philharmonic Orchestra of London & Venezuela, including six vocal songs by various cast members. ***LIST***.

Patience Cooper (1905–1993) was an Indian and later Pakistani film actress. An Anglo-Indian from Calcutta, Cooper had a successful career in both silent and sound films. She was one of the early superstars of Bollywood. Cooper is credited with the first double roles of Indian cinema—as twin sisters in Patni Pratap and as mother and daughter in Kashmiri Sundari, even though earlier in 1917, actor Anna Salunke had played roles of both the male lead character Ram and the female lead character Seeta in the film Lanka Dahan. Cooper began as a dancer in "Bandmann's Musical Comedy", a Eurasian troupe. She later joined Jamshedji Framji Madan's "Corinithian Stage Company" as an actress. Cooper first made an impact with "Nala Damayanti" (1920). The film starred Keki Adajania as Nala and Cooper as Damayanti . The film was a big budget Madan Theatre production and was directed by Eugenio de Liguoro, known in Italy for his Orientalist spectacles like Fascino d'Oro (1919). "Nala Damayanti" was famous for its special effects at the time — Narada's ascent of Mount Meru to heaven, the transformations of four gods into impersonations of Nala, the transformation of Kali into a serpent among others. Her next film was "Vishnu Avtar", released in 1921. De Liguoro also directed "Dhruva Chartitra" (1921), a mythological based on the legend of Dhruva whose quest for eternal knowledge and salvation was rewarded when he became the brightest star in the heavens, the pole star also known as Dhruvatara. The film was made as a bid for an international breakthrough for Madan Theatres and featured many Europeans in the cast along with Cooper who played the female lead, Suniti. One of Cooper's biggest successes was "Pati Bhakti" (1922). Cooper played Leelavati in the film, directed by the great JJ Madan himself, advocating that women should be devoted to their husband. The film is regarded as her greatest film and was also involved in a small controversy as in Madras, the censor demanded that a dance number be removed on the grounds of obscenity. Cooper also played perhaps the first ever double roles in Hindi films — "Patni Pratap" (1923), where she played two sisters and "Kashmiri Sundari" (1924), where she played mother and daughter. Cooper did films right through to the mid-1930s. One of her last major films was "Zehari Saap" (1933). The film was a typical Cooper vehicle about a medieval chieftain's revolt against the good Nawab Bakar Malik. The nawab's outlaw son vows revenge and finally all's well that ends well. The dramatic conflict in the film sees the chieftain wanting to marry the princess, whom he had raised as his own daughter. Cooper acted in over 40 films until she retired in 1944, after performing in her last film, "Iraada". Cooper was often cast in the role of a sexually troubled but innocent woman, always at the centre of moral dilemmas, often caused by the men in her lives. A major aspect of Cooper's star image was the successful achievement of the 'Hollywood look' in spite of different light and technical conditions. Her distinctively Anglo-Indian features, like dark eyes, sharp features, ebony hair and light skin tone, allowed technicians to experiment with the imported technique of eye-level lighting and achieve an appearance similar to Hollywood stars of the silent era. The low number of women, especially Hindus, in the film industry during the 1920s (due to conservative attitudes) meant Anglo-Indian actresses like Cooper, were in demand. Her appearance in a string of successful films has led her to being called the first ever female Indian film star. It is generally supposed Cooper married Mirza Ahmad Ispahani Saheb (MAH Ispahani), a well-known Indian businessman. In 1947, they migrated to Pakistan Actually she was married to MAH Isphahani at the age of 21 and divorced soon after. She then got married to Gul Hamid Khan, one of the first early silent movie actors. He died six years later due to Hodgkin's Disease. She remained friends with MAH Isphahani till the end of her life. Cooper changed her name to Sabra Begum and lived the last of her days with her two adopted daughters Zeenat and Haleema in Karachi, Pakistan. Her foster daughter Syeda Nafees Rizvi lives in Houston, Texas, USA. She fostered and/or adopted 17 children during her lifetime. Cooper died in 1993.

Brit is an international general insurance and reinsurance group specialising in commercial insurance. It was acquired by Fairfax Financial in May 2015. The Company was founded as "Benfield & Rea Investment Trust" in 1995. In 1996 it acquired "Stewart Syndicates Limited" and in 1999 it went on to buy "Wren PLC". In 1999 it ceased to be an investment trust and relisted as "Brit Insurance Holdings PLC". Achilles Netherlands Holdings B.V., a company formed by funds managed by private equity firms Apollo Management and CVC Capital Partners, agreed to acquire the firm for £888 million in October 2010. Its offer was declared unconditional in March 2011 and following this Brit Insurance was removed from the FTSE 250 Index. On 18 June 2012 Brit announced the sale of its subsidiary Brit Insurance Limited (BIL) to RiverStone Group. The company was subject to an Initial Public Offering in March 2014. The company was acquired by Fairfax Financial in May 2015. Brit has a diversified portfolio of businesses both in terms of geographic location and types of business. Business is written through Lloyd's Syndicate 2987.

Lindale - traditionally Lindale in Cartmel - is a village in the south of Cumbria. It lies on the North-Eastern side of Morecambe Bay, England. It was part of Lancashire from 1182 to 1974. It is in the civil parish of Allithwaite Upper, in South Lakeland district. Lindale's most famous resident was John "Iron-Mad" Wilkinson, an ironworker and inventor who lived in the village from 1750, where he owned the Castle Head estate. He produced the iron for and helped design the world's first iron bridge (at Ironbridge and Broseley) and he made the world's first iron boat in 1787. A large iron obelisk stands in the village as memorial to him. Traditionally a farming village, Lindale's proximity to the A590 road has seen a growth in the number of commuters who live there. It is also a centre for car showrooms. The local tourist boom has largely missed Lindale, with nearby Grange-over-Sands developing into a seaside resort, and villages to the north and west (such as Windermere) benefiting from their position in the Lake District National Park. St Paul's church is a grade II listed building of 1828–29. It was designed by architect George Webster. Webster, whose practice was based in Kendal, had a house in Lindale. It includes stained glass by Shrigley and Hunt of Lancaster. It is within the Diocese of Carlisle and is part of the Cartmel Peninsula Team Ministry.

Circle of Love (Original French title: La ronde) is a 1964 film directed by Roger Vadim and based on Arthur Schnitzler's 1897 play "Reigen". The film generated minor controversy due to Jane Fonda's involvement, as she was one of the first major American actresses to do a nude scene in a foreign film. In 1913, a sentimental Parisian prostitute offers herself freely to a handsome soldier because he resembles her true love. Seeking to take advantage of all opportunities for lovemaking, the soldier seduces a lonely housemaid and then goes off to make other conquests. Returning home, the despondent maid allows her employer's son to make love to her. Encouraged by the experience, the young gentleman consummates his desire for a married woman. Refreshed by the love session, the married woman makes bold overtures to her stuffy husband. Later, he takes a midinette for his mistress, but the ambitious young woman forsakes him for an author she hopes will write a play for her. Instead, he pursues an established actress with whom he had an affair years before. He has little success, however, for the actress finds satisfaction only with young men, and she has a brief affair with the Count, a young officer. Following their encounter, the Count embarks on a night of wild revelry. Morning finds him in the flat of the sentimental prostitute, who this time collects a fee for her services. The cycle of love is now complete. Vadim had just enjoyed a big box office hit with "Les Liaisons Dangereuses" and this was another adaptation of a classic erotic text. As he later said: When I make a picture about relations between people, something erotic comes through; I can't help it! But sex has been an inspiration, the greatest inspiration, since art exists. I don't mean pornography. But when I do something I like to go to the end with what I express. It is very difficult in France to talk about anything but sex! Politics, the army, the police, Catholicism - in that order. There is the influence of priests in censorship; no rule forbids you to discuss the church but they will stop you somehow. During filming Jane Fonda began a romantic relationship with Vadim that went for several years. Catherine Spaak later claimed that Vadim was focused on Fonda during the making of the film so "everyone suffered". The movie was released in the US in a dubbed version which Vadim loathed and inspired him to make his next movie in English and French versions. One French reviewer said that Jane Fonda had a "French accent a la Laurel et Hardy". "The Guardian" praised the colour and production values but added "there is a vulgarity about Vadim's frequent fleshy close ups which compares sadly... with Ophuls' elegant chiaroscuro. Anouilh and Vadim stick closely to Arthur Schnitzler's original but the film is obviously embroidered with imagery of Vadim's creation - a visual superfluity". Kenneth Tynan in the "Observer" called it "a masterpiece of colour photography" and "the nearest approach to an organised work of art that M. Vadim has yet directed." The movie was advertised in New York with a giant eight-storey billboard in Times Square that displayed a naked Fonda. She sued the producers for $3 million to make sure her image was obscured. "To me it was a great big opportunity to do a beautiful comedy and my first costume picture," recalled Fonda. "They ruined it here. [In the US] That awful dubbed English. And that big poster of me, nude! Vadim resented it too." "The New York Times" called it "a total debacle... a dull, pointless, ineptly acted vulgarisation of a distinguished play with nothing to recommend it beyond some attractive colour photography."

The Shell Lake murders is the name of a single mass murder incident committed by Victor Ernest Hoffman (b. 1946, died May 21, 2004) in Shell Lake, Saskatchewan, Canada, during the early morning of August 15, 1967. Nine people, all members of James Peterson's family, were shot in the head by a man who was later called "Canada's worst random mass murderer". Victor Hoffman was 21 years old at the time and had been released from a mental hospital just three weeks before the murders. On the morning of August 15 he entered the Petersons' farm armed with a .22-calibre Browning pump-action repeater rifle. He then proceeded to shoot all but one of the members of the Peterson family, seven of them children, at close range around the four-room house. According to police 28 shots were fired in total, of which 27 found their target. Mr. Peterson was shot in the kitchen, while his wife Evelyn and her one-year-old baby were found in the backyard. The other six children were shot while sleeping in their bedrooms. Their ages ranged from 2 to 17 years old. Phyllis Peterson, then 4 years old, was the lone survivor of the massacre. She was sleeping under the bedclothes between her two sisters and thus was not noticed by Hoffman. However, Hoffman later declared that he spared her because "she had the face of an angel." The bodies were found by Wildrew Lang who was to help Mr. Peterson with farm duties later that morning. He had to travel 6 km (3.7 mi) to the next telephone post before he could report the incident to the police. The police immediately started an extensive manhunt on the surroundings of the house. On August 19, 1967, Hoffman was arrested by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police without putting up resistance. He was found at his parents' home in Leask, about 65 km (40 mi) southwest of Shell Lake. After his arrest he told the police that he had fought the devil before the murders and described him as being "tall, black and having no genitals." He was remanded to a mental hospital in North Battleford where he was diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia. Hoffman was found not guilty by reason of insanity on non-capital murder charges in February 1968. During the trial Crown prosecutor Serge Kujawa called Hoffman "the craziest man in Saskatchewan." He was put under the custody of the provincial Health Ministry and sent to a mental institution. He remained most of the time in an Ontario-based institution until December 2001, when he was granted supervised access to the towns of Penetanguishene, Port McNicoll and Midland in Ontario. This decision was not without controversy since the hospital was only required to inform the local police of Hoffman's release. Canadian journalist Peter Tadman wrote a book about the murders in 1992 and had the chance to interview Hoffman several times. According to Tadman, Hoffman felt no guilt about the murders and reported that he still saw the devil that compelled him to commit them. Hoffman died of cancer under custody on May 21, 2004. Manitoba country musician Irvin Freese took an interest in the event, writing and recording "The Shell Lake Disaster" which was released as a 45 on Winnipeg's Eagle Records label (ER-128) within a month of the event (September 1967). Lawyers threatened the label with a lawsuit, and the 45 was rapidly recalled. This rarity has recently been released on "The Best Of Eagle Records" on the Super Oldies label (2009).

Iarla Ó Lionáird (born 18 June 1964) is an Irish singer and record producer. He sings in the traditional sean-nós style. He was a member of the Afro Celt Sound System and is a member of the Irish-American supergroup The Gloaming. He has recorded several solo albums for Real World Records. He appeared in the 2015 film "Brooklyn" singing an a cappella version of the Irish folk song "Casadh an tSugain". Ó Lionáird was born and raised in Cúil Aodha in the West Cork Gaeltacht, a primarily Irish-speaking region. His father was a teacher and his mother and grandmother were singers in the traditional sean-nós style. Elizabeth Cronin, whose singing was recorded by Alan Lomax, was Ó Lionáird's great-aunt. Ó Lionáird was one of twelve children in his family. Ó Lionáird first sang publicly at the age of five, and made his first radio broadcast at seven. At the age of twelve he recorded the traditional song "Aisling Gheal" for Gael Linn Records. He joined Seán Ó Riada's male voice choir Cór Chúil Aodha as a child and sang in the choir, directed after Sean Ó Riada's death by his son Peadar, until he was in his early twenties. Ó Lionáird collaborated with Tony MacMahon and Noel Hill on "Aislingí Ceoil – Music of Dreams", a live album of traditional Irish music recorded in Dublin in 1993 and released in 1994 by Gael Linn. Ó Lionáird performed three songs in sean-nós style with piano accompaniment. Seeking a way to combine his role as a "culture-bearing" traditional singer with musical creativity in order to "make new music", Ó Lionáird was drawn to ambient music for its "capacity to accept ornate styles of music as part of its matrix". He has said that hearing Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan singing on Peter Gabriel's album "Passion" was a "light bulb moment" which made him think that sean-nós could also "inhabit this ambient soundscape". Ó Lionáird wrote to Peter Gabriel asking for a chance to record on Gabriel's Real World Records. Gabriel invited him to a "recording week" at his studio, which led to his membership in the Afro Celt Sound System. Ó Lionáird joined the session in July 1995 at which "" was recorded. He appeared on the group's five subsequent studio recordings. He also sings on the Peter Gabriel album "OVO". Ó Lionáird has released three solo albums on the Real World Records label. "The Seven Steps to Mercy" (1997) was produced by Michael Brook. The production incorporated sampled nature sounds Ó Lionáird had recorded himself. The album includes a recording of the fourteen-year old Ó Lionáird singing "Aisling Gheal" in 1978. It was followed in 2005 by "Invisible Fields", which Ó Lionáird produced himself, and in 2011 by "Foxlight", which was produced by Leo Abrahams. His 2000 album "I Could Read the Sky", also on Real World Records, is the soundtrack to the 1999 film of the same name. He sings on "Áilleacht", a 2005 album by Pádraigín Ní Uallacháin. Several composers, including Gavin Bryars and Donnacha Dennehy, have written works for Ó Lionáird. Bryars first wrote a song arrangement for voice and viols that appeared on the 2005 album "Invisible Fields". He went on to write a major work, "Anáil Dé (The Breath of God)" for Ó Lionáird and members of the Crash Ensemble. Ó Lionáird suggested the title and the texts for the piece, which is based on a collection of Irish prayers and poems. It was performed for the first time in Dublin in November 2008. Ó Lionáird collaborated with Donnacha Dennehy during Dennehy's research for and composition of "Grá agus Bás", a work that "incorporates traditional sean nos singing within a contemporary music idiom". Commissioned by Trinity College, Dublin, the work was first performed in Dublin in February 2007 by Ó Lionáird and the Crash Ensemble with Alan Pierson conducting.It had its United States premiere at the Merkin Concert Hall in New York City in March 2007, in what the New York Times called a "powerful account" of a "magnificently energetic, wildly cacophonous vocal work". Ó Lionáird sang the piece at Carnegie Hall in May 2013 in a concert of Dennehy's music with the Crash Ensemble and Dawn Upshaw. Nonesuch Records released a CD recording entitled "Grá Agus Bás" containing this and other works by Dennehy in May 2011. Along with fiddlers Martin Hayes and Caoimhín Ó Raghallaigh, guitarist Dennis Cahill, and pianist Doveman, Ó Lionáird is a member of The Gloaming, an Irish-American supergroup whose self-titled first album was released in 2014, winning the Meteor Choice Music Prize for Irish album of the year. In 2013 University College Cork appointed Ó Lionáird the School of Music and Theatre's first Traditional Artist in Residence. In that capacity he gave lectures and taught sean-nós singing, as well as performing. Ó Lionáird appears in the 2015 film "Brooklyn". He has said that he was reluctant to take the role "because I'm not an actor" but that he decided to accept when he learned that Colm Tóibín, the author of the novel on which the film was based, had asked the film's director to ask him. Ó Lionáird plays Frankie Doran, a poor workingman who sings the traditional song "Casadh an tSúgáin" (Twisting the Rope) during Christmas dinner at a soup kitchen. In May 2015 Ó Lionáird hosted a five-part radio documentary series about singing entitled "Vocal Chords", which drew on "personal experience, academic contributions and a global cast of vocalists" including Sinéad O'Connor and Christy Moore. Ó Lionáird earned a Master of Arts degree in ethnomusicology from the University of Limerick in 2003. He lives in Inistioge in County Kilkenny with his wife Eimear and their three children.

Padgate railway station is a railway station in the Padgate area of the east of the town of Warrington, in North West England. The station, and all trains serving it, are operated by Northern. It is 14 miles (23 km) west of Manchester Oxford Road on the southern route of the Liverpool to Manchester Line. The station is unstaffed, so passengers boarding at this station purchase their tickets from the conductor on the train. Waiting shelters and timetable posters are located on each platform and a telephone for train running enquiries on platform 1; there is step-free access on both sides. The station building is of typical Cheshire Lines Committee design and houses a fish and chip shop and a garden shop. There is an hourly service in each direction to and to , with extra services in the peak hours. There are no services from this station on Sundays.

Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties () is the designation under which the UNESCO has included several tombs and burial complexes into the list of World Heritage Sites. These tombs date from the Ming and Qing dynasties of China. Tombs were included in the list in 2000, 2003 and 2004. The property now includes the following tombs or tomb groups: The three Imperial tombs of the Qing dynasty in Liaoning Province include the Yongling tomb, the Fuling tomb, and the Zhaoling tomb, all built in the 17th century. Constructed for the founding emperors of the Qing dynasty and their ancestors, the tombs follow the precepts of traditional Chinese geomancy and fengshui theory. They feature rich decoration of stone statues and carvings and tiles with dragon motifs, illustrating the development of the funerary architecture of the Qing dynasty. The three tomb complexes, and their numerous edifices, combine traditions inherited from previous dynasties and new features of Manchu culture. Note that the UNESCO World Heritage site presently does not include the mausoleum complexes that the Hongwu Emperor had built for his ancestors, viz. the Ming Ancestors Mausoleum (Zuling) in Xuyi County, Jiangsu and the Huangling Mausoleum in Fengyang, Anhui.