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Pebbles, Volume 4 is a compilation album in the Pebbles series that has been issued in both LP and CD formats. Unlike other volumes in the series – which compile obscure garage rock and psychedelic rock music – Volume 4 collects rare examples of surf rock. The LP is subtitled Summer Means Fun, while the CD is subtitled Surf N Tunes. Another "Pebbles, Volume 4" was issued on CD a few years earlier by ESD Records and has completely different tracks. This album was released on BFD Records in 1979. AIP Records kept the LP in print for many years. AIP Records issued this volume in CD format in 1992. Although having a different cover, the two formats are largely the same album and even have similar catalogue numbers. Although two box sets that purport to be the first five volumes of the Pebbles series have been released – the "Pebbles Box" on LP (in 1987) and the "Trash Box" on CD (in 2004) – none of the tracks on Pebbles, Volume 4 are included on either box set. When AIP Records issued the early volumes of CDs, they omitted some tracks from the corresponding LP for the stated reason that they were already widely available on other anthologies. In this case, only about half of the tracks on the LP were included on the CD; even the opening cut on the LP from which the subtitle is taken – "Summer Means Fun" by Bruce & Terry – was left off. The numerous bonus tracks on the CD include the corresponding "School is a Drag" by Superstocks to go with the curious pro-school song by The Wheel Men. As on the first two volumes, an odd track from a well-known artist – Jan & Dean in this instance, performing on a commercial for Coca-Cola – is included on the album. Lloyd Thaxton had a widely syndicated pop music television program in the 1960s, "The Lloyd Thaxton Show". Dave Edmunds – the only artist represented who is not American – had numerous hit songs in the late 1970s and early 1980s, including 1970's international success, "I Hear You Knocking." The Trashmen are renowned for their 1963 hit "Surfin' Bird" and are a prolific enough band that a 4-CD box set was released several years ago on Sundazed.

Brooke Nichole Adams (born December 4, 1984), is an American model and professional wrestler currently signed for Impact Wrestling under the ring name Brooke. She is a three–time TNA Knockouts Champion, and a former one–time TNA Knockouts Tag Team Champion with Tara, known collectively as TnT. She previously worked for World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) between 2006 and 2007, appearing with Kelly Kelly and Layla in the dance troupe Extreme Exposé, on the company's former ECW brand. Adams was born in St. Louis, Missouri, and moved to Houston, Texas at the age of 7. For a time, Adams and her family lived out of her mother's Daytona hatchback until they had enough money to afford an apartment. She attended Spring High School, and was active in basketball, volleyball, track and rugby. Prior to becoming a wrestler, Adams competed in bikini pageants such as Miss Hawaiian Tropic, Miss Swimsuit USA and Miss Hooters. Her agent told her "You’re way too ripped to keep modeling. You need to go to the fitness side, or gain some weight and get softer and be a model." After her release from WWE, Adams returned to fitness modeling and went on to place in the Hawaiian Tropic, Planet Beach, Darque Tan, and Bikini USA model search contests. At the 2006 Grand Prix of Houston, she won the local round for the Face of Champ Car beauty contest (with her duties later taken over by 1st Runner Up Angela Rutledge). Adams was crowned Miss Hawaiian Tropic Texas 2008 on November 8, 2008. In late 2010 she took part in the Hooters Texas Swimsuit Pageant Finals to determine seven Hooters girls who would go on to the 2010 International Hooters Swimsuit Pageant competition. In August 2011, Adams announced that she was the winner of the Hooters' Viewers' Choice $10,000 award as advertised on the Hooters Swimsuit Pageant competition. Adams first became involved in professional wrestling by trying out for the 2006 WWE Diva Search, for which she failed to make the top 8. Despite not making the cut, Adams was chosen to observe workouts in WWE's then-developmental territory Ohio Valley Wrestling (OVW), along with Maryse Ouellet, after which she was offered a developmental contract. She accepted, and was assigned to Deep South Wrestling (DSW) to train, beginning as the valet for Daniel Rodimer. When Rodimer was called up to WWE's main roster, Adams became focused on becoming a full-time wrestler. She made her in-ring debut in a loss to Angel Williams, at a DSW TV taping in December 2006. In February 2007, she was, in storyline, promoted to the position of Personal Assistant to DSW General Manager Krissy Vaine, with her main job being to protect Vaine from Angel Williams. This eventually led to another match between Adams and Williams, as ordered by Vaine. On March 15, Adams was fired from her position, as a result of Vaine and Williams forming an alliance together. On January 23, 2007, Adams debuted on WWE's main roster on the ECW brand, joining the returning Kelly Kelly and the newly drafted Layla in Extreme Exposé. When Florida Championship Wrestling (FCW) opened in the summer of 2007, Adams was transferred to the developmental facility for more training, as well as continuing her role on "ECW". Extreme Exposé performed a weekly dance segment on "ECW" for the next several months, as a successor to the former Kelly's Exposé segment of a similar nature, until The Miz was placed on the ECW brand in the annual WWE Draft Lottery, at which point all three women began actively pursuing him. Later, Kelly shifted her attentions to Balls Mahoney, to the amusement of Miz and her Exposé sisters, who had been spending their time mocking his appearance, which resulted in Brooke and Layla transitioning into villainous characters. Brooke, along with the other ECW Divas, as well as the SmackDown and Raw Divas, competed in a number one contender's battle royal, where the winner would face Candice Michelle for the WWE Women's Championship at SummerSlam. However, Brooke was eliminated early by Victoria, with Kelly Kelly as the last ECW Diva standing. Brooke's last match with WWE was a tri-brand Divas Halloween battle royal on the October 29, 2007 episode of "Raw"; although Brooke was eliminated early, Kelly would eliminate Torrie Wilson and Victoria to get the win for ECW. On November 1, 2007, Adams was released from her WWE contract, and Extreme Exposé dissolved as a group. Adams made her debút for Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) on the March 29, 2010, episode of "TNA Impact! ", in a backstage segment portraying as Eric Bischoff's assistant, under the name Ms. Tessmacher, named after Lex Luthor's girlfriend and assistant in the first two Superman movies. On the September 30 episode of "TNA Impact! ", Tessmacher was put in charge of the TNA Knockouts division, as their new Knockout's Law but the position quickly went to her head, and she began being verbally abusive towards the Knockouts. On the October 14 episode of "TNA Impact", Bischoff fired Tessmacher from her position as his assistant and Knockout's Law, after she had leaked information about his plans for Kevin Nash and "The Pope" D'Angelo Dinero, stating that she needed to become a wrestler herself if she was to remain in TNA. On the October 21 episode of "TNA Impact! ", Tessmacher begged The Beautiful People to teach her how to wrestle, but they refused, due to the treatment they received from her when she was in control of the Knockouts Division. The following week, it was announced that Lacey Von Erich, of The Beautiful People, agreed to train Tessmacher to wrestle but she left the promotion on November 11, ending the angle abruptly. On the December 16 episode of "TNA Impact! ", Tessmacher made her in–ring debut as Bischoff's hand picked partner for Mickie James in the first round match of a tournament for the vacant TNA Knockouts Tag Team Championship, in which they were defeated by Madison Rayne and Tara. On December 25, Adams suffered a broken jaw in an out–of–the–ring accident and had wires and metal plates put in her jaw as a result. Tessmacher returned on the April 21, 2011 episode of "TNA Impact! ", stating that during her time away, she had been training to become the next TNA Women's Knockout Champion and received her first shot at the title, in her return match, two weeks later, where she was defeated by champion Mickie James. On the June 16 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Tessmacher and Velvet Sky challenged Mexican America (Rosita and Sarita) for the TNA Knockouts Tag Team Championship, but were defeated after outside interference from Sky's rival, ODB. On the July 21 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Tessmacher and Tara, collectively known as TnT, defeated Rosita and Sarita to win the TNA Knockouts Tag Team Championship, which would be Adams' first professional wrestling championship. Tessmacher earned her first singles victory by defeating Madison Rayne on the August 4 episode of "Impact Wrestling!". The following week, Adams' ring name was changed to Brooke Tessmacher. TnT went on to successfully retain the titles against Rosita and Sarita at Hardcore Justice in a rematch and against Angelina Love and Winter on October 20 before losing them to Gail Kim and Madison Rayne on the November 3 episode of "Impact Wrestling". Two weeks later, both Tessmacher and Tara competed in a number one contender's gauntlet match but were both eliminated. After pinning Gail Kim on three occasions, Tessmacher was named the number one contender for her TNA Women's Knockout Championship and receiver her title match on May 13, at the Sacrifice pay–per–view, which Kim won with her feet on the ropes. Tessmacher received another title shot on the May 17 episode of "Impact Wrestling", but was again defeated by Kim in a three–way match, which also included Velvet Sky. On the June 7 episode of "Impact Wrestling", a week after Brooke Hogan's debut, Adams' ring name was changed to Miss Tessmacher and she then went on to defeat Mickie James, Tara and Velvet Sky in a fatal four–way match to earn another shot at Kim's championship. Three days later at the Slammiversary pay–per–view, Tessmacher defeated Kim to win the TNA Women's Knockout Championship for the first time. Tessmacher retained her championship against Mickie James in June and against Gail Kim in July before losing it to Madison Rayne, on August 12 at Hardcore Justice, who had referee Earl Hebner on her side, ending her reign at 63 days. Four days later, on "Impact Wrestling", Tessmacher regained the title from Rayne in a match refereed by the debúting Taryn Terrell. After winning the title, Brooke was defeated by her TnT partner, Tara, in a non–title match which led to a title match between the two on September 9, at No Surrender, where Tessmacher successfully defended the title. On the September 13 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Tara turned on Tessmacher and officially disbanded TnT. On October 14 at the Bound for Glory pay–per–view, Tessmacher lost the championship to Tara, ending her second reign at 59 days. Tessmacher received a rematch for the title on the October 25 episode of "Impact Wrestling", but was again defeated by Tara after an interference from her boyfriend Jesse. On January 13, 2013, at Genesis, Tessmacher competed in a five–woman gauntlet match to determine the number one contender to the TNA Women's Knockout Championship, but was eliminated by Gail Kim. On the February 7 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Tessmacher defeated Tara in a non–title match and earned another shot at the championship which she received during a fatal four–way elimination match two weeks later, but was eliminated by Velvet Sky. In April, Brooke was defeated by Mickie James in a number one contender's match. After a four–month absence, Tessmacher returned as a heel on the August 22 episode of "Impact Wrestling", revealing herself as Bully Ray's girlfriend, joining the villainous Aces & Eights stable. Tessmacher, now billed simply as Brooke, wrestled her return match on the October 3 episode of "Impact Wrestling", defeating Velvet Sky in a number one contender's match for the TNA Women's Knockout Championship. On October 20, at the Bound for Glory pay–per–view, Brooke competed in a three–way match against ODB and Gail Kim for the championship, in which, Lei'D Tapa attacked both Brooke and ODB, helping Kim to win the championship. On the November 21 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Brooke managed Bully Ray, who faced Mr. Anderson in a no disqualifications match, which Anderson won, and as a pre–stipulation of the match, the Aces & Eights were forced to disband. On the December 26 episode of "Impact Wrestling", in a backstage segment, Bully Ray ended his relationship with Brooke. On May 10, 2014, after a six–month hiatus, Brooke returned at the tapings for the Knockouts Knockdown 2 pay–per–view (which aired on tape delay on November 7, 2014), defeating Deonna, while still working as a heel, but was eliminated from the gauntlet match later that night. Brooke made her televised return on the June 12 episode of "Impact Wrestling", as a fan favorite, in an in–ring segment with Ethan Carter III and Rockstar Spud, where the two would attempt to get her to reveal Bully Ray's secrets, but she refused. Ray would come out and hug Brooke afterwards. Brooke was then sidelined with a torn ACL and after fully recovering, she took more time off to participate in "The Amazing Race" alongside Robbie E. On January 7, 2015, during "Impact Wrestling's" debút on "Destination America", Brooke returned to TNA and attacked her former boyfriend Robbie E, who insulted her upon his return. On the January 16 episode of "Impact Wrestling", in her in–ring return, Brooke and Taryn Terrell lost to The Beautiful People (Angelina Love and Velvet Sky) in a tag team match, after Robbie caused a distraction. The feud between Brooke and Robbie continued throughout February and officially ended on the March 13 episode of "Impact Wrestling", when Brooke defeated Robbie in an intergender match dubbed as the "Battle of the Exes", despite interference from Angelina Love and Jessie Godderz. On the "TKO: Night of Knockouts" edition of "Impact Wrestling" on April 24, Brooke became the number one contender to Taryn Terrell's TNA Women's Knockout Championship after defeating Angelina Love, Gail Kim and Madison Rayne in a fatal four–way match. Brooke then unsuccessfully challenged Terrell for the championship on the "Hardcore Justice" edition of "Impact Wrestling" on May 1 and, on July 1, in a three–way match, which also involved Awesome Kong. In June, Brooke and Kong formed an alliance to compete against Terrell and The Dollhouse (Jade and Marti Bell), defeating them in a tag team and three–on–two handicap match at Slammiversary XIII. On June 25, during the tapings of "Impact Wrestling", which aired on July 15, Brooke defeated Terrell and won the TNA Women's Knockout Championship for a third time, after interference from the returning Gail Kim. In her first title defence, Brooke retained the championship against Marti Bell, two weeks later. Brooke was scheduled to face Velvet Sky in a title match on the August 26 episode of "Impact Wrestling", but the match, however, ended in a no–contest after interference from Jade and Marti Bell. In September, Brooke once again retained her title, this time via disqualification, after Lei'D Tapa interfered in her match against Kim and attacked Brooke. However, on the September 16 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Brooke lost the championship to Kim in a fatal four–way match, which also involved Tapa and Awesome Kong. During October and November (taped in July), Brooke participated in the TNA World Title Series as part of Group Knockouts, along with Madison Rayne, Gail Kim and Awesome Kong; she scored 3 points and tied with Rayne, thus failing to advance to the finals. On November 15, Adams announced her departure from the promotion, later revealed to be due to her pregnancy, which she did not publicly disclose until February 2016. On February 25, 2012, Tessmacher made her debut for Family Wrestling Entertainment (FWE), losing to fellow TNA Knockout Winter in the first round to determine the inaugural FWE Women's Champion. Later that night, Tessmacher and TnT partner Tara helped Maria defeat Winter in the finals of the tournament, making this her last independent circuit appearance. On January 7, 2017, during the tapings of the January 19 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Brooke returned to TNA, defeating Deonna Purrazzo and after the match, was attacked by Sienna, which led to a match between the two, where Sienna defeated Brooke after interference from Maria. This led to a rematch between the two, on the February 16 episode of "Impact Wrestling", where Brooke scored a victory over Sienna. In a live Facebook video chat on June 8, 2017, Brooke admitted that she was no longer under contract with Impact Wrestling and that she was unsure if she would be returning to the promotion or not. In April 2007, Adams, along with Ashley, Kelly Kelly, Layla El, Torrie Wilson, and Maryse, appeared in Timbaland's music video "Throw It On Me" featuring The Hives, which premiered on "Raw" on May 20. In August 2007, Adams, along with Extreme Exposé, appeared on FHMOnline.com. In June 2011, Adams was featured in a music video for Dorrough titled "Bounce Dat". On November 10, 2012, Adams, along with several other TNA workers, was featured in an episode of MTV's "Made". In 2014, Adams and fellow TNA wrestler Robert Strauss, better known as Robbie E, participated in the 25th season of "The Amazing Race". They survived until the middle part of the final leg of the race, where they were the eighth team to be eliminated and placed fourth. Adams has a non-identical twin sister, Brittaney Adams, whom Brooke is 8 minutes older than. Adams is engaged to model and personal trainer Weston Wayne Piper. Their first child, a boy named Jace, was born on September 3, 2016.

Memoirs of Emma Courtney is an epistolary novel by Mary Hays, first published in 1796. The novel is partly autobiographical and based on the author's own unrequited love for William Frend . Mary Hay's relationship with William Godwin is reflected through her eponymous heroine's philosophical correspondence with Mr Francis. Contemporary moralists were scandalised at the novel's treatment of female passion, but Hays has more recently been called a "feminist pioneer" . Contemporary critics wrote of the apparently contrived ending that it was fantastical and unbelievable. The novel consists of a series of philosophical letters from the heroine, Emma Courtney, to Augustus Harley, a young man she calls her son, who has recently been disappointed in love. Emma tells her life story. In her youth, Emma falls deeply in love with Augustus's father, also named Augustus Harley, but her pursuit of him fails - his income is only secure as long as he remains unmarried. Although she initially refuses to accept a life of security by marrying her admirer Mr. Montague, Emma eventually accepts when Augustus Harley is revealed to be already married, and Emma herself is facing financial hardship. Emma's marriage results in a series of tragedies, despite the appearance of a beloved daughter, and her passion for her first love never ceases. Near the end of the novel the two will meet again under unfortunate circumstances. Harley dies after an accident, and Montague commits suicide after a sexual encounter with a maid, whom he leaves pregnant. Emma adopts Harley's eldest son, and devotes herself to the lives of her children. Reviews of the novel were mixed. "The Memoirs of Emma Courtney" was taken to be the true story of Hays' own life, and led various critics to mock and caricature her . The novel addresses issues of female sexual passion, adultery, infanticide and suicide, as well as philosophical musings on the status of women in society. Emma reflects on "the inequalities of society, the source of every misery and vice, and on the peculiar disadvanteges of my sex". Conservative readers would have been particularly shocked when Emma at one point offers herself to Augustus without demanding marriage.

The Buffalo Grove ambush was an ambush that occurred on May 19, 1832 as part of the Black Hawk War. A six-man detail carrying dispatches from United States Colonel James M. Strode at Galena, Illinois to General Henry Atkinson at Dixon's Ferry was ambushed by Native Americans during the attack. William Durley was killed and buried near the site of the ambush. Durley's remains were initially interred by the party that would become victims of the St. Vrain massacre. Two other men had bullet holes in their clothing, but were uninjured. In 1910 the Polo Historical Society moved Durley's remains to a plot beneath a memorial they erected west of Polo, Illinois. As a consequence of an 1804 treaty between the Governor of Indiana Territory and a group of Sauk and Fox leaders regarding land settlement, the Sauk and Fox tribes vacated their lands in Illinois and moved west of the Mississippi in 1828. However, Sauk Chief Black Hawk and others disputed the treaty, claiming that the full tribal councils had not been consulted, nor did those representing the tribes have authorization to cede lands. Angered by the loss of his birthplace, between 1830–31 Black Hawk led a number of incursions across the Mississippi River, but was persuaded to return west each time without bloodshed. In April 1832, encouraged by promises of alliance with other tribes and the British, he again moved his so-called "British Band" of around 1000 warriors and non-combatants into Illinois. Finding no allies, he attempted to return to Iowa, but ensuing events led to the Battle of Stillman's Run. A number of other engagements followed, and the state militias of Wisconsin and Illinois were mobilized to hunt down Black Hawk's band. The conflict became known as the Black Hawk War. When the Black Hawk War began in the spring of 1832, the settlers at Buffalo Grove were notified of Black Hawk's victory at Stillman's Run and ordered to leave the grove. Most of the settlers went to Peoria where they remained for the duration of the war. On May 19, 1832 a small unit was detailed to carry dispatches from Colonel James M. Strode in Galena to General Henry Atkinson at Dixon's Ferry (present-day Dixon, Illinois). The group of men, which included soldiers Fred Stahl, William Durley, Vincent Smith, Redding Bennett, James Smith, and mail contractor John D. Winters, left Dixon around 3 p.m. on May 19. The Buffalo Grove ambush occurred near Buffalo Grove, Illinois, a small, unincorporated settlement in present-day Ogle County. As the group neared the edge of the grove one of the party noted the increased chances for ambush and suggested that the party avoid the usual route by taking a more roundabout route. The suggestion was opposed and Durley reared his horse and entered the wooded area within the grove. He had traveled only a few "bounds" when he was cut down by gunfire from the previously suggested ambush. On May 20, 1832, Sergeant Stahl returned to Dixon's Ferry with the other four survivors of the attack and reported that his party had been ambushed by a group of Native Americans the evening before on the edge of the grove. He reported that Durley was killed instantly, scalped, and left on the spot. Stahl and James Smith both had bullets rip through articles of clothing but were uninjured and only Durley died in the attack. The events of the Buffalo Grove ambush are closely interrelated with those of the St. Vrain massacre. A group of four men, including Aaron Hawley and John Fowler, both casualties of the St. Vrain massacre, was en route to Galena when they stumbled upon the body of Durley at Buffalo Grove. The group returned to Dixon's Ferry, reported their find and stayed there overnight. When Atkinson returned to Dixon on May 23 it was with dispatches destined for Fort Armstrong. He ordered Indian Agent Felix St. Vrain to join the group that had discovered Durley's body and travel with them to Galena. The group left Dixon and traveled north where they found, and interred the remains of Durley at Buffalo Grove. The Polo Historical Society erected a memorial to Durley on May 19, 1910, the 78th anniversary of the attack. At that time, Durley's remains were moved from where St. Vrain's party buried him, near where he had fallen, and interred beneath the memorial. The Buffalo Grove ambush historical marker and memorial to Durley are located west of the city of Polo, Illinois along Eagle Point Road.

Kingdom of David was a part of the "Empire Series" of history documentaries for the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) Public television stations produced by Oregon Public Broadcasting (OPB) in joint venture with Red Hill Productions of Los Angeles, California. The documentary chronicles the story of how the Jewish people were able to preserve their culture from being overwhelmed by other more powerful worldly kingdoms. It begins with the Babylonian Exile where the Judean scribes, realizing that they faced the same fate as their ten northern brothers of the lost Kingdom of Israel, fought to preserve their identity and culture though the written word. From there it describes the struggles that the Jewish people faced against the materialism of the Seleucid Empire to the armed might makes right attitude of the Roman Empire. The story culminates with the triumph of individual Jewish sages such as Hillel, Yochanan ben Zakai, and Rabbi Akiva in preserving Jewish tradition that has survived to this day. First aired in 2003 as a series of four 55 minute programs, the series is now available in DVD and VHS video tapes. The 220 minute video presentation is broken down into 4 parts which, in turn, are subdivided into scene selections that are accessible in the Main Menu portion of the DVD. In 589 B.C. the Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar attacked and destroyed Jerusalem, the main city of the Judean kingdom. After its fall, the citizens were taken into exile in Babylonia. Only a few generations earlier their 10 northern cousins in the Kingdom of Israel had suffered a similar fate and had vanished forever as they had been integrated into the neighboring societies found throughout the region. In order to fight for their survival as a people, the Judeans decided to write a book instead of taking up armed struggle. They rewrote and edited together stories of their past and assembled them into what we today know as the Hebrew Bible, or Old Testament. It then states that it was written to teach the exiled the reasons why they were in Babylon as well as being a guide as to how they should live their lives. Abraham was born in the city of Ur in Mesopotamia. The documentary briefly recounts the stories of Abraham believing in one god and the ultimate test that God gave him to sacrifice his son. Such stories, whether true or not, represent the turning away from idolatry. As a result, Abraham is considered the founding figure of Christianity, Islam and Judaism. For the scribes in Babylon, simply writing down stories of their ancestors was not enough. Their great challenge was to make sense of their own world. How did such a promised people of God end up near extinction in Babylon? In paganism, if you are defeated it was because someone else's god was more powerful than yours. But, with monotheism, if someone is suffering, then the individual must have done something wrong. This new book describes to the Judeans what they did to lose God’s favor. The documentary recounts Moses's encounter with the flaming bush and his involvement with the freeing of the Israelites from Egyptian bondage. the Exodus is where the great epic of Israel starts. According to William G. Dever, archeologist, the desert can only support a few thousand nomads, not the purported 3-million that legend tells us accompanied Moses. Furthermore, only 1 or 2 sites mentioned in Exodus have been identified. For the scribes to write an accurate historical account of what occurred 700 years earlier was improbable. What was probable was bringing to text the eternal lessons that the story of Moses taught. To the scribes, the most important truths of all were how God gave Moses the laws that the people were to preserve for all time. God gave them to Moses in a face-to-face meeting. The revolution in the Ten Commandments was that God cared about how human beings treated each other. One honors God by treating well the person standing in front of him. The commandments were viewed as a legal contract where God will bless an individual if the individual would follow His rules. After Sinai, all the stories of the Israelites would be whether or not they had obeyed God’s commandments. Archeologist feel, through the study of pottery fragments, that the Israelites did not invade Canaan, but were really Canaanites themselves. They were the lower classes within Canaanite society that inhabited the countryside. As they told their stories over and over, those stories helped shape a culture. After they became a people, they continued telling the stories about the good and evil in every human heart. By 620 BC, according to the documentary, most Israelites living in Judea were rural folk that had little contact with Jerusalem and its religious rituals. Furthermore, it’s evident that they worshiped other gods, such as the goddess Asherah, besides the One True God. King Josiah, feeling such practices by his subjects were dooming his country to foreign conquest, rallied the people around a book that had just been discovered while renovating the temple - Deuteronomy. Most modern scholars feel the book had recently been written and then planted in the temple to be "discovered" in order to motivate a reformation. The main reform was that God could only be worshiped at one spot only - the Temple in Jerusalem. As a result, many other religious altars were burned and destroyed along with their attendants. Scholars feel that the beginnings of monotheism by the people as a whole occurred at this time. Feeling that God was on his side, King Josiah launched an attack on the Egyptian/Assyrian alliance in 609 BC. When Josiah was killed, his successors reinstituted polytheism. Jeremiah tried to warn the people of their grave mistake to no avail. Nebuchadnezzar’s ease at conquering and destroying Jerusalem in 597 BC was proof of God’s curse on David and his heirs. Judean society would have ceased if not for the scribes putting in writing all the legends of the people. The writings told them the reason for their exile. The message told them that God is fair and if they were being punished there was a reason for it. The message also stipulated that for those who accept their guilt and change their ways, there’s hope. In 538 BC, the Persians conquered Babylon and King Cyrus freed all of the Babylonian’s captives. Not only were the Judeans allowed to return to their ancestral land, but they were given permission to rebuild their temple in Jerusalem. Many Judeans, however, had found a successful life in their new surroundings and only the adventurous and deeply devout returned. When they did so, they faced a daunting challenge. It had been 70 years since their departure and the land was inhabited by many other groups of people who viewed the returnees as rivals for control of the land. Added to that was the fact that the city of Jerusalem itself was a wasteland that had not been rebuilt. After an initial jubilation, the returnees soon became apathetic and construction of the new temple came to a grinding halt. Law and order was breaking down and eighty years after they had arrived, the return home of the exiles seemed like a horrible mistake. Seeing anarchy breaking out in Judea, Persian King Artaxerxes sent Ezra to restore order. Ezra, a scribe and priest, brought with him a completed book of rules for the people in Jerusalem to live by - the Torah (or first five book of the Old Testament). Most of the returnees knew little of this book or its laws as it was a work in progress when they had first left Babylon. After gathering all the returnees in a public square, Ezra read aloud the entire contents of this new book and required the listeners to sign a covenant indicating that they would abide by its rules. This was considered a democratic revolution as there was no longer any secret knowledge confined to a priesthood class. Everyone could now know what the priests knew. The people and city of Jerusalem were revitalized. The temple was completed and became the central focus of Jewish life. A yearly pilgrimage to the temple to offer a sacrifice became of paramount importance. (Later, when a monetary system replaced the barter system, a farmer from the countryside would sell his best animal, then travel to Jerusalem to purchase another for sacrifice at the temple). One of the more controversial laws that Ezra had to impose on his subjects was the concept of marrying within the religion so as to keep it pure and uncorrupted. He had the unpleasant task of ordering many unorthodox marriages to be dissolved. Naturally, this led to discord among his subjects and the contents of the Torah pertaining to this topic were fiercely debated in public. Soon after their return to Jerusalem, a new story appeared that questioned Jews’ traditional views. The Book of Job told of a righteous man beset by catastrophe and affliction. Job’s plight challenged the Hebrews’ notion of a God who consistently rewarded the righteous and punished the wicked – a central idea of biblical history. Job moans, “I helped the good, but got only wrong. I hoped for light, and got only darkness.” His suffering poses one of life’s great questions and a critical challenge to Jews: If God does not reward obedience and punish sin, why bother obeying God’s law at all? In the early 4th century BC, Alexander the Great invaded the Mid East and brought Greek culture with him with its emphasis on mind and body. This new culture proved to be the biggest threat to the Jewish way of life. A new economic system based on monetary exchange replaced the barter system allowing people the freedom to move about the empire. Soon there began a migration from the small villages to larger urban areas. New opportunities arose for the Jewish farmer who could now sell his products in distant markets. Jewish communities were established in other parts of the empire while Greek settlements became common in the Jewish region. Some conservative Jewish leaders became alarmed that their traditions and ideologies were being buried under this pervasive materialistic culture. Ben Sira was deeply influenced by Socrates and Greek philosophy and applied the Greek tradition of study and debate to the Bible. Ezra had given the people the Torah with its laws to live by. Ben Sira gave the people, who were eager to look for alternatives to Greek culture, the concept of studying the lives of the Bible’s heroes and to search its pages for Divine wisdom that the stories revealed. The Bible contains many passages that are ambiguous and seemingly contradictory and, as a result, new beliefs arose. One of those beliefs was the concept of an afterlife where rewards and punishments were mete out. Another belief was that the Bible was inspired by God which gave rise to the concept that reading it could prophecy future events. The most pronounced prophecy was that a time of turmoil was coming where God would stand by those that kept their covenants with Him. The Seleucid Empire succeeded Alexander upon his death in the early 4th century BC. At first, the Seleucid emperors were content to have Greek culture slowly influence Jewish customs. But, in 185 BC Antiochus IV, derisively labeled "the madman" in Judea, had a different idea when he decreed that all of his subjects were to follow one common religion in order to unify the empire. That religion was not monotheism. Antiochus was able to buy off Jason, the high priest at the Jerusalem Temple. Soon, Jason and other priests began to revoke one of the most visible symbols of the Jewish covenant with God - circumcision. The Greeks loved athletic contests where the athletes participated in the nude. So as to not look out of place, these priests and other Jewish males had cosmetic surgery performed to obliterate this most pronounced symbol of the covenant. Naturally, many other Jewish leaders took offense at this latest turn of events. It was bad enough that Greek culture worshiped more than one god, but the concept of worshiping the human body above all else was bringing Judea to the breaking point. The final profanity hi occurred when Antiochus IV ordered that the temple in Jerusalem be transformed into a Greek temple. An uprising started in the rural town of Modi'in. A priest named Mattathias refused to pay homage to a statue of Zeus and took out his anger by killing some of the emperor's emissaries. After fleeing to the countryside, he was able to gather many other supporters to start a major war. When confronted with the prospect of having to break the commandment banning warfare on the Sabbath day, Matathias and 1,000 of his allies chose to stay true to the word and paid the ultimate sacrifice. After their martyrdom, Mataithias’s son, Judah, and the other rebels realized that the faith could easily be annihilated if they continued to adhere to that principle. After debating the issue, they came to the conclusion that only offensive Sabbath day warfare was banned and that it was perfectly permissible to conduct defensive operations on that particular day. Judah’s brilliant military campaigns over a 3-year period of time soon earned him the nickname of Maccabee (hammer) and by 164 BC the Seleucid forces were routed from the country. After the Maccabeean victory, attention was turned towards cleansing the temple and building a new altar. Unfortunately for Judah, the Seleucid forces regrouped and defeated him, mortally wounding him in the process. After Judah’s death, his brother Jonathan took over. By 152 BC the Seleucid Empire was undergoing internal strife between two rivals to the throne. Jonathan offered his 10,000 strong army to the weaker of the two contenders in exchange for Judean autonomy. His gamble paid off, Judea regained is sovereignty and Jonathan became the head priest of the Jerusalem temple. The victory convinced the Judeans of the Bible’s prophecy that God would come to the aid of those who were zealous for the law of God. That conviction would grow in the years ahead and set the stage for a true cataclysm when another great empire arrived in the Middle East - Rome. In 63 BC, Roman General Pompey ended Judea’s 100 years of independence when he marched through the county. He was amazed to find that the defenders of the city retreated not to a fortress, but to their holy sanctuary, the Temple. He was equally amazed when they refused to interrupt their religious observances to offer resistance when he entered their Temple. To Rome, Judea was but a small piece on the road to a larger prize, easy access to bountiful Egypt. To the Jews, Judea was the Promised Land given to them by God to own. Even worse for the Jews was that it pitted one Jew against the other - should they revolt or not. Soon their spiritual debates broke out into physical animosity between the various groups. On one side were the Temple High Priests and their allies, who formed the most wealthy class within Judaism. The Temple to them was the political and economic heart of Jerusalem. Each year pilgrims flooded its markets to find food and lodging. They spent freely to buy the very best sacrificial animals as animal sacrifices was their only permitted way of worshiping God. Since the High Priests were the only ones allowed to mediate between the average Jew and God, they had an enormous economic stake in maintaining social order through the status quo of Roman rule. Other groups within Judaism felt that the High Priests were traitors. They believed that if they waged a just war against their occupiers, as related in Biblical stories, they would have God’s protection. To help them rule Judea, the Romans chose an Arab prince named Herod, who was known for his boundless ambition and extreme cruelty. To many Jews, crowning a king not descended from David was blasphemous. Herod and Rome felt it necessary to launch a series of unmerciful attacks against the various antagonistic Jewish groups to make an example of them so that law and order could be maintained. To counteract his reputation for cruelty, Herod commissioned an extensive renovation of the Temple. Soon, even Gentiles were making pilgrimages to Jerusalem to see this marvel of the ancient world and make sacrifices. But the rebels within the Jewish community were not impressed. The Essenes did not believe Jews should fight the Romans. Their belief was that God had allowed a Roman occupation because the Biblical prophecy of the End of Days was at hand. Their solution was to withdraw from civilization and to live as perfect a life as possible by forsaking worldly possessions and sexual relations. They spent most of their time copying religious texts and hiding them in caves near Qumran. Their legacy is the Dead Sea scrolls. When Herod died in 4 BC, chaos erupted as rebels attacked the traitorous upper class Jews. To the Romans, they were brigands, but to many Jews they were seen as Robin Hoods. Their aim of ending Roman rule was misguided as all they accomplished was social anarchy. Hillel and the Pharisees believed whoever was the worldly master of Judea did not matter. What mattered was how one lived their life according to their covenant with God. Furthermore, they did not believe one had to be a member of the priesthood to communicate with God, just study His word in the Bible. When challenged to sum the Torah up "while standing on one foot", Hillel replied “What is hateful to you, do not do to your friend. The rest is the explanation; go and learn.” Jesus, who was influenced by Hillel according to the documentary, went a few steps further by preaching “turn the other cheek” and to make the world a better place. He also was influenced by the Biblical End of Days prophecies. To Rome He was just one more rabble rousing messiah. To His followers, His talk of a Heavenly Kingdom was a reference to an afterlife and was not a part of this world. In 52 AD a new group of zealots, the Sicarii, began committing political assassinations. Anyone who collaborated with the Roman authorities was worthy of death. The people of Jerusalem were deeply divided until the Roman governor attacked the Temple in 67 AD. It was a miscalculated move as all Judeans within Jerusalem united and forced the Roman garrison to flee the city. A disciple of Hillel, Yochanan ben Zakai, was one of the most passionate voices for peace. He preached that it did not matter who ruled Judea, what mattered was who ruled an individual's heart. But many Jews were not ready to make peace with a foreign occupier. Giddy over their success at evicting the Roman garrison, the Zealots openly declared war on Rome. Convinced that they were mad, other groups decided to physically challenge them. House-to-house combat that lasted a week resulted in the city of Jerusalem being severely damaged by fire and looting. The conflict quickly spread throughout Judea. Romans, Greeks and Syrians attacked the Jews, the Jews made reprisals against them as well as each other. Anarchy had replaced social order. Rome had to act and General Vespasian was dispatched with three legions of 60,000 soldiers to the troubled area. The Jewish countryside fled to the walls of Jerusalem upon seeing the advancing Roman army. The historian Josephus estimated that 100,000 were trapped inside the city walls where anarchy reigned. Six rebel groups vied with one another, destroying their entire food supply. The zealots threatened death to anyone who wished to leave the city. If one did manage to escape, they faced the Roman army and their mercenaries who would either eviscerate them, looking for swallowed gold or jewels, or crucify them. The hills around Jerusalem were deforested due to the number of crosses being erected for crucifixion. Only the bodies of the dead were allowed by the Zealots to leave the city. Feigning death, Jochanan ben Zakai, with help from his disciples, was able to escape the city lying on a cart amongst a pile of rotting meat. In 70 AD, after a four-month siege, the Romans broke through the city walls. After heavy house-to-house combat, the Roman army surrounded the Temple and destroyed it. According to Rabbi Perry Netter, “The Temple was the center of economic life of the Jewish people. It’s as if the Federal Reserve was housed in the Temple. It was the center of the judicial life, the Supreme Court was housed in the temple. It was the center of the religious life as if the high priest was the chief rabbi centered in that building.” When the temple was destroyed, there was no other branch of government left for the Jews. Without the temple, their future looked bleak indeed. Masada, an impregnable fortress built by Herod, atop a butte overlooking the Dead Sea, became a place of refuge that the Sachari fled to after the fall of Jerusalem in 70 AD. There’s but one narrow trail, called "the Snake", leading to the top of the butte and a small garrison can defend the fortress from a much larger army. The Romans laid siege to the fortress over a two-year period of time. Instead of trying to navigate the treacherous trail, they put their engineering expertise to work and built a massive ramp. The day before they were to breach the walls, Elazar ben Ya'ir, the Sachari leader, urged all his followers to commit suicide. Judea was fast becoming a wasteland. All the Sachari and Essenes were dead and, with no temple, the priesthood was now meaningless. Only one group remained in the Holy Land, the Pharisees. Yochanan ben Zakai, their leader, set up his headquarters and a biblical school in the town of Yavne. In this school Yochanan and his followers slowly rebuilt Judaism from the ashes of the destroyed temple. His first act was to transformed the synagogue, long a meeting place within the Jewish community to discuss daily living along with religious matters, into a more formal place which now focused exclusively on honoring God. He also revived, or reinforced, a seldom used practice favored by the writer of Psalms - prayer. Perhaps his greatest accomplishment was his teaching the concept that one can come closer to God through acts of loving kindness and by studying the Hebrew Bible or Torah. One of the major feasts at the temple was Passover where the participants celebrated their liberation from the Egyptians with an elaborate ceremony. With the temple gone, a new kind of celebration had to be devised - the Seder. Instead of being a mass celebration, it was now done in the home with family and friends. During the 60 years since the temple’s destruction, an uneasy truce existed between the Jews and the Romans. In 130 AD, a petition to Emperor Hadrian to rebuild the temple had been refused. With tempers rising, Rome next tried to either establish a pagan city, Aelia Capitolina, on the ashes of Jerusalem, or issue a decree forbidding circumcision. Whichever one it was, it turned out to be the catalyst that launched a new rebellion within Judea. Simon Bar Kockba began secretly plotting a guerilla style insurrection. Many Judeans either thought Bar Kockba to be the Messiah or that the Messiah would come forth if they were victorious. Along with the Messiah, a third temple would descend from the sky and settle on top of the previous one. In 132 AD the rebels ranks swelled when the most prominent rabbi declared Bar Kockba to indeed be the Messiah. The Bar Kockba rebels bided their time until Emperor Hadrian had left the area for a return trip to Rome. Once he was far enough away, the rebellion was launched and they succeeded in having the Romans withdraw from the area. Emperor Hadrian could ill afford to have Judea break away and set an example for other rebellious regions within the empire. He commissioned Julius Severus to settle the Judean problem once and for all and sent 13 legions to the area, with units coming from as far as the Rhine and Britain. In all, about 600,000 Jews were slaughtered and the remnants were forced to leave the land. In the centuries that followed, whole villages were abandoned with their citizens settling elsewhere within the empire. Jerusalem was renamed Aelia and Judea took on the name of Palestine (in honor of the Philistines - a final insult to the people of David). In their new homes, the Jews faced a challenge just as daunting as the Romans. This time the threat came from within - a new form of Judaism called Christianity. These Christians did not mourn the loss of the temple and its sacrificial ordinances like the Jews did. They believed that God had decided to sacrifice His Only Son once and for all making animal sacrifices obsolete. In 320 AD, civil war had broken out in the Roman Empire and the victorious Constantine had received a revelation to bind the empire back together under the sign of the cross. Unfortunately for Judaism, the Christian bishops who most influenced Constantine happened to be the ones most hostile to the Jews. These bishops wanted to stamp out any friendship that other bishops felt towards Judaism. John Chrysostom, one of the great preachers of the 4th Century, was enraged when some in his congregation would slip out during church services to attend the more interesting Jewish High Holy Days festivals. He preached eight sermons against the "Judeaizers" in which he first coined the term "Christ killers". With laws being passed against them, the Jews started looking for new homes in North Africa, Spain and Russia. This spreading out of the Jewish nation threatened Judaism with disintegration. The laws, rituals and customs of the religion had never been written down. In the 2nd century AD, an illiterate 40-year-old shepherd named Akiva taught himself how to read and began to study the Hebrew Bible. Within a few years he became a leading sage and learned there was a vast storehouse of oral traditions from Hillel to Yochanan ben Zakai in addition to the written word. He started to organize and write these oral traditions down. Being a strong supporter of rebellion, he was arrested by the Romans who then flayed him alive as an example to other rebels. Akiva's heirs continued with his work and formed the Talmud, which is a set of ethical commandments meant to compliment the ritual commandments set forth in the Hebrew Bible. It’s a how-to book for practicing the religion. With the Talmud, Jewish tradition could thrive in spite of the discrimination it faced. Invariably, the Christians and Muslims who lived among the Jews discovered they had unique gifts. One of the skills they introduced to country after country was glass blowing. Other gifts included advanced knowledge of medicine and their strong desire to give every child an education. Undoubtedly, according to the documentary, their most important gift to us is monotheism and the written Word of God as expressed in their Bible, which became the Christian Old Testament.

The Battle of Tamai (or Tamanieh) took place on 13 March 1884 between a British force under Sir Gerald Graham and a Mahdist Sudanese army led by Osman Digna. Despite his earlier victory at El Teb, Graham realised that Osman Digna's force was far from broken and that he still enjoyed support among the local population. Accordingly, a second expedition departed from Suakin on 10 March in order to defeat the Mahdists definitively. The force was composed of the same units that had fought at El Teb: 4,500 men, with 22 guns and 6 machine guns. The Mahdists had roughly 10,000 men, most of them belonging to Osman Digna's Hadendoa tribe (known to British soldiers as "Fuzzy Wuzzies" for their unique hair). On the night of 12 March the British formed an encampment, not far from Osman Digna's positions. From around 1 o'clock until dawn, Mahdist riflemen approached the camp and opened fire, but their shooting was imprecise, and they inflicted few casualties. At dawn, the artillery was brought to bear against the Mahdist skirmishers and they were driven back. The infantry (which included the Black Watch) then formed into two infantry squares each of brigade-size and advanced. One square was commanded by Colonel Davis, with General Graham, and the other by Colonel Buller. A scouting party discovered that the main body of the Mahdist force was hidden in a nearby ravine, whereupon General Graham ordered the Black Watch to charge to clear those Mahdists out, leaving a wide gap where they had been stationed in the square. A sudden onslaught of Mahdists rushed into this gap. The Black Watch found themselves under intense attack from the Sudanese. The square was flooded with a rush of tribesmen and a brutal hand-to-hand fight resulted. The Black Watch eventually won the contest, driving the Sudanese out, and reforming their square. Finding themselves in danger of being cut off, the British units fell back in disarray but were quickly reformed in good order. The Mahdist advance was halted by volleys from the other (Buller's) square, which had survived the attack, and by dismounted cavalry units that had not been engaged until then. The concentrated flanking fire they inflicted caused huge casualties among the Mahdists, who were forced to retreat. The British units then reformed, and resumed their advance, driving the shaken Mahdists out of the ravine and inflicting more casualties on them as they fled. Osman Digna's camp was captured later that day, but Osman Digna escaped. During this battle, the British suffered more losses than in any other battle of the Mahdist war, 214 soldiers being wounded or killed, ten of which were officers. The Mahdists also suffered heavily, losing 4,000 men. For their conspicuous bravery during the battle, Private Thomas Edwards of the Black Watch and Lieutenant Percival Marling of the King's Royal Rifle Corps were awarded the Victoria Cross, the highest decoration in the British Army. The British hoped that this defeat would deal a great blow to Osman Digna's prestige as well as weakening his forces, and that he would lose his hold over the Hadendoa. However this was not the case, and when later that year, Graham's force was withdrawn from the Sudan, he gradually recovered his influence. Therefore, Graham’s campaign came to be seen purely as a punitive exercise against the Sudanese to restore British military pride. Winston Churchill, who later participated in the Mahdist war, was critical of the British Government's attitude in Eastern Sudan: It has been suggested that the objective of British operations in that sector was to avert a possible peril to navigation in the Red Sea. If the Mahdists had taken control of the whole of the Sudanese coast, they might have threatened ships travelling to India, thus endangering the British Empire.

Heavy Weather is a television film by Douglas Livingstone based on the novel "Heavy Weather" by P. G. Wodehouse (1881–1975), set at Blandings Castle. It was made by the BBC and WGBH Boston, first screened by the BBC on Christmas Eve 1995 and shown in the United States on PBS's "Masterpiece Theatre" on 18 February 1996. Though abridged for a 90-minute film, "Heavy Weather" followed closely the novel of 1933, the fourth in the Blandings series. Many of the familiar elements of the Blandings books were present: the wish of Lord Emsworth's nephew, Ronnie Fish, to marry a chorus girl, Sue Brown; the concern of Emsworth's sisters, the imperious Lady Constance Keeble and Ronnie's mother Lady Julia Fish, to ensure that the reminiscences of their other brother, the Hon. Galahad Threepwood, were not published; Galahad's protectiveness towards Miss Brown, the daughter of his long lost love Dolly Henderson; the sustained efforts of the publisher Lord Tilbury (a character probably based on Lord Northcliffe) to gain possession of the reminiscences; Lord Emsworth's determination that his prize Berkshire pig, the Empress of Blandings, should win the silver medal in the fat pigs class at the Shrewsbury agricultural show; Lord Emsworth's employment of a private detective, P. Frobisher Pilbeam, to protect the Empress and his rivalry with his neighbour, Sir Gregory Parsloe, of Matchingham Hall, who had not only his own designs on the fat pigs class, but, as a prospective Parliamentary candidate, an interest in suppressing Galahad's reminiscences; and the employment as Lord Emsworth's secretary of Monty Bodkin, who, as with most holders of that office, had an ulterior motive (in this instance, the need to hold down paid employment for a year in order to be considered suitable to marry one Gertrude Butterwick). "Heavy Weather" had a distinguished cast: Peter O'Toole as Clarence, Lord Emsworth, Richard Briers as Galahad Threepwood, Judy Parfitt as Lady Constance, Sarah Badel as Lady Julia, Roy Hudd as Beach the butler, Ronald Fraser as Sir Gregory Parsloe and Richard Johnson as Lord Tilbury, the recently ennobled George "Stinker" Pyke. Pilbeam was played by David Bamber who became widely known around the same time as Mr. Collins in the BBC's adaptation of Jane Austen's "Pride and Prejudice". Other members of the cast included Rebecca Lacey as Sue Brown, Benjamin Soames as Ronnie Fish and Samuel West as Monty Bodkin. The screenplay was written by Douglas Livingstone. The director was Jack Gold and the producers, Verity Lambert and David Shanks.

Murphy started his youth career at West Ham United before moving across London to sign YTS forms with Queens Park Rangers. After some fine performances amongst the youth and reserve sides Murphy was rewarded with a two-year professional contract upon his 17th birthday. Danny was handed his debut in a 3–2 win against Chesterfield under manager Ian Holloway and went on to make 24 league and cup appearances over the following two seasons. Upon Murphy's release from QPR he agreed to join Swindon Town after a successful pre-season trial. Although the deal was in place, the move failed to be finalised due to financial problems at the Wiltshire-based club. Dropping out of the Football League, Murphy then joined conference side Margate in the fifth tier of English football. Although becoming first choice left back, Danny decided to join Cork City after only 12 games at the club. He signed for Cork City in 2004 and made his League of Ireland debut on the opening day . He helped them win the League of Ireland title in 2005. He became a fan favourite at Turners Cross and earned him the sobriquet "The Cockney Rebel". Murphy joined Motherwell on 1 January 2006 when his contract at Cork expired, making his debut as a substitute in "the Steelmen's" 1–0 defeat by Rangers the following day. Murphy followed up his Motherwell debut with some fine displays at Hibernian and Celtic and added his first league goal at Dundee United before an ankle injury cut short his season. By November 2007, Murphy had fallen out-of-favour under new manager Mark McGhee and he was loaned to First Division side Dunfermline Athletic until January. After some good form with the Pars, new manager Jim McIntyre decided to extend Murphy's loan deal to the end of January. On 25 February 2008, Murphy returned to Ireland, re-signing with Cork City under new manager Alan Mathews. He was released in 2010 as a result of the club's financial difficulties. Murphy signed for Shamrock Rovers in February 2010 on a two-year contract. He won his second League of Ireland Premier Division title while at the club, while finishing as runner-up in the FAI Cup. Murphy's contract was mutually terminated in December 2010 so he could return south to be near his family.

The story often told of the origins of the surname Marjoribanks, and even supported by respectable authorities, is that Marjorie, daughter of King Robert the Bruce, brought into her marriage with Walter Stewart in 1315 lands in Dumfriesshire which became known as "Marjorie's Banks"; unfortunately no such lands formed part of Marjorie's dowry. An alternative explanation is that lands in the area of Ratho (which undoubtedly were Marjorie's) were granted to an early Marjoribanks in the 16th century; this is true enough, but the surname had already been current for at least 50 years. This attractive myth was almost certainly invented by a junior branch of the Marjoribankses (represented now by Marjoribanks of Lees) in the 17th century to bolster their claim to gentility. The reality is perhaps more mysterious. The first known Marjoribanks, Philip "de Merioribankis de eodem," i.e. "Marjoribanks of that Ilk," appears in 1485 as the holder of the "five merklands of Merioribankis of ancient extent." He was probably a Johnstone who distinguished himself from the many other Johnstones of the area by adopting this patronymic. There have been many explanations of the origin of this place name (it is now Marchbank Farm in the parish of Kirkpatrick Juxta near Moffat, Dumfriesshire); it may even have been adopted as a token of respect to Marjorie, since the Bruces at one time owned land in the area. But this is a problem which may never be convincingly solved. The name is usually pronounced ‘Marchbanks’, and Alexander Nisbet asserts that the family who acquired the lands of the princess and took her name were originally kin to the Johnston Lords of Annandale. He finds evidence for this in the family’s coat of arms, which incorporates a gold cushion and a star. The Clan Johnstone's coat of arms bears three gold cushions, and in heraldry a star often alludes to a spur-rowel, which is part of Lord of Annandale’s crest (heraldry). The Marjoribanks came to prominence in the early sixteenth century, when the Court of Session, the civil section of the Supreme Court of Scotland, was reinstituted in its modern form by King James V of Scotland in 1532. Thomas Marjoribanks of that Ilk, son of Philip Marjoribanks, was one of ten advocates appointed as procurators, or pleaders, before the Lords of the Court of Session. Four centuries before the introduction of legal aid the Scottish Courts recognised the need for the poor to be represented by able lawyers, and in March 1535, Thomas was appointed advocate ‘for the puir’ with a salary of £10 Scots per annum. He willingly accepted the post, but waived his right to the salary. His public-spirited nature was rewarded when he became Lord Provost of Edinburgh in 1540, representing the city in the Parliament of Scotland of that year, and again in 1546. He had acquired land at Ratho near Edinburgh by a charter of 1539 which enabled him, ten years later, to assume the title, ‘Lord Ratho’, on his appointment as a judge. He became the Lord Clerk Register and acquired more land at Spotts and in Annandale, Dumfries and Galloway. After Lord Ratho died, the chiefship devolved on his grandson, Thomas, who sold Ratho in 1614. The family acquired lands at Balbardie around 1624. Christian Marjoribanks, Ratho’s great grandniece, married George Heriot, goldsmith and financier to King James VI of Scotland, founder of the famous Edinburgh school George Heriot's School which still bears his name. Heriot was so wealthy that he reputedly kept his purse filled with gold, and to the citizens of Edinburgh he was known as ‘Jinglin’ Geordie'. Andrew Marjoribanks of Balbardie and of that Ilk was another distinguished lawyer who was appointed Writer to the King in 1716. He acted as agent for James Sandilands, 7th Lord Torphichen and was commissary of Edinburgh, an important post in the administration of estates of the deceased. Andrew Marjoribanks grandson, Alexander, brought the family full circle when he acquired the Barony of Bathgate, which had also formed part of Princess Marjorie’s dowry. He was convenor of Linlithgowshire (now called West Lothian) for over thirty years, and in 1824 voluntarily surrendered his baronial rights to allow Bathgate to become a burgh, with Alexander as its first Provost. Alexander was ultimately succeeded by his seventh son, the Reverend Thomas Marjoribanks, Minister of Lochmaben and later of Stenton in East Lothian. In 1861 he sold the estates of Balbardie (including Balbardie House) and Bathgate to the trustees of Stewart’s Hospital (now part of Stewart's Melville College). His eldest son, Alexander, succeeded in 1869, but although he married twice, he died childless and was succeeded by his brother, the Reverend George Marjoribanks minister of Stenton. George's son the Reverend Thomas Marjoribanks, minister of Colinton was the next chief and his son, another Reverend George Marjoribanks succeeded him in 1947. This George Marjoribanks devoted most of his life to the Moral Re-Armament spiritual movement, died in 1955 without issue in Warm Springs, Georgia and was buried in New York. The next chief, brother of George and father of the present chief, was William Marjoribanks of that Ilk who was an ecologist and worked on major conservation projects for the government of Sudan in Khartoum. William's brother was the diplomat Sir James Marjoribanks who was the Ambassador to the European Economic Community at the time of Britain's negotiations to enter the EEC. A George Marjoribanks (hypothesised to have been the son of George Marjoribanks, a junior member of the family of Marjoribanks of Balbardie and of that Ilk) took part in the Jacobite rising and fought with the Scottish army against the English at the Battle of Preston (1715). He was captured and transported to Virginia in 1716. Many of his descendants now live in the USA, in particular, North and South Carolina, where there are regular meetings of the Marjoribanks family. A daughter of this George Marjoribanks, Ursula Marjoribanks, married Charles Dean and moved to Spartanburg County, S.C. where Ursula died and is buried at the old Dean Cemetery. They have six sons, including Joel Dean, a soldier of the Revolutionary War, who married Mary Brockman and have numerous descendants. A junior line of the Marjoribanks family called Marjoribanks of Lees is descended from James Marjoribanks, a younger son of Thomas Marjoribanks of Ratho and Joseph Marjoribanks, a wine and fish merchant in Edinburgh who died in 1635. Joseph's son John Marjoribanks matriculated the arms of Marjoribanks of Leuchie in 1673. A century later the arms were re-matriculated as Marjoribanks of Lees by Edward Marjoribanks of Lees, a wine merchant. His son, Sir John Marjoribanks, was Lord Provost of Edinburgh and became a baronet, his grandson David, Baron Marjoribanks was elevated to the peerage as was another grandson Dudley Coutts Marjoribanks, 1st Baron Tweedmouth. These titles have since become extinct but there are several descendants of the Marjoribanks of Lees line living in England and the Channel Islands today. Robert Marjoribanks, an engineer employed by the railways and from Kirkpatrick Juxta, Dumfriesshire, Scotland married Jessie Walker and died before 1895. His two sons Robert Alexander, and John Walker Marjoribanks emigrated before the First World War to Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia where there are numerous Marjoribanks descendants - including Robert Marjoribanks or "Bobby Banks" an Australian international rugby league player.

VB Watch is a Visual Basic programming utility. VB Watch consists of three tools for Visual Basic 6.0: Profiler, Protector and Debugger. VB Watch Profiler measures the speed of a running Visual Basic program. It displays the time spent in each procedure and/or a line of code. This information can be used in code optimization to detect bottleneck procedures and lines. The Profiler can also be used to measure code coverage during software testing. VB Watch Debugger monitors what happens inside a running Visual Basic program or library. It displays the call stack, execution trace, global variables and the number of live objects. The Debugger also allows one to add breakpoints in executable files.

Heartbreakers is a 1984 drama film starring Peter Coyote and Nick Mancuso. It was written and directed by Bobby Roth. The film was entered into the 35th Berlin International Film Festival. Two friends, Blue (Coyote) and Eli (Mancuso), each arrive at crossroads in their lives. Blue is a painter specializing in fetishistic portraits of women, usually selling his images to porn magazines. Eli's father wants him to take over the family's undergarment business that has been paying for Eli's playboy lifestyle in the fast paced and decedent Los Angeles of the 1980s. Blue is given an opportunity to have his work featured in gallery showing as legitimate art if he can create enough new pieces to fill out a show. His sexy model (Carol Wayne) has a crush on Blue, and to please him even appears willing to participate in a threesome including Eli. An ex-flame, Syd (Kathryn Harrold), brings out the jealous worst in Blue now that she is seeing an artist rival of his (Max Gail). Blue's self-destructive behavior also puts at risk his relationship with Liliane (Carole Laure), the manager of an art gallery about to exhibit his work. Heartbreakers (1985) is the seventh soundtrack album and twenty-fifth overall of the same name by the German band Tangerine Dream. The soundtrack album was released on April 1985 by Virgin Records.

: The Sports Quiz for the PlayStation 2, is the third game in the "Buzz!" series and was developed by Kuju Entertainment. Players answer questions asked by the Quizmaster (Buzz) using their Buzz! The game, developed by "Kuju Entertainment", is very similar to an actual gameshow, fit with a Quizmaster, his 'delicious' sidekick (Rose), buzzers, a theme song and an audience which claps and laughs. In every type of game, players must choose from easy mode or hard mode. The player can choose from 16 contestants to play as, all representing different sports. There is a rugby player, a skier, a sumo wrestler, a volleyball player, a shotputter, an ice hockey player, a Football player, a basketball player, a tennis player, a darts player, a racing car driver, an American football player, a boxer, a cricket player, a horse rider and a golfer. There are also three costumes to choose from for each. Players can choose from a short game, standard game, long game or a custom game. Any number of players from 1-8 can play at any one time. ***LIST***. A player can try to get as many points as possible in two different rounds. ***LIST***. 2-8 players play against each other for the most points. ***LIST***. 3-8 players can team up to play against other teams for the most points. Each team chooses a captain.

Lorentina Wilhelmina Skogh, born Wahlgren (14 December 1849 in the parish of Rute on Gotland, Sweden – 18 June 1926) was a hotel manager and owned a number of hotels and restaurants in Sweden. Family: In 1888, she married wine trader Per Samuel Skogh (1849–1904). Children: Gustav (Wahlgren) Skogh She came alone to Stockholm from the island Fårö (north part of Gotland) by steam ship at the age of 14 with the intention to get a job and earn some money to support her family on Gotland. Her father died when Wilhelmina was 6 years old and the family became rather poor. She became very impressed by the lifestyle in the 'big city', the fine restaurants and hotels and soon she decided to look for a job in a restaurant to learn the business. Her first job was drying the dishes from early morning to late evening in the restaurant at 'Stromparterren' down below the bridge 'Norrbro', close to the Royal Castle. When she became older she studied in an evening school as well as working, learning languages and book-keeping. From an early age she had the very strong ambition that some day she would have her own company in the hotel and restaurant business. She built her first hotel at the age of 27 - the railroad hotel in Storvik (outside the town of Sandviken) by the railroad station, and established the Wilhelmina Wahlgren AB company. In 1884 she bought the railroad hotel in Bollnäs, where she spent many years of her life and married Pehr Skogh. She was also appointed the manager for a number of other hotels as she soon got a reputation to rapidly increase the business with new marketing ideas in both the hotel and restaurang business, for instance increasing the use of vegetables in order to cut down on the expensive meat, and introduced new ideas in the tourist business by working together with the London-based Thomas Cook travel agency in order to be able to offer luxury accommodations combined with hunting and fishing in Sweden for rich British visitors. She built private telephone lines connecting her hotels before the telephone system was introduced on a larger scale in Sweden, and installed central heating (steam-heating systems) and electricity with steam-engine driven electric generators in her hotels. Wilhelmina became managing director of Grand Hôtel in Stockholm in 1902 at the age of 53. Her most famous project was to build the Grand Hôtel Royal including the immense Winter Garden in the form of an "annex" to the original hotel building. She got the idea for Royal during her first trip to Paris. (Grand Hôtel Royal was the venue for the Nobel Banquet for many years, and was moved eventually to the Stockholm City Hall, where it is held in December each year). The Winter Garden has a ceiling height of 15 m (49 ft) and can accommodate 800 dinner guests. It remains even today an important cornerstone of what the Hotel can offer. Her husband Per Skogh died in 1904 and she then arranged a large headstone including a large angel in marble, still present in front of the family grave in Stockholm. She left Grand Hôtel in December 1910 following a disagreement with members of the board about economy. Between 1908 and 1910, when she still was working at Grand Hôtel in Stockholm, she built her private house - the "Villa Foresta" (Foresta is the Italian word for her last name 'Skog', in English Forest) on the island of Lidingö east of Stockholm. The house is situated on the 'Herserud' cliff, next to the property of Milles Art museum, with a view of the waters and the city of Stockholm, reminding her of the view across Fårösund on Gotland where she grew up. In order to get the right feeling of "Gotland" she used limestone from Gotland as building material. (See the lower part of the building). At that time Villa Foresta was the largest private residence on Lidingö. She lived there until 1922 when the costs for the big house finally forced her to sell the entire building to pay the loans and move out. A company was formed that took over the whole property. Villa Foresta today is owned by a real estate company and rented out to the Swedish-based hotel chain Scandic Hotels. She spent the last four years of her life in a small private flat in "Bolinders Palace", a building adjacent to the Grand Hôtel and part of the hotel complex. The free disposition of an apartment at the Hotel including free meals was actually a part of the deal when she left the position as managing director for Grand Hôtel in 1910. When she moved out from Foresta she was almost bankrupt and she had to ask for economic support from old friends in the last years of her life. Wilhelmina died in the early morning of 18 June 1926. Wilhelmina Skogh was awarded the Order of Vasa in 1896 and H.M. The King's Medal in 1909.

Andrea Antico (also Andrea Antico da Montona, Anticho, Antiquo) (c. 1480 – after 1538) was an Italian music printer, editor, publisher and composer of the Renaissance, of Istrian birth, active in Rome and in Venice. He was the first printer of sacred music in Rome, and the earliest competitor of Venetian Ottaviano Petrucci, who is regarded as the first significant music printer. Antico was born in Montona in the Republic of Venice (today Motovun in Croatia). His ethnicity is not known; fifteenth century Montona had a mixed population of Italians and Croats. Little documentation has yet come to light regarding his early life, but he may have been active in the diocese of Parenzo (now Poreč) in Istria, based on a papal letter of 1516 which called him a "cleric of the diocese of Parenzo, now living in Rome". His first publication dates from 1510, and was a collection of frottole. Like Petrucci, whose similar "Odhecaton" had appeared eight years earlier in Venice, he began by publishing popular secular music. In 1513 he secured papal privileges for printing music in the Papal States; this was the first such privilege to be granted, and shortly after the grant he was given the exclusive right to print organ tablature. This set him up as a competitor of Petrucci, who had similar privileges in the Republic of Venice (the right to print organ tablature in the papal states was originally Petrucci's, but since he had not printed any, the pope transferred it to Antico). A ten-year copyright was added to the printing privilege, although many reprints from Antico's plates and blocks, some from before the expiration of the copyright, were not always attributed to him. While in Rome, Antico worked in financial partnership with Ottaviano Scotto, and also used the services of printer Antonio Giunta. Antico stayed in Rome until 1518, moving to Venice, where he began working as a printer in 1520. During the period from 1520 to 1522 he worked in partnership with Luca Antonio Giunta. What he did between 1522 and 1533 has not yet been determined, but he resumed his printing activities in 1533, still in Venice, this time working as an employee of Ottaviano Scotto, his previous collaborator from Rome. It has been suggested that Antico spent the years from 1522 to 1533 in Lyon, possibly working with the famous printer there, Jacques Moderne, who was also from Istria. Antico's last publication, a collection of motets for four voices by Adrian Willaert, is dated 1539, and no information is known about Antico's life after this year. Unlike Petrucci, who used moveable type and a multiple-impression technique, Antico made woodblock prints. While this technology was older than moveable type and more laborious to prepare, it allowed for high-quality prints when done by a fine craftsman, and Antico was acknowledged to be one of the finest woodblock printers of the time. One of his Roman-period publications, the "Liber quindecim missarum" of May 9, 1516, contained masses by Josquin des Prez, Pierre de La Rue, Antoine Brumel, Jean Mouton, Antoine de Févin, and Matthaeus Pipelare. This was the first sacred music to be published at Rome itself (Petrucci had published sacred music in Venice more than a decade earlier). Antico told Pope Leo X in the dedication that he had spent three years laboriously preparing the woodcuts for this publication. The graphic artist responsible for the cover page designs as well as the abundant illustrations in the "Liber quindecim missarum" and elsewhere was probably Giovanbattista Columba. While in Venice, he published many kinds of music, including frottole by Bartolomeo Tromboncino and Marchetto Cara arranged for voice and lute; French motets and chansons; motets, including a collection of works by Willaert; and some of the first books of madrigals, including collections by Philippe Verdelot and Jacques Arcadelt. Antico was also a composer, and occasionally included his own frottole in his publications, signing them "Andrea Anticho D.M." They are in a light, fairly simple, and homophonic musical style.

The Hebrew transliteration of Psalm 130 is as follows: "Traditional Latin translation, used in compositions when in Latin, translated from the Septuagint Greek:" "Latin translated:" "Translation of the Hebrew text:"<br> [A Song of ascents] This lament, a Penitential Psalm, is the "De profundis" used in liturgical prayers for the faithful departed in Western liturgical tradition. In deep sorrow the psalmist cries to God (1-2), asking for mercy (3-4). The psalmist's trust (5-6) becomes a model for the people (7-8). "the depths:" Here is a metaphor of total misery. Deep anguish makes the psalmist feel "like those who go down to the pit" (). Robert Alter points out that '..."the depths" are an epithet for the depths of the sea, which in turn is an image of the realm of death'. Other Bible passages (Creation, the dwelling of Leviathan, Jesus stilling the storm) also resonate with imagery of fear and chaos engendered by the depths of the sea. "'If you, Lord, were to mark iniquities, who, O Lord, shall stand?". A temporary shift from the personal to the communal; this plurality (the nation, Israel) again appears in the final two verses. "that you may be revered". The experience of God's mercy leads one to a greater sense of God. This psalm has been frequently set to music, as part of musical settings for the Requiem, especially under its Latin incipit ""De profundis": Some other works named "De profundis"" but with texts not derived from the psalm include: ***LIST***. According to the rule of Saint Benedict established around 530, this was attributed at the beginning of the vespers service on Tuesday, followed by Psalm 131 (130. With regard to the current Liturgy of the Hours, Psalm 130 is recited or sung at vespers on the Saturday of the fourth week, and on Wednesday evenings. In the Liturgy of the Mass, Psalm 130 is read on the 10th Sunday of Ordinary Time in Year B and on the 5th Sunday of Lent in Year C8. The title "De Profundis" was used as the title of a poem by Spanish author Federico García Lorca in his "Poema del cante jondo." A long letter by Oscar Wilde, written to his former lover Lord Alfred Douglas near the end of Wilde's life while he was in prison, also bears the title "De Profundis" (though it was given the title after Wilde's death), as do poems by Alfred Tennyson, Elizabeth Barrett Browning, Charles Baudelaire, Christina Rossetti, C. S. Lewis, Georg Trakl, Dorothy Parker and José Cardoso Pires. In the novel "Fires on the Plain", by Shōhei Ōoka, the character Tamura makes reference to Psalm 130's first line "De profundis clamavi" in a dream sequence.

The Library Of Agudas Chassidei Chabad (also Chabad Library or Lubavitch library) is a research library owned by Agudas Chasidei Chabad. Its content had been collected by the Chabad-Lubavitch Rebbes. The library is housed next to the Lubavitch world headquarters at 770 Eastern Parkway in Brooklyn, NY, and is utilized by Chabad and general Judaic scholars. It is viewed by thousands of visitors each year. The library is home to 250,000 books, mostly in Hebrew and Yiddish. Many are rare and unique to the library. In addition, the library contains: ***LIST***. The library also contains more than 100,000 letters, artifacts and pictures belonging to, written by and for the and their Hasidim complete the collection. Notable among the collection is the siddur of the Baal Shem Tov, which is kept in a locked safe and is only handled by the head librarian. Following a court case regarding ownership of the library in 1987, it greatly expanded. In 1992 it opened its reading room, and exhibition hall in 1994. Throughout the history of the Chabad movement, a central collection of books and manuscripts was in the possession of the Rebbe of every generation. In earlier generations—end of 18th century and early 19th century—this collection was relatively small. Little remains of the original collections, for almost all books and manuscripts were either destroyed in the frequent fires plaguing small towns in those days or were lost in various other upheavals and crisis situations over the generations. The bulk of the existing collection began to form in the third generation of Chabad—during the mid-19th century—and progressively expanded over time to become one of the world’s most prominent Judaic libraries. Most of the collections of the first and second Chabad Rebbe's was lost or destroyed. During Chabad’s third generation, under Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneersohn (1789–1866) known for his major Talmudic-Halachik work, "Tzemach Tzedek", a more substantial collection took form. It became the nucleus of the central Chabad collection, which continued to grow during following generations. The library is divided into three main sections: The Lubavitch Collection, The Collection of Rabbi Yosef Yitzchak Schneersohn, The Collection of Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson. The Lubavitch/Schneerson Collection consists of about 12,000 books and 50,000 religious documents and manuscripts from, and which belonged to, the first Chabad Rebbes starting with Rabbi Schneur Zalman, until Rabbi Sholom Dovber Schneersohn. In fall, 1915, as German forces approached, Rabbi Sholom Dovber and his family were forced to leave Lubavitch. He moved to Rostov, in south Russia. He sent most of his collection to Moscow for safekeeping, planning to retrieve it after the war. In 1920, however, he died in Rostov, before the end of the Russian civil war that followed World War I. As peace gradually returned to the land, his son and successor Rabbi Yosef Yitzchak finally had an opportunity to request the return of the collection. The new Soviet regime, however, nationalized the warehouse and gave the Lubavitch Collection to the Russian State Library. Only about 100 of the collections volumes had accompanied Rabbi Shalom Dovber and Rabbi Yosef Yitzchak to Rostov—for study or because of sentimental value—and these accompanied Rabbi Yosef Yitzchak on all his later wanderings, to Leningrad, Riga, Warsaw, Otwock, and Brooklyn. Today they are held in a special bookcase in the Chabad Library. During the years following, Rabbi Yosef Yitzchak attempted through various means to seek the release of his original library, but was unsuccessful. When the Lubavitch collection was confiscated in 1924 and given to the new Russian State Library, Rabbi Yosef Yitzchak began to rebuild his library anew. He started by acquiring the entire collection of Samuel Winer, a bibliographer and collector of rare books whose personal collection comprised about 5,000 valuable, antique and rare volumes, scrolls, marriage contracts, and the like. Yosef Yitzchak continued to expand and supplement his library by acquiring volumes of Judaica and Hebraica of all kinds. When World War II began in 1939, Yosef Yitzchak escaped Nazi-occupied Poland and along with his family and some members of his secretariat, arrived in New York City. The library, however, remained in Poland. It took a year and a half for his tireless efforts to succeed in getting the library transported to New York from Europe, at the end of 1941. After his arrival to New York in 1941, Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson established a library for the purpose of serving the needs of the Merkos L'Inyonei Chinuch. A year after Yosef Yitzchak’s death in 1950, Menachem Mendel became the seventh Rebbe. He continued to expand his new library, and in 1967 acquired the building adjacent to his office, for the purpose of housing the sizable collection. Two distinct libraries were now maintained at Lubavitch World Headquarters between 1968 and 1985—the Collection of Rabbi Yosef Yitzchak on the ground floor, and Menachem Mendel’s collection in the annex. In 1985 a dispute arose about the library of the sixth Rebbe when Barry Gurary clandestinely removed numerous Jewish books, including a first edition Passover haggadah worth over $50,000, and began selling the books. One illuminated Passover Haggadah dating back to 1757 was sold for $69,000 to a Swiss book dealer who soon found a private buyer to pay nearly $150,000 for it. On legal advice, the Lubavitch Library obtained a temporary restraining order in the hope that this would resolve the matter. Agudas Chasidei Chabad later filed suit to retrieve the books. In 1986, the court ruled in favor of Agudas Chassidei Chabad, and that ruling was upheld on appeal in 1987. The volumes were returned to the library. When Sholom Dovber and Yosef Yitzchak left Russia and Europe, an estimated 10,000 volumes from their collection remained behind. Since the war it has been stored in the Russian State Library. In 2010 Chabad filed suit against the Russian Library in an attempt to retrieve its collection. On July 30, 2010, Royce C. Lamberth, a federal judge of the United States District Court in Washington, ruled in favor of the Chabad organization, ordering Russia to turn over all Schneerson documents held at the Russian State Library, the Russian State Military Archive and elsewhere. Russia claims the collection is a national treasure of the Russian people, since Rabbi Schneersohn had no heirs. A Russian court ordered the Library of Congress to pay fines of $50,000 a day for holding the books they borrowed in 1994.

The Detroit Athletic Club (often referred to as the DAC) is a private social club and athletic club located in the heart of Detroit's theater, sports, and entertainment district. It is located across the street from Detroit's historic Music Hall. The clubhouse was designed by Albert Kahn and inspired by Rome's Palazzo Farnese. It maintains reciprocal agreements for their members at other private clubs worldwide. It contains full-service athletic facilities, pools, restaurants, ballrooms, and guest rooms. Members include businessmen of all types as well as professional athletes. Ty Cobb is among the athletes to have been a member of the DAC. The building is visible beyond center field from Comerica Park. The Detroit Athletic Club was founded in 1887 to encourage amateur athletic activities, and built a clubhouse with a tract in what is now Detroit's Cultural Center. Henry Joy, son of the man who built the Michigan Central into one of the nation's most successful large railroads, served as president of the Packard Motor Car Company in the early decades of the last century. He felt that the rich new titans of the booming automobile industry spent too much time in the Woodward Avenue pubs. He thought they needed a club commensurate with this stature. On January 4, 1913, Joy and 108 other leading Detroit citizens came together to reorient the Detroit Athletic Club. Joy and his colleagues selected Detroit's most accomplished architect, Albert Kahn. Kahn, in 1912, had visited Italy and was inspired by the buildings he saw there. Two of Detroit's most impressive current downtown edifices—the Detroit Athletic Club and the Police Department headquarters on Beaubien—reflect what Kahn saw in Italy. The Palazzo Borghese in Rome provided Kahn with a model for much of the Detroit Athletic Club, but the idea of using the large impressive windows for the impressive fourth floor dining room—called the Grill Room—came from the Palazzo Farnese. In the 1990s, the membership devoted substantial fund to a major refurbishing of the attractive building. Over the years, the Detroit Athletic Club has provided financial assistance and training opportunities for a number of amateur athletes preparing for the Olympic Games. At the 1956 U.S. Olympic Team Trials, springboard divers Jeanne Stunyo (a native of Gary, Indiana) and Mackenzie High School graduate Barbara Gilders-Dudeck were sponsored by the DAC. Stunyo and Gilders-Dudeck qualified for the Summer Olympic Games in Melbourne, Australia. At the Games, Jeanne Stunyo won the springboard diving silver medal, and Barbara Gilders-Dudeck finished in fourth place - less than one point from a bronze medal. A. Duncan Carse created paintings to decorate the Detroit Athletic Club. The paintings were covered at the club but they were on show again after a remodeling of the club in 1999.

Tin Tins was an all night dance club formerly located opposite Birmingham New Street Station at 308 Smallbrook Queensway in Birmingham, roughly on the site where the Debenhams store now stands as part of the new Bullring Shopping Centre. Its importance in the history of the Birmingham clubbing scene should not be underestimated. It was a ground breaking, pioneering and influential club in the Birmingham dance scene and was the predecessor of, and influence for, many now well established clubs. Tin Tins opened its doors as a gay club in the Spring of 1990, the brainchild of Brian Wigley and Martin Healey the owners of the very popular drag cabaret bar Partners (now Glamorous) and was successful in the early years as a gay club particularly with a younger clientele (the only other gay club in the city at the time was 'The Nightingale' more popular with an older predominantly male customer base) Under the management of Stan Cherrington and Richard O'Donnell. During its formative years, the venue staged p.a. 's from some of the most popular music acts of the time including Lonnie Gordon, Hazel Dean, Sharon Redd, the pre-famous pop group Take That and a number of high-profile celebrity personalities, including "The Freak" from Prisoner Cell Block H and Lily Savage. Even during these early years of the clubs life it was groundbreaking, employing the DJ talents of the Legendary "Funky Dunc", one of the biggest names of the HI - NRG scene popular at the time. The early management departed to open M&M's, a nearby gay bar and the Tin Tin's club then went on to further establish itself under its new team of Richard O'Donnell, David Nash (Lotty) and Phil Oldershaw who some years later went on to enjoy similar success with the "new" Nightingale Club. The owners of the club then sold up to O'Donnell who made the commercial decision to capitalise on the club having one of the only all night licenses in the city and launched an after hours club night called 'Hype'. This saw Tin Tins very slowly move away from its prominence as a 100% gay club and allowed 'straight' clubbers entrance provided they were attitude free. This approach meant that the majority of the gay crowd stayed on and this added to the uniqueness of the atmosphere in Tin Tins as mixed gay/straight clubs were not commonplace in the early nineties. Uplifting house music was played upstairs and harder house in the new Hi-NRG style in the downstairs room where the DJ Tony De Vit played in the early days before moving on to his residency at Trade nightclub at Turnmills in London. Long term Resident DJ Paul Andrews & DJ's such as Simon Baker and Dave Simmons helped to shape the music policy of the club and in turn affected the scene as a whole. Originally, the Tin Tins club would close at 2am to then re-open as Hype from 2am to 6am or sometimes 8am. After a short time, the club simply remained open right through from 10pm to ultimately 9am with no break. The night and the club had a unique feel and was a ground breaker in terms of the complete lack of prejudice it had. Black, white, gay or straight - all that mattered in Tin Tins was the music and the Tin Tins 'family' would dance all night to tunes that were being played in very few other clubs in the country at that time. Its legendary status in Birmingham clubland folklore was guaranteed when it was abruptly shut down following a Police raid in January 1997. Sadly a clubber had died outside the club the previous weekend and this gave the Police good cause to conduct a full scale raid of the premises. It was reported that a significant quantity of Ecstasy was found in the club's safe. There was no coming back for a club that helped change the face of clubbing in Birmingham.

Remington Products, commonly known as simply Remington, is a worldwide personal care corporation which manufactures razors (shavers), epilators, and haircare products for both men and women. It is a subsidiary of Spectrum Brands. The origins of the "Remington" name date back to the formation of E. Remington and Sons, a firearms maker founded in 1816. E. Remington & Sons made occasional forays into products other than firearms, such as sewing machines and farm implements — but its most significant side venture was when inventor Christopher Sholes persuaded the firearms company to help him develop the typewriter with the QWERTY keyboard, which is still the standard today. In 1886, E. Remington & Sons sold the typewriter company, which became Remington Typewriter Company. This in turn merged with the Rand Kardex Corporation in 1927 to become Remington Rand. Remington Rand branched out into making adding machines, filing cabinets, punched card tabulating machines, and other office equipment to become a leading office equipment company. The origin of Remington personal care products dates back to 1937 when Remington Rand began to branch out to electric shavers, starting with the Remington Model E. In 1950, Remington Rand bought the pioneering Eckert-Mauchly Computer Company. In 1955, it merged with Sperry Corporation, developer of the automatic pilot, amongst other devices. The combined company became the Sperry Rand Corporation and continued to market shavers under the Remington brand. In 1979, Sperry Rand sold off a number of its divisions, including the consumer products. Victor Kiam bought the electric shaver company in a leveraged buyout. Victor Kiam's Remington Products Company became very profitable, branching out into other personal care small appliances, buying Clairol's personal care appliance business in 1994. Kiam sold controlling interest in Remington to Ike Perlmutter prior to the Clairol acquisition that same year. Remington changed hands again on June 1996 when Perlmutter and Kiam sold controlling interest in the company to Vestar Capital Partners. Victor Kiam died in 2001. In 2003, the Kiam family and Vestar sold Remington to the battery company Rayovac. Rayovac changed its name to Spectrum Brands and markets Remington brand men's and women's electric shavers, hair clippers, beard and moustache trimmers, nose and ear hair trimmers, foot massagers, make-up mirrors, heated hair rollers, blow dryers, and curling irons. Remington also sells flat irons. The president of Remington shavers in 1978: "When my wife bought me a Remington shaver, I was so impressed I bought the company". Victor Kiam would often appear in television advertisements for Remington shavers and say: "Shaves as close as a blade, or your money back!"

William Frend (22 November 1757 – 21 February 1841) was an English clergyman (later Unitarian), social reformer and writer. After a high-profile university trial in Cambridge, which deprived him of his residency rights as fellow of his college, he became a leading figure in London radical circles. He was born on 22 November 1757 at Canterbury, the second son of George Frend, a tradesmen, alderman, and twice its mayor. His mother was buried in the cloister yard on 7 February 1763, and his father married at the cathedral, on 25 September 1764, Jane Kirby. Frend was educated at The King's School until 1771; among his companions were his cousin Herbert Marsh, and Charles Abbott. His father intended him for business, and he was sent to Saint-Omer in the Pas-de-Calais to learn French, and then to a mercantile house (trading company) in Quebec, where he remained for a few weeks. During his time there he served as a volunteer at the beginning of the troubles with the American colonies. On his return home Frend expressed a wish to train for the ministry within the Church of England, and on the recommendation of Archbishop of Canterbury John Moore he entered Christ's College, Cambridge, on 18 December 1775, where William Paley was one of the college tutors. After gaining various college prizes he took the degree of B.A. in 1780, being second wrangler and winning Smith's Prize. Having gained the notice of Lynford Caryl, Master of Jesus College, he migrated there, becoming a Fellow and tutor in 1781. At the end of 1780 he was admitted deacon in the Church of England, and advanced to the priesthood in 1783, when he was presented to the living of Madingley, near Cambridge, where he officiated zealously until June 1787. During this period of his life the post of tutor to the Archduke Alexander of Russia was offered to him, but he declined it. In 1787 Frend left the Church of England, in which he had been ordained, to become a Unitarian. At that time, candidates for the Master of Arts had to "subscribe to" (state their belief in—the literal meaning is "sign below") the Thirty-nine Articles, the historically defining statements of doctrines of the Church of England with respect to the controversies of the English Reformation. Frend published his ‘Address to the Inhabitants of Cambridge’ in favour of his new creed, and he supported vigorously a proposal introduced into the senate house (i.e. the governing body of the university) on 11 December 1787 that would render this statement of belief no longer necessary. Frend was removed by Richard Beadon from the office of tutor by an order dated 27 September 1788, and his appeal was dismissed by the visitor, the Bishop of Ely, by a decree dated 29 December 1788. He took, in company with an old schoolfellow called Richard Tylden, a lengthy tour in France, the Low Countries, Germany, and Switzerland. When he returned home he resumed the study of Hebrew. Joseph Priestley devised in 1789 a plan for a new translation of the scriptures, with Frend, Michael Dodson and Theophilus Lindsey; and through 1790 Frend was engaged on translating the historical books of the Old Testament. He also became close to the Baptist Robert Robinson, who died in 1790, and he corrected Robinson's posthumous volume of "Ecclesiastical Researches". In 1793 Frend wrote a tract entitled "Peace and Union recommended to the Associated Bodies of Republicans and Anti-republicans", in which he denounced abuses and condemned much of the liturgy of the church of England. On 4 March certain members of the senate met on the invitation of the vice-chancellor, Dr. Isaac Milner, and resolved that Frend should be prosecuted in the vice-chancellor's court. They deputed a committee of five to conduct the proceedings, one of the leaders being Thomas Kipling. On 23 April a summons was issued by that official requiring Frend's presence in the law schools on 3 May to answer the charge of having violated the laws and statutes of the university by publishing the pamphlet. After several sittings and a long defence by Frend, the vice-chancellor and heads gave their decision on 28 May that the authorship had been proved and that Frend had offended against the statute ‘de concionibus.’ Frend was ordered to retract and confess his error, and as he declined was ‘banished from the university’ (30 May). An appeal against the sentence followed, and the university counsel including the barrister Simon Le Blanc became involved; it was unanimously affirmed by the delegates on 29 June, and on 26 November 1795 the court of king's bench discharged a rule which Frend had obtained for restoring him to the franchises of a resident M.A. The master and fellows of Jesus College decided, on 3 April 1793, that in consequence of this pamphlet he should not be allowed to reside in the college until he could produce satisfactory proofs of good behaviour. He thereupon appealed to the visitor, but on 13 July that appeal was dismissed. In spite of all these proceedings he enjoyed the emoluments of his fellowship until his marriage, and remained, while he lived, a member of his college and of the senate of the university. The proceedings attracted wide attention. One of Frend's supporters was Samuel Taylor Coleridge, then an undergraduate. Henry Gunning, in his "Reminiscences" (i. 280–309), reprints an account of the trial, and, while condemning the tone of the pamphlet, describes the proceedings as a party move and vindicates the tract from the accusation of sedition. He adds that the vice-chancellor was biased against the accused, and that the undergraduates, among whom Coleridge was conspicuous, were unanimous in his favour. Augustus De Morgan wrote that chalked graffiti "Frend for ever" appeared; bishop-to-be Herbert Marsh was apprehended, while two other future establishment pillars, John Singleton Copley and William Rough escaped. Milner later wrote identifying Frend and his "party" in the university as "Jacobinical", and commenting that the trial had been a turning point for them. His trial was described by Frend himself in 'An Account of the Proceedings in the University of Cambridge against William Frend,' 1793, and in 'A Sequel to the Account &c.', which dealt with the application to the court of king's bench in 1795. John Beverley also published accounts of the proceedings in 1793. Two letters from Richard Farmer to Samuel Parr on this trial are in Parr's "Works", and in the same set is a long letter from Frend on the treatment which Thomas Fyshe Palmer, another reformer, had just received. Many years later, in 1837, Frend gave Henry Crabb Robinson some anecdotes about his trial; and said that the promoters wished to expel him from the university, but that he had demanded a sight of the university roll, and on reference to the original document it was discovered that an informality existed which made his expulsion invalid. On leaving Cambridge he came to London. He maintained himself by teaching and writing, to supplement his continuing fellowship stipend. It was at Frend's house that William Wordsworth met William Godwin, on 27 February 1795. The company there that evening included George Dyer, Thomas Holcroft, James Losh, and John Tweddell. Frend was one of the orators in the mass meetings called by the London Corresponding Society in late 1795, with John Ashley, Matthew Brown, Richard Hodgson, John Gale Jones, John Richter, and John Thelwall. Also of this circle was Mary Hays; an attachment to Frend ended in an unsatisfactory fashion, Frend claiming that marriage was not possible on financial grounds; and she wrote autobiographically about the relationship in her first novel, "Memoirs of Emma Courtney" (1796). Frend was one of the group of reformers who supported at this time the early activities of the Literary Fund set up by David Williams. There he worked alongside Thomas Christie, Alexander Jardine, James Martin, and John Hurford Stone. Their views, however, did not have it all their own way. In 1806 he took part in the formation of the Rock Life Assurance Company, to which he was appointed as actuary. He continued in radical activities, participating around 1810 in a fundraising committee, with Timothy Brown, John Cartwright, William Cobbett, and Robert Waithman, to support Gwyllym Lloyd Wardle. A severe illness in 1826 compelled him to offer his resignation, which was accepted in 1827 when an annuity was given to him. His health subsequently recovered, and he resumed an active life. Frend and Joshua Milne, another actuary, were consulted by the statistician John Rickman about the 1831 census. In 1840 he was attacked by paralysis. He lingered with almost total loss of speech and motion, though mentally alert. He died at his house, Tavistock Square, London, on 21 February 1841. In 1808 he married a daughter of the Rev. Francis Blackburne, vicar of Brignall in Yorkshire, and granddaughter of Archdeacon Francis Blackburne. They had seven children, and their eldest daughter, Sophia Elizabeth, married in the autumn of 1837 Augustus De Morgan. Among Frend's pupils were Edward Daniel Clarke, Ada Lovelace, John Singleton Copley, and Robert Malthus; he was himself the last of ‘the learned anti-Newtonians and a noted oppugner of all that distinguishes Algebra from Arithmetic.’ In Cambridge the leading intellectual dissenters formed a circle including George Dyer, Benjamin Flower, Robert Hall and Robert Tyrwhitt, as well as Frend and Robert Robinson. A Unitarian and a Whig by conviction, reformers such as Francis Burdett and John Horne Tooke were his friends, and he maintained an active correspondence with the main supporters of radicalism. Francis Place acknowledged an intellectual debt to Frend. Frend's Unitarian network, as well as the group round Priestley, included James Gifford the elder and Robert Hibbert. When it came to Godwin, Frend like others had difficulties with his atheism. He was frequently consulted by Palmer in support of his claim for a public grant for his services in improving the transmission of letters. Frend thought that the rate of postage should be reduced to a fixed charge of one or two pennies, and drew up a statement to that effect which reached a member of Robert Peel's cabinet, but nothing came of it at that time. Frend's works dealt with many subjects. His publications were: ***LIST***. Frend, besides contributing two articles to "Tracts on the Resolution of Affected Algebraick Equations", edited by Francis Maseres in 1800, and one tract to the same editor's "Scriptores Logarithmici" (vol. 1807), suggested other matters to him in the same publications. Maseres in his "Tracts on the Resolution of Cubick and Biquadratick Equations", published supplements to his appendix to Frend's "Principles of Algebra".

The art was founded by the samurai Musō Gonnosuke Katsuyoshi (夢想 權之助 勝吉, fl. c.1605, dates of birth and death unknown) in the early Edo period (1603–1868) and, according to legend, first put to use in a duel with Miyamoto Musashi (宮本 武蔵, 1584–1645). The original art created by Musō Gonnosuke has evolved and been added upon ever since its inception and up to modern times. The art was successfully brought outside of its original domain in Fukuoka and outside Japan itself in the 19th and 20th century. The spreading of Shintō Musō-ryū beyond Japan was largely the effort of Takaji Shimizu ("Shimizu Takaji", 1896–1978), considered the 25th headmaster. With the assistance of his own students and the cooperation of the kendo community, Shimizu spread Shintō Musō-ryū worldwide. Japan's Warring States period (1467–1615), which had scarred Japan for almost 150 years, came to an end with the establishment of the authoritarian Tokugawa shogunate. This in turn ushered in an era of peace that would last for over 260 years and ended with the overthrow of the shogunate in 1868. The relatively peaceful Edo period took away the means of the samurai to fully develop and test their skills in actual battlefield combat. The role of the samurai would eventually change from being warriors, constantly fighting battles for their liege lord ("daimyo"), into the role of providing internal security with increasingly more bureaucratic duties. Instead of fighting the frequent wars and battles of the old days, with the exception of the siege of Osaka in 1615 and the Shimabara Rebellion in 1637, many samurai resorted to duelling other samurai with others going on the road as a wandering swordsman to test their skills against other swordsmen such as bandits and "rōnin", and some would train in far away schools ("ryū") to hone their skill. One of the men who went on a warrior's pilgrimage ("musha shugyō") was Musō Gonnosuke, a samurai with considerable martial arts experience. Gonnosuke used his training in the arts of the sword ("kenjutsu"), glaive ("naginatajutsu"), spear ("sōjutsu"), and staff ("bōjutsu"), which he acquired from his studies in Tenshin Shōden Katori Shintō-ryū and Kashima Jikishinkage-ryū, to develop a new way of handling the "jō" in combat. Gonnosuke was said to have fully mastered the secret form called "The Sword of One Cut" ("Ichi no Tachi"), a form that were developed by the founder of the Kashima Shinto-ryū and later spread to other Kashima schools such as Kashima Jikishinkage-ryū and Kashima Shin-ryū. His experiences, which would climax in his duels with the famous swordsman Miyamoto Musashi, was the main event which led him create a set of techniques for the "jō" and establish a new school which he named Shintō Musō-ryū. The techniques were intended to be used against an opponent armed with either one or two swords. Among the advantages of the "jō" is its superior length when matched against a sword. The extra length enables the wielder to keep the swordsman at a disadvantage and this is frequently applied in SMR. The legend states that Musō Gonnosuke fought two duels with Miyamoto Musashi and was defeated in the first but victorious in the second, using his newly developed "jōjutsu" techniques to either defeat Musashi or force the duel into a draw. The first duel is described in the annals known as "Niten Ki", which is a list of anecdotes told about Musashi and compiled by Musashi's followers after his death. The Niten Ki describes the first duel to have taken place c.1610. One of several legends states that after his defeat he withdrew to the Homan-zan mountain in the northern part of Kyushu and spent his days meditating, training and underwent austere religious rituals. While resting near a fire in a certain temple, Gonnosuke heard a voice say "Be mindful of the strategy 'the moon reflected in the water' ("suigetsu")". The tradition states that was his inspiration to develop his new techniques and go fight Musashi a second time. After the creation of his "jō" techniques and his establishment as a skilled "jōjutsu" practitioner he was invited by the Kuroda clan of northern Kyūshū (in present-day Fukuoka Prefecture) to teach his "jōjutsu" to their warriors. Gonnosuke accepted the invitation and settled there. After Gonnosuke's death, his "jōjutsu" would become a closely guarded secret ("oteme-waza") of the Kuroda clan, and forbidden to be taught anywhere but within its domain and only to specially selected people within the warrior-class. This was not an unusual practice in the Edo period. For example, in the 17th century, the Kage-ryū school of swordsmanship ("battōjutsu") , used swords which were longer than the length legally permitted by the Tokugawa Shogunate. Since these longer swords were forbidden by the government, Kage-ryū went "underground" , but was kept active in strict secrecy until the Meiji Restoration hundreds of years later. The main students of Gonnosuke's art were the men charged with policing the Kuroda clan's domain ("Kuroda-han"). During this period other schools ("ryū") were created and taught in the Kuroda-han and in the various branches of the Shintō Musō-ryū system. During this period, two newly created schools which included the art of the police baton ("jūtte"), (among other weapons), and the art of restraining a man with rope ("hojōjutsu"), was taught within the branches of the Shintō Musō-ryū as a complement to the arresting ("torite")-arts. After Gonnosukes death the art was mainly transmitted by the "Dangyō-shiyaku" (men's arts instructor), though not all branches of the Kuroda staff-traditions used the title of "Dangyō-shiyaku". The "Dangyō"-instructor position was, unlike the swordsmanship instructor ("kagyō") a non-hereditary position within the hierarchy of the Samurai. The "Dangyō"-instructor in the Kuroda-domain was the charged with teaching the lower ranking warriors ("ashigaru") in the arts of the staff ("jō"), capturing/seizing/escaping ("torite"), gunnery ("hōjutsu") and rope ("nawa") among other arts. The position of "Dangyō"-instructor lasted until the abolishment of the Samurai and the feudal system in the 1860s-1870s. Over time there would arise seven different lineages from the main Shintō Musō-ryū system. These are collectively known as "The Staff of Kuroda" ("Kuroda no jō"). Of these seven branches of Gonnosuke's "jōjutsu", only two would survive the ending of Japan's feudal system in 1867 and the resulting socio-economic modernization, to be informally merged into a single line that is today the modern . The first split in the SMR occurred after the death of the fourth headmaster Higuchi Han'emon. The split was the result of one of his licensed ("menkyo kaiden") students, Harada Heizo Nobusada, breaking away to establish the (later informally known as Kansai-ryū), while another licensed student Higuchi Han'emon continued the original "True Path" line (later known as Moroki-ryū). For several years Gonnosukes art was passed on by these two lines. The "New Just" line continued until after the death of its headmaster Nagatomi Koshiro Hisatomo in 1772. Afterwards, the "New Just" line branched off into two separate traditions. The primary reason for this branching, though indirectly, was the result of a restructuring of the living and training quarters of the warriors at the Chikuzen castle. The low-ranking foot soldiers ("ashigaru") and the junior officers ("kashi") were relocated to two separate areas of Fukuoka, partially due to the difference in the social status of the two groups. Each group would create new centres of training in their respective areas. This led to the establishment of two new branches from the "New Just"-line of "Jōjutsu", each under their own respective head instructor. These new lines were named "haruyoshi", led by Ono Kyusaku, and the other "jigyo", led by Komori Seibei respectively. The two branches were named after the two respective areas of the castle in which they trained. These new branches, "jigyo" and "haruyoshi", were a reality by the early 19th century, but even though separate, all three lines appear to have been very similar in terms of techniques. This was demonstrated when the "jigyo" Branch was broken with the death of its head instructor Fujimoto Heikichi in 1815. Because of this, the "jigyo" found itself without a fully licensed headmaster and without a successor from within its own organisation the line would have died out. However, Hatae Kyuhei, who held a full license in the "haruyoshi" branch, would eventually revive the "jigyo" branch and allow it to continue into the Meiji Period (1868–1912). Meanwhile, the "True Path" had also fallen onto hard times as the tradition was broken with the death of Inoue Ryosuke in 1831. The similarities between the various "Staff of Kuroda"-traditions were again made clear when Hatae Kyuhei (who was an exponent of the "haruyoshi"-branch and had also helped revive the "jigyo" branch of the "New Just line") revived the "True Path". The "True Path" would, however, become extinct in the Bakumatsu era (1850–1867). It was not until 1871 that the ban on teaching outside the Kuroda clan was lifted. With the abolishment of the shogunate in 1868, and easing of bureaucratic restrictions, Shintō Musō-ryū (and all the other martial arts of the land) was allowed to be taught outside the traditional family lands. Despite this new found freedom, however, it meant that the numerous economical benefits and patronage, which was a part of the traditional clan system, was abolished along with it. Because of this the numerous "menkyo" holders of SMR who had dependent on the old system for financial support had no choice but to adapt themselves to this new Japan. Many of them left the traditional clan holdings, where their ancestors had lived for centuries, and made new lives and livelihoods for themselves. The final abolishment of the warrior-caste and the feudal-system also led to a rapid modernisation of Japan. During this era many of the old "bushi" (Samurai warriors of all ranks) had no choice but to abandon the old, (and considered by most of the Japanese population of the time to be all but obsoletee), martial arts altogether. Throughout Japan most of the surviving traditions were kept alive, if only barely, by the former samurai and other enthusiastic individuals, the former which now had to find a new place (and a new source of income) in the new Japan which frowned upon the old samurai way. Some of the old "ryū", who were not as dependent on old samurai government sponsorship as others fared better than others in the transition from samurai to the Western-style government. During this transition period and beyond various groups of former Kuroda "bushi" held sporadic meetings and training sessions in memory of the now bygone era. The old "bushi" present at these sessions included Uchida Ryogoro, Shiraishi Hanjiro and many of the former "Dangyo" (instructors) of the Kuroda clan. Due to newfound cooperation between the surviving SMR-lineages there were several joint-licenses of the "Haruyoshi" and "Jigyo"-branches of SMR issued in the late 19th century. Shiraishi Hanjiro was one of those men who received a full Menkyo Kaiden license. By the end of the Meiji era, (1912), only Shiraishi was still active as a fully qualified exponent and dedicated teacher of the last two remaining Kuroda Jō lineages. Shiraishi Hanjiro was born in 1842 and was a lower class samurai. As a "bushi", (collective name for all samurai warrior of all ranks), he learned jojutsu, kenjutsu and other warrior-arts as was expected of a samurai. After the fall of the samurai government, Shiraishi did his best to sustain the jojutsu tradition he had learned. He helped organise the post-samurai meetings and training-sessions of old Kuroda-warriors and would receive his full license in SMR-jojutsu during one of these sessions. Shiraishi eventually opened up a dojo in Fukuoka City and taught the art there. Sometime in the late 19th century, Shiraishi started learning the art of "Kusarigama" (chain and sickle weapon) as taught by the Isshin-ryū tradition. He would eventually receive a Menkyo Kaiden in this system and started teaching kusarigamajutsu alongside jojutsu in his Fukuoka dojo. Shiraishi would award Menkyo Kaiden to several of his jojutsu students who carried on the tradition as a side-art to SMR-jojutsu. Shiraishi's dojo was located in then Hakata City. In 1876, Hakata City and nearby Fukuoka city was merged into a new city named Dai-Iti-Dai-ku (第一大区) and in 1878 further renamed as Fukuoka-ku (福岡区) by the Fukuoka Prefectural government. Shiraishi would teach Shintō Musō-ryū in there until his death in 1927. Shiraishis senior, Uchida Ryogoro, decided to travel to Tokyo and teach and expand the art there while Shiraishi stayed in the designated Shintō Musō-ryū headquarters in Fukuoka. In the early 20th century Uchida Ryogoro arrived in Tokyo and set up shop, teaching jōjutsu to high-rankers in the Japanese society at the time. His students included Nakayama Hakudo (1873–1958), founder of Muso Shinden-ryū and Komita Takayoshi, founder of the Dai Nippon Butoku Kai ("Great Japan Budō Preservation Society"). It was during this time that Jigoro Kano were first invited to Fukuoka to observe SMR which would herald the cooperation between the two arts in Tokyo. Uchida Ryogoro also taught at the Naval Officers Club and later at the Shiba Kōen park. Ryogoro's son, Uchida Ryōhei, joined him in Tokyo and studied under his father there and was instrumental in developing his father's Tanjōjutsu art into a working set of techniques. Uchida Ryogoro died in 1921. Uchidas efforts in Tokyo greatly assisted in establishing a connection with the various martial arts communities already based in Tokyo and would help pave the way Shimizu Takajis own efforts at popularizing SMR and establishing a new SMR presence. Shimizu Takaji was born in 1897 and came from humble origins, his family descending from a line of village headmen and minor officials. In the aftermath of the abolishment of the samurai caste, Shimizu's father would manage a small general store while Shimizu, after graduating from elementary school, took employment in a small factory at Hakata, where the Shiraishi Dojo operated. Shimizu started his training at the age of 17 (1914) under Shiraishi himself and quickly rose in the ranks, receiving the Mokuroku scroll in 1918 and the license of full transmission (Menkyo kaiden) in 1920 at the age of 23. Of the many students of Shiraishi there were three who became prominent in the aftermath of Shiraishi's death. Shimizu Takaji (1898-1978), Takayama Kiroku (1893–1938) and Otofuji Ichizo (1899–1998). In the early 1920s Jigoro Kano, the founder of judo, witnessed a demonstration of SMR and made an invitation to Shiraishi come to Tokyo and teach SMR there. Due to his advanced age Shiraishi declined to come in person and sent his student Shimizu Takaji instead. Shimizu arrived in Tokyo in 1927. After a further demonstration of SMR-Jō in front of the Tokyo Police Force technical commission, a decision was made to incorporate elements of SMR-Jō for police-use. The new system was named "keijo-jutsu" and intended for use with the special police unit "Tokubetsu Keisatsutai". Shimizu started training the new unit in 1931. Now a permanent Tokyo-resident, Shimizu opened up his own dojo, the Mumon (No Gate) Dojo. In 1929 Takayama Kiroku, with financial aid from the family of the late Shiraishi Hanjiro, opened a dojo in Fukuoka and was named "Shihan" with Shimizu named "fuku-shihan" or "assistant master". Shimizu by this time, however, was on his way to Tokyo in order to teach Jōdo. Takayama died in 1938 and Otofuji Ichizo took over as the new master of the dojo and of the Fukuoka-jō, a responsibility he held until his death in 1998. During the 1930s in Tokyo, Shimizu felt that the traditional way of teaching Jo was not suited for this new (and more numerous) generation of students. He realised that a better method of teaching Jo was required in order to properly teach ever increasing number of new students who had no previous experience of Martial Arts. He took inspiration from Jigoro Kanos new Judo organisation and training-methods in order to, among other things, develop the twelve basic techniques "kihon" which would make SMR more appealing and approachable to the beginner-student. These twelve basic techniques are still taught in most mainstream dojos today. In 1940 Shimizu became the head of the "Dai Nihon Jōdokai" (Greater Japan Jōdo Association) and he decided to rename the art from Jōjutsu to Jōdo in keeping with the trend of the time. With the end of World War II in 1945, many martial arts were banned by the new government for fear that they might be used by ultra-nationalistic groups as a way to cause civil unrest. The police-jō taught by Shimizu to the Tokyo Police force was one of the few exceptions and many other martial arts practitioners from before the war went to Shimizus dojo in Tokyo for training. The police-jo were further developed in the 1960s when it was adapted for use in crowd-control with the Tokyo Riot police. Shimizu, as had Shiraishi before him, has both been described as an SMR Headmaster due to their initiative and major contributions to SMR though neither Shiraishi or Shimizu received official appointment to such a position. Shimizu would complete Shintō Musō-ryū's transition from a localized bugei ryu to a national martial art and become the art's greatest popularizer through his acceptance of foreign students and the establishment of Jōdo-organisations. From the foundation of the art in the early 17th century to the start of the Meiji-era there has been a total of seven traditions of "Kuroda no Jô" within the Kuroda domain including two branches. Five of these used the name "Shintō Musō-ryū", but with different interpretations of "Shintō". The other two traditions, which are not covered in the below chart, were ""Ten'ami-ryū Heijo" and the "Shin Chigiriki-ryū"". The original tradition as founded by Gonnosuke was named "Shintō Musō-ryū", with "Shintō" interpreted as ""True Path" (真道). The first split resulted in another tradition being founded, also with the name "Shintō Musō-ryū" but with "Shintō" being interpretet as "New Just"" (新當). At a later point in history the originator of the lineage in the official documents of the ryū ("densho") was changed from Matsumoto Bizen-no-Kami Naokatsu ("founder of Kashima Jikishinkage-ryū and Kashima Shinryū") to the founder of Tenshin Shōden Katori Shintō-ryū Iizasa Ienao, a school in which Musō Gonnosuke had trained in. The actual founder of the Jōjutsu-tradition was Musō Gonnosuke. The modern-day tradition took up the "Way of the gods" (神道) interpretation of "Shinto" ( Musō-ryū) in the late 1800s and has kept it since. ***LIST***. After the death of Shimizu Takaji in 1978, SMR in Tokyo was left without a clear leader or appointed successor. This led to a splintering of the SMR dojos in Japan, and eventually all over the world. With no single organisation or individual with complete authority over SMR as a whole, several of the various fully licensed (menkyo) SMR-practitioners established their own organisations both in the West and in Japan. From the end of the Samurai reign in 1877 to the early 20th century, SMR was still largely confined, (though slowly spreading), to Fukuoka city on the southern Japanese island of Kyushu where the art first was created and thrived. The main proponent of SMR in Fukuoka during this time was Shiraishi Hanjiro, a former Kuroda-clan warrior ("ashigaru"), who had trained in and received a joint-license from the two largest surviving jo-branches of SMR. Among Shiraishis top students were Shimizu Takaji, Otofuji Ichizô and Takayama Kiroku, Takayama being the senior. After receiving an invitation from the Tokyo martial arts scene to perform a demonstration of SMR, Shimizu and Takayama established a Tokyo SMR-group which held a close working relationship with martial arts supporters such as Jigoro Kano, the founder of Judo. Shiraishi died in 1927 and there now existed two main lines (or "branches") of SMR. The oldest of the two was found in Fukuoka, now under the leadership of Otofuji with the one in Tokyo under Shimizu. Takayama, the senior of the three students of Shiraishi, died in the 1930s leaving Shimizu with a position of great influence in the SMR-scene as the senior-most student of Shiriashi, (Otofuji being his junior), that would last up to his death in 1978. Although Otofuji was one of Shiraishis top-students he was unable to assume the role that Shimizu had held in Tokyo. By the 1970s the Tokyo and Fukuoka SMR-communities had fully developed into separate branches with their own leaders. Unlike Otofuji, Shimizu was a senior of both the Fukuoka and Tokyo SMR, with great knowledge and influence over both. With Shimizus death Otofuji were not in a strong enough position to claim complete authority over the SMR-community and no sort of agreement could be made over who should formally succeed Shimizu. The position of Headmaster of the SMR-community as a whole could not be filled. Otofuji would remain the leader of Kyushu SMR until his death in 1998. From these two lineages, the Fukuoka and the Tokyo, there stems today several SMR-based organisations all over the world. One of the largest is the All-Japan Jodo Federation (ZNJR), established in the 1960s as a branch of the All-Japan Kendo Federation (ZNKR). The ZNJR was established to further promote Jo through the teaching of ZNKR Jodo, also called Seitei Jodo. Seitei Jodo remains the most widespread form of Jo in the world today. One of the first worldwide organisations was the "International Jôdô Federation" ("IJF"), founded by martial artist Donald "Donn" Draeger(1922–1982) and Shimizu Takaji in the 1970s with the aim of spreading SMR beyond the Japanese boundaries. Donn Draeger was an US Captain of the United States Marine Corps who had trained in the martial arts since boyhood, first in his native country then during the 1950s and onward in Japan. Donn Draeger was the first foreign student of Jodo and was also the first to train in the older Katori Shinto-ryū tradition. The IJF held a close cooperation with several high-ranking SMR-practitioners in the west, mainly from United States, Australia and Europe. In Europe the first organisation dedicated to the promotion and teaching of the SMR tradition appeared in the late 1970s. starting with a small group based in Switzerland headed by Pascal Krieger. Krieger started training Jodo under Shimizu Takaji in the late 1960s and introduced the tradition to his native country in the early 1970s. As the group in Switzerland slowly grew so did the number of members from the other European countries including Germany and France. In November 1979 "Helvetic Jôdô Association" was created with its headquarters in Geneva, and many new students started to arrive regularly to Geneve for training. The new organisation quickly grew beyond its boundaries and taking on a multi-border role with many of the qualified teachers returning to their homecountries and establishing new SMR-groups. In 1983 the first steps towards a European Jôdô Federation was taken by Krieger with the aim of supporting and developing the SMR-groups all over Europe. The restructuring of the European SMR-groups and slow buildup of an administration would take 7 years and in 1990 the organisation was officially recognised.

Founded in 1992 (first incorporated as Bowen Designs, Inc. in 1991), Bowen Designs was a company dealing in the creation and sale of entertainment-based collectible statues. Most Bowen products released thus far are based on Marvel Comics characters, but products based on independent comics and movies have also been created. The primary designer and sculptor for Bowen Designs is Randy Bowen. He started as a garage kit creator and throughout the years became a well-known sculptor in the industry. Currently, Bowen Designs consists of many more people and often employs freelance sculptors and prototype painters due to the large amount of product being released. Bowen Design's produces mostly statues and busts based on heroes and villains of the Marvel Universe. Bowen Designs' tie to Marvel Comics began as early as 1997. In May 1998, Bowen released the first Bowen Marvel Mini-Bust in the line (The Hulk). In December 1998, the first in a series of Bowen Marvel Statues hit the market (Daredevil). The license once covered mini-statues, done much smaller than Bowen's other Marvel statues, but few were released and the mini-statues were not revisited. The Marvel license periods were broken up into "phases," where a new phase was started upon confirmation of renewal of the license. Phase 5 was the last phase to be produced, leaving Bowen Designs future with the Marvel license in the dark. Attributing factors to the lack of renewal for a Phase 6 may include Marvel being acquired by Disney. It is unknown if Bowen Designs will pursue a renewal of the Marvel License, or even if Disney/Marvel would be open to it. Randy Bowen recently announced that the company will come back at some point with new statues, but the announcement failed to specify what kind of statues or what properties any future productions might encompass. The MYTHOS line was conceived as a way for Bowen Designs to release statues related to licenses that are in the public domain. This includes mostly mythology based pieces so far. Being untied to any sort of license agreement, this gives the sculptor and designer free rein over all aspects of the character sculpt. Sculptors employed by Bowen Designs for various projects include: ***LIST***. And many others... Prototype Painters employed by Bowen Designs for various projects include: ***LIST***. And many others...

"Cloudbusting" is a song written, produced and performed by British singer Kate Bush. It was the second single released from her number one 1985 album "Hounds of Love". "Cloudbusting" peaked at no.20 in the UK Singles Chart. The song is about the very close relationship between psychologist and philosopher Wilhelm Reich and his young son, Peter, told from the point of view of the mature Peter. It describes the boy's memories of his life with Reich on their family farm, called Orgonon where the two spent time "cloudbusting", a rain-making process which involved pointing at the sky a machine designed and built by Reich, called a cloudbuster. The lyric further describes Wilhelm Reich's abrupt arrest and imprisonment, the pain of loss the young Peter felt, and his helplessness at being unable to protect his father. The song was inspired by Peter Reich's 1973 memoir, "A Book of Dreams", which Bush read and found deeply moving. In a retrospective review of the single, Allmusic journalist Amy Hanson praised the song for its "magnificence" and "hypnotic mantric effects". Hanson wrote: "Safety and danger are threaded through the song, via both a thoughtful lyric and a compulsive cello-driven melody. Even more startling, but hardly surprising, is the ease with which Bush was able to capture the moment when a child first realizes that adults are fallible." The music video, directed by Julian Doyle, was conceived by Terry Gilliam and Kate Bush as a short film. The video features Canadian actor Donald Sutherland playing the role of Wilhelm Reich, and Bush in the role of his young son, Peter. The video shows the two on the top of a hill trying to make the cloudbuster work. Reich leaves Peter on the machine and returns to his lab. In flashback, he remembers several times he and Peter enjoyed together as Reich worked on various scientific projects, until he is interrupted by government officials who arrest him and ransack the lab. Peter senses his father's danger and tries to reach him, but is forced to watch helplessly as his father is driven away. Peter finally runs back to the cloudbuster and activates it successfully, to the delight of his father who sees it starting to rain. Filming took place at The Vale of White Horse in Oxfordshire, England. The hill on which the machine is positioned is Dragon Hill, immediately below the Uffington White Horse, a prehistoric hill carving which can be seen briefly in a couple of the shots. Bush found out in which hotel Sutherland was staying from actress Julie Christie's hairdresser and went to his room to personally ask him to participate in the project. In the UK, the music video was shown at some cinemas as an accompaniment to the main feature. Due to difficulties on obtaining a work visa for Sutherland at short notice, the actor offered to work on the video for free. Although the events depicted in the story took place in Maine, the newspaper clipping in the music video reads "The Oregon Times," likely a reference to Reich's home and laboratory "Orgonon". The Cloudbusting machine in the video was designed and constructed by people who worked on the Alien creature and bears only a superficial resemblance to the real cloudbusters, which were smaller and with multiple narrow, straight tubes and pipes, and were operated while standing on the ground. In a reference to the source material of the song, Bush pulls a copy of Peter Reich's "A Book of Dreams" out of Sutherland's coat. The full length video features a longer version of the song which is different from the "Organon Mix" released on 12 Inch. Utah Saints sampled the song's line "I just know that something good is going to happen" for their song "Something Good" (1992) as well as scenes from Bush's video for their video. It reached no. 4 on the UK Singles Chart and no. 8 when re-mixed and re-released in 2008 (the latter of which used a different sample from another artist). Italian metal band Novembre covered this song, as did as American rock band The Twilight Singers. American singer-songwriter Charlotte Martin covered this song in 2007 on her all-covers album "Reproductions". Scottish pop act Swimmer One recorded an electro cover version of this song in 2005, released by Dogbox Records. UK punk band P.A.I.N. used a sample in their song "Eastern Dub (Wilhelm Reich in Hell)", without the permission of record label EMI. Neil Halstead (Slowdive, Mojave 3) covered the track for American Laundromat Records children's charity compilation "Sing Me to Sleep - Indie Lullabies" in 2010. Irish singer / songwriter Gemma Hayes covered the song in 2009, and performed it on her tours in 2011 and 2012. Wild Nothing covered Cloudbusting in 2010, from Cloudbusting 7" - Single, Captured Tracks. In 2012, Geographer released a version of the song on their website. Neil Cicierega's 2014 album of mashups, Mouth Silence, features a mashup between Cloudbusting and Katy Perry's song "California Gurls", called "Orgonon Gurlz." Canadian alternative rock singer-songwriter Matthew Good covered the song with Holly McNarland on his 2015 album "Chaotic Neutral". In late 2016 U.S. dance act Just Us released a cover of the song, but titled it 'Everytime It Rains'. In February 2017 they rerecorded the vocals with the vocalist Lucy Pullin and released the track with record label support, and titled it 'Cloudbusting'. The B-Side to the single was "Burning Bridge", in which a woman desperately pleads with her lover to step up his level of commitment to her. The 12" featured the additional track "My Lagan Love", a traditional Irish melody with lyrics by John Carder Bush, Kate Bush's brother. The 12" version of "Cloudbusting" was a special remix called "The Organon Re-Mix" in which the verses were downplayed and the main focus was the development of the song's chorus. In the USA, this mix was issued as "The Meteorological Mix", a title used in the UK for 12" version of Bush's later single "The Big Sky". ***LIST***.

A cancel message requests the deletion of a specific article. The body of the Control field contains one argument, the Message-ID of the article to delete. According to RFC 1036 only the author of the target message or the local news administrator is allowed to send a cancel. To verify authorization the From: line (or Sender: line, if it exists) of the cancel message must match the target article. This verification does not work well in modern day Usenet and is rarely used. Additional hierarchy specific rules (see Breidbart Index) allow cancelbots to send third-party cancels to remove spam. ***LIST***. Control: cancel <899qh19zehlhsdfa@example.com> A newgroup message is issued to create a new Usenet newsgroup. The body of the Control field contains one mandatory argument, the name of the new group. The second argument is optional. If present it consists of the keyword moderated. The body of the message typically contains tagline, charter and rationale. If the group already exists, only the status of the group is changed, i.e. whether it is moderated or nor not. Typically newgroup messages having a correct digital signature are executed automatically. In some hierarchies (alt. *, de.alt. *) unsigned newgroup messages just serve as formalized proposal to create a new group. Objections to the proposal are then expressed with a rmgroup. In many cases newgroup messages are archived by the Internet Systems Consortium. ***LIST***. Control: newgroup comp.object.moderated moderated A rmgroup message is issued to remove a newsgroup. The body of the Control field contains one mandatory argument, the name of the group to remove. Typically rmgroup messages having a correct digital signature are executed automatically. In some hierarchies unsigned rmgroup messages are used to veto a preceding newgroup. In the hierarchy de.alt. * removal and creation of groups is handled symmetrically, i.e. an unsigned rmgroup message is used as formalized proposal. Objections to the proposal are then expressed with a newgroup. ***LIST***. Control: rmgroup comp.object.moderated In 1995 the Church of Scientology attempted to silence criticism by sending mass "rmgroup" messages to Usenet servers targeting alt.religion.scientology, an example of the church's continuing efforts to suppress material critical of Scientology on the Internet. Most servers discarded the message, and those that did not were quickly sent "newgroup" messages reestablishing the newsgroup. A checkgroups message lists all groups of a hierarchy. ***LIST***. Control: checkgroups ***LIST***. Control: checkgroups de !de.alt #2009021301 The ihave/sendme protocol was obsoleted by NNTP. Answering control messages with large emails can be exploited for a Denial of service attack. Thus news servers stopped implementing sendsys long before it was declared obsolete by RFC 5537. Messages of type newgroup and rmgroup are ignored unless there is an "Approved" line in the same message header. Newsservers traditionally allow only selected users to send articles with these lines. As long as there were only a handful of Usenet sites this provided sufficient protection against abuse. The format of "Arpa Internet Text Messages" is the common base for Usenet and E-mail. The format provides no means of authentication. Various extensions adding a digital signature were developed to prevent forgeries. For control message a special format is required since the essential information is in the header fields. Pgpcontrol was originally designed for PGP but also works with OpenPGP. Newsgroup maintenance of the main Usenet hierarchies (Big 8 and regional hierarchies) is done through signed control messages. Each hierarchy has unique key that is guarded by the hierarchy founders (or their successors). Most newsservers are configured to both automatically execute controls signed with the right key and ignore anything else. Theoretically this system is also applicable to cancel messages. However, it would not only require a key pair for every Usenet user but also that the respective public key is known to every news server. Cancel-lock is much simpler, but neither commonly accepted, nor implemented in popular news servers and newsreaders. Control messages are typically not shown in the target Newsgroup. Instead many servers put them into pseudo newsgroups like ***codice***. Google Groups provides no means to read or write control messages. It does not even execute cancels. The Internet Systems Consortium archives newgroup and rmgroup together as a single file per group and checkgroups as one file per year.

Cathar castles (in French "Châteaux cathares") is a modern term used by the tourism industry (following the example of "Pays Cathare" – Cathar Country) to denote a number of medieval castles of the Languedoc region. Some had a Cathar connection, in that they offered refuge to dispossessed Cathars in the thirteenth century. Many of these sites were replaced by new castles built by the victorious French Crusaders and the term is also applied to these fortifications despite having no connection with Cathars. The fate of many Cathar castles, at least for the early part of the Crusade, is outlined in the contemporary Occitan "Chanson de la Croisade", translated into English as the "Song of the Cathar Wars". Cathar strong points were generally surrounded by a walled settlement - ranging from a small village to a sizable city - known as a "castrum". In relatively flat areas such as the Lauragais Plain, castles and "castra" were often located on nearby hills, for example Laurac, Fanjeaux, Mas-Saintes-Puelles and Carcassonne. In more rugged areas castles and "castra" were typically located on mountain tops as at Lastours-Cabaret, Montségur, Termes and Puilaurens. When they were taken by the Catholic Crusaders they were generally offered to senior Crusade commanders who would replace the local lord as master of the castle and the surrounding area. The old lords, sometimes Cathar sympathisers, were dispossessed and often became refugees or guerrilla resistance fighters known as "faidits". The new French lords generally built themselves a new state-of-the-art castle, sometimes on the site of the old "Cathar castle", sometimes next to it, as at Puivert. In some places, notably Carcassonne and Foix, substantial parts of the existing castles dates from the Cathar period. Following the failure of the attempt to recapture Carcassonne by its Viscount, Raymond II Trencaval, in 1240, the Cité de Carcassonne was reinforced by the French king, new master of the viscountcy. Carcassonne was heavily garrisoned not only against Cathar sympathizer insurgents, but also the Catalans and Aragonese, since the Trencavels had been vassals of the King of Aragon who was the direct descendant of Sunifred and Bello of Carcassonne. Cathar castles near the border between the historic Trencavel territories and the Roussillon which still belonged to the King of Aragon were taken by the King of France as frontier fortresses. Five of these became Royal citadels, garrisoned by a small troop of French royal troops. These five Cathar Castles are known as the "cinq fils de Carcassonne", the Five Sons of Carcassonne: ***LIST***. In 1659, Louis XIV and the Philip IV of Spain signed the Treaty of the Pyrenees, sealing the marriage of the Infanta Marie Therese to the French King. The treaty modified the frontiers, giving Roussillon to France as part of the dowry, and moving the international frontier south to the crest of the Pyrenees, the present Franco-Spanish border. The Five Sons of Carcassonne thus lost their importance. Some maintained a garrison for a while, a few until the French Revolution, but they fell into decay, often becoming shelters for shepherds or bandits.

Troy High School is a public high school in Troy, Michigan. It is attended by approximately 2,000 students serving grades 9-12. Troy High is one of four high schools in the Troy School District, along with Athens High School, Niles Community High School, and International Academy East. Troy High School was ranked 60th by Newsweek in its listing of America's Best High Schools for 2016. Troy High School was founded in 1950. Originally located on Livernois Road near Big Beaver Road (a site currently occupied by the Troy Community Center), it was moved to a new location at Northfield Parkway and Long Lake Road in 1992, and was expanded in 2006. The school's expansion was overdue after many years of overcrowding in the late 1990s and early 2000s. On June 2, 2008 Democratic presidential nominee, Barack Obama, made a televised campaign visit and speech at Troy High School. This was Obama's first visit to Oakland County during his presidential run. More than 2,000 people showed up to the rally, including students and teachers of THS. Troy High School's yearbook, "The Gladiator", received Gold Medal standings for its 2006/2007 edition from the Columbia Scholastic Press Association as well as a Gold Medal from the Michigan Interscholastic Press Association. The school newspaper, "The Troy Independent", was founded by two students after the old newsmagazine, "The Northend", was cancelled as a class. There are five Troy High bands: the Campus Band, the Concert Band, the Symphonic Band, the Troy Colt Marching Band, and the Jazz Band. The Concert and Symphonic Bands – together comprising the Marching Band – appeared by the Queen's invitation (through a representative of the Lord Mayor of London) at the 2007 London New Year's Day Parade. The 1974 Marching Band participated in the Orange Bowl Parade. In 2004, the Troy High Symphonic Band played at Carnegie Hall in New York City. Troy High School has three choirs. The Concert Choir is an advanced choir that requires an audition to join. The Treble Choir is the less skilled choir that does not require an audition to join. Finally, the A Capella Choir is an after school group that is run by students, has a limited number of members, and requires an audition to join. There are also three Troy High School string orchestras: the Freshman Orchestra, the Concert Orchestra, and the Symphony Orchestra. In addition to the orchestras, many string players participate with the Troy Country Fiddlers (which is largely self-directed). In 2017, the Troy High Orchestras performed at Carnegie Hall in New York City. Troy High School's theatre organization, the Troy Theatre Ensemble (TTE) performed in 2004 at the Fringe theatre festival in Edinburgh, Scotland. The Troy High Science Olympiad team has qualified for the national tournament four times, in 1986, 2002, 2013, and 2016. The Troy High Quiz Bowl Team participates in Michigan Quiz Bowl. Troy High boys soccer won the Michigan State Championship for Division I in 2003. Troy High football won the Michigan State Class AA championship in 1994. The Troy High women's tennis team won the championship in 2003. Troy High Girls soccer won the Michigan State Championship for Division I in 2003 and 2013.

Chetwynde School is a non-selective coeducational free school in Barrow-in-Furness, Cumbria, England. It includes a nursery, primary school, secondary school and sixth form. The school is situated on a site. Founded as an independent primary school, it was known as Our Lady's Chetwynde School and Chetwynde Convent Preparatory School at different periods of its history before it expanded to being a coeducational independent school for children aged 3 to 18. Before 2014 it was Barrow's only independent school and the only one in the town which educated children from nursery all the way to sixth form. The school became a state-funded free school in September 2014. Chetwynde was founded as "Our Lady's Chetwynde School" in 1938 by Sister Aquinas and her nuns as a girls' school. In 1976 the school became mixed and independent from the church, though it retained its Catholic faith and ethos. Under Margaret Stones, the school's first headteacher, Chetwynde achieved high levels of sporting and academic success. The next headteacher was Isobel Nixon; during her time as headmistress the school dropped the "Our Lady's" prefix from its title and the school's record of high academic and extra-curricular achievement was maintained. New laboratories were built with the help of the John Fisher Foundation and many other modernisations took place. It was initially a junior school for children up to age 11. In 1984, the age range was extended to 16. By then the school had outgrown its premises on Abbey Road and moved to its current site. The Sixth Form was opened in 1989. The first male headteacher, Russell Collier, was appointed in 2010. Due to the economic climate and falling pupil numbers, in March 2012 the governors made the decision to close the school as of July 2012 due to it no longer being economically viable. The possibility of converting Chetwynde into a free school was explored as Barrow MP John Woodcock wrote to the Minister for Education Nick Gibb about a possible late application that year. However, it was found that Chetwynde did not meet the necessary government criteria. A group of parents against the closure formed the "Chetwynde Support Group" (CSG) to collect funds from the local community and businesses in hopes of keeping the school open. As of 20 April 2012 the total was £370,000 raised in just three weeks. By May the total had reached £461,000. A meeting held by the board of governors, representatives from Barclays Bank and the CSG took place on 16 May 2012. Two days later it was announced that the banks supporting the school were "satisfied with the work that has been done" and all parties agreed that the school would remain open for the 2012-13 school year provided there was a minimum enrolment of 220 pupils. The board also took the decision to stand down from their positions of responsibility and a new interim board was appointed, consisting of some CSG members. On 25 May 2012 it was announced that the school would open in September after an eleventh hour purchase from a currently unnamed purchaser. The school, which will remain under the leadership of current headmaster Russell Collier, will return with a new board of governors, the majority from the Chetwynde Support Group (CSG). The school began to offer new bursary programs to make it more accessible to the local community and to increase enrollment. On 8 November 2012, in a meeting held between governors and parents, it was announced that the school intended to apply for free school status beginning in September 2014, as based on pupil numbers the school's long-term future was in doubt. The application was processed by January 2013, with a decision from the Department of Education to be made by May 2013. Initial reception from parents was extremely positive and Chetwynde asked parents in the area to register their interest in order to aid the school's application. On 22 May 2013 Chetwynde announced that it had been successful in its application and became Cumbria's first free school in September 2014. Chetwynde is consistently ranked as one of the county's top non-selective schools. In the 2011 GCSEs, pupils achieved a 100% pass rate with all gaining at least five "A*" to "C" grades, making Chetwynde the best school in Cumbria for GCSE results. That same year it also achieved the best A-level results in Cumbria, with 86% of grades at "A*" to "B". In 2013, Chetwynde School Sixth Form maintained its 100% A-Level pass rate for the fourth consecutive year. In the same year, 96% of Chetwynde's GCSE students achieved five or more A* to C grades. In sport, the school has competitive rugby union, football, cricket, hockey, tennis, cross-country running and athletics teams. It is most notable for success in netball and swimming. Chetwynde is known for its highly successful swimming team. The school has achieved a number of national titles, being the only school to have won medals at every English National Schools' Primary Championship since their inauguration in 1995. They have represented England in international tournaments. Chetwynde has a formidable record in netball and it remains a popular sport with pupils. During the 1980s and 1990s, its teams dominated the English Schools Netball Association Championship.

Bhowani Junction is a 1956 film adaptation of the 1954 novel "Bhowani Junction" by John Masters made by MGM. The film was directed by George Cukor and produced by Pandro S. Berman from a screenplay by Sonya Levien and Ivan Moffat. The film starred Ava Gardner as Victoria Jones, an Anglo-Indian who has been serving in the Indian Army, and Stewart Granger as Colonel Rodney Savage, a (British) Indian Army officer. It also featured Bill Travers, Abraham Sofaer, Francis Matthews, Lionel Jeffries and (uncredited) Neelo (who went on to become one of the leading ladies of the Pakistan film industry). The film was shot in England at MGM-British Studios, Borehamwood, Hertfordshire, on the Longmoor Military Railway, and on location in Lahore, Pakistan. India, 1947: In the final days of British rule, Victoria Jones, the daughter of an Indian mother and an English train engineer, is serving in the British Army. She returns on leave after four years to her home in Bhowani, where supporters of Mahatma Gandhi are non-violently protesting against British rule and communists, led by a revolutionary known as Davay, foment riot and sabotage. She becomes reacquainted with a childhood sweetheart also of Anglo-Indian heritage, rail traffic superintendent Patrick Taylor, and with Colonel Rodney Savage, whose Indian battalion has been sent to Bhowani to maintain law and order as British rule ends. The protesters disrupt rail service and Savage places Victoria on duty during the crisis. He disperses the protesters but Victoria does not approve of his methods. She begins seriously contemplating her identity and speculates that she might marry a man from India, although clearly Taylor is still in love with her and Savage infatuated. Walking home alone one night, Victoria is attacked and nearly raped by Captain McDaniel, one of Savage's officers, killing him with a steel bar. Finding her, a Sikh co-worker of Taylor's, Ranjit Kasel, takes her to his home and offers her sanctuary, introducing her to his mother, the Sadani, and to a guest in their home, Ghan Shyam, who offers to hide McDaniel's body after the Sadani worries that her son Ranjit will be accused of murdering the officer. Davay's raids continue. He blows up a train, causing numerous deaths and injuries. Victoria, influenced by her love for India, decides to marry Ranjit, but fearing the complete loss of her identity during the ceremony, suddenly flee. When an army sentry is found murdered because he saw McDaniel and Victoria together just before she killed the officer, Victoria realizes that the man in Ranjit's home, Ghan Shyam, is actually Davay and that the Sadani, once a notorious Indian resistance leader, has been harboring him. Davay kidnaps Victoria, using her to escape the city aboard her father's train. Savage and Taylor intercept the train before it reaches a tunnel, rescuing Victoria but finding Davay has gone into the tunnel with dynamite. Taylor recklessly advances to defuse the dynamite but is shot by Davay, who is immediately killed by Savage. Savage, cradling Taylor as he dies, watches the passage of the train. On board is Gandhi, whom Davay meant to assassinate, thereby inciting further hostilities and riots. Savage's duty in India ends and he is summoned back to England, but his love for Victoria has become overwhelming. When she refuses to marry him and live in England, he proposes to marry but remain in India, and she accepts. Savage's superior offers to expedite his early release from military service as reward for his accomplishments. The film, like the original novel, portrays the Anglo-Indian protagonist, Victoria Jones, as tugged in different directions by three suitors, Col. Rodney Savage, Ranjit Kasel and Patrick Taylor, each representing a different ethnic community: British, Indian (Sikh) and Anglo-Indian, respectively. The film-makers, however, changed the novel's ending and Victoria's fate. Whereas in the novel Victoria finally seeks her future with her fellow Anglo-Indian Patrick, a railway worker, the film-makers instead matched her at the end with the more obviously dashing British officer Rodney Savage, while consigning Patrick to a heroic death. The novel was the fourth by John Masters about India. MGM outbid two other studios to buy the film rights, paying more than $100,000. Ava Gardner and Stewart Granger were announced as leads almost immediately; Gardner had been on suspension at the studio for refusing to appear in "Love Me or Leave Me". George Cukor was assigned to direct. He travelled to India in October 1954 to research the movie. "I feel that for the first time India has been presented in this book as it really is, instead of the usual hokey-pokey atmosphere in which it is painted by most authors who write about it," he said. The Indian government refused to cooperate with the production of the film. The fictional location Bhowani Junction was in India, most probably Jhansi. MGM had wanted to shoot the film in location in India; but, as the government of India insisted on script approval and imposed high taxes, MGM decided to film in Pakistan where the government was more welcoming. As a result of the change in location to Pakistan, the script was altered to show Rodney Savage in command of the 1/13 Frontier Force Battalion (Coke's Rifles), which at that time of filming was part of the 7th (Golden Arrow) Division of the Pakistan Army, rather than in command of a Gurkha Battalion, the 1/13 Gorkha Rifles, as in the book. Pakistan army and police enthusiastically assisted in making of the film. Several Pakistan army units of the 7 Golden Arrow Division including the 5th Battalion of 13th Frontier Force Rifles (now 10 Frontier Force Regiment), 5th Probyn’s Horse, 1st Battalion of 13th Frontier Force Rifles (now 7 Frontier Force Regiment), participated in the making of the film. Colonel Savage in the film is shown wearing the Golden Arrow formation sign of the Pakistan 7 Division. Also in the movie is the 4th Battalion (Wilde's) 13th Frontier Force Rifles, the band at the Lahore Railway Station with a deer as its mascot, while the troops taking part in the train accident were from the 4/13th. The battalion has a copy of the book and autographed photographs from both Ava Gardner and Stewart Granger. The future Pakistani film star Neelo appeared in a small role as a reporter in a crowd scene. Neelo was introduced to Cukor by A. H. Rana, the film's production manager and casting assistant in Pakistan, who worked with the film's casting director, Harvey Woods. This was her first role in a movie. The film earned $2,075,000 in North America and $2.8 million elsewhere, making a loss of $933,000. It recorded admissions of 1,554,970 in France.

Sunsilk is a hair care brand produced by the Unilever group. The brand was introduced in 1954 in the UK, available in most global countries, it is known as Sedal in Spanish-speaking Latin American countries, Seda in Brazil and Elidor in Turkey. Sunsilk is sold under a variety of different names in markets around the world including Elidor, Seda and Sedal. The brand is strongest in Asia, Latin America and the Middle East and is the number one hair care brand in Philippines, India, Brazil, Argentina, Bolivia, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, and Thailand. Sunsilk was launched in the UK in 1954, and by 1959 it was available in 18 different countries worldwide. At the time, Sunsilk had an advantage over other shampoos in the market as it only needed one application, and so meant washing less natural oils from the hair. Sunsilk cream shampoo for dry hair was launched in 1956. In 1958, a new transparent polythene tube for the liquid shampoo was introduced as an alternative large size pack to the bottle. Sunsilk was also available in such tubes. In 1960, Sunsilk Tonic shampoo was launched, containing skin healing ingredient Allantoin – designed to help keep the scalp free from infection. In 1961, Sunsilk Liquid shampoo was re-launched to Sunsilk Beauty, because ‘Liquid’ in the name, originally used to distinguish the product from powdered shampoos had become meaningless as the majority of shampoos were now in liquid form. In 1962, Sunsilk was marketed as a range of shampoos for different hair types. Sunsilk significantly improved product formula and launched new variants in 1966: the first major shampoo to contain olive oil, which acted as conditioner to make hair soft and manageable; shampoo for dull hair, which restored hair’s natural shine; lemon shampoo for greasy hair with deep cleansing ingredients. Sunsilk hair spray was first launched in 1964 to enter an expanding hair-spray market, but in 1966 a new product formula was developed which gave hold, even in damp weather whilst still caring for hair. The hair spray contained a French perfume and could easily be removed by brushing or shampooing it out. In 1969, all Sunsilk shampoo was re-packaged in new PVC bottles, which were larger than traditional glass bottles for the same price. By the early 1970s, Sunsilk was manufactured in 27 countries, and was the closest thing to a global hair care brand. Sunsilk conditioner was launched in 1971 with three variants for dry, normal and greasy hair. In 1973, Sunsilk launched an aerosol-dispensed setting lotion. An economy size shampoo bottle was introduced for Sunsilk in 1974. In 1975, Sunsilk became the biggest name in hair care with 1,000,000 packs being sold every week. In 1980, the whole Sunsilk range was re-launched, with improved formulations and packaging design to bring the brand into the 1980s. In 1985, Sunsilk styling mousse was launched and 2 years later a conditioning mousse followed. In 1993, Sunsilk launched a new range of shampoos and conditioners, which were developed to meet women’s hair needs and reflect the way women think about their hair. The institute (a trademark by Seda/Sedal) "Elida Hair Institute" developed the products in response to market research. Each product contained a unique formulation of ingredients, combining the best from natural and scientific worlds to help combat common hair problems.By the same year, Sunsilk has been marketed as hair range using technologies made by the "Elida Hair Institute". In 2001, Sunsilk has entered into the hair colourant market for Asian-type dark hair. Sunsilk Pro-Colur offers a range of seven permanent colours from natural black to copper with purple, red and gold tints. It was launched in India and Thailand. Sunsilk began its first television advertising in 1955 with a campaign that focused on specific hair "issues". In the UK, the campaign focused on shiny hair. During the 1960s, a television commercial of Sunsilk featured a tune composed by John Barry, “The Girl with the Sun in Her Hair”, which proved so popular that it was subsequently released as a pop single. Sunsilk radio commercials were aired in 1969 featuring Derek Nimmo to support the new Sunsilk Herb shampoo for problem hair called “Hairy Tales”. In the early 1970s, Sunsilk was advertised with the slogan “All you need is Sunsilk”. Madonna, Natalia Oreiro, Shakira, and Marilyn Monroe all featured in Sunsilk's 2008 advertising campaign “Life Can’t Wait” which launched with a Super Bowl XLII spot. The philosophy behind the campaign was about girls taking positive steps to gain better control of their lives “Hair On = Life On”. Actress and Model Humaima Malick is the brand ambassador for Sunsilk in Pakistan. Actress and former Model Yureni Noshika is the brand ambassador for Sunsilk in Sri Lanka Actress and former Miss World Priyanka Chopra is the brand ambassador for Sunsilk in India. In 2009, actress and singer Delta Goodrem was announced as the "face of Sunsilk" in Australia. The singer and her music have since featured in several Sunsilk adverts. In 2007, British girlband Girls Aloud launched a campaign for Sunsilk after securing a sponsorship deal worth over £1,000,000. Members Nicola Roberts, Nadine Coyle, Cheryl Cole, Kimberly Walsh and Sarah Harding all represented the brand, which included shooting a television commercial. Sunsilk also sponsored their following tour. In 2003, Sunsilk (Sedal) launched the first hair only glossy magazine in Argentina aiming to communicate to the professional hair industry. More than 800,000 copies are published each month. The magazine focuses on hair, fashion and beauty issues as well as showcasing hairdressers’ work. It is sold locally on news stands and distributed to hair salons. In 2008, Sunsilk India launched a social networking site called Gang of Girls, which offered its users access to a variety of local and global experts to address various hair care needs through its content, blogs and live chat room. The site includes rich content of hair care and fashion, and users can also take part in interactive games and quizzes.In 2011, Sunsilk was listed in The Brand Trust Report published by Trust Research Advisory. From 2009 Sunsilk started working with a number of professional hair "experts" to develop new and improved products. Each hair “issue" variant links to an "expert” with the relevant specialist hair knowledge. For example, Dr Francesca Fusco, a New York dermatologist, co-created a “hairfall” variant for the brand. The line up also includes: Jamal Hammadi for Black Shine, Rita Hazan for Vibrant Colour, Teddy Charles for Plumped Up Volume, Thomas Taw for Damage Reconstruction, Ouidad for Defined Curls and Yuko Yamashita - inventor of Japanese hair straightening process 'YUKO' - for Perfect Straight. Sunsilk is available in over 60 countries worldwide. However Sunsilk products seem to be no longer available in the UK, the United States and Canada. The Sunsilk website has a list of countries where their products are sold, in which the USA is not one of them.

Albert Victor Olson (1884-1963) was a Seventh-day Adventist minister and administrator. He was born May 26, 1884 in Kingston, Minnesota. The Seventh-day Adventist teachings often found their way to new regions by means of printed material. About 1877, the Olson family became acquainted with Adventism by reading tracts that had been sent over to Sweden from Norway by J. G. Matteson. They were among the first Seventh-day Adventists in Sweden. Shortly after this, they moved to the United States and established a successful farm in western Minnesota. They were baptized in 1880 by Lewis Johnson. At the 1936 General Conference Session, Olson introduced Johnson to the gathering. Albert Olson and his five brothers and two sisters were raised in an Adventist home. He began his ministry as a colporteur in 1902, and later worked as an educator. He was ordained as a minister at age 22 and served in Minnesota from 1906 to 1912. Montreal, Quebec, Canada (1912-1914). In 1913, tent efforts were conducted in Montreal. Olson ran the English campaign and J. Vuilleumier ran the French one. In 1914 he was elected president of the Quebec Conference, and in 1916 president of the Ontario Conference. From 1917 to 1920 he was president of the Eastern Canadian Union; In 1946 he was elected a general vice-president of the General Conference and held that office until his retirement in 1958. During the late 1940s, Church leaders asked Olson to do a thorough study of the question of divorce and remarriage. He investigated biblical and Ellen White references and recommended a slight liberalization of church policy. He concluded that sincerely repentant persons who had remarried contrary to biblical principles should not be permanently denied church fellowship. As a result, the 1950 General Conference modified the Church Manual to reflect his conclusion. During his time at the General Conference, Olson wrote a series of articles for the Review and Herald on each of the Ten Commandments (1951-1952). He travelled to various places, attending camp meetings and writing reports for the world church through the Review and Herald.

Plasmodium balli is a parasite of the genus "Plasmodium". Like all "Plasmodium" species it has vertebrate and insect hosts. The vertebrate hosts are lizards: the insect vector is not yet known. "Plasmodium balli" was first described in 1969 by Telford. The host's proerythrocytes and normoblasts are more commonly parasitized than erythrocytes. Pigment is uncommon but when present, it consists of a minute dot. Enucleated host cells are common. The gametocytes are large and elongated. Hypertrophy, distortion and lysis of host cell nuclei may result from parasitization of immature blood cells by this stage. The schizonts produced up to 100 merozoites. Host record: Anolis lizards - "Anolis limifrons", "Anolis lionotus" and "Anolis poecilopus

Michael “Mick” Lally (10 November 1945 – 31 August 2010) was an Irish stage, film and television actor. He departed from a teaching career for acting during the 1970s. Though best known in Ireland for his role as Miley in the television soap "Glenroe", Lally’s stage career spanned several decades, and he was involved in feature films such as "Alexander" and the Academy Award-nominated "The Secret of Kells". He died in August 2010 after a battle with emphysema. Many reports cited him as one of Ireland's finest and most recognisable actors. Born in November 1945 and reared in the Gaeltacht village of Tourmakeady, County Mayo, Mick (Michael) Lally was the eldest of a family of seven children; five sisters and one brother. He went to the local national school in Tourmakeady and then to St. Mary's College, Galway. After studying at University College Galway he taught history and Irish for six years in Archbishop McHale College, Tuam from 1969 to 1975, but quit teaching to pursue his career as a stage actor. Mick began his acting career with Taibhdhearc na Gaillimhe (Ireland's national Irish language theatre), and was a founding member of the Druid Theatre Company. Lally received an Irish Times/ESB Theatre Award Nomination for Best Actor for his role in Druid's production of "The Dead School". Lally also became a member of the Field Day Theatre Company, and starred in the company's 1980 premiere of Brian Friel's play "Translations". He first played at the Abbey Theatre in 1977 in a production of "Wild Oats" and went on to perform in many other Abbey productions. In 1982, Mick starred in the TV series "The Ballroom of Romance" alongside Brenda Fricker. From 1983 he played the role of Miley Byrne in the RTÉ soap "Glenroe", reprising the character that he played earlier in the "Bracken" in 1978. In 1979, Lally won a Jacob's Award for his performance as Miley in "Bracken". Lally also enjoyed some musical success when "The By-road to Glenroe" went to the top of the Irish charts in 1990. He was also involved in voice-over work – including a noted advertisement for Kilmeaden Cheese during the 1990s. Other TV appearances included roles in "Tales of Kinvarna", "The Year of the French" and "Ballykissangel". In 1994, Lally played the character Hugh in "The Secret of Roan Inish", and in 1995 portrayed Dan Hogan in the film adaptation of Maeve Binchy's "Circle of Friends". Other film roles included: "Poitín", "Our Boys", "The Outcasts", "A Man of No Importance" and others. In later years, Lally provided the voice of Brother Aidan in the Academy Award-nominated "The Secret of Kells" – an animated film directed by Tomm Moore. Lally appeared in several TV advertisements encouraging elderly people to "release the equity tied up in their homes" during the Celtic Tiger. Lally died on the morning of 31 August 2010, after a short stay in hospital. Cause of death was reported as heart failure – arising from an underlying emphysema condition. His death led to "widespread outpourings of sympathy". Taoiseach Brian Cowen led tributes, saying he was "shocked and saddened" by the man's death, and calling him "one of the most loved actors of his generation and will be dearly missed by the public and his colleagues in theatre and television". Minister for Culture Mary Hanafin and Michael D. Higgins TD, former Minister for Arts, Culture & Gaeltacht, were among the other political tributes. Arts Council of Ireland chair Pat Moylan called it "a sad and shocking loss". Lally's screenwife Biddy aka Mary McEvoy said "Mick and I loved each other and we got on really well". Lally's funeral took place in Dublin on 2 September 2010. It was said that the "nation has lost one of its favourite uncles". Personalities from TV, film, theatre and politics attended, while President of Ireland Mary McAleese sent a letter and Lally received a standing ovation at the end. Lally was married to a nurse, Peige, with whom he celebrated his 30th wedding anniversary the year before his death. Three children resulted: Saileog, Darach and Maghnus. Lally's parents were both alive when he died. Lally was a fluent speaker of the Irish language, and his children study in Irish-speaking schools (gaelscoileanna). He appeared in several Irish language productions throughout his career, from "Poitín" in 1978, through to an appearance in the Irish language soap "Ros na Rún" in 2008. He was a supporter of socialist causes, and canvassed for Socialist Party candidate Joe Higgins in the 1996 Dublin West by-election and the 1997 general election. Lally was an atheist who did not believe in an afterlife, and regarded religion as nonsense and "codology".

The Edison Electric Institute is the association that represents all U.S. investor-owned electric companies. Its members provide electricity for 220 million Americans, operate in 50 states and the District of Columbia, and directly employ more than 500,000 workers. EEI has 70 international electric companies as Affiliate Members, and 250 industry suppliers and related organizations as Associate Members. Organized in 1933, EEI provides public policy leadership, strategic business intelligence, and essential conferences and forums. On June 8, 2015, U.S. Energy Secretary Ernest Moniz and the Edison Electric Institute signed a memorandum of understanding (MOU) regarding plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs). The MOU sets up a collaboration between the government and EEI to make PEVs, by the year 2022, as affordable as regular gas-powered vehicles were in 2012. The Department of Energy runs an initiative called the "EV Everywhere Grand Challenge", which put forth the 2022 affordability goal. The program coincides with the popularity of electric vehicle sales, which have increased by 128 percent between 2012 and 2014. EEI runs a program called the Employee PEV Engagement Initiative. The goal is to "increase electric vehicle readiness, especially in the workplace," according to the Department of Energy. According to the Department of Energy, Kate Brandt, Federal Chief Sustainability Officer at the White House Council on Environmental Quality, said, "Today’s Memorandum of Understanding with the nation’s electric power industry allows the Department of Energy to tap into the experience and scale of an industry that is truly leading the way in moving the electric vehicle market forward." In pursuing the initiative, EEI and the DOE will work with other federal agencies including Department of Transportation (DOT), General Services Administration (GSA), Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ), and the White House. EEI supports the use of drones (unmanned aircraft systems, or UAS) by electric power companies to maintain electric grids and restore downed service. In July 2016, Congress passed legislation (H.R. 636) that "includes provisions supporting electric power companies utilizing unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) for energy grid maintenance and service restoration." The Edison Electric Institute runs a foundation called the Edison Electric Institute for Electric Innovation, which is a 501(c)(3) charitable organization. The foundation's main activities are research, holding conferences, giving grants, and doing outreach to outside parties and organizations. The foundation's three main goals are to educate the public about how electric power is produced delivered, and used; help make the environment clean and safe; and improve the quality of life for all people. The governing structure of the foundation is a board of directors made up of CEOs from the electric industry. The chairman is Thomas Craver, Jr. who is the chairman, president and CEO of Edison International.

John Francis Ashley Erskine, Lord Erskine (12 April 1895 – 3 May 1953) was a British soldier, Conservative Party politician and administrator who served as Member of Parliament (MP) for Weston-super-Mare and Brighton. Erskine also served as the Governor of Madras Presidency from 1934 to 1940. Erskine was born to Walter Erskine, 12th Earl of Mar on 12 April 1895 and had his education at Eton and Oxford University. On graduation, Erskine served in the British army and rose to become a major before entering politics. Erskine was elected to the House of Commons as a candidate of the Conservative Party from Weston-super-Mare and served as MP from 1922 to 1923 and from 1924 to 1934. He also served as Assistant Government Whip from 1930 to 1934. In 1934, Erskine was appointed Governor of Madras Presidency, British India. Erskine served as the Governor of Madras Presidency from 1934 to 1940. He was a close friend of Indian politician Chakravarthi Rajagopalachari though he disagreed with some of his policies. On the conclusion of his term, Erskine returned to the United Kingdom and served as the Member of Parliament for Brighton from 1940 to 1941. Erskine retired from politics in his later life. He died on 3 May 1953 at the age of 58. John Erskine was born on 12 April 1895 to Walter Erskine, 12th Earl of Mar and his wife Lady Violet Ashley Cooper(1868–1938). He was the eldest of their two sons and had his education at Eton and Christ Church, Oxford University. John Erskine married Lady Marjorie Hervey, the elder daughter of the 4th Marquess of Bristol, on 2 December 1919 and had four sons. On outbreak of the First World War, Erskine enlisted in the Scots Guards. By the end of the war he was a Major in the Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders. With an interest in politics and an allegiance to the Conservative Party, Erskine was appointed Assistant Private Secretary to Viscount Long in 1920. At the 1922 general election, Erskine was elected as Conservative Member of Parliament for Weston-super-Mare. He lost his seat to a Liberal in the 1923 general election but easily regained it in 1924 and did not face a serious challenge there again. William Joynson-Hicks, then a rapidly rising Conservative Minister, appointed Erskine as his Parliamentary Private Secretary in 1922, which gave him considerable interesting work to do. Joynson-Hicks was among the more controversial Ministers and had especial need to know that he had the support of Conservative backbenchers, and this Erskine was able to arrange. After the 1931 general election, Erskine was named as an unpaid Assistant Government whip on 12 November 1931. This appointment effectively silenced Erskine in the Chamber of the House of Commons due to the tradition that Whips do not make speeches. Previously Erskine had been an effective and confident speaker who had taken a close interest in the affairs of India (although he admitted never to having visited it). He followed the 'Round Table Conferences' of the early 1930s closely. In his later years, Erskine served as a member of Parliament for the two-member Brighton constituency. However Erskine's public support for native rule in India counted against him with Winston Churchill who had led the opposition to the Government of India Act 1935. Although hopeful of appointment to government office, Erskine was given nothing. On 22 May 1934 Erskine was appointed the new Governor of Madras. Although his appointment commenced in November, Erskine resigned his seat through appointment as Steward of the Chiltern Hundreds at the beginning of June. In 1934, Erskine succeeded George Frederick Stanley as the Governor of Madras Presidency and served from 1934 to 1940. Erskine was a supporter of the Justice Party and wanted the party to capture power in the Presidency during the 1937 elections. However, to his disappointment, the Indian National Congress won by a huge margin. Despite being the majority party in the Assembly and the Council, the Congress refused to form the government. Their objections stemmed from the special powers given to the Governor by the Government of India Act of 1935. Erskine decided to form an interim provisional Government with non-members and opposition members of the Legislative Assembly. He first offered the Prime Minister post in the interim government to V. S. Srinivasa Sastri but Shastri refused to accept it. Then Erskine formed the interim Government with Kurma Venkata Reddy Naidu of the Justice Party as premier on 1 April 1937. He also used the Minister for Public Health R. M. Palat to try and entice Congress legislators into supporting the government. Wary of his tactics, Congress leaders like S. Satyamurti started a campaign to convince Congress High Command (Gandhi and Nehru) to accept power within the limitations set by the Government of India Act. They also appealed to the British Government to give assurances that the Governor's special powers will not be misused. On 22 June, Viceroy Linlithgow issued a statement expressing the British Government's desire to work with the Congress in implementing the 1935 Act. On 1 July, the Congress Working Committee (CWC) agreed to form Governments in the provinces they had won. On 14 July, Erskine had to swear in the Congress leader Chakravarthi Rajagopalachari as the Premier. Erskine had a cordial personal relationship with Rajagopalachari though they disagreed over some issues. When Rajagopalachari took a month's leave, he requested Erskine to look after most of his duties. It is also alleged that Rajagopalachari suggested knighthoods for some his friends. However, there were disagreements over the constitution of the ministry. Erskine also opposed Rajagopalachari's usage of the Criminal Law Amendment Act of 1932 during the 1938 Anti-Hindi agitations:"..[Rajagopalachari] was too much of a Tory for me, for though I may want to go back twenty years, he wishes to go back two thousand and to run India as it was run in the time of King Ashoka". Erskine was also a regular visitor to the Nilgiri Hills. On a public reception accorded to him by the Kotagiri Panchayat Board in 1935, he gave Kotagiri town the sobriquet, "Princess among Hill Stations". The first regular radio service in the Madras Presidency commenced in 1938 when the All India Radio established its station in Madras. The Congress ministry resigned on 9 October 1939 over the outbreak of Second World War. Erskine declared an emergency and took over the reins of the administration. Rajagopalachari and other ministers were arrested as per Defence of India Act rules. On 21 February 1940, Erskine repealed the unpopular law imposing compulsory study of Hindi in the Madras Presidency. With no hope of continuing a political career, and finding that representing the seat was very expensive, Erskine resigned his seat and went to live in his house at Ickworth near Bury St Edmunds. He continued to comment on Indian affairs, bemoaning the influence of Gandhi. His younger son was killed in action in 1945. Active in voluntary work locally, Erskine was appointed President of the Navy League. A major operation in the early 1950s damaged his health, and he died in 1953 during the lifetime of his father.

Little Soldier Zhang Ga () is a Chinese animated feature film from mainland China. It is also referred to as "Zhang Ga, The Soldier Boy". It is based on a true story. Two films with the same name precede the animated version, with more mature contents in 1963 and 2004. The animation version was a 12 million RMB investment (about US $1.5 million), modified for younger audiences. The production crew also consist of about 600 people. This version aims to target audiences of all age groups. The film was made in a collaboration between "Ai Yi Mei Xun Animation Production Company", an unnamed US-funded Chinese company in association with BTV, and the Youth Film Production Unit at Beijing Film Academy. The students and faculties from the academy contributed to keep production costs down. It is the first film created entirely with private investments. In the cinemas, it was shown due to the 60th anniversary of China's War of Resistance Against Japanese in 2005. The story is based on the backdrop of the Chinese Civil War and the Second Sino-Japanese War with character Zhang Ga in the middle of the chaos along with the Eighth Route Army. The real story is based on the actual person Yan Xiufeng, whose childhood name was Gazi. He was born in Baiyangdian in the Hebei Province.

The Postmodern Life of My Aunt () is a 2006 Hong Kong serio-comedy film, directed by Ann Hui, starring Siqin Gaowa and Chow Yun-fat. The film also guest-stars Chinese actresses Zhao Wei and Lisa Lu. Its executive producer was Yuan Mei; another producer was Er Yong. The film was based on a novel of the same title written by Yan Yan (燕燕), while the film's screenplay was by Li Qiang, a Chinese scriptwriter, who had written the script of the 2005 film "Peacock", directed by Gu Changwei. Ye Rutang (Siqin Gaowa), a single-living woman in her late fifties, struggles to maintain a dignified life amid the dangers of Shanghai. Living alone in an apartment, she endures gossipy neighbor Mrs Shui (Lisa Lu) and her pampered cat. She is pragmatic, frugal and self-reliant, but her old-fashionedness and trusting nature make it difficult for her to fit into Shanghai society. After encountering self-proclaimed aesthete Pan Zhichang (Chow Yun-Fat), she falls for Pan and uses her life savings to invest on cemetery spaces on Pan's suggestion. He turns out to be a fraudster. After being the victim of several con artists, Ye suffers a bad fall and is hospitalized. She decides to leave Shanghai to live with her working-class husband and cook daughter (Zhao Wei) in Anshan. "The Postmodern Life of My Aunt" premiered at film festivals around the world; it was a special presentation at the Toronto International Film Festival. Perry Lam of "Muse" gave the film a very positive review: ""The Postmodern Life of My Aunt" is that rare thing in Hong Kong cinema, one that occupies the shadow land between tragedy and comedy. It's hard to categorize "My Aunt" and assign it to a genre because its characters are so fully formed and three-dimensional." The film is set and was filmed in Shanghai and in Anshan, Liaoning, Northeast China (note: Anshan is the birthplace of director Ann Hui). Filming locations in Shanghai include the overpass at Shaanxi and Yan'an roads, and the old houses on Julu Road. Filming in Anshan took place in the first days of 2006. The snow in Anshan was produced artificially.

The "Limerick" is a traditional humorous drinking song with many obscene verses. The tune usually used for sung limericks is traditionally "Cielito Lindo," with the words arranged in the form of a limerick. The earliest printed date for limericks being sung is 1928 in the book "A Collection of Sea Songs and Ditties from the Stores of Tom E. Jones". Since many of the verses used for this song are bawdy the song tended to get issued in rare, underground mimeographed songbooks. Some of these are (in chronological order): There are several different choruses for this song. One of the most popular in the USA is sung to the tune of "Cielito Lindo" and usually goes like this: Or, alternatively: Another chorus, to an unknown tune, is also not uncommon in the UK: A less commonly reported chorus goes: In the children's rendition of this song, the chorus goes: The lyrics for the Limerick Song are usually ribald and sometimes original. Here are some from the public domain book "Sea Songs and Ditties": chorus There is a version of this song which is rendered for children. Three verses are as follows:

Mullen is from Drumfin, south Sligo. She said that she wanted "to try to be an actor from when I was in secondary school." Garry Hynes recalls meeting Mullen at Dramsoc at UCG in 1971, when they were both 17, and casting her in "The Loves of Cass Maguire." She attended NUI Galway studying archaeology. She met Hynes and Mick Lally, and they formed the Druid Theatre Company. As a founding member of Druid Theatre Company, she has appeared in many of their productions, including "Conversations on a Homecoming" (1985), "Brigit" and "The Cripple of Inishmaan". She played the role of "Mary" and 30 years later in 2014 the role of "Mommo" in Tom Murphy's play "Bailegangaire", presented by the Druid Theatre Company at the Town Hall Theatre, Galway. The critic for the "The Irish Times" wrote Mullen's "astonishing performance comes an amplification of her earlier character’s pain and humour..." and called her performance "transcendental." She appeared in Tom Murphy's "Brigit" as "Mommo", the same character who is depicted in "Bailegangaire". "Brigit" was presented by the Druid Theatre Company in 2014. She appeared on Broadway in "The Beauty Queen of Leenane" in 1998 as Maureen Folan, and won the Tony Award, Actress in a Play. She appeared Off-Broadway in "The Cripple of Inishmaan" in December 2008, in a co-production of the Druid Theatre Company and the Atlantic Theatre Company. Mullen acted in DruidSynge (2006), a theatre production of the complete plays of John Millington Synge, performed in the same day, by the Druid Theatre Company in which she played parts in five of the six plays. The "New York Times" reviewer wrote: "I should start by mentioning the indispensable contributions of Marie Mullen — the great and glorious Marie Mullen I can’t resist calling her — whom New York theatergoers will remember for her Tony-winning portrayal of the frustrated heroine of 'Beauty Queen.'"] In 2007, she performed alongside James Cromwell in the Druid production of "Long Day's Journey into Night". She appeared in "DruidShakespeare" at the Lincoln Center Festival in 2015, directed by Garry Hynes. Mullen played a "sharply etched assortment of men of state." She appeared in the 1994 film "Circle of Friends" as "Mrs. Foley". She appeared in the film "Hear My Song" (1991) as "Mickey's Mom". Mullen won the 1998 Tony Award for Best Actress in a play for "The Beauty Queen of Leenane". Mullen received the 2012 Alumni Award for arts, social sciences and Celtic studies from NUI Galway. She received the Special Tribute Award at the Irish Times Irish Theatre Awards in February 2013, recognizing her "immense contribution to Irish theatre." Mullen received an honorary Doctorate of Arts from her "alma mater", NUI Galway, in June 2016. Mullen married Irish actor Seán McGinley in 1990, having first met in 1977; they have two children. Her husband has been associated with the Druid Theatre Company many times in the past.

The Lough Lene Boat, also known as The Monks' Boat, is an underwater archaeological artifact from prehistoric Ireland. It was discovered in 1968 on the east side of Lough Lene, County Westmeath nearest to the Cummerstown/Windtown townlands of Collinstown. Radiocarbon dating revealed that the boat was constructed sometime between the 1st and 4th century. The boat, which resembled a "dug out canoe", was discovered by divers belonging to the local Mullingar Sub Aqua Club. The divers moved the boat into shallower water and then, on 28 September 1958, brought it ashore for examination by experts. "The Monks' Boat" appellation comes from a 20th century local tradition that associates the boat with the monks of the ruined Fore Abbey. Although the boat pre-dates the abbey by several centuries, it is thought that the boat may have been sunk while moving religious artifacts used during mass in the Fore Abbey and on the convent on Nuns Island. Another legend holds that locals, believing the boat cursed with bad fortune, did not wish the boat recovered. Because of theories about a possible Romano-British origin for the Lough Lene Boat, some have even speculated a connection between the vessel and St. Patrick. According to the Annals of Ulster (a late medieval document in which dates, especially of earlier events, are suspect) the era of St. Patrick's life coincides with scientific estimation of when the boat was constructed. In 1882, the Royal Irish Academy was presented with the Bell of Lough Lene by the Barbavila estate proprietor, Mr. William Barlow Smythe. The bell had been discovered the previous year in Lough Lene by a boy fishing for eels on Castle Island, which was owned by Smythe at the time. Given the close proximity to the Fore Abbey, the estate owner Smythe concluded that the bell possibly belonged to the St Feichin Abbey; During the Viking and Anglo-Norman oppressions, it may have been transferred to Nun's Island, before being eventually being hidden upon Castle Island. The Bell has a faint outline of the Christian Celtic cross upon opposing sides of the bell and an ornamental periphiral border. Smythe pronounced that ornamentation was generally reserved for the cases or shrines for that era and was therefore most unusual. The bell appears similar to two other bells from that early Christian period. These had been found in Bangor, County Down in the year 1832, and another in Cashel, County Tipperary in 1849. Smythe, the Barbavila owner, believed that the Lough Lene Bell was contemporary to these bells which were believed to be from the 7th century, therefore supporting his theory that it was possible that it could have been a relic of St. Feichins. The Folklore Commission also hold an account of Kit "the Blade" Fagan's discovery of the bell, which consequentially triggered a local treasure hunt for further artifacts around Collinstown and Fore. While the original "Lough Lene Bell" remains within the National Museum, a half sized replica holds a place of pride as the Ceann Comhairle's Bell in Dáil Éireann. This replica was presented to the Dáil in 1931 by the widow of Major Bryan Cooper, a former member of the House.

Iskandar Muda (1583? – 27 December 1636) was the twelfth Sulṭān of Acèh Darussalam, under whom the sultanate achieved its greatest territorial extent, and was the strongest power and wealthiest state in the western Indonesian archipelago and the Strait of Malacca. "Iskandar Muda" literally means "young Alexander," and his conquests were often compared to those of Alexander the Great. In addition to his notable conquests, during his reign, Aceh became known as an international centre of Islamic learning and trade. The future Iskandar Muda was born in about 1583. His father was Mansur Syah, son of Sultan Abdul Jalil, son of third Sulṭān of Acèh Darussalam Alauddin al-Kahar. His mother Puteri Raja Inderabangsa was the daughter of tenth Sulṭān of Acèh Darussalam Alauddin Ri'ayat Syah Sayyid al-Mukammal. Through his parentage he therefore combined the two branches of the Acehnese sultan's dynasty. His childhood and youth are described at great length in the "Hikayat Aceh" which extols his personal qualities. He was known under a number of names and titles, especially Perkasa Alam which was also the name he used after his accession ("Iskandar Muda" is however not a posthumous name as sometimes suggested since it occurs on his coins). In about 1605 he fell out with his uncle, Sultan Ali Ri'ayat Syah III and fled to Pidië where another uncle, Husain, was the vassal ruler. Together they planned rebellion against Sultan Ali. Perkasa Alam was put in command of the Pidië troops, but in the end they refused to fight and Perkasa Alam was imprisoned by the sultan. However, when the Portuguese invaded Aceh in 1606 he was let out of prison and distinguished himself in the fight against the "infidels". The invasion force was beaten back and withdrew and Perkasa Alam rose in esteem at the court. When Sultan Ali suddenly died on 4 April 1607, Perkasa Alam was able to secure the throne on the same day. He imprisoned his other uncle Husain and later had him killed. The successes of Iskandar Muda were based on his military strength. His armed forces consisted of a navy of heavy galleys each with 600-800 men, a cavalry using Persian horses, an elephant corps, conscripted infantry forces and more than 2000 cannons and guns (of both Sumatran and European origin). Upon gaining power, he began consolidating control over northern Sumatra. In 1612 he conquered Deli, and in 1613 Aru and Johor. Upon the conquest of Johor, its sultan, Alauddin Riayat Shah III, and other members of the royal family were brought to Aceh, along with a group of traders from the Dutch East India Company. However, Johor was able to expel the Acehnese garrison later that year, and Iskandar Muda was never able to assert permanent control over the area. Johor further built an alliance with Pahang, Palembang, Jambi, Inderagiri, Kampar and Siak against Aceh. Iskandar Muda’s campaigns continued, however, and he was able to defeat a Portuguese fleet at Bintan in 1614. In 1617 he conquered Pahang and carried its sultan Ahmad Syah to Aceh, and thus achieved a foothold on the Malayan peninsula. This conquest was followed by Kedah in 1619, in which the capital was laid waste and the surviving inhabitants were brought to Aceh. A similar capture of Perak occurred in 1620, when 5,000 people were captured and left to die in Aceh. He again sacked Johor in 1623 and took Nias in 1624/5. At this point Aceh’s strength seriously threatened the Portuguese holding of Melaka. In 1629, he sent several hundred ships to attack Melaka, but the mission was a devastating failure. According to Portuguese sources, all of his ships were destroyed along with 19,000 men. After this loss, Iskandar Muda launched only two more sea expeditions, in 1630/1 and 1634, both to suppress revolts in Pahang. His sultanate maintained control over northern Sumatra, but was never able to gain supremacy in the strait or expand the empire to the rich pepper-producing region of Lampung on the southern part of the island, which was under the control of the sultanate of Banten. The economic foundations of the sultanate was the spice trade, especially in pepper. The conflicts between Aceh and Johor and Portuguese Melacca, as well as the numerous pepper-producing ports in the sultanate's domain, were the main causes of the military conflict. Other major exports included cloves and nutmegs, as well as betel nuts, whose narcotic properties bypassed the Muslim prohibition of alcohol. Exports, encouraged by the Ottoman Sultans as an alternative to the "infidel" (i.e. Portuguese)-controlled route around Africa, added to the wealth of the sultanate. Iskandar Muda also made shrewd economic decisions that supported growth, such as low interest rates and the widespread use of small gold coins ("mas"). However, like other sultanates in the area it had trouble compelling the farms in the hinterland to produce sufficient excess food for the military and commercial activities of the capital. Indeed, one of the aims of Iskandar Muda’s campaigns was to bring prisoners-of-war who could act as slaves for agricultural production. One reason for Iskandar Muda’s success, in contrast to the weaker sultans who preceded and succeeded him, was his ability to suppress the Acehnese elite, known as the "orang kaya" ("powerful men"). Through the royal monopoly on trade, he was able to keep them dependent on his favour. The "orang kaya" were forced to attend court where they could be supervised, and were prohibited from building independent houses, which could be used for military purposes or hold cannons. He sought to create a new nobility of “war leaders” (Malay language: "hulubalang"; Acehnese: "uleëbalang"), whom he gave districts ("mukim") in feudal tenure. After his reign, however, the elite often supported weaker sultans, to maintain their own autonomy. He also sought to replace the Acehnese princes with royal officials called "panglima", who had to report annually and were subject to periodic appraisal. An elite palace guard was created, consisting of 3,000 women. He passed legal reforms which created a network of courts using Islamic jurisprudence. His system of law and administration became a model for other Islamic states in Indonesia. Iskandar Muda’s reign was also marked by considerable brutality, directed at disobedient subjects. He also did not hesitate to execute wealthy subjects and confiscate their wealth. Punishments for offences were gruesome; a French visitor in the 1620s reported "every day the King would have people’s noses cut off, eyes dug out, castrations, feet cut off, or hands, ears, and other parts mutilated, very often for some very small matter." He had his own son Merah Pupok killed, and named his son-in-law, the son of the captured sultan of Pahang, as his successor, Iskandar Thani. During Iskandar Muda’s reign, eminent Islamic scholars were attracted to Aceh and made it a centre of Islamic scholarship. Iskandar Muda favoured the tradition of the Sufi mystics Hamzah Pansuri and Syamsuddin of Pasai, both of whom resided at the court of Aceh. These writers' works were translated into other Indonesian languages, and had considerable influence across the peninsula. Both were later denounced for their heretical ideas by Nuruddin ar-Raniri, who arrived in the Aceh court during the reign of Iskandar Thani, and their books were ordered to be burnt. The chronicle "Hikayat Aceh" ("The Story of Aceh") was probably written during the reign of Iskandar Muda, although some date it later. It describes the history of the sultanate and praises Iskandar Muda in his youth. It was apparently inspired by the Persian "Akbarnama" for the Mogul Emperor Akbar. The "Hikayat Aceh" described Iskandar Muda as a scion of the lineage ("nasab") and race ("bangsa") of Iskandar Zulkarnain, Alexander the Great. Through this statement the "hikayat" presented Aceh as a part of the Malay world, since Iskandar Zulkarnain was the purported ancestor of the Melaka, Johor, Perak and Pahang rulers. Among the Acehnese, Iskandar Muda is revered as a hero and symbol of Aceh’s past greatness. Posthumously he was given the title "Po Teuh Meureuhom", which means "Our Beloved Late Lord", or "Marhum Mahkota Alam". He has several buildings and structures in and near Banda Aceh named after him, including the Sultan Iskandarmuda Airport and Sultan Iskandar Muda Air Force Base. Kodam Iskandar Muda is the name of the military area commands overseeing Aceh Province.

A Voyage into Trance is a DJ mix album by British producer and DJ Paul Oakenfold. The album was originally released in 1995 and was soon out of print, but its popularity meant it was re-released in March 2001 with an alternative surround sound mix paired with immersive visuals. Allmusic said the album included an "immaculately assembled collection of dance tracks" and rated the album four out of five stars. Trancemission - Genetic 2. Sly-Ed - Man with No Name 3. The Rezistor - Dynamix 4. Teleport - Man with No Name 5. Superbooster - The Infinity Project 6. Wicked Warp - Mandra Gora 7. Voyager III (Voodoo Remix) - Prana 8. New Moon- Ayahusca 9. Feeling Weird - The Infinity Project 10. Wizard - Slinky Wizard 11. Fat Buddha - Black Sun 12. LSD - Hallucinogen Track 3 is incorrectly listed as 'Total Eclipse - Aliens'. It is actually 'Dynamix - The Rezistor'. The credits for this track have been taken from Order Odonata Vol. 1 which is the original appearance of this track. Track 10 is incorrectly listed as 'Slinky Wizard'. Both of these errors have been carried forward onto various releases of this Album in the subsequent years. The Album was also released as a DVD with remixed 5.1 surround sound. The DVD contains a pair of 3D glasses to view the movie with. The 3D glasses are ChromaDepth which can create the illusion of 3 Dimensions through the color spectrum. The visuals are created by Yo Suzuki, Love Mushroom Studio.

The School of Science and Technology (SST) is an accredited, public high school located in Beaverton, Oregon, United States. It is a magnet program for students who have an interest in mathematics, life and physical sciences, and technology. It is part of the Beaverton School District (BSD). It was established in 1993, as the School of Natural Resources Science and Technology, and later renamed. SST moved at the end of 2015 to expanded and remodeled facilities at a site it shares with BSD's Health and Science School. In 2017, "US News & World Report" ranked SST as the best high school in Oregon. For 2015, the magazine had ranked SST second among public high schools in the Beaverton School District (first among schools offering AP programs), fourth in the state of Oregon, and 598th nationally. "The Oregonian" ranked SST first in its 2015 school performance ratings within the Beaverton School District. SST began as a Certificate of Initial Mastery program called the School of Natural Resources Science and Technology (NRST) in 1993, and was one of the magnet programs at the then-new Merlo Station High School, located on S.W. Merlo Drive just west of the then-planned Merlo Road/SW 158th MAX Light Rail station (which opened in 1998). The school occupied an old warehouse, which was renovated a few months before the program's opening. The name was eventually shortened to School of Science and Technology (SST). At the end of 2015, SST moved from the Merlo Station campus to newly remodeled space about one to two miles to the west, in the Capital Center development at N.W. 185th Avenue and Walker Road. BSD's Health & Science School, another option school, had already been located at Capital Center since its 2007 establishment, so SST's move made the two programs neighbors, allowing them to share some facilities, such as a cafeteria and library. As of February 2015, 68% of students were Caucasian, 15% Asian or Pacific Islander, 8% Hispanic, 2% Black, and 7% fit into multiple categories. 15% were on free or reduced lunch, 19% were eligible for special education, and 1% were enrolled in ESL. 30% were enrolled in TAG in middle or elementary school, significantly higher than the 11% district average. The average SAT score in 2015 was 593 in critical reading, 642 in math, and 582 in writing. The average ACT composite score was 27. In the 2015 Regional Science Fair, SST had eight Special Award Winners and ten Category Winners; and had two Category Winners in the 2015 State Science Fair. Until 2007, students were required to follow an application process which involved writing three essays and an interview from an SST teacher. However, in effect from 2007–2008 onward, the Beaverton School District simplified the application process to a single "option school" application. This removed the essays and the interview from the application process. Due to the controversy of the change in application process, the Beaverton School District modified their new system to allow 15% of students to be accepted based on talent or sibling status, while the other 85% would continue to use the streamlined application. This new application process is a point of controversy among students, who hold one of two points of view. The first is that the incoming students will not be weeded out through the harder application, which, before the change, meant that only students that wanted to attend would be accepted to SST. They fear that the attitude of students who are accepted into SST through the easier application will change the school's unique culture. The second opinion is that SST will gain new life from the potential flood of new students who were put off by the old application process. Students of this line of thought refer to the fact that the class of 2010 turned out to be much smaller than any other class in recent history, presumably from lack of applicants under the old application process. This was a result of the teachers being unable to promote SST to as many 8th graders. The new application process, arguably better, promotes SST to incoming freshmen. All applicants to the School of Science and Technology are encouraged to shadow a current student for a day. This allows the applicant to see the school in its entirety, and to see a "day in the life" of an average student. This enables them to make the most informed decision regarding their application. If an applicant decides to shadow, he or she is assigned to a student of the same gender, same high school, and a similar grade, as the shadow. In addition to shadowing, attending school open houses and tours is promoted.

Santa Clara High School, or SCHS as it is commonly referred to, is a private, Catholic four-year high school serving grades 9-12 in Oxnard, California. It is located in the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Los Angeles. Opening in September 1901. The school is the oldest high school in Ventura County. The school, originally named St. Joseph's Institute, was founded by the Sisters of St. Joseph of Carondelet on September 2, 1901. The school moved to the top floor of the Santa Clara Elementary School building on South "E" Street, and in April 1930 the name was changed to Santa Clara High School. Over the next two decades, increasing enrollment necessitated a new facility, and under the leadership of Monsignor Anthony Jacobs, and a generous land grant from Mr. and Mrs. Joseph Friedrich, the new Santa Clara High School opened on South Saviers Road in the Spring of 1952. In 1964 the high school annexed the adjacent empty junior high school facility, acquiring sixteen new classrooms, office space and a new auditorium, doubling the capacity of the high school. In 1967 the school became an Archdiocesan high school and operational responsibility of the school shifted to the Archdiocese of Los Angeles. In 1981, The Sisters of St. Joseph, who kept residences at the school, moved to St. Anthony's Convent and their space was renovated into additional classrooms and office space. In 1986 a new gymnasium, Friedrich Pavilion, was constructed. Santa Clara High School has a long history of success in its sports programs, most notably its basketball program. In its storied history since Coach Lou Cvijanovich took the helm in 1958, the boys' basketball program has won 30 league titles (most league titles of any high school program in the country), 15 CIF titles (second most in California high school history), as well as 3 California State Championships (1989, 1990 & 1999). The program appeared in three straight state championship games (1989,1990 & 1991), winning in 1989 and 1990 and losing in 1991. In 1999, Lou Cvijanovich announced that after 41 years of coaching the basketball program, he would be retiring at the end of the season. The 1999 team went on to win the state title, winning 30 games and Coach Cvijanovich's record 829th victory in the process.

Salkeld Hall is a red sandstone Grade II* listed country house in the village of Little Salkeld, Cumbria, England. It is the original residence of the Salkeld family. The current house was constructed in the late 16th century using walls from previous building(s) that stood on the site. The oldest part of the building was dated in 1967 as being from the 14th century. The date of the first building to exist on the site is unknown; it is the potential location of an 'ancient castle'. Corby Castle, built from similar materials in the 14th century was also owned by the Salkeld Family. Mr George Salkeld, the last member of which to own Salkeld Hall was forced from the house at the time of the English Civil War for a 'trifling consideration'. Ownership was passed to Colonel Cholmley who built a new house on the site and before the year of 1688 it became the property of Mr Charles Smallwood. His descendant, Timothy Smallwood, Esq. sold the house to Colonel Samuel Lacy in 1790. During his occupation of the house Lacy's servant (a deserted batman) was (under instruction) responsible for the carving of Lacy's Caves and attempting to blow up the stones at Long Meg and Her Daughters with gunpowder so that the field could be ploughed. The latter is unconfirmed and according to some sources took place in 1725 before Lacy was alive. Local folklore tells that when work commenced a tremendous storm broke out overhead that caused the workmen to flee the site and abandon the work permanently. Colonel Lacy sold the house in 1836 to Robert Hodgson, Esq. Ownership between this and the current is unknown, however in 1847 Robert Hodgson was still the reported owner and had made great improvements to the house, offices and gardens. In 1967 the house was recorded as having been divided into a number of holiday flats. The house is currently privately owned with no public rights of way across the land. The main part of the house is intact and occupied by the owner. What were holiday flats are now rented on contract basis and little modernisation has taken place since the 60s. A number of out buildings to the south-east of the property which at one time would have been self-contained 2 storey houses are now in ruin.

Jazz improvisation, which is the making up of new melodic solo lines or accompaniment parts, is a key aspect of jazz. Improvisation is composing on the spot, in which a singer or instrumentalist invents solo melodies and lines over top of a chord progression played by rhythm section instruments (piano, electric guitar, double bass, etc.) and also accompanied by drum kit. While blues, rock and other genres also use improvisation, the improvisation in these non-jazz genres typically is done over relatively simple chord progressions which often stay in one key (or closely related keys using the circle of fifths, such as a song in C Major modulating to G Major). Along with serious or art music, jazz improvisation is distinguished from other genres use of this approach by the high level of chordal complexity in jazz, often with one or more chord changes per bar, altered chords, extended chords, tritone substitution, unusual chords (e.g., augmented chords), and extensive use of ii-V-I progressions, all of which typically move through multiple keys within a single song. However, since the release of "Kind of Blue" by Miles Davis, jazz improvisation has also come to be associated with modal harmony and improvisation over static key centers, while the emergence of 1950s-era free jazz has opened up a much wider variety of styles of jazz improvisation, such as "free blowing", in which the soloists improvise freely and ignore the chord changes. When soloing (also called "blowing"), a performer (instrumentalist or singer) creates a new melodic line to fit a song or tune's chord progression. During a solo, the performer who is playing the solo is the main focus of the audience's attention. The other members of the group typically accompany the solo, except for some drum solos or bass solos in which the entire band may stop while the drummer or bassist performs. When a singer improvises a new melody over chord changes, it is called "scat singing". When singers are scat-singing, they typically use made-up syllables ("doo-bie-bo-ba"), rather than use the lyrics of the song. Soloing is often associated with instrumental or vocal virtuosity; while many artists do use advanced techniques in their solos, this is not always done. For example, some 1940s and 1950s-era bass solos consist of the bassist playing a walking bassline. There are a number of approaches to improvising jazz solos. During the Swing and big band era, performers typically improvised solos by ear, by using riffs and variations on the tune's existing melody. During the Bebop era in the 1940s, jazz composers began writing much more complex chord progressions. As a result, in the Bebop era, soloists like sax player Charlie Parker began soloing using the scales and arpeggios associated with the chords in the chord progression. In jazz, when one instrumentalist or singer is doing a solo, the other ensemble members play accompaniment parts. While fully written-out accompaniment parts are used in large jazz ensembles, such as big bands, in small groups (e.g., jazz quartet, piano trio, organ trio, etc. ), the rhythm section members typically improvise their accompaniment parts, an activity called "comping". In jazz, the instruments in the rhythm section depend on the type of group, but they usually include a bass instrument (double bass, electric bass), one or more instruments capable of playing chords (e.g., piano, electric guitar) and drum kit. Some ensembles may use different instruments in these roles. For example, an 1920s-style Dixieland jazz band may use tuba as a bass instrument and banjo as the chordal instrument. A 1980s-era jazz-rock fusion band may use synth bass for the bassline and a synthesizer for chords. Some bands add one or more percussionists. In small groups, the rhythm section members typically improvise (make up) their accompaniment parts. Bass instrument players improvise a bassline using the chord progression as a guide. Common styles of bass comping parts include a walking bassline for 1920s-1950s jazz; rock-style ostinato riffs for jazz-rock fusion; and Latin basslines for Latin jazz. Improvised basslines typically outline the harmony of each chord by playing the root, third, seventh and fifth of each chord, and playing any other notes that the composer has requested in the chord (e.g., if the chord chart indicates a sixth chord on the tonic in C Major, the bassist might include the sixth degree of the C Major scale, an "A" note, in her/his bassline). The chordal instrument players improvise chords based on the chord progression. Chordal instrument players use jazz chord voicings that are different from those used in popular music and Classical music from the Common Practice Period. For example, if a pop musician or Baroque music era (ca. 1600-1750) were asked to play a dominant seventh chord in the key of C Major, they would probably play a root position chord named G7 (or "G dominant seventh"), which consists of the notes G, B, D and F, which are the root, third, fifth and flat seventh of the G chord. A post-Bebop era jazz player who was asked to play a dominant seventh chord in the key of C Major might play an altered dominant chord built on G. An altered dominant contains flattened or sharpened "extensions" in addition to the basic elements of the chord. As well, in jazz, chordal musicians often omit the root, as this role is given to the bass player. The fifth of the chord is often omitted as well, if it is a perfect fifth above the root (as is the case in regular major chords and minor chords. The altered extensions played by a jazz guitarist or jazz pianist on an altered dominant chord on G might include (at the discretion of the performer) a flatted ninth Ab (a ninth scale degree flattened by one semitone); a sharp eleventh C# (an eleventh scale degree raised by one semitone) and a flattened thirteenth Eb (a thirteenth scale degree lowered by one semitone). If the chordal playing musician were to omit the root and fifth of the dominant seventh chord (the G and D) and keep the third (B) and flatted seventh (F), and add the altered tones just listed (Ab, C# and Eb), the resulting chord would be the pitches B, C#, Eb, F, Ab, which is a much different-sounding chord than the standard G7 played by a pop musician (G, B, D, F). In Classical harmony and in pop music, chord voicings often double the root to emphasize the foundation of the chord progression. From the Dixieland era through to the swing music era, many solo performers improvised by varying and embellishing the existing melody of a song and by "playing by ear" over the chord changes using well-known riffs. While this approach worked well during these musical eras, given that the chord progressions were simpler and used less modulation to unusual keys, with the development of Bebop in the 1940s, the embellishment and "playing by ear" approach was no longer enough. While Dixieland and swing music were both designed for the enjoyment of listeners, and in the case of swing, for dancers, bebop was more of a "musician's music", designed for listening. While there are important bebop tunes with vocals and lyrics, many of the most important bebop tunes are instrumentals. Bebop used complex chord progressions, unusual altered chords and extended chords, and extensive modulations, including to remote keys that are not closely related to the tonic key (the "main" key or "home key" of a song). Whereas Dixieland and swing tunes might have one chord change every two bars with some sections with one chord change per bar, bebop tunes often had two chord changes per bar with many changing key every four bars. In addition, since Bebop was written for listening rather than dancing, the tempi were not constrained by the need for danceability; as a result, bebop tunes were often faster than those of the swing era. With bebop's complex tunes and chords and fast tempi, melodic embellishments and "playing by ear" were no longer sufficient to enable performers to improvise effectively. Leading bebop soloists such as saxophone player Charlie Parker began to solo by using scales associated with the chords, including altered extensions such as flatted ninths, sharp elevenths and flatted thirteenths, and by using the chord tones and themselves as a framework for the creation of chromatic improvisation. Modes are all the different musical scales and may be thought of as being derived from various chords. Musicians can use these "modes" as a pool of available notes. For example, if a musician comes across a C7 chord in a tune, the mode to play over this chord is a "C mixolydian" scale. These are various chord derivations that help musicians know which chord is associated with a certain scale or mode: ***LIST***. One of the key concepts of improvisation in Bebop and subsequent jazz eras is targeting, a technique used by sax player and composer Charlie Parker. The main idea of targeting in solo improvisation is "landing" on the tones of a chord. A chord is built up of a root (1st) and the notes a 3rd, 5th, 7th, 9th, 11th and 13th above the root in the scale. There are a number of ways to target a chord tone. The first is by ascending or descending chromatic approach (chromatic targeting). This means playing the note a semitone above or below one of the chord tones. In the key of C, the notes in the tonic chord are C(1st or root of chord), E(3rd), G(5th), and B(7th). So by playing an E flat at the end of a line then resolving (moving up a semitone) to an E, this would be one basic example of targeting and would be targeting the third of the chord (E). This may be used with any factor of any type of chord, but rhythm is played so that the chord tones fall on the downbeats. In Bebop melodic improvisation, targeting often focused on the 9th, 11th and 13th of the chord - the 'color tones' - before resolving later in the phrase to a 7th chord tone. In bebop the 9th, 11th and 13th notes were often altered by adding sharps or flats to these notes. Ninths could be flatted or sharpened. Elevenths were typically played sharpened. Thirteenths were often played flat. Enclosure is the use of scale tone(s) above the targeted note and chromatic tone(s) below, or scale tone(s) below and chromatic tone(s) above. Another technique in jazz improvisation, used by Charlie Parker and most great jazz soloists, is known as the "three to flat nine" (these numbers refer to degrees of the scale above the root note of a given chord in a chord progression). This is a very bebop approach to improvisation, similar to targeting. This technique can be used over any dominant chord that can be treated as a flat nine (b9) dominant chord. It entails moving from the third of a dominant chord, to the flat nine of a dominant chord, by skipping directly to the ninth, or by a diminished arpeggio (ascending: 3rd, 5th 7th, 9th). The chord often resolves to a major chord a perfect fourth away. For example, the third of a G7 chord is B, while the flat ninth is A. The chord resolves to C and the note A leads to G. Pentatonic scales are also commonly used in jazz improvisation, drawing perhaps from their use in the blues. Saxophone player John Coltrane used pentatonics extensively. Most scales are made up of seven notes: (in the key of C – the major scale) C D E F G A B). The major pentatonic scale comprises only five notes of the major scale (C pentatonic scale is C D E G A), whereas the minor pentatonic scale comprises the five notes (C E F G B). Pentatonics are useful in pattern form and that is how they are usually played. One pattern using the pentatonic scale could be 3 6 5 2 3 5 (in C: E A G D E G). Pentatonic scales also become popular in rock music, jazz fusion and electric blues. Lines (also known as licks) are pre-planned ideas the artist plays over and over during an improvised solo. Lines can be obtained by listening to jazz records and transcribing what the professionals play during their solos. Transcribing is putting what you hear in a record onto music paper. Cells are short musical ideas. They are basically the same things as lines, but they are shorter. Phrasing is a very important part of jazz players' set of improvisational skills. Instead of just playing a sequence of scale and chord notes that would work based on the chords, harmony, etc., the player builds an idea based on a melodic motif or a rhythmic motif. The player in effect extemporizes a new melody for a tune's chord progression. Alto saxophonist Charlie Parker, who is considered to be an exemplar of jazz improvisation, paid special attention to the beginning and ending of his solos where he placed signature patterns that he developed over the years. The middle part of his solos used more extemporaneous material that was created in the moment. This shows a developed style of musical phrasing where the shape of the melody has a logical conclusion. With his strong beginning, Parker was free to create solos that demonstrated musical phrasing, and led to a logical and memorable conclusion. Examples of this motif-based approach in a compositional context are found in classical music. In Beethoven's fifth symphony, the first rhythmic and melodic idea is played again with many variations. Eugene W. Holland has proposed jazz improvisation as a model for social and economic relations in general. Edward W. Sarath has proposed jazz improvisation as a model for change in music, education, and society.

At Broby bro in Uppland, Sweden there are six runestones. U 139, U 140 and U 151 still stand by the road, but U 135, U 136 and U 137 have been moved a distance away from the road. The last three stones are in the style Pr2 and thus dated to the period 1020-1050, but the internal relationship between them shows that U 137 is the oldest one. They belong to a group of c. 20 runestones called the Jarlabanke Runestones that are connected to the local strongman Jarlabanke and his clan. Together with the Hargs bro runic inscriptions and the Uppland Rune Inscriptions 101, 143 and 147 these particular runestones, however, centre on the matriarch of the clan called Estrid. U 137 tells that Estrid and Östen have a son named Gag who dies, and when it was raised Östen was still alive. The other stones (U 135 and U 136) constitute a twin monument telling that Östen has gone to Jerusalem and died in the Byzantine Empire. Estrid and Östen had three sons: Ingefast, Östen and Sven, who built a bridge and a barrow after their father. These twin stones show that Gag died as relatively young as he is not mentioned on them. Estrid is the same person as the Estrid who is mentioned on a number of runestones in Täby and other locations (Hargs bro runic inscriptions and Uppland Rune Inscriptions 101, 143 and 147). This Estrid was the maternal ancestor of a great clan called the Jarlabanke clan, and she was the maternal grandmother of the powerful Jarlabanke who claimed to own all of Täby. The carver of the Snottsta runestone called U 329, where an Estrid and her brother Ragnfast are mentioned, was Fot who also made the runestones for the Jarlabanke clan. This strongly suggests that Estrid was born in Snottsta (also spelled Snåttsta), married Östen of Täby and married for the second time in Harg near Snottsta. Latin transliteration: Old Norse transcription: English translation: Latin transliteration: Old Norse transcription: English translation: Latin transliteration: Old Norse transcription: English translation: Latin transliteration: Old Norse transcription: English translation: Latin transliteration: Old Norse transcription: English translation:

The raven banner (; ) was a flag, possibly totemic in nature, flown by various Viking chieftains and other Scandinavian rulers during the 9th, 10th and 11th centuries. The flag, as depicted in Norse artwork, was roughly triangular, with a rounded outside edge on which there hung a series of tabs or tassels. It bore a resemblance to ornately carved "weather-vanes" used aboard Viking longships. Scholars conjecture that the raven flag was a symbol of Odin, who was often depicted accompanied by two ravens named Huginn and Muninn. Its intent may have been to strike fear in one's enemies by invoking the power of Odin. As one scholar notes regarding encounters between the Christian Anglo-Saxons and the invading pagan Scandinavians: The raven is a common iconic figure in Norse mythology. The highest god Odin had two ravens named Huginn and Muninn ("thought" and "memory" respectively) who flew around the world bringing back tidings to their master. Therefore, one of Odin's many names was the "raven god" ("Hrafnaguð"). In "Gylfaginning" (c. 1220), the medieval Icelandic historian Snorri Sturluson explains: Odin was also closely linked to ravens because in Norse myths he received the fallen warriors at Valhalla, and ravens were linked with death and war due to their predilection for carrion. It is consequently likely that they were regarded as manifestations of the Valkyries, goddesses who chose the valiant dead for military service in Valhalla. A further connection between ravens and Valkyries was indicated in the shapeshifting abilities of goddesses and Valkyries, who could appear in the form of birds. The raven appears in almost every skaldic poem describing warfare. To make war was to feed and please the raven ("hrafna seðja", "hrafna gleðja"). An example of this is found in "Norna-Gests þáttr", where Regin recites the following poem after Sigurd kills the sons of Hunding: Above all, kennings used in Norse poetry identify the raven as the bird of blood, corpses and battle; he is the gull of the wave of the heap of corpses, who screams dashed with hail and craves morning steak as he arrives at the sea of corpses (""). In black flocks, the ravens hover over the corpses and the skald asks where they are heading ('). The raven goes forth in the blood of those fallen in battle ('). He flies from the field of battle with blood on his beak, human flesh in his talons and the reek of corpses from his mouth (""). The ravens who were the messengers of the highest god, Huginn and Muninn, increasingly had hellish connotations, and as early as in the Christian "Sólarljóð", stanza 67, the ravens of Hel(l) ("heljar hrafnar") who tear the eyes off backtalkers are mentioned. Two curses in the "Poetic Edda" say "may ravens tear your heart asunder" ('). and "the ravens shall tear out your eyes in the high gallows" ('). Ravens are thus seen as instruments of divine (if harsh and unpleasant) justice. Despite the violent imagery associated with them, early Scandinavians regarded the raven as a largely positive figure; battle and harsh justice were viewed favorably in Norse culture. Many Old Norse personal names referred to the raven, such as Hrafn, Hrafnkel and Hrafnhild. The raven banner was used by a number of Viking warlords regarded in Norse tradition as the sons of Ragnar Lodbrok. The first mention of a Viking force carrying a raven banner is in the "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle". For the year 878, the "Chronicle" relates: And in the winter of this same year the brother of Ivar and Halfdan landed in Wessex, in Devonshire, with 23 ships, and there was he slain, and 800 men with him, and 40 of his army. There also was taken the war-flag (guðfani), which they called "Raven". The 12th-century "Annals of St Neots" claims that a raven banner was present with the Great Heathen Army and adds insight into its seiðr- (witchcraft-) influenced creation and totemic and oracular nature: Geffrei Gaimar's "Estorie des Engles" (written around 1140) mentions the Hrafnsmerki being borne by the army of Ubbe at the Battle of Cynwit (878): "[t]he Raven was Ubbe's banner (gumfanun). He was the brother of Iware; he was buried by the vikings in a very big mound in Devonshire, called Ubbelawe." In the 10th century, the raven banner seems to have been adopted by Norse-Gaelic kings of Dublin and Northumbria. Many of the Norse-Gaelic dynasts in Britain and Ireland were of the Uí Ímair clan, which claimed descent from Ragnar Lodbrok through his son Ivar. A triangular banner appearing to depict a bird (possibly a raven) appears on a penny minted by Olaf Cuaran around 940. The coin features a roughly right isosceles triangular standard, with the two equilateral sides situated at the top and staff, respectively. Along the hypotenuse are a series of five tabs or tassels. The staff is topped by what appears to be a cross; this may indicate a fusion of pagan and Christian symbolism. The raven banner was also a standard used by the Norse Jarls of Orkney. According to the "Orkneyinga Saga", it was made for Sigurd the Stout by his mother, a völva or shamanic seeress. She told him that the banner would "bring victory to the man it's carried before, but death to the one who carries it." The saga describes the flag as "a finely made banner, very cleverly embroidered with the figure of a raven, and when the banner fluttered in the breeze, the raven seemed to be flying ahead." Sigurd's mother's prediction came true when, according to the sagas, all of the bearers of the standard met untimely ends. The "curse" of the banner ultimately fell on Jarl Sigurd himself at the Battle of Clontarf: Earl Sigurd had a hard battle against Kerthialfad, and Kerthialfad came on so fast that he laid low all who were in the front rank, and he broke the array of Earl Sigurd right up to his banner, and slew the banner-bearer. Then he got another man to bear the banner, and there was again a hard fight. Kerthialfad smote this man too his death blow at once, and so on one after the other all who stood near him. Then Earl Sigurd called on Thorstein the son of Hall of Sida, to bear the banner, and Thorstein was just about to lift the banner, but then Asmund the White said, "Don't bear the banner! For all they who bear it get their death." "Hrafn the Red!" called out Earl Sigurd, "bear thou the banner." "Bear thine own devil thyself," answered Hrafn. Then the earl said, "`Tis fittest that the beggar should bear the bag;'" and with that he took the banner from the staff and put it under his cloak. A little after Asmund the White was slain, and then the earl was pierced through with a spear. The army of King Cnut the Great of England, Norway and Denmark bore a raven banner made from white silk at the Battle of Ashingdon in 1016. The "Encomium Emmae" reports that Cnut had a banner which gave a wonderful omen. I am well aware that this may seem incredible to the reader, but nevertheless I insert it in my veracious work because it is true: This banner was woven of the cleanest and whitest silk and no picture of any figures was found on it. In case of war, however, a raven was always to be seen, as if it were woven into it. If the Danes were going to win the battle, the raven appeared, beak wide open, flapping its wings and restless on its feet. If they were going to be defeated, the raven did not stir at all, and its limbs hung motionless. The "Lives of Waltheof and his Father Sivard Digri (The Stout), the Earl of Northumberland", written by a monk of Crowland Abbey (possibly the English historian William of Ramsey), reports that the Danish jarl of Northumbria, Sigurd, was given a banner by an unidentified old sage. The banner was called "Ravenlandeye." According to the Heimskringla, Harald Hardrada flew a raven banner called "Landøyðan" or "Land-waster"; whether this was the same banner as that flown by Sigurd of Northumbria is unclear. In a conversation between Harald and King Sweyn II of Denmark, Sveinn asked Haraldr which of his possessions of his he valued most highly. He answered that it was his banner (merki), "Landøyðan". Thereupon Sveinn asked what virtue it had to be accounted so valuable. Haraldr replied that it was prophesied that victory would be his before whom this banner was borne; and added that this had been the case ever since he had obtained it. Thereupon Sveinn said, "I shall believe that your flag has this virtue if you fight three battles with King Magnús, your kinsman, and are victorious in all." Years later, during Harald's invasion of England, Harald fought a pitched battle against two English earls outside York. Harald's Saga relates that when King Haraldr saw that the battle array of the English had come down along the ditch right opposite them, he had the trumpets blown and sharply urged his men to the attack, raising his banner called Landøyðan. And there so strong an attack was made by him that nothing held against it. Harald's army flew the banner at the Battle of Stamford Bridge, where it was carried by a warrior named Frírek. After Harald was struck by an arrow and killed, his army fought fiercely for possession of the banner, and some of them went berserk in their frenzy to secure the flag. In the end the "magic" of the banner failed, and the bulk of the Norwegian army was slaughtered, with only a few escaping to their ships. Other than the dragon banner of Olaf II of Norway, the "Landøyðan" of Harald Hardrada is the only early Norwegian royal standard described by Snorri Sturluson in the Heimskringla. In two panels of the famous Bayeux tapestry, standards are shown which appear to be raven banners. The Bayeux tapestry was commissioned by Bishop Odo, the half-brother of William the Conqueror; as one of the combatants at the Battle of Hastings, Odo would have been familiar with the standards carried into the fight. In one of the panels, depicting a Norman cavalry charge against an English shield-wall, a charging Norman knight is depicted with a semicircular banner emblazoned with a standing black bird. In a second, depicting the deaths of Harold Godwinson's brothers, a triangular banner closely resembling that shown on Olaf Cuaran's coin lies broken on the ground. Scholars are divided as to whether these are simply relics of the Normans' Scandinavian heritage (or for that matter, the Scandinavian influence in Anglo-Saxon England) or whether they reflect an undocumented Norse presence in either the Norman or English army. Despite claims that the Hrafnsmerki was "the first European flag in the New World", there is no indication that it was ever carried as a universal flag of Scandinavians, and no source assigns it to the Vinland settlers (or any other Icelandic or Greenlandic group). It is still used by some Danish army regiments, such as the shoulder sleeve insignia on the Guard Hussars regiment's 1st Battalion 1st Tank Squadron. The coat of arms of the Norwegian Intelligence Service features two ravens representing Huginn and Muninn, the ravens providing the god Odin with information. In Shetland an alternate form of the banner (black raven on a rectangular, red field) is used as the symbol of Up-Helly-Aa, a festival that celebrates the Islands' Norse heritage.

Gareth Jon Seddon (born 23 May 1980) is an English footballer who plays as a striker for Ramsbottom United. He played 80 games in the Football League for Bury. Seddon was a fitness instructor in the RAF when he came close to joining Reading in 2001. When he failed to win a deal with the Berkshire club Gareth still chose to quit the forces in order to begin a football career at Bury. While at Bury he scored the club's 6000th goal. He was Bury's leading scorer in the 2001–02 season with eight goals but made just a handful of appearances in the next season, and joined Northwich Victoria on loan in January 2003. After three seasons at Bury, in the last of which he again finished as leading scorer, he rejected a new deal and instead joined Rushden & Diamonds on a Bosman free transfer in 2004. However Seddon was plagued by the onset of reactive arthritis, a condition brought on by the rigours of full-time training. He never gained fitness to play for his new team and doctors advised him to retire from the professional game. During his time out of the game he also taught football part-time at St Theodore's RC High School in Burnley, a school which he himself had attended. In 2005, he returned to football and completed an entire season with North West Counties League side Padiham. This extended break from the professional game allowed Seddon to recuperate and by March 2006 the illness had left his system. He joined up with his former Bury manager Andy Preece at Worcester City and played one match for the team on a non-contract basis in April 2006, scoring in a 3–2 win against Stalybridge Celtic. He was set to sign for the Midlands team and agreed personal terms but baulked at the distance he would have to commute from his Accrington home. Despite interest from several fully professional Conference National clubs such as Morecambe, Seddon chose to continue his recuperation at part-time level and joined Hyde United in the summer of 2006. Seddon has gained a reputation for scoring spectacular goals and on 1 January 2007 scored 5 goals in a 7–3 local derby win away at Stalybridge Celtic. This achievement won him the "Hyde United Magic Moment of the Season" award along with the "Fans' and Players' Player of the Season" titles during his first year with the club. During the summer of 2007 Gareth was called up to the England National Game squad for the Four Nations Tournament. He won his first cap against the Republic of Ireland, then scored twice in a 3–0 win over Wales. Seddon scored 62 goals in 87 appearances for Hyde over the two seasons, winning the Conference North golden boot in both. In July 2008 he joined Conference National side Kettering Town on a two-year contract for an undisclosed fee. Seddon was leading scorer with 21 goals in his first season. In September 2009, Seddon signed for Conference North outfit Fleetwood Town becoming a regular first team player and helping the club gain promotion to the Conference National in 2010. After promotion Seddon was key in helping the club gain a play-off spot in their first season in the top-flight non-league league where they lost to play-off winners AFC Wimbledon in the semi-finals. In 2011–12 Seddon became one of Fleetwood's top scorers, being a super-sub after scoring several goals from coming on as a substitute. During his time at Fleetwood Seddon played with now England international Jamie Vardy. He was released by the club in May 2012. In the summer of 2012, Seddon signed for Conference North side F.C. Halifax Town, opting to turn part-time and focus on his modelling career instead of going full-time with Luton Town or Macclesfield Town. In a game against Bradford Park Avenue, Seddon scored in the club's 1–1 draw in the West Yorkshire derby, however he was also awarded a red card for an off the ball incident. In the First Round of the FA Trophy Seddon set a new record the fastest hat-trick in an FA Competition, recorded at 2 minutes and 37 seconds. The hat-trick included a fine solo run past the Altrincham defence. Seddon scored his second hat-trick for the club away to Droylsden in February 2013 in a 6–0 victory. In the summer of 2014 he moved to Salford City. In his first league match for the club he scored a hat-trick and received the match ball. In October 2015 Seddon appeared in the BBC One series "Class of '92: Out of Their League". After his departure from Salford City, Seddon signed for Ramsbottom United in June 2016. He made his competitive debut for Ramsbottom on the opening day of the season, at home in a 3-1 win against Goole on 13 August 2016. Seddon scored his first goal for the club the following game, in a 2-1 away defeat to Kendal Town 3 days later.

The Craigmore Viaduct () is a railway bridge near Bessbrook, County Armagh, Northern Ireland, known locally as the 18 Arches. (OS Grid ref: Jo628). Near Newry railway station. The bridge was designed by John Benjamin Macneill, an eminent Irish civil engineer, with construction beginning in 1849 for the Dublin and Belfast Junction Railway. The bridge was formally opened in 1852. It spans the valley of Camlough River. The viaduct consists of 18 arches of 60 ft span, the highest being 126 ft, making Craigmore the tallest viaduct in Ireland. It is around a quarter of a mile long and was constructed from granite stone blocks from the nearby Goraghwood quarry near Goraghwood station, which for many years supplied ballast to the Dublin & Belfast Junction Railway’s lines. The Dublin-Belfast railway line crosses the bridge. From 1885 to 1948, the Bessbrook and Newry Tramway ran under the viaduct. On 2 March 1989, a Provisional Irish Republican Army bomb damaged Craigmore Viaduct, it exploding just four minutes before a passenger train from Dublin was due to leave nearby Newry Station. A clearance operation had to be mounted and the railway line was closed and not reopened until 8 March 1989.

Dave Lanning (24 March 1938 – 29 October 2016) was an English sports commentator and journalist. He was brought up in Poole and educated at Poole Grammar School. He was one of the commentators for Sky Sports' coverage of the Professional Darts Corporation tournaments. He covered the first PDC World Darts Championship with John Gwynne in 1994 and was ever present with the company for over 29 years, commentating on all their televised tournaments on Sky. Prior to the 2011 World Championship, Lanning announced that he had retired from commentating. As part of ITV's World of Sport's original roster of commentators, he commentated on the first ever televised nine dart finish hit by John Lowe against Keith Deller on 13 October 1984. He commentated on all darts tournaments and World of Sport darts action broadcast on ITV from 1972 to 1988. He also commentated on speedway, a sport he knew well having been installed as the promoter of the West Ham team in 1966. He provided the commentary for The Indoor League and occasionally covered football for Southern Television in the mid-to-late 1970s. Lanning came out of retirement on New Year's Day 2013 when he commentated on Sky's 3D coverage of the PDC World Championship final. Lanning had a stint as the television critic for "The Sunday People" newspaper. He had a 28-year association with "TV Times", and was speedway correspondent for "The Sun" for 20 years. Lanning died on 29 October 2016 after a short illness. He was 78.

The runestones known as U 101 is located in Sollentuna, and U 143 and U 147 are located in Täby; all three are in Uppland, Sweden. They are all in the style Pr4 and thus dated to the period 1060-1100 during which they were carved in connection with the construction of a road from Hagby to Ed at Edsviken. They belong to a group of c. 20 runestones called the Jarlabanke Runestones that are connected to the local chieftain Jarlabanke and his clan. Together with the Broby bro Runestones and the Hargs bro runic inscriptions these particular runestones, however, centre on the female matriarch of the clan called Estrid, who was the grandmother of Jarlabanke. The runemaster of the Snottsta runestone called U 329, where an Estrid and her brother Ragnfast are mentioned, was Fot who also made the runestones for the Jarlabanke clan. This strongly suggests that Estrid was born in Snottsta (also spelled Snåttsta), married Östen of Täby and married for the second time in Harg near Snottsta. The rune stones that are treated in this article tell that both Estrid's sons Ingvar (whom she had with Ingvar in Harg) and Ingefast (whom she had with Östen in Broby) had died. The runestones give further information on her family. She evidently became quite old and is mentioned on the same runestones as her grandchildren, Häming and Jarlabanke. It also appears that she had had seven children and returned to the vicinity of Täby, and probably because there she had most of her children and grandchildren. When Stockholm County Museum made an archaeological excavation at Broby bro, in 1995, they found three graves. The three were buried in the Christian tradition, that is, with the head facing west; also, they were not burned and there were few gifts. Some coins found helped to date the graves to the 11th century. One of the graves was of an old woman and she lay buried beside a barrow that one of the Broby bro Runestones says was raised for Estrid's first husband Östen. The buried woman may have been Estrid. This rune stone in the style Pr4 (second half of the 11th century) is found on a boulder in the forest beside a trail along which there are several Jarlabanke rune stones. It has been carved on the orders of Estrid and her grandchildren Jarlabanke and Häming (Hemingr) in memory of her sons Ingifastr (Jarlabanke's and Hemingr's father) and Ingvar. Ingifastr is her son together with Eysteinn (Östen, who is mentioned together with Ingifastr on the Broby bro Runestones) and Ingvar probably refers to the son she had with the husband by the same name (both Ingvars are mentioned on the Hargs bro runic inscriptions). Hæmingʀ ok Iarlabanki þæiʀ letu braut ryðia ok broaʀ giæra æftiʀ faður sinn ok Æstrið æftiʀ syni sina Ingifast ok Ingvar. Guð hialpi and þæiʀa. Hemingr and Jarlabanki, they had the path cleared and the bridges made in memory of their father; and Ástríðr in memory of her sons Ingifastr and Ingvarr. May God help their spirits. This is not properly a rune stone, but a runic inscription in the style Pr4 (second half of the 11th century) on flat bedrock on the property of the farm of Hagby. It was carved in memory of two men. Estrid had it made in memory of Ingvar (see above), while her grandchildren Hemingr and Jarlabanke and their mother Jórunn (Estrid's daughter-in-law) had it made in memory of Ingifastr, their father and husband, and Estrid's son. This damaged rune stone in the style Pr4 (second half of the 11th century) is located only a few hundred metres from U 148. It was made in memory of Ingifastr and Ingvar like the previous two stones, but only Jórunn's name remains among the ones who had the stone made. The personal pronoun "þaʀ" is the feminine form for "they", in Old Norse, and it shows that Jórunn had the stone made together with another lady. The fact that it is dedicated to Estrid's son Ingvar and the fact that there are remains of the runes tr point to Jórunn's mother-in-law Estrid as the second lady who had the stone made.

PeopleTools consists of proprietary application software originally developed by PeopleSoft Corporation, an Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) software vendor acquired by Oracle Corporation in 2004. PeopleTools facilitates the deployment of both vendor-developed and custom-developed applications using an Internet-based architecture known as the PeopleSoft Internet Architecture (PIA). Core vendor-developed PeopleTools applications include: ***LIST***. As a result of the high level of abstraction used in PeopleTools, these applications can run in association with a variety of operating systems and databases and can provide multilingual support on a variety of web browsers. From a development perspective, PeopleTools consists of several technologies for building and customizing applications. While a PeopleTools developer can (and often does) work with many programming languages, the primary language is PeopleCode, and Application Designer is the primary integrated development environment (IDE). The PIA consists of a variety components including: web, application, search, database, and process scheduler servers as well as Integration Broker. These components can be deployed on a single real or virtual server but are most typically deployed in isolation for reasons of performance and scalability. Web Server Like traditional web-based applications, web servers are used within the PIA to provide HTML-based documents for browser-based clients. Supported web server options have changed over time, and as of PeopleTools 8.54, PeopleTools applications can be deployed using either Oracle WebLogic or IBM WebSphere. Unlike traditional web-based applications, the Java-based software deployed in the web servers contains no application logic. In the PIA, all application logic is deployed at the application server layer. Application Server The application server, or “app server,” is the tier between the web and database layers. This layer is primarily responsible for receiving requests from the web server and issuing SQL to the database. The app server is built on BEA Tuxedo technology, and as such, is responsible for maintaining transaction isolation and database connection pools in PeopleTools applications. Using Tuxedo, PeopleTools app server domains are created as a collection of processes servicing specific needs and clients in addition to web server requests. Within a domain, several types of related programs can be launched, including remote call COBOL, Application Engine, and BI Publisher programs. Process Scheduler Server Like the app server, the process scheduler server, or "scheduler," is built on BEA Tuxedo and is deployed as a collection of processes designed to launch and schedule various programs types. Such processes form a process scheduler domain and are used to execute COBOL, SQR, Crystal Reports, Application Engine, nVision, BI Publisher, and many other types of batch programs. Unlike the app server, the scheduler does not return HTML to the web server for delivery to the client browser. Rather, the scheduler simply executes programs and posts logs and reports to the web server for user retrieval. Database Server The database server contains all application data as well as all metadata associated with various PeopleTools object types. It also contains many PeopleCode-based application scripts and programs that both the application and process scheduler servers execute. As PeopleTools is built to operate on many database platforms, database specific constructs (like stored procedures) and programming languages (like PL/SQL) are not traditionally used. Alternatively, developers write Meta-SQL, and the app or scheduler servers translate such into the proprietary SQL for the related database technology. Search Server Based on predefined search indexes, the search server returns search results for consumption in the client's web browser. For 9.2 applications running PeopleTools 8.54, the only supported search server technology is the Oracle Secure Enterprise Search. Integration Broker Integration Broker is another major server component of PeopleTools. Making use of the PIA web and app servers, Integration Broker sends and receives data via web service-based APIs. While adhering to standards-based web service standards - such as XML-based SOAP and JSON-based RESTful web services -, Integration Broker also provides a simple proprietary XML-based standard (known as PSCAMA) for PeopleTools-based applications to exchange data both synchronously and asynchronously. Application Designer is the core tool used to create and customize PeopleTools-based applications. This tool is used to either connect to the database or app server for the purposes of creating and updating PeopleTools object types. The following is a brief list of such object types created or modified in Application Designer: ***LIST***. Applications can be built or customised in a development environment, then assembled into a project for migration to test and live environments. Current computing trends have led to the introduction of the Fluid User Interface (UI) in PeopleTools 8.54. The Fluid UI technology provides a means for PeopleTools developers to easily create fully responsive and modern looking applications. As this technology matures, it is anticipated Oracle will provide fully redesigned application pages making use of such technology, especially as customers adopt and apply application maintenance utilizing Fluid UI functionality anticipated with PeopleTools 8.55.

Michelle Suzanne Dockery (born 15 December 1981) is an English actress and singer. She is most widely known for her performance as Lady Mary Crawley in the ITV (UK) and PBS (U.S.) television period drama series "Downton Abbey" (2010–15), for which she was nominated for three consecutive Emmy Awards in the category for Outstanding Lead Actress In Drama Series, and a Golden Globe Award nomination. She made her professional stage debut in "His Dark Materials" in 2004. For her role as Eliza Doolittle in the 2007 London revival of "Pygmalion", she was nominated for the Evening Standard Award. For her role in the 2009 play "Burnt by the Sun", she earned an Olivier Award nomination for Best Supporting Actress. Her other notable stage credits include "Pillars of the Community" (2005) and "Hamlet" (2010). She has also appeared in the films "Hanna" (2011), "Anna Karenina" (2012) and "Non-Stop" (2014). As of late autumn 2016, Dockery is portraying the lead role of a drug-addicted, alcoholic, American con artist in the U.S. drama series "Good Behavior" on the U.S. basic-cable network TNT. Dockery was born at Rush Green Hospital in Rush Green, London, to Lorraine (née Witton) and Michael Francis Dockery, a lorry driver and later an environmental analyst. She grew up in Romford, in East London, and she still has traces of an Estuary accent. She says, "I'll never sound like Lady Mary, although my Essex accent has softened over the years. But it comes back if I've had a couple of drinks or if I am around my family". Dockery has two older sisters, Louise and Joanne. She was educated first at Chadwell Heath Academy, and later at the Finch Stage School. Dockery confirms in an 2017 interview with Parade, that if you asked her parents when she began performing they would answer that it was when she was 2 or 3 years old. “I wanted to entertain from such a young age, doing impersonations and putting on plays with my sisters,” says Dockery. “I always had it in me and loved it.” She remembers being 9 and performing for family members when they came to visit. After her A Levels, she enrolled at the Guildhall School of Music & Drama, where she was awarded the Gold Medal for Drama at her graduation in 2004. Dockery was a member of the National Youth Theatre. She made her professional debut in "His Dark Materials" at the Royal National Theatre in 2004. In 2006, she was nominated for the Ian Charleson Award for her performance as Dina Dorf in "Pillars of the Community" at the National Theatre. She appeared in "Burnt by the Sun" at the National Theatre, for which she received an Olivier Award nomination for Best Supporting Actress. She won second prize at the Ian Charleson Awards for her performance as Eliza Doolittle in Peter Hall's production of "Pygmalion" at the Theatre Royal, Bath, which toured the UK and transferred to The Old Vic in 2008, and for the same production was nominated Best Newcomer at the Evening Standard Awards 2008. In 2010, she played Ophelia in "Hamlet" at the Crucible Theatre alongside John Simm. Dockery made her television debut as Betty in "Fingersmith" in 2005. In 2006, she starred as Susan Sto Helit in a two-part adaptation of Terry Pratchett's novel "Hogfather". In 2008, Dockery played Kathryn in Channel 4's "The Red Riding Trilogy" and played the guest lead of tormented rape victim Gemma Morrison in BBC's "Waking the Dead". In 2009, she appeared in the two-part "Cranford" Christmas special for the BBC, and she also starred as the lead character, as the young governess, in a modernised BBC adaptation of "The Turn of the Screw" with future "Downton Abbey" co-star Dan Stevens, in the role of her psychiatrist. Dockery came to public prominence in 2010 when she played Lady Mary Crawley in Julian Fellowes' series "Downton Abbey". "Downton Abbey" was filmed from February–August 2010-15. The series was broadcast on ITV September–November, with a special Christmas night episode for Series 2-6 in 2011-15, with a later airing schedule in the U.S. for PBS. For her role as Lady Mary Crawley in the "Downton Abbey" series, Dockery received three consecutive Emmy Award nominations in the category for Outstanding Lead Actress In Drama Series - 2012, 2013, and 2014. She also earned a Golden Globe nomination in 2013. Dockery's first big screen role was as False Marissa in "Hanna" (2011). In 2012, she appeared as Princess Myagkaya in the film adaptation of "Anna Karenina" and starred with Charlotte Rampling in a two-part dramatisation of William Boyd's spy thriller "Restless" on BBC One. In January 2014, she appeared in the action thriller feature film "Non-Stop" alongside co-stars Liam Neeson, Julianne Moore, and Lupita Nyong'o. In 2014, Dockery was made Fellow of the Guildhall School in recognition of her achievements in television. In 2014, Dockery was listed in "The Sunday Times Britain's 500 Most Influential People", which is a compilation of the most significant individuals in the UK who have demonstrated outstanding qualities of influence, achievement and inspiration. A far cry from her renowned portrayal as Lady Mary in Downton Abbey, Dockery advanced her Hollywood career with a 2015 performance in sci-fi thriller feature film "Self/less" with Ryan Reynolds. Beginning in November 2016, Dockery stars in the lead role of Letty Raines in "Good Behavior", an American drama series based on the novella series by Blake Crouch. Letty is a drug-addicted thief and con-artist who, released early from prison on good behavior, is attempting to get her life under control. This is complicated by a chance meeting and subsequent entanglement with a charismatic hitman, played by Juan Diego Botto. The 10-episode first season, airing on U.S. basic-cable network TNT, was filmed in and around Wilmington, North Carolina. In January 2017, the show was picked up for a second season. In 2017, Dockery stars alongside Jim Broadbent, Charlotte Rampling, Harriet Walter, and Emily Mortimer in the upcoming British film "The Sense of an Ending" from CBS Films, based on the Booker-winning novel of the same name by Julian Barnes. She plays Susie Webster, the daughter of Tony Webster (Jim Broadbent), a man who lives in quiet unquestioning solitude until he confronts secrets of his past. "The film is a beautiful adaptation of the book which I love. And I jumped at the chance to work with director Ritesh Batra, who also filmed "The Lunchbox" (2013)", explains Dockery. Dockery trained as a singer. She sang at the 50th Anniversary of Ronnie Scott's Jazz Club in London and has occasionally sung with Sadie and the Hotheads, a band formed by Elizabeth McGovern, who plays her mother in "Downton Abbey". Dockery cites her musical influences as Peggy Lee, Melody Gardot and Billie Holiday in her more melancholy moods. SIn 2014, she revealed her music influences varied from the likes of Oasis to Joni Mitchell and Frank Sinatra, noting that, "My family bought me some old vinyl records for my 30th birthday, so I'm gradually building my own collection. "I've got some Joni Mitchell, Oasis and the Doors, old standards like Frank Sinatra and Nina Simone, and then what I listened to as a teen", she confirmed to the Mirror UK. On World Humanitarian Day 2014, Oxfam announced Dockery as its first ever Humanitarian Ambassador. Dockery is also a patron of Changing Faces and supports a host of other charities. In 2014, along with 8 other A-list stars, Dockery was featured in an exclusive short film for Stand Up to Cancer, spreading the urgent message that we need to act now to accelerate new cancer treatments to UK patients and save more lives. Dockery's fiancé John Dineen died of a rare form of cancer on December 13, 2015, at Marymount Hospice in Cork, Ireland, with Dockery at his bedside - where he was being cared for in recent weeks. Originally from Waterfall near Cork city, Dineen had been working with the FTI Consulting firm in London when he was diagnosed with the illness. Dineen was aged 34 at the time of his passing. Her relationship with Dineen is thought to have begun in September 2013 after they were introduced by the Irish actor Allen Leech, who starred alongside Dockery in "Downton Abbey". The couple were first pictured together as they holidayed in Venice, Italy, during that year’s 70th International Venice Film Festival. The family appealed for privacy as they made the final preparations for a private funeral service in Cork, "The family is very grateful for the support and kindness they have received but would kindly request that they are left to grieve in private", a spokeswoman for the actress said. The couple had made headlines earlier in 2015, when it was reported that Dockery was showing off a diamond ring to her co-stars during screen tests. But they guarded their privacy closely, with Dockery only briefly referencing Dineen in an interview more than a year ago when she said she had a "wonderful man in my life from Ireland". In an interview with "Red" magazine, published in November 2015, she also spoke of the security her relationship brought her. "I've got people around me who I can turn to for advice: my mum, and my partner, John. But, at this stage, my instincts are pretty good", she said. Leech has said of introducing the pair: "John's like family to me and I knew he'd really get on with Michelle. She's a great girl – probably as far from Lady Mary as you could imagine". In 2016, Dockery has praised her family and friends with helping her cope following her fiance's death. Confirming in an interview with The Sunday Telegraph, that it is not something she wants to talk about, but she allows that family and friends helped her through the dark time following Dineen's death. "No one I would name because I am very private about my private life", she says, "But friends and family see you through the most difficult times. Acting, too, served as a "release" - and - "Home is wherever I'm working at the moment - For the last year I have moved around a lot and hopefully I will be in Wilmington again", she confirmed. "I just enjoy acting, whatever area – theatre, film, television".

Rogers Island is located in the middle of the Hudson River, in the south-western area of Washington County, New York. It is a part of the Village of Fort Edward, which itself is part of the Town of Fort Edward, north of Albany and east of Syracuse. Archaeological discoveries on Rogers Island show Native American hunting and fishing activities dating back approximately to 4000 BC. Native Americans remained in the area until the arrival of Europeans in the 18th century. The archaeological site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on 1973. The Royal Blockhouse site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2012. Due to its strategic location on the Hudson, Rogers Island and Fort Edward opposite became a fortress operated by the British Empire, involved in the French and Indian War (1754–1763) with invasions into French Canada to the north often beginning from the area. Due to the expansion required to house such large numbers of troops, Fort Edward and Rogers Island became the third largest community in North America, after New York City and Boston. From 1756 to 1759, Rogers Island was used as a training ground for Major Robert Rogers, from which the island takes its name. Here, Rogers trained irregular fighting forces and composed his 28 ranging rules. Captain Israel Putnam was stationed on the island in 1756. The following February, he sustained injuries in putting out a fire in a row of barracks nearest the magazine, which kept Putnam out of active service for a month. Fort Edward and Rogers Island were evacuated in 1766 and left to ruin during the American War of Independence, though it was briefly garrisoned until 1777. Evidence found in seven unmarked graves unearthed on Rogers Island in 2006 suggest that the site contains a military cemetery from the time of the French and Indian War. The Island was also home to a British army smallpox hospital during the war, although some of the deaths could have resulted from wounds incurred in skirmishes with the French. During the 1800s, the island was used to train militia for the American Civil War, with the northern tip being inhabited by civilians. On July 6, 2001, the Rogers Island Visitors Center was opened on the island. Exhibits at the Visitors Center tell the story of the Fort Edward area, from the earliest Native Americans that lived here through the Revolutionary War. The Visitors Center also serves as the home base of operations for the Adirondack Community College Archeological Field School for six weeks each summer. The Rogers Island Visitors Center hosts an annual French & Indian War Encampment each September that has proven to be popular with reenactors and the general public. Living history demonstrations, drills and skirmishes are conducted along the banks of the Hudson River.

Wingates Band is a brass band based in Wingates, a settlement near the town of Westhoughton in north-west England. It is considered one of the country's finest contesting bands and competes in the championship section (top level) of the British brass band league structure. Wingates Band was formed in 1873 by members of the local Independent Methodist church’s Bible class, In response to a challenge thrown down by the members of the Westhoughton Old Band, which had existed since 1858 Reflecting this origin. The band was originally known as the Wingates Temperance Band. Early in the 20th century Wingates rose to become a member of the elite of brass bands. In 1906 it achieved the “double” by winning the British Open brass band championships and the British National championships. The following year, in 1907, the band repeated its success and retained both titles, completing the first “double double” in the British banding world. The feat was not matched for over 70 years. In total Wingates has won the ‘Open’ seven times and the ‘National’ on four occasions. The band won the French Open brass band championship in 2004 and 2006. Wingates Band is a very famous name in banding, and is respected throughout the country for its 'pedigree', consistency and high standards. The band has won 7 British Open Championships; 4 British National Championships, more… The band will achieve an unrivalled 100 years of recording history in 2015 - our CDs are an important part of the bands revenue generation. As part of our 140th anniversary celebration in 2013, a definitive history of the band is was researched and written by band President David Kaye – 'From Bible Class To World Class'. Wingates Band prides itself in being part of Westhoughton life and a contributor to community events such as The 100-year Pretoria Remembrance (2010), Luddites Bi-Centenary Celebrations (2012) organised by Westhoughton Local History Group. We also take pride in raising the profile of Westhoughton, often performing alongside our friends The Houghton Weavers. In May 2008 Peter Moore, a trombonist with the band, won the BBC Young Musician of the Year competition. The Pretoria Pit disaster was a mining accident on 21 December 1910, when an underground explosion occurred at the Hulton Bank Colliery No. 3 Pit, known as the Pretoria Pit, in Over Hulton, Westhoughton, then in the historic county of Lancashire, in North West England. A total of 344 men lost their lives, including cornet players, trombone players and horn players from Wingates Band. At 7:50am, there was an explosion in the Plodder Mine, which was thought to have been caused by an accumulation of gas from a roof collapse the previous day. That day 349 workers descended the No 3 bank pit shaft to work in the Plodder, Yard and Three Quarters mines. Of those, only four survived to be brought to the surface. One died immediately and one the next day. The two survivors were Joseph Staveley and William Davenport. In addition one man died in the Arley Mine of No. 4 Pit, bringing the total to 344. There was a final fatality that day, William Turton, who died while fighting a fire in No. 3 pit. The men who were working the other mines in the pit worked from No.4 shaft were unharmed. It was in 1891 that the band signed its first professional conductor, Mr William Rimmer from Southport. Mr Rimmer was one of the all-time ‘giants’ of the British band movement. By the turn of the century he had transformed Wingates into an outfit amongst the finest in the land. In 1906 the band achieved the ‘double’ of British Open and British national Champions. This was repeated again in 1907, a feat known as the ‘double double’ which has only once been emulated since then in the 1970s by the world famous Black Dyke Mills Band. The current principal positions currently include: ***LIST***. Our current musical director is Paul Andrews an ex Euphonium player and founder of Wire Brass. Somewhat surprisingly, given the prevailing constraints of the time, the first-ever Wingates gramophone records were made in the summer of 1915, during the dark days of World War I.  Wingates is an active performing band and also has a long recording history. The recent recording "Nyman Brass" containing arrangements of compositions by the British minimalist composer Michael Nyman. The band recently recorded 5 tracks in BBC Media City philharmonic hall for BBC Radio 2 show listen to the band with Frank Renton to celebrate its 140th anniversary.

Redstone is a census-designated place in Pitkin County, Colorado, United States. The population as of the 2010 Census was 130. The U.S. Post Office at Carbondale (ZIP Code 81623) now serves Redstone postal addresses. The village is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as a historic district and includes several properties that are also separately listed on the National Register. Redstone was established in the late 19th century by industrialist John Cleveland Osgood as part of a coal mining enterprise. Osgood's coal empire also spurred construction of the Crystal River Railroad and Redstone's historic dwellings. As an experiment in "enlightened industrial paternalism," Osgood constructed 84 cottages and a 40-room inn, all with indoor plumbing and electricity, for his coal miners and cokers, as well as modern bathhouse facilities, a club house with a library and a theatre, and a school. Most of these Craftsman-era Swiss-style cottages are still used as homes. A dominant feature of Redstone is Cleveholm Manor, commonly called "Redstone Castle," an opulent 42-room Tudor-style mansion that Osgood built for his second wife, Swedish Countess Alma Regina Shelgrem. Construction of Cleveholm Manor, which was designed by New York architects Boal and Harnois, began in 1897 and was completed in 1901. The Castle was part of a estate that also included servants' quarters, a gamekeeper's lodge, a carriage house, and a greenhouse. Cleveholm Manor and the gamekeeper's cottage are both independently listed on the National Register as Osgood Castle and Osgood Gamekeeper's Lodge, respectively. As of 2004, the Castle still contained 75 percent of its original furnishings. The historic inn in Redstone, which is independently listed on the National Register as Redstone Inn, is now operated as a resort inn, offering year-round accommodations.

The Ault Report, or more formally the Air-to-Air Missile System Capability Review, was a sweeping study of US Navy air-to-air missile performance during the period of 1965 to 1968, conducted by Navy Captain Frank Ault. The study was initiated at the behest of Admiral Tom Moorer, Chief of Naval Operations, who had taken office in August 1967. He was disturbed by the dismal performance of Navy air-to-air missiles in engagements with North Vietnamese fighter jets. Admiral Moorer tasked the Naval Air Systems Command (NAVAIRSYSCOM) to conduct "an in-depth examination of the entire process by which Air-to-Air missile systems are acquired and employed" and further directed that Ault be placed in charge of the effort. Among the many findings of the Ault report was the need for an "Advanced Fighter Weapons School" to revive the community fighter expertise that had been resident in the Fleet Air Gunnery Units (FAGU), which had been disbanded some time before. Ault suggested that such a school be created under the auspices of Fighter Squadron 121, the West Coast F-4 Phantom Replacement Air Group, which had responsibility for training F-4 aircrews. This recommendation was accepted by the CNO, and VF-121 instructors subsequently formulated and established an advanced syllabus for fighter employment. One of the critical findings of the Ault Report was that many of the missile failures were due to out of envelope firings due to unfamiliarity of the aircrews with the dynamically changing launch acceptability regions (LAR). Ault proposed to create an instrumented range to help aircrews become familiar with the complexities of firing their air-to-air missiles. This led to development of the Air Combat Maneuvering Range (ACMR) at MCAS Yuma for use by aircraft flying out of NAS Miramar. The Air Force was faced with the same problem and also began development of a similar Air Combat Maneuvering Instrumentation (ACMI) range at Nellis AFB The Air Force conducted an exhaustive study of air-to-air encounters in Southeast Asia titled "Project Red Baron" and included all service experiences in the scope of effort. The first effort reported out in Dec 1966 as Project Red Baron I (declassified in 2001), Red Baron II reported out in 1973 and Red Baron III in 1974. The impact of Project Red Baron recommendations on the Air Force also resulted in significant improvements in training such as creation of Operation Red Flag at Nellis AFB and establishment of aggressor squadrons worldwide to provide Dissimilar air combat training.

Digitaki came into the public eye in December 2006 when she converted her office building into a pro-democracy "shrine" in the wake of the military coup which deposed the elected government of Prime Minister Laisenia Qarase on 5 December. The Fiji Sun reported on 11 December that the so-called shrine had been demolished by gunmen, whom Digitaki accused of being Military personnel, though she was not present in the office at the time. Ground floor windows were shattered and a television satellite disk was damaged. Digitaki and a number of others protesting outside the Great Council of Chiefs venue in Suva were arrested by the Military on 21 December 2006, which claimed that she and her companions had no permit for a protest. The next day, Judge John Semisi released them on bail pending a scheduled court appearance on 29 January 2007, Fiji Live reported. On 24 December, the Fiji Sun reported her as saying that she had nothing against the Military Commander and coup leader, Commodore Frank Bainimarama personally, but thought he was becoming increasingly unbalanced mentally. Digitaki failed to appear for the hearing on 29 January. Her lawyer, Tomasi Tuitoga told Magistrate Aminiasi Katonivualiku that she was in hiding and could not appear. The magistrate accepted that and refused to issue a bench warrant for her arrest, and adjourned the case to 19 February 2007. In the very early hours of 25 December, Digitaki and a number of other activists were summoned to Suva's Queen Elizabeth Barracks at Nabua; she appeared the next day wearing a neck brace and claimed to have been physically assaulted by soldiers. She and her colleagues were warned to dismantle the shrine permanently and discontinue attacking the Military regime, or else there would be further trouble. When she arrived home (after having been forced to run from Suva to Lami) in the early hours of Christmas morning, Fiji Television reported that she found it ransacked, with documents strewn everywhere. The Military, meanwhile, said it would conduct its own investigation into the alleged abuse. Fiji Village quoted her as saying on 27 December that she had decided to forgive Commodore Bainimarama for the injuries she had suffered at the hands of his troops. On 28 December, Elizabeth Clayton, an Australian to whom Digitaki and her husband loaned $50,000 to save her CHE furniture manufacturing business, questioned her motives for opposing the Military regime. Military authorities directed Immigration Department on 28 December 2006 to prevent Digitaki and several other activists from leaving Fiji. On 30 December, when she attempted to board a flight to Sydney, Australia at 9am at Nadi International Airport, she was stopped, according to Fiji Television. Her two teenage children were allowed to depart, however, but her youngest daughter, according to a Fiji Television report, was sent home with her mother. The Military announced on 25 January that it was searching for Digitaki and fellow-activist Angie Heffernan for "inciteful" comments they had allegedly made. Fiji Live quoted what it called "a reliable source" as saying that the Military was angry about allegations Digitaki had made in a statement posted in the Fiji Village forum on 17 January, detailing her treatment during her interrogation at the barracks on 25 December. According to the unnamed source, the Military was annoyed that Pita Driti, the Land Force Commander, had been named in the statement, and the Military had contacted her on 23 January. Digitaki was reported to have fled her home and gone into hiding. Soldiers in civilian clothes were patrolling her home in Muanikau, Suva. Digitaki announced on 26 January that she had requested, and received, the protection of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights in Fiji. She claimed to be dealing with the headquarters in Geneva directly, and to have been instructed not to divulge further details. The police announced on 28 January that they had begun an investigation into Digitaki and Heffernan on the basis of a formal complaint from the Military. Digitaki is married to prominent businessman Sitiveni Weleilakeba. She has a son, Mosese Qionibaravi (born 1987), two daughters, Susana Qionibaravi (born 1989) and Natasha Weleilakeba (born 1998), and one stepdaughter Fiona Weleilakeba (born 1993). Digitaki once lived in Australia but moved back to Fiji when she had married Weleilakeba.

The DAI personal computer is a rare, early home computer from the Belgian company "Data Applications International". The DAI came to market in 1980. It provided many pioneering features such as high resolution color graphics, a maths co-processor, and a pre-compiling BASIC interpreter. But it never became a commercial success. The computer was initially designed by DAI for the UK subsidiary of Texas Instruments for use with the PAL televisions used in Britain. TI US did not want to build a PAL version of their TI-99/4A home computer, although they subsequently authorized one after they saw the DAI. The Dutch educational TV broadcast company Teleac wanted to use the DAI to teach computing, following the BBC's program using the BBC Micro. However, they chose the Exidy Sorcerer instead, because the DAI was not completely ready. The DAI was based on an early 8-bit microprocessor, the Intel 8080 A, (which is generally considered the first really usable microprocessor) and contained on a single printed circuit board all the needed circuitry, some 120 individual ICs. The futuristic-looking white enclosure also held a high quality keyboard, which was uncommon for the time. As a computer display, any TV could be used. The DAI could display text and high resolution color pictures and contained a memory controller that enabled it to use up to of DRAM. This memory was divided in three regions (memory banks) that could contain either 4K or 16K memory chips. By using memory map switching, a total of 72kB of memory was addressable. The DAI also had five programmable interval 64µ - 16ms interval timers that could generate interrupts. The built-in interrupt handler chip could also handle two external interrupt inputs and the interrupts of two serial RS232 UARTS. The DAI featured a DAI/Indata DCE parallel I/O bus for parallel high speed I/O. The DAI also had 3 sound generators and 1 noise generator, and was capable of generating stereo sound. Graphics capabilities with 48k RAM installed allowed up to 528 x 240 pixels in 4 out of 16 color palette in 4 successive blobs, leaving 16k programming space. The graphics modes were controlled by a device called Programmable Graphics Generator, implementing several techniques: ***LIST***. In 4 color mode, per logical line one foreground and one background color could be selected, so each line element or logical pixel could be represented by one bit. In 16 color mode, the color palette was inherited from the previous line. only one of the four usable colors could be changed. The special thing was, that these limitations were handled by Basic, so the "user didn't notice his feet were tied together" Basic allowed only the whole screen in one mode, but poking directly in memory allowed mixed resolution lines. The whole PGG was implemented with two PROMs and standard TTL logic. The scheme predated the Amiga HAM mode by half a decade. The BASIC interpreter was remarkably fast for the time because it pre-compiled to an internal byte-code, unlike the Microsoft BASIC interpreter which most other systems of the time used. DAI variables could be up to 14 characters long. The internal byte code used pointers to a variable look up table at the bottom of the code, which made the code extremely compact, despite long variable names. This technique was rare (only other known examples are the ABC 80 and BK-0010), and is remarkably similar to that now used for Java. To enhance the mathematical abilities of BASIC, (and assembler programs) an AMD AM9511 floating point co-processor (compatible with the Intel 8231) could be added. The first working example was produced in less than 3 months, by 3 people, one of whom was taping up the circuit board layout. All 64K of assembler was the work of one man David Collier, and all the hardware design the work of another David, David Lockey. The original decision to use the 8080A 1 MHz processor(already in use by DAI on other products) was forced by the timescale, which itself was dictated by a desire to show the machine to a TI USA board meeting. In the end, only a flight on a Concorde got the machine there on time. However, the slow CPU dictated a huge amount of work on the pre-compiling BASIC and the option for hardware-assisted floating point which might not have been required if the newer Z80 had been chosen. The decision to design the PC to use any old off-the shelf cassette tape recorder made the load and save speeds slow. The need to keep the end-user cost down dictated the need for extra complexity to output a TV signal capable of working with a domestic TV. When TI finally did put the 99/4 onto the European market a few months later, it was initially sold only in a pair with an American NTSC TV because it could not drive European PAL and SECAM sets. Data Applications International (DAI) was a company from the end of the 70s to the early 80s based at Dreve de Renards 6, Brussels that was specialized in creating "Real World Cards", computer peripheral cards based on their own propriety DCEbus, which in essence consists of three groups of eight I/O lines (coming from an Intel 8255) . These were Eurocard compatible cards in a 19-inch rack. Most cards were also based on a single Intel 8255 chip. Around 1977 they designed the DAI Personal Computer. On May 6, 1982 the company went bankrupt. The Indata company continued manufacturing DAI computer until 1984.

Anthony Tyrone Thompson (born August 17, 1981 in Philadelphia, PA) is a boxer in the Junior middleweight division. As of July 2009, Thompson has a record of 24 victories, 18 by knockout, with three defeats. Thompson had an outstanding amateur career, and was the 2000 National Golden Gloves Welterweight Champion. In addition, he was 2001 United States Amateur champion. Thompson was also the runner-up at 2001 World Championship in Belfast, Northern Ireland, losing to Lorenzo Aragon of Cuba.In 2000 Anthony also won the USA National Championships and the National (PAL) Police Athletic League Championship one of few boxers to ever win the triple crown of amateur boxing in the same year.Anthony repeated as USA National Champion in 2001. Thompson turned pro in 2002 and was quickly thought to be a future champion, but his career hit a snag with a TKO loss to future The Contender star Grady Brewer in 2004. Since the loss he has run off several wins against limited opposition, including a win over seasoned veteran Robert Frazier, and he may currently be positioning himself for a shot at a major contender. Yuri Foreman defeated Thompson on June 9, 2007, in a tactical 10-round junior middleweight split decision in Madison Square Garden on the undercard of the Miguel Cotto/Zab Judah fight. The scores were 97-93 and 96-94 for Foreman, and 96-94 for Thompson. Representatives for Germany-based 154-pound titlist Sergei Dzindziruk were in the house to scout the fight, with the intention of offering a title shot to the winner. On August 15, 2008, Thompson lost by technical knockout in the sixth round to Ishmail Arvin in Washington D.C. Thompson suffered a deep wound over his left eye in the third round from an unintentional headbutt, but knocked Arvin down twice in the same round. Thompson continued to dominate the bout, but it was eventually stopped by the referee after round six due to Thompson's cut. There was confusion after the bout, however, and instead of going to the scorecards for a technical decision, it was ruled that Thompson could not continue and that Arvin was winner by technical knockout.

Buckley Hall was a historic house in Buckley near Rochdale, Lancashire, England which was the home of the Buckley and later Entwistle family. Buckley Hall was a Catholic boys' orphanage from 1888 to 1947, when it was demolished; Buckley Hall Prison now occupies the site. The surname Buckley in its various spellings was first recorded in the 12th century and was supposed to have descended from a supporter of William the Conqueror. The original Hall was in existence before 1626 and was demolished in 1860. After the death of the owner in 1882, the Hall remained unoccupied for five years. Herbert Vaughan, the Bishop of Salford, enlisted the help of the Congregation of the Brothers of Charity, an organisation already active in the welfare and education of children in Belgium and France, to initiate a similar service in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Salford. They agreed to do and eventually purchased the Hall as an orphanage in 1887. Following a year spent making alterations and adaptations to render the building fit for its intended use, the orphanage was officially opened in 1888 with 28 boys. Six months later, the number increased to 80 and the original building was extended. Subsequent increases required further building with extensions on a much larger scale to provide accommodation for a total of 300. This also involved the provision of premises for the industrial training of the boys, completed in 1905. The trades taught included plumbing, printing, bookbinding, joinery and woodcarving and boot and shoe repairs. The latter department also developed a manufacturing section which produced boots and shoes for the boys and members of the staff. Master craftsmen were employed in each of these disciplines in order to ensure that the boys received expert tuition. Extramural activities included the formation of a band and choir, both of which performed outside the orphanage, and the organisation of football and cricket teams. Thousands of Catholic boys lived there and many of them grew up, found jobs, got married and settled in Rochdale. Some, however, took ill and did not survive. They were buried in adjoining plots in the cemetery, along with some of Buckley Hall's teachers and servants. The last boy to die there was buried in 1941.

Susann McDonald (born May 26, 1935) is an American-born classical harpist. In addition to a successful performing career, she has made a number of recordings and held significant academic and organizational posts. McDonald was born in Rock Island, Illinois. After studies in Chicago and New York City, at age 15 she entered the Conservatoire de Paris, where she studied with Henriette Renié and Lily Laskine and in 1955 was the first American to win the Premiere Prix de Harpe. Not long thereafter, she was a winner in the first International Harp Competition in Israel; in 1970, she returned to the competition as a judge. Around this time she also had an audience with Juliana of the Netherlands following a recital at the Concertgebouw. From her early years, McDonald toured widely; besides Israel and the Netherlands, her travels took her to South America and Canada for recitals and to Europe for radio and television broadcasts. She also began to develop what would be a noteworthy academic career. For a time, she served simultaneously as head of harp departments at the Universities of Arizona and Southern California and California State College at Los Angeles. From 1975 to 1985, she was the head of the harp department at the Juilliard School. She then took a position as chairman of the harp department at Indiana University-Bloomington in the Jacobs School of Music, which has the largest harp department in the world; somewhat later, she was named a Distinguished Professor of Music. McDonald has also played a prominent role in organizations devoted to the harp. She is the artistic director of the World Harp Congress and the honorary president of the Association Internationale des Harpistes, and she is the founder and music director of the USA International Harp Competition. Past students include Nancy Allen, Erzsébet Gaál, Cristina Braga, Şirin Pancaroğlu, Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean, María Luisa Rayan-Forero, Jessica Suchy-Pilalis, JoAnn Turovsky, Naoko Yoshino, Kristie Smith, and Natalie Salzman. On October 31, 2002, in Bloomington, Indiana, a fire consumed the home that McDonald shared with organist Diane Bish. Among the many personal possessions lost were a Yamaha grand piano and Rodgers digital organ, but several of McDonald's prized harps were saved by firefighters, and fortunately both women escaped without injuries. McDonald in the early 1970s recorded LPs of harp sonatas of Jan Ladislav Dussek and Antonio Rosetti for Orion Records, presently available as compact disc reissues from Marquis Music; in 1966 she had participated in a recording of vocal and instrumental concerted music by Joseph Frederick Wagner for the same label. More recently, McDonald has recorded encore pieces for Delos International on both traditional and concert harps and traditional French harp literature, music for flute and harp with Louise DiTullio, 20th-century composers, and music by Rosetti and Louis Spohr in a series of releases for Klavier Records. She also recorded single issues including organ music with Diane Bish for the Allen Organ Company, music of Miklós Rózsa with oboist Allan Vogel for the Bay Cities label, recital music for Boite a Musique, and mostly 20th-century literature for Music Works-Harp Editions.

Canadian Geospace Monitoring (CGSM) is a Canadian space science program that was initiated in 2005. CGSM is funded primarily by the Canadian Space Agency, and consists of networks of imagers, meridian scanning photometers, riometers, magnetometers, digital ionosondes, and High Frequency SuperDARN radars. The overarching objective of CGSM is to provide synoptic observations of the spatio-temporal evolution of the ionospheric thermodynamics and electrodynamics at auroral and polar latitudes over a large region of Canada. The interaction between the solar wind and the Earth's magnetic field has a number of consequences. In brief, these are the formation of the terrestrial Magnetosphere, the provision of energy and matter to the [magnetosphere], and the powering of large-scale electric currents and the closely related phenomenon of the aurora. Near-Earth space physical processes are of interest for economic reasons and for what we can learn about our environment and the cosmos. These processes are connected along the magnetic field to the Earth's ionosphere, where they lead to the aurora, heating, modification of composition, and large-scale plasma motions. All of these ionospheric processes are interesting in their own right. In addition, there is an increasing understanding of the correspondence between inospheric processes and processes going on further out in near-Earth space. In this way, observations of the ionospheric processes can be used to in turn remote sense dynamics in near-Earth space. The interaction is significant at sub-auroral, auroral, and polar latitudes where large regions of the magnetosphere are mapped along the magnetic field into relatively small regions of the ionosphere, and where the magnetospheric dynamics are controlled primarily by the plasma rather than the magnetic field. This organization is actually by magnetic rather than by geographic latitude (see Baker and Wing, and references therein for a description of magnetic vs. geographic coordinates). The aurora, for example, is most frequently observed at magnetic latitudes between roughly 60 and 80 degrees (see Eather). In the northern hemisphere Canada has the largest land mass at the magnetic latitudes. As a consequence of this so-called "Canadian-advantage", Canada has been a world-leader in ground-based auroral and ionospheric research for decades. CGSM was envisaged as a national program aimed at obtaining world-class ionospheric observations, and with those in hand directly studying ionospheric dynamics and indirectly the magnetospheric dynamics. It was developed with the guiding principles embodied in five grand challenge science themes (see the "CGSM Science Factsheet"). In summary, the science themes are related to the reconnection and convection cycle, magnetospheric instabilities, the formation of the aurora, and the acceleration, transport, and loss of magnetospheric plasma. These are science themes that pervade virtually every major space science initiative in the world, and CGSM gives Canada and more importantly Canadian researchers a unique opportunity to contribute new and innovative science. The CGSM science objectives dictate the observational requirements. In short, the program is designed to specify particle precipitation (aurora), electric currents, and plasma convection in the ionosphere over a large region of Canada. This requires networks of ground-based magnetometers, ionosondes, High-Frequency radars, all-sky imagers, meridian scanning photometers, and riometers. Furthermore, these networks must have overlapping Fields-of-View that span latitudes from the polar region, through the auroral zone, to sub-auroral latitudes. The observations must be of sufficient time and spatial resolution, and of sufficient quality (what determines quality depends on the instrument in question) to allow for new science to be derived from the observations. Anticipated CGSM stakeholders met in Edmonton in June 2002 to initiate planning for the program. An ambitious plan was settled on, requiring numerous new instruments of various types to be deployed in challenging remote environments. The instruments would need to operate autonomously for long periods, and suffer few breakdowns. Much of the data would need to be recovered in real-time in order for CGSM to develop into an important space weather program, in addition to its space science objectives. New instruments would need to be acquired, outfitted and fielded at existing and new sites. To accomplish this, the team settled on using Telesat Canada's HSi High Speed Satellite Internet system, in conjunction with an information technology infrastructure (basically a glorified local area network with additional capabilities including UPS, GPS, and attached hard-disk storage). Further, members of the team applied to the Canada Foundation for Innovation for fubds for new instruments, and were successful on all fronts. The resulting funding enabled the deployment (which is still ongoing) of an additional 8 All-Sky Imagers, 14 fluxgate magnetometers, 8 induction coil magnetometers, and two additional SuperDARN radars (the new "PolarDARN" radars). In addition to facilities that were already in place in 2002 (from the Canadian Space Agency's CANOPUS program, the Natural Resources Canada CANMOS magnetometer array, and the NSERC supported NORSTAR, SuperDARN, and CADI programs), the final array will certainly meet the scientific requirements. CGSM began formally with the issuing of contracts to teams at the University of Calgary (photometers, riometers, ASIs), the University of Alberta (simulation, data management, fluxgate magnetometers), and the University of Saskatchewan (SuperDARN HF radars with a subcontract to the University of Western Ontario for digital ionosondes), Natural Resources Canada (space weather operations), and the National Research Council (solar monitor). As well, the University of Calgary developed a new system for managing information technology at the remote sites. In 2007, the CSA called for proposals for the second phase of CGSM. More than 20 proposals were submitted in October, 2007, and contracts were awarded in 2008 for continued and enhanced CGSM activities. In a recent review of major Canadian space science projects, Liu et al. pointed out that CGSM is a unique facility, owing in part to the above-mentioned fact that the bulk of the northern hemisphere auroral region that can be remote sensed from the ground is over Canadian territory, and in part due to a significant investment in new experimental infrastructure that is being and will be realized during the period 2004-2010. CGSM complements numerous satellite and international ground-based programs. The synergies between CGSM and satellite missions, for example, are very important. Satellites measure the plasma processes at work in the magnetosphere and ionosphere directly using magnetometers, and electric field, plasma wave, and particle detectors. These processes, however, are truly multi-scale, with important scale sizes ranging from kilometers or less to tens of thousands of kilometers. Satellite observations are essential because they are our only direct look at the processes of interest. At the same time, the satellites are like "needles in a haystack", owing to the enormous scale sizes of the magnetospheric system and the fact that all the scales seem to be important in the overall dynamic. The magnetospheric dynamics are projected along magnetic field lines into the ionosphere and are visible, for example, in changes in the aurora and large-scale ionospheric plasma motions. So we get a two-dimension picture of the magnetospheric dynamics which provides an essential complement to the satellite observations. This synergy and its value in advancing science has been increasingly recognized in recent years. The European Space Agency's Cluster mission included a Ground-Based Working Group that was created with the express purpose of maximizing the impact of coordinated ground-based observations (see Amm et al., for a description of the impact of the Cluster Ground-Based Working Group). The five-satellite NASA THEMIS mission launched on February 17, 2006 includes a ground-based component consisting of 20 ground-based observatories (some of which incorporate CGSM magnetometer data), indicating the recognition of the importance of coordinated ground-based observations.

Blessed Johannes Ludovicus Paquay (17 November 1828 - 1 January 1905) - in religious Valentinus - was a Belgian Roman Catholic priest and a professed member from the Order of Friars Minor. He was a popular confessor and noted preacher while serving in various leadership positions in the house he was stationed in; he was also known for his popular devotion to the Eucharist and the Sacred Heart and promoted these devotions to the faithful and to his conferees alike. Pope John Paul II beatified him in Saint Peter's Square on 9 November 2003. Johannes Ludovicus Paquay was born in Belgium on 17 November 1828 as the fifth of eleven children to Hendrik Paquay and Anne Neven. He studied literature at the college in Tongeren - the Canons Regular of Saint Augustine managed it - and commenced his studies for the priesthood at Saint-Trond in 1845. But his father died in an unexpected twist in 1847 and he left school in order to join the Order of Friars Minor and he commenced his novitiate in Thielt on 3 October 1849. He made his perpetual profession on 4 October 1850 in the new religious name of "Valentinus" and made his profession into the hands of Father Ugoline Demont who was the head of that convent. Paquay later resumed his studies after this and was ordained to the priesthood on 10 June 1854. He was at once assigned to the Hasselt convent where he was stationed for the remainder of his life and there served as both sub-prior and prior of that house. Paquay served as the provincial definitor from 1890 until 1899 and soon became a sought after confessor and spiritual director. The priest became noted for his ardent devotion to the Eucharist and he often prompted to his parishioners the importance of the frequent reception of the Eucharist while likewise promoting to the faithful the devotion of the Sacred Heart as well as to his fellow friars. He died in 1905. The beatification process commenced in Liège in an informative process that opened in 1908 and later closed in 1910 while theologians compiled his spiritual writings and approved them to be in line with doctrine on 25 February 1920; the formal introduction to the cause came under Pope Pius XI on 22 November 1922 and he was titled as a Servant of God. An apostolic process was later held from 1925 until 1926 while that and the informative process received the validation of the Congregation of Rites on 19 July 1939. An antepreparatory congregation approved the cause on 8 May 1956 as did a preparatory one on 4 July 1967 which led to a general congregation likewise approving it on 14 July 1967; a session of the newly-established Congregation for the Causes of Saints approved the cause on 8 May 1969. The late priest was named as Venerable on 4 May 1970 after Pope Paul VI approved that the Franciscan friar had led a model life of heroic virtue. The single miracle required for beatification was investigated from 1952 to 1953 and was validated on 20 October 2000 before receiving the approval of a medical board on 18 April 2002. Theologians also approved it on 12 November 2002 as did the C.C.S. on 10 December 2002 before Pope John Paul II granted final approval for it on 20 December 2002. This allowed for the pope to celebrate his beatification on 9 November 2003 in Saint Peter's Square. The current postulator for this cause is Fra Giovangiuseppe Califano.

The West End is a neighborhood in the southwestern part of Providence, Rhode Island in the region often referred to as the South Side. Its boundaries are delineated by Westminster Street to the north, Huntington Avenue to the south, Elmwood Avenue to the east and the railroad tracks with Route 10 to the west. Cranston Street runs through the center of West End, past the Cranston Street Armory which has given the neighborhood the alternative name of the "Armory District." The first settlement of the area took place shortly after King Philip's War in the form of farming. In 1739, Obidiah Brown built the Hoyle Tavern at the intersections of Westminster and Cranston Streets, near present-day Classical High School. Early settlers built houses nearby to the tavern. In the 19th century, the area developed industrially and residentially with several factories built near the now-filled Long Pond. Residential construction followed after a horse-drawn coach started serving the area in 1855 and a streetcar in 1865. North of Cranston Street developed a white middle-class neighborhood of one and two family houses, while south of it, double and triple decker houses were built to accommodate increasing numbers of Irish, French Canadians, and blacks. Following the urban decline of the 1930s, the West End has become a slowly decaying inner city neighborhood as middle class residents left. The adjacent Huntington Industrial Park in Olneyville had kept industry nearby, but when Gorham Manufacturing Company left the area Olneyville lost importance as a freight rail hub. Further, Route 10 was constructed, physically separating the West End from the rest of the city. In recent years, new residents have worked to improve and renovate the area's housing supply, particularly the more historic houses, including turning older houses into affordable rentals. As of the 1990 census, one in three residents of the West End was Hispanic, about 30 percent were Black, and 14 percent were Asian, making the West End one of the city's most diverse neighborhoods. About one in three families was living below the poverty line and 44% of residents over 25 had completed high school. According to the Providence Plan, a local nonprofit aimed at improving city life, half of all West End residents are Hispanic while 19% are African-American, 14% white, 13% Asian, and 1.6% Native American. 68% of children under the age of six speak a language other than English as their primary language. The median family income is $23,346, below the citywide average of $32,058. 36.6% of families live below the poverty line while one in ten families receives some form of public assistance. Nearly one in four children under the age of six have been exposed to high levels of lead. Alfred Lima and Asa Messer Elementary Schools are both located in the West End area. Also, the West End Community Center, an afterschool program, is located on Bucklin Street.

Peter Cartwright (30 August 1935 – 18 November 2013) was a South African actor who made hundreds of appearances in television, film and on radio and worked extensively in the theatre, both in the provinces and London's West End. Cartwright was born in Krugersdorp, Gauteng, South Africa, and educated at St. Andrew's College in Grahamstown. He arrived in Britain in 1959 and studied at RADA. He was best known in South Africa for a series of television commercials in which he was the face of Charles Glass, the legendary founder of South African Breweries and the brewmaster who brewed Castle Lager. He died of cancer at his home in London on 18 November 2013,aged 78. "", "Z-Cars", "Rumpole of the Bailey", "Danger UXB","Yes Prime Minister", "Casualty", "Shackleton", "Longitude", "The Vicar of Dibley, Doctor Who". He appeared in the British soap "Emmerdale" playing George Postlethwaite the fictional bishop of Skipdale. In "Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix", he played a wizard, Elphias Doge, part of the Order of the Phoenix, escorting Harry to Grimmauld Place. Other films include "Wimbledon", "Cry Freedom", "Gandhi" and "The Fourth Protocol".

Florence Easton (25 October 1882 – 13 August 1955) was a popular English dramatic soprano in the early 20th century. She was one of the most versatile singers of all time. She sang more than 100 parts, covering a wide range of styles and periods, from Mozart, Meyerbeer, Gounod, Verdi, Wagner, Puccini, Strauss, Schreker and Krenek. In Wagner she sang virtually every soprano part, large and small from Senta onwards, including the "Götterdämmerung" Brünnhilde. She described herself as "lyric dramatic soprano", which seems barely adequate in relation to the range of types of role in which she excelled. Her high international reputation, founded mainly in Germany and North America, was almost unique for a British singer of her time. She could move easily through all stages from the light coloratura to the Hochdramatische, from girlish romanticism to powerful Wagnerian and Straussian drama. The voice could be light and airy, gently melancholic or intensely passionate. The involvement in the character of the role was total. John Steane has suggested that "This great strength of hers was also, in a strange way, a source of weakness. She sang so many roles very well that she never quite became identified with any of these". Despite her often suspect Italian diction she was chosen by Puccini to create Lauretta in his 1917 opera "Gianni Schicchi." There is no connection between Florence Easton and the singer Robert Easton, born 1898 in Sunderland. Florence Easton was the elder daughter of John Thomas Easton and Isabella Yarrow, and niece of Fletcher Easton. Known professionally as 'the nightingale of South Bank', she was born on 25 October 1882 at 52 Napier Street, South Bank, Middlesbrough (many biographies show her birthdate incorrectly as 1884). Her parents left England when she was 5 years old and settled with Florence (then known as Flossie) and her younger brother in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Flossie sang in the choir of Parkdale Methodist Church, where her father was choirmaster and her mother was organist. Her musical talent became evident in early childhood and she had piano, organ and singing lessons with JDA Tripp and Mr Harrison. She appeared publicly as a pianist when she was 8 years old. She said ""I began as a pianist, and had no thought of singing, let alone the opera, when I began the study of music". " Florence was one of the first women to be made a fellow of the Royal Academy of Music on 25 March 1909. When her mother died in 1899, Florence returned with her father to Middlesbrough, where he joined a partnership in a wholesale fruit merchants business with William Henry Easton, his father and Fletcher Easton, his brother. A collection in Middlesbrough raised enough money for her to study for a year at the Royal Academy of Music in London—she lost the money on her first day in the capital, and her father had to find replacement funds. She started in May 1900 and studied singing for a year. The 1901 Census shows her as an 18-year-old student at the Royal Academy of Music, living at Hendon, Middlesex. In 1901 she went to Paris to study singing with Elliott Haslam, a friend of her father's. ""But not long after this my father died, and my grandparents (who had good old-fashioned ideas that a woman's place to sing was in the home) discouraged my efforts. They even carried paternalism far enough to select a husband for me. When this point had been reached, I quietly disappeared, and once more went back to my vocal work"." Florence was determined, and her debut operatic appearance was as the Shepherd boy in "Tannhäuser" at Newcastle upon Tyne in 1903 with the touring Moody-Manners Opera Company. On the first evening of the company's season at Covent Garden she sang Stephano in "Roméo et Juliette". Her first leading role at the Covent Garden Opera House was Arline in "The Bohemian Girl", and she was a success there in 1903, as the lead in "Madama Butterfly". Florence married twice; in May 1904 she married Francis Maclennan (born 1873, died 1935), an American tenor with the Moody-Manners Opera Company. She made her American debut as Gilda in "Rigoletto" in Baltimore with Henry W. Savage's English Grand Opera Company in November 1905, and she sang a number of roles with this company in the US and Canada over the next 2 years. In 1905 Maclennan had the title role in Henry W. Savage's Parsifal tour of America, and Florence gave up her singing career to set up home in America. They had a son in 1906 and a daughter (Wilhelmina) in 1912; they divorced in 1928. Wilhelmina died in the flu epidemic of 1919. Her first notable success in America came in Henry Savage's 1906/7 season as Cio-Cio-San in the premiere of "Madama Butterfly" (in English). Her performance on 27 October 1906 was the second ever in the USA, following that of Elsa Szamosy by only twelve days. Florence held a world record of more than three hundred appearances in Madame Butterfly, her favourite role. From 1907 to 1913 she and her husband Francis Maclennan were members of the Berlin Royal Opera, singing many roles of great variety. She had to learn the role of Marguerite in German within 10 days, and followed up by learning and performing the part of Aida within 48 hours without rehearsal. She was immediately given a five-year contract. They became firm friends of Kaiser Wilhelm. Florence was coached by Richard Strauss for the title role in the English version of his "Elektra" at the London premiere at Covent Garden in 1910. After the 1912/13 season the Maclennans joined the Hamburg Opera Stadtische Opera, and she sang with Enrico Caruso in 1913. In 1915/16 the couple toured America where Florence appeared in a single performance as Brünnhilde in "Siegfried", achieving a great popular and critical success. Because of the war it was too risky to return to Germany, so they stayed in the United States, becoming members of the Chicago Opera Association where her debut was in Siegfried. She remained with the Chicago Opera for two seasons, becoming one of the best-known Wagnerian sopranos in the USA. She sang with the Society of American Singers, New York in 1916. In 1917 she joined The Metropolitan Opera in New York, her debut on 7 December 1917 being the role of Santuzza in "Cavalleria Rusticana". She remained at the Met for 12 seasons, singing 41 parts and about 295 performances. While in New York, Easton studied with Anna E. Schoen-René, a student of Pauline Viardot-García and Manuel García. It was her performance as the Saint Elisabeth in the staged version of Liszt's "Die Legende von der heiligen Elisabeth" in 1918 which set her into the first rank of Metropolitan Opera stars. Giacomo Puccini wrote a trio of operas named "Il trittico" comprising "Il tabarro", "Suor Angelica" and "Gianni Schicchi". Florence created the role of Lauretta at the world premiere of Puccini¹s "Gianni Schicchi" on 14 December 1918 at the Metropolitan Opera, New York; she was the first to sing the famous aria "O mio babbino caro" ("O My Beloved Papa"). Puccini could not get to New York for the premiere, so the Met's general manager Giulio Gatti-Casazza sent a telegram to Puccini after the performance of the Trittico: ""Most happy to announce the complete authentic success of the Trittico. At the end of each opera long very sincere demonstrations more than forty warm curtain calls altogether. In spite of public notice forbidding encores by insistence Lauretta's aria was repeated. Principal strength Moranzoni magnificent. Farrar, Muzio, Easton, De Luca, Montesanto, Didur incomparable singers and actors. Daily press confirms success expressing itself very favourably on worth of the operas enthusiastically for Schicchi"." She sang many other premiere roles including Aelfrida in Deems Taylor's "The King's Henchman" on 17 February 1927 and Mother Tyl in Wolff's "L'oiseau bleu". She was also featured in many American premieres including "La cena delle beffe", "Così fan tutte" and "Der Rosenkavalier". Her repertoire included more than 100 roles in 4 languages. She appeared with Chaliapin, a bass singer of great renown, and also with the famous Enrico Caruso at his last performance, on Christmas Eve 1920, when she was Rachel to his Eleazar in Halevy's "La Juive". By 1926 she was earning $800 for each performance of "Turandot". In 1929 she sang her last premiere for the Metropolitan, Otto Kahn's staging of the jazz opera "Jonny spielt auf". In May 1929 she went to Europe for several months enjoying herself on the proceeds from years of singing with only a few short breaks. However, she lost a fortune in the Wall Street Crash of 1929. In the fortnight between 3 and 17 November 1927 she sang Maddalena in "Andrea Chénier", "La Gioconda", Rachel in "La Juive", "Madama Butterfly" and the Marschallin in "Der Rosenkavalier"; it was surprising that she could manage them all and in such a relatively short space of time, it was astonishing that the critical response to nearly every one was laudatory. Though unlike her in so many ways, Easton had this much in common with Lilli Lehmann. By dint of application, intelligence, musical facility and sheer hard work, she was able to transform a lightweight lyric soprano into a dramatic instrument capable not merely of scaling the Wagnerian heights but with the stamina to stay up there season in and season out. Florence Easton was famous for her ability to take an unknown part at 8 in the morning and perform it flawlessly in public 12 hours later. Frequently she was called upon at the last moment to substitute for some leading soprano momentarily indisposed. She sang her first Isolde without a single rehearsal, called to do so at the zero hour. In the middle of the 1929 season however, her memory suddenly failed her, and she asked to be released from her contract. She announced she would sing in opera no more, and retired to a house in Hampstead, London. She married Stanley Roberts, a New York banker and executive of the Celanese Corporation of America and baritone singer, in 1931. The following year she reappeared and recorded the "Siegfried" "Brünnhilde" with Lauritz Melchior at Covent Garden. Between 1932 and 1935 she lived in England, singing at Covent Garden, Sadler's Wells and at the Promenade Concerts under Sir Henry Wood, with the London Philharmonic under Sir Thomas Beecham and with the BBC Symphony Orchestra in the first worldwide hook-up broadcast. Her regular accompanist was Harold Craxton. At Covent Garden in 1932 she was Isolde in "Siegfried" opposite Lauritz Melchior, the only time they appeared together. She was "Tosca", an unlikely "Carmen", sang in Mendelssohn's "Elijah" and gave Lieder and song recitals. Leaving England finally in 1935, she found that she had lost the tour to the new sensation, Kirsten Flagstad (but she remained an unstinting admirer of the great Norwegian). Easton's last appearance on the operatic stage was as Brünnhilde in "Die Walküre" in New York on 28 February 1936. In an interview in New York in 1935 she suggested the reason for her absence from the Metropolitan Opera: ""It was an accident during a performance of Carmen in England a year ago which incapacitated me for a number of months last year. Reeling in Carmen's death-throes, I happened to catch my heel in the skirt of my dress and fell, twisting my spine, directly in the path of the curtain. The audience hadn't the remotest idea that the apparently lifeless Carmen who lay there was almost lifeless – and indeed, I actually would have been two minutes later if I had not retained sufficient consciousness to edge out of the path of the descending curtain on its way to deposit about a ton of iron weighting on my head. However, all these things must be taken in one's stride"." On one occasion Florence Easton was engaged to sing the title role in "Madama Butterfly" in Washington, D.C., a place celebrated for the strictest child labour laws of any city in the country. The child 'Trouble' (Butterfly's son who appears only in the last act), is always recruited locally, and a resourceful stage manager from somewhere produced a midget. Nobody told Mme. Easton, lest she be a bit squeamish. It is customary for the child playing Trouble to be introduced to the soprano at the first intermission to get him (more often her) accustomed to the Japanese costume and makeup. Easton asked the traditional three questions:<br>"Would you like to go to the bathroom?" – "No".<br>"Would you like some chocolate?" – "No".<br>"How old are you?" – "Forty two" the little fellow piped up.<br>But this was nothing to Easton¹s confusion in the last act. When she pressed him to her ample bosom he didn¹t want to let go. Florence retired from public performance in 1939; her last appearance with orchestra was in a 1942 broadcast where she sang excerpts from "Tristan und Isolde" using her own English translations. She then taught privately and at the Juilliard School of Music, and still gave occasional recitals in New York. Her final appearance was made at New York Town Hall, in a song recital in 1943. At the end of World War II she moved with her husband to Montreal, Quebec, Canada and they returned to New York in 1950. She was suffering from heart trouble and she died on 13 August 1955, in Montreal, aged 72. Florence Easton made more than 100 records in the 1920s and 1930s. She recorded for Odeon, Aeolian-Vocalion and for Brunswick, initially recording acoustically, but electrically from 1926. She embraced opera, operetta, sacred songs and popular ballads. She recorded six operatic items for Edison (1927). One of her most important Wagnerian records was made for HMV in 1932: the superb "Siegfried" "Brünnhilde" opposite Lauritz Melchior (Covent Garden, 1932) "Heil dir Sonne! Heil dir Licht!" (the best recording in her own estimation). In 1933, HMV recorded six sides of Lieder and songs for RCA Victor, accompanied by Gerald Moore.

Larry Dennis Mosley (born December 26, 1979) is an American boxer in the Welterweight division. Born in Watts, California, Mosley is boxing champion Shane Mosley's cousin. Mosley had an outstanding amateur career, and was the 1998 and 1999 United States Amateur Welterweight Champion. Mosley's major amateur tournament results are as follows: ***LIST***. At the Olympic Box-Offs, Dante Craig would defeat Mosley twice, to earn the United States Olympic bid at Welterweight. Mosley turned pro in 2000 and has had limited success. In his two high-profile bouts, he has come up with draws, against Miguel Figueroa and Golden Johnson, both in 2006. He has not fought since losing a 10 round decision to Canelo Álvarez in October, 2008.

San Acacio is an unincorporated community and census-designated place in Costilla County, Colorado, United States. As of the 2010 census it had a population of 40. The U.S. Post Office at Sanford (ZIP Code 81151) serves postal addresses in San Acacio. Government Robert Quintana is, by proclamation, the mayor of Old San Acacio, Regina Romansky is the mayor of New San Acacio. San Acacio is located in western Costilla County at (37.222947,-105.665302), in the San Luis Valley of southern Colorado. Colorado State Highway 142 runs through San Acacio, leading east to San Luis and west to U.S. Route 285 at Romeo. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the San Acacio CDP has a total area of , all of it land. A post office called San Acacio was established in 1909, and remained in operation until 1992. The community was named after Saint Acacius.

Ontario wine is Canadian wine produced in the province of Ontario that is certified by VQA Ontario. Wines made from 100% Ontario grapes can qualify for classification under Ontario's appellation system, the Vintners Quality Alliance (VQA), and must be certified by the provincial wine authority to use the descriptor "Ontario wine" and other regulated labelling terms. VQA regulates production standards including grape varietals, wine-making techniques employed, and other requirements and ensures label integrity for consumers. This has raised some issues with certain wineries that do not meet the VQA standard or are not eligible because they use Ontario grown winter-hardy hybrid grapes that are not recognized by VQA despite lobbying attempts to update their list of acceptable grape varieties. Not all wines produced in Ontario are classified as VQA. Many wineries produce both VQA wines and non-VQA wines depending on their business objectives. Wines which are not labelled VQA may not meet the VQA standards, certification or verification requirements, or may be wines that are blended with imported grape content. Certain producers (grandfathered under the 1988 Canada-United States Free Trade Agreement) are permitted to produce wines from a blend of foreign grapes or wine and domestic content to produce a wine labelled as Cellared in Canada or International/Canadian Blend. Some in the wine industry are concerned about this practice. Wines made from Ontario grapes that are not VQA certified are typically wines made using grape varieties, techniques or blends that VQA Ontario does not recognize and are not eligible for certification. Some wineries may choose not to have eligible wines certified by VQA for economic reasons or wines may have failed to pass the certification process. Wines made from fruits other than grapes, including ciders, and wines made from raw materials other than fruit such as Sake and mead are not eligible for VQA certification. The Ontario government provides support to wineries producing VQA wines through mark-up relief for VQA wines sold to restaurants and other establishments licensed to sell alcoholic beverages in Ontario. Southern Ontario is in roughly the same latitude as southern France (Provence and the Languedoc). These regions have a tradition of growing tender fruit such as apricots and peaches, and has the growing conditions to consistently ripen many varieties of vitis vinifera grapes. Grapegrowing in Ontario has its challenges, particularly outside of the southern regions normally associated with tender fruits. At times, wine regions in Ontario suffer from harsh winters which can damage tender vines. In addition, its humid summers can increase the pressure from fungal diseases. However, experience and advancement in technology in recent decades have led to the development of vineyard management techniques (for example, the use of wind machines in vineyards), variety selection and winemaking techniques to meet these challenges. Ontario vineyards and wineries now produce world-class wines in the table wine, Icewine and sparkling wine categories. The most prominent varieties of grapes grown in Ontario are: For red wine and rosé production: ***LIST***. For whites: ***LIST***. For Icewines and late harvest dessert wines: ***LIST***. There are three official growing regions in the province recognized and regulated by the VQA. The Niagara Peninsula, with the most area under vine and a series of recognized sub-appellations, is Canada's largest wine growing region and is blessed by a unique micro-climate facilitated by the interaction of the Niagara Escarpment and Lake Ontario. In the Niagara Peninsula there are ten sub-appellations which each have unique growing conditions suited to different grape varieties. They are: Niagara River, Niagara Lakeshore, Four Mile Creek, St David's Bench, Creek Shores, Lincoln Lakeshore, Short Hills Bench, Twenty Mile Bench, Beamsville Bench, and Vinemount Ridge. In addition, two regional appellations have been created: Niagara Escarpment for the bench area west of St Catharines (Short Hills Bench, Twenty Mile Bench, Beamsville Bench) and Niagara-on-the-Lake for the four sub-appellations east of St Catharines. The north shore of Lake Erie is more southerly and receives many growing degree days, although Lake Erie freezes over in the winter. The Lake Erie North Shore appellation contains one sub-appellation, the South Islands, which includes Canada's southernmost vineyards on Pelee Island, for Canada's largest estate winery, Pelee Island Winery. In addition Prince Edward County was created as a new growing region in 2007. Some see the future of wine in "the county" in premium wines produced from Pinot noir and Chardonnay. There have been ongoing smaller scale attempts to grow wine in other, cooler, areas of the province using cold hardy, often hybrid grape varieties. Such is the case of Bruce County which encompasses the northern portion of the Niagara Escarpment which also runs through the Niagara wine growing region and Norfolk County along the shore of Lake Erie just west of Hamilton. Wines made in these emerging regions may be certified as VQA wines under the regional designation "Ontario". Ontario is also home to wineries specializing in fruit wine. These wines are outside the scope of the VQA, but Fruit Wines of Canada has developed the Quality Certified (QC) mark to identify quality Canadian fruit wine that is not made from grapes. Ontario-grown fruits used to make these wines include (but are not limited to) apple, apricot, black currant, blackberry, blueberry, cherry, cranberry, elderberry, gooseberry, huckleberry, haskap, nectarine, peach, pear, plum, red currant, raspberry, saskatoon berry, and strawberry. Some fruit wineries carry other products that are not made from fruit, including wines made from rhubarb, maple syrup, and honey. Occasionally fruit wines are combined with grape wine, mead, or other fruit wines to produce unique flavour combinations. In some cases, these wines can include other ingredients such as chocolate (e.g. in cherry or blueberry wines) or spices (e.g. in apple wines). Sake began to be commercially produced on a craft scale in Ontario in 2011. While sake's production methodology and product shelf life are similar to those of beer, its typical alcohol content of 12-19% by volume more closely resembles that of wine made from grapes. Ontario has an advantageous location to produce sake due to the abundant availability of high quality spring water and the large and growing size of its local market for Japanese cuisine. Sake's popularity is also increasing due to its gluten-free and sulfite-free characteristics.

In ancient Scandinavia and Germanic Europe a mead hall or feasting hall was initially simply a large building with a single room. From the fifth century to early medieval times such a building was the residence of a lord and his retainers. The mead hall was generally the great hall of the king. The old name of such halls may have been "sal/salr" and thus be present in old place names such as "Uppsala". The meaning has been preserved in German "Saal", Dutch "zaal", Frisian "seal", Icelandic "salur", Swedish, Norwegian and Danish "sal", Lithuanian "salė", Finnish "sali", French "salle", Italian/Polish/Portuguese/Spanish "sala" and Russian "зал"(zal), (all meaning "hall" or "large room"). In Old English, "sele" and "sæl" were used. These words are etymologically related to the modern English words "salon" and "saloon". From around the year 500 up until the Christianization of Scandinavia (by the 13th century), these large halls were vital parts of the political center. They were later superseded by medieval banquet halls. Examples that have been excavated include: ***LIST***. There are several accounts of large feasting halls constructed for important feasts when Scandinavian royalty was invited. According to a legend recorded by Snorri Sturluson, in the "Heimskringla", the late 9th century Värmlandish chieftain Áki invited both the Norwegian king Harald Fairhair and the Swedish king Eric Eymundsson, but had the Norwegian king stay in the newly constructed and sumptuous one, because he was the youngest one of the kings and the one who had the greatest prospects. The older Swedish king, on the other hand, had to stay in the old feasting hall. The Swedish king was so humiliated that he killed Áki. The construction of new feasting halls could also be the preparation for treacherous murders of royalty. In the "Ynglinga saga" part of the "Heimskringla", Snorri relates how, in the 8th century, the legendary Swedish king Ingjald constructed a large feasting hall solely for the purpose of burning all his subordinate petty kings late at night when they were asleep. According to "Yngvars saga víðförla", the same ruse was done by the Swedish king Eric the Victorious and the Norwegian ruler Sigurd Jarl, when they murdered Áki, a rebellious Swedish subking, at Gamla Uppsala, in the late 10th century. From at least the tenth century onwards in Norse mythology, there are numerous examples of halls where the dead may arrive. The best known example is Valhalla, the hall where Odin receives half of the dead lost in battle. Freyja, in turn, receives the other half at Sessrúmnir. The story of Beowulf includes a Mead-Hall called Heorot that was so big and had so much attendant laughter that the monster Grendel broke in and slaughtered the noisemakers.

The level of support for evolution among scientists, the public and other groups is a topic that frequently arises in the creation-evolution controversy and touches on educational, religious, philosophical, scientific and political issues. The subject is especially contentious in countries where significant levels of non-acceptance of evolution by general society exist although evolution is taught at school and university. The overwhelming majority of the scientific community accepts evolution as the dominant scientific theory of biological diversity. Many scientific associations have rejected the challenges to evolution proposed by ID proponents. There are religious sects and denominations in several countries for whom the theory of evolution is in conflict with creationism that is central to their dogma, and who therefore reject it: in the United States, South Africa, India, South Korea, Singapore, the Philippines, and Brazil, with smaller followings in the United Kingdom, the Republic of Ireland, the Netherlands, Japan, Italy, Germany, Israel, Australia, New Zealand, and Canada. Several publications discuss the subject of acceptance, including a document produced by the United States National Academy of Sciences. The vast majority of the scientific community and academia supports evolutionary theory as the only explanation that can fully account for observations in the fields of biology, paleontology, molecular biology, genetics, anthropology, and others. One 1987 estimate found that "700 scientists ... (out of a total of 480,000 U.S. earth and life scientists) ... give credence to creation-science". A 1991 Gallup poll found that about 5% of American scientists (including those with training outside biology) identified themselves as creationists. Additionally, the scientific community considers intelligent design, a neo-creationist offshoot, to be unscientific, pseudoscience, or junk science. The U.S. National Academy of Sciences has stated that intelligent design "and other claims of supernatural intervention in the origin of life" are not science because they cannot be tested by experiment, do not generate any predictions, and propose no new hypotheses of their own. In September 2005, 38 Nobel laureates issued a statement saying "Intelligent design is fundamentally unscientific; it cannot be tested as scientific theory because its central conclusion is based on belief in the intervention of a supernatural agent." In October 2005, a coalition representing more than 70,000 Australian scientists and science teachers issued a statement saying "intelligent design is not science" and calling on "all schools not to teach Intelligent Design (ID) as science, because it fails to qualify on every count as a scientific theory". In 1986, an "amicus curiae" brief, signed by 72 US Nobel Prize winners, 17 state academies of science and 7 other scientific societies, asked the US Supreme Court in "Edwards v. Aguillard", to reject a Louisiana state law requiring that where evolutionary science was taught in public schools, creation science must also be taught. The brief also stated that the term "creation science" as used that law embodied religious dogma, and that "teaching religious ideas mislabeled as science is detrimental to scientific education". This was the largest collection of Nobel Prize winners to sign anything up to that point. According to anthropologists Almquist and Cronin, the brief is the "clearest statement by scientists in support of evolution yet produced." There are many scientific and scholarly organizations from around the world that have issued statements in support of the theory of evolution. The American Association for the Advancement of Science, the world's largest general scientific society with more than 130,000 members and over 262 affiliated societies and academies of science including over 10 million individuals, has made several statements and issued several press releases in support of evolution. The prestigious United States National Academy of Sciences, which provides science advice to the nation, has published several books supporting evolution and criticising creationism and intelligent design. There is a notable difference between the opinion of scientists and that of the general public in the United States. A 2009 poll by Pew Research Center found that "Nearly all scientists (97%) say humans and other living things have evolved over time – 87% say evolution is due to natural processes, such as natural selection. The dominant position among scientists – that living things have evolved due to natural processes – is shared by only about a third (32%) of the public." One of the earliest resolutions in support of evolution was issued by the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1922, and readopted in 1929. Another early effort to express support for evolution by scientists was organized by Nobel Prize–winning American biologist Hermann J. Muller in 1966. Muller circulated a petition entitled "Is Biological Evolution a Principle of Nature that has been well established by Science?" in May 1966: This manifesto was signed by 177 of the leading American biologists, including George G. Simpson of Harvard University, Nobel Prize Winner Peter Agre of Duke University, Carl Sagan of Cornell, John Tyler Bonner of Princeton, Nobel Prize Winner George Beadle, President of the University of Chicago, and Donald F. Kennedy of Stanford University, formerly head of the United States Food and Drug Administration. This was followed by the passing of a resolution by the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) in the fall of 1972 that stated, in part, "the theory of creation ... is neither scientifically grounded nor capable of performing the rules required of science theories". The United States National Academy of Sciences also passed a similar resolution in the fall of 1972. A statement on evolution called "A Statement Affirming Evolution as a Principle of Science." was signed by Nobel Prize Winner Linus Pauling, Isaac Asimov, George G. Simpson, Caltech Biology Professor Norman H. Horowitz, Ernst Mayr, and others, and published in 1977. The governing board of the American Geological Institute issued a statement supporting resolution in November 1981. Shortly thereafter, the AAAS passed another resolution supporting evolution and disparaging efforts to teach creationism in science classes. To date, there are no scientifically peer-reviewed research articles that disclaim evolution listed in the scientific and medical journal search engine Pubmed. The Discovery Institute announced that over 700 scientists had expressed support for intelligent design as of February 8, 2007. This prompted the National Center for Science Education to produce a "light-hearted" petition called "Project Steve" in support of evolution. Only scientists named "Steve" or some variation (such as Stephen, Stephanie, and Stefan) are eligible to sign the petition. It is intended to be a "tongue-in-cheek parody" of the lists of alleged "scientists" supposedly supporting creationist principles that creationist organizations produce. The petition demonstrates that there are more scientists who accept evolution with a name like "Steve" alone (over 1370) than there are in total who support intelligent design. This is, again, why the percentage of scientists who support evolution has been estimated by Brian Alters to be about 99.9 percent. Many creationists act as evangelists and their organizations are registered as tax-free religious organizations. Creationists have claimed that they represent the interests of true Christians, and evolution is only associated with atheism. However, not all religious organizations find support for evolution incompatible with their religious faith. For example, 12 of the plaintiffs opposing the teaching of creation science in the influential "McLean v. Arkansas" court case were clergy representing Methodist, Episcopal, African Methodist Episcopal, Catholic, Southern Baptist, Reform Jewish, and Presbyterian groups. There are several religious organizations that have issued statements advocating the teaching of evolution in public schools. In addition, the Archbishop of Canterbury, Dr. Rowan Williams, issued statements in support of evolution in 2006. The Clergy Letter Project is a signed statement by 12,808 (as of 28 May 2012) American Christian clergy of different denominations rejecting creationism organized in 2004. Molleen Matsumura of the National Center for Science Education found, of Americans in the twelve largest Christian denominations, at least 77% belong to churches that support evolution education (and that at one point, this figure was as high as 89.6%). These religious groups include the Catholic Church, as well as various denominations of Protestantism, including the United Methodist Church, National Baptist Convention, USA, Evangelical Lutheran Church in America, Presbyterian Church (USA), National Baptist Convention of America, African Methodist Episcopal Church, the Episcopal Church, and others. A figure closer to about 71% is presented by the analysis of Walter B. Murfin and David F. Beck. Michael Shermer argued in Scientific American in October 2006 that evolution supports concepts like family values, avoiding lies, fidelity, moral codes and the rule of law. Shermer also suggests that evolution gives more support to the notion of an omnipotent creator, rather than a tinkerer with limitations based on a human model. The Ahmadiyya Movement universally accepts evolution and actively promotes it. Mirza Tahir Ahmad, Fourth Caliph of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community has stated in his magnum opus "Revelation, Rationality, Knowledge & Truth" that evolution did occur but only through God being the One who brings it about. It does not occur itself, according to the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community. The Ahmadis do not believe Adam was the first human on earth, but merely the first prophet to receive a revelation of God. The 1950 encyclical "Humani generis" advocated scepticism towards evolution without explicitly rejecting it; this was substantially amended by Pope John-Paul II in 1996 in an address to the Pontifical Academy of Sciences in which he said, "Today, almost half a century after publication of the encyclical, new knowledge has led to the recognition of the theory of evolution as more than a hypothesis." Between 2000 and 2002 the International Theological Commission found that "Converging evidence from many studies in the physical and biological sciences furnishes mounting support for some theory of evolution to account for the development and diversification of life on earth, while controversy continues over the pace and mechanisms of evolution." This statement was published by the Vatican on July 2004 by the authority of Cardinal Ratzinger (who became Pope Benedict XVI) who was the president of the Commission at the time. The Magisterium has not made an authoritative statement on intelligent design, and has permitted arguments on both sides of the issue. In 2005, Cardinal Christoph Schönborn of Vienna appeared to endorse intelligent design when he denounced philosophically materialist interpretations of evolution. In an op-ed in the New York Times he said "Evolution in the sense of common ancestry might be true, but evolution in the neo-Darwinian sense - an unguided, unplanned process of random variation and natural selection - is not." This common line of reasoning among theologians is flawed, as evolution by natural selection is not random at all; only mutations occur in a stochastic manner, while natural selection establishes genes which aid survival in a particular environment. In the January 16–17 2006 edition of the official Vatican newspaper "L'Osservatore Romano", University of Bologna evolutionary biology Professor Fiorenzo Facchini wrote an article agreeing with the judge's ruling in "Kitzmiller v. Dover" and stating that intelligent design was unscientific. Jesuit Father George Coyne, former director of the Vatican Observatory, has also denounced intelligent design. Hindus believe in the concept of evolution of life on Earth. The concepts of Dashavatara—different incarnations of God starting from simple organisms and progressively becoming complex beings—and Day and Night of Brahma are generally cited as instances of Hindu acceptance of evolution. In the United States, many Protestant denominations promote creationism, preach against evolution, and sponsor lectures and debates on the subject. Denominations that explicitly advocate creationism instead of evolution or "Darwinism" include the Assemblies of God, the Free Methodist Church, Lutheran Church - Missouri Synod, Pentecostal Churches, Seventh-day Adventist Churches, Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod, Christian Reformed Church, Southern Baptist Convention, and the Pentecostal Oneness churches. Jehovah's Witnesses produce Day-age creationism literature to refute evolution but reject the "creationist" label, which they consider to only apply to Young Earth creationism. A common complaint of creationists is that evolution is of no value, has never been used for anything, and will never be of any use. According to many creationists, nothing would be lost by getting rid of evolution, and science and industry might even benefit. In fact, evolution is being put to practical use in industry and widely used on a daily basis by researchers in medicine, biochemistry, molecular biology, and genetics to both formulate hypotheses about biological systems for the purposes of experimental design, as well as to rationalise observed data and prepare applications. As of May 2017 there are 475,793 scientific papers in PubMed that mention 'evolution'. Pharmaceutical companies utilize biological evolution in their development of new products, and also use these medicines to combat evolving bacteria and viruses. Because of the perceived value of evolution in applications, there have been some expressions of support for evolution on the part of corporations. In Kansas, there has been some widespread concern in the corporate and academic communities that a move to weaken the teaching of evolution in schools will hurt the state's ability to recruit the best talent, particularly in the biotech industry. Paul Hanle of the Biotechnology Institute warned that the United States risks falling behind in the biotechnology race with other nations if it does not do a better job of teaching evolution. James McCarter of Divergence Incorporated stated that the work of 2001 Nobel Prize winner Leland Hartwell relied heavily on the use of evolutionary knowledge and predictions, both of which have significant implications for the treatment of cancers. Furthermore, McCarter concluded that 47 of the last 50 Nobel Prizes in medicine or physiology depended on an understanding of evolutionary theory (according to McCarter's unspecified personal criteria). There are also many educational organizations that have issued statements in support of the theory of evolution. Repeatedly, creationists and intelligent design advocates have lost suits in US courts. Here is a list of important court cases in which creationists have suffered setbacks: ***LIST***. There does not appear to be significant correlation between believing in evolution and understanding evolutionary science. In some countries, creationist beliefs (or a lack of support for evolutionary theory) are relatively widespread, even garnering a majority of public opinion. A study published in "Science" compared attitudes about evolution in the United States, 32 European countries (including Turkey) and Japan. The only country where acceptance of evolution was lower than in the United States was Turkey (25%). Public acceptance of evolution was most widespread (at over 80% of the population) in Iceland, Denmark and Sweden. A 2009 poll showed that almost a quarter of Australians believe "the biblical account of human origins" over the Darwinian account. 42 percent of Australians believe in a "wholly scientific" explanation for the origins of life, while 32 percent believe in an evolutionary process "guided by God". A 2010 survey conducted by Auspoll and the Australian Academy of Science found that 79% of Australians believe in evolution (71% believe it is currently occurring, 8% believe in evolution but do not think it is currently occurring), 11% were not sure and 10% stated they do not believe in evolution. In a 2010 poll, 59% of respondents said they believe in theistic evolution, or evolution guided by God. A further 8% believe in evolution without divine intervention, while 25% were creationists. Support for creationism was stronger among the poor and the least educated. According to a 2014 poll produced by the Pew Research Center, 66% of Brazilians agree that humans evolved over time and 29% think they have always existed in the present form. Among those who had heard of Charles Darwin and knew something about the theory of evolution, 77% of people in India agree that enough scientific evidence exists to support Charles Darwin’s Theory of Evolution. Also, 85% of God believing Indians who know about evolution agree that life on earth evolved over time as a result of natural selection. In a survey carried among 10 major nations, the highest proportion that agreed that evolutionary theories alone should be taught in schools was in India, at 49%. According to a 2008 Norstat poll for NRK, 59% of the Norwegian population fully accept evolution, 24% somewhat agree with the theory, 4% somewhat disagree with the theory while 8% do not accept evolution. 4% did not know. A 2006 UK poll on the "origin and development of life" asked participants to choose between three different explanations for the origin of life: 22% chose (Young Earth) creationism, 17% opted for intelligent design ("certain features of living things are best explained by the intervention of a supernatural being, e.g. God"), 48% selected evolution theory (with a divine role explicitly excluded) and the rest did not know. A 2009 poll found that only 38% of Britons believe God played no role in evolution. In a 2012 poll, 69% of Britons believe that humans evolved from less advanced life forms, while 17% believe that God created human beings in their present forms within the last 10,000 years. US courts have ruled in favor of teaching evolution in science classrooms, and against teaching creationism, in numerous cases such as Edwards v. Aguillard, Hendren v. Campbell, McLean v. Arkansas and Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District. A prominent organization in the United States behind the intelligent design movement is the Discovery Institute, which, through its Center for Science and Culture, conducts a number of public relations and lobbying campaigns aimed at influencing the public and policy makers in order to advance its position in academia. The Discovery Institute claims that because there is a significant lack of public support for evolution, that public schools should, as their campaign states, "Teach the Controversy", although there is no controversy over the validity of evolution within the scientific community. The US has one of the highest levels of public belief in biblical or other religious accounts of the origins of life on earth among industrialized countries. A 2017 Gallup creationism survey found that 38% of adults in the United States inclined to the view that "God created humans in their present form at one time within the last 10,000 years" when asked for their views on the origin and development of human beings, which was noted as being at the lowest level in 35 years. 19% believed that "human beings have developed over millions of years from less advanced forms of life, but God had no part in this process", despite 49% of respondents indicating they believed in evolution. Belief in creationism is inversely correlated to education; only 22% of those with post-graduate degrees believe in strict creationism. A 2000 poll for People for the American Way found 70% of the American public felt that evolution was compatible with a belief in God. A 2005 Pew Research Center poll found that 70% of evangelical Christians believed that living organisms have not changed since their creation, but only 31% of Catholics and 32% of mainline Protestants shared this opinion. A 2005 Harris Poll estimated that 63% of liberals and 37% of conservatives agreed that humans and other primates have a common ancestry. The level of assent that evolution garners has changed with time. The trends in acceptance of evolution can be estimated. The level of support for evolution in different communities has varied with time. Darwin's theory had convinced almost every naturalist within 20 years of its publication in 1858, and was making serious inroads with the public and the more liberal clergy. It had reached such extremes, that by 1880, one American religious weekly publication estimated that "perhaps a quarter, perhaps a half of the educated ministers in our leading Evangelical denominations" felt "that the story of the creation and fall of man, told in Genesis, is no more the record of actual occurrences than is the parable of the Prodigal Son." By the late 19th century, many of the most conservative Christians accepted an ancient earth, and life on earth before Eden. Victorian Era Creationists were more akin to people who subscribe to theistic evolution today. Even fervent anti-evolutionist Scopes Trial prosecutor William Jennings Bryan interpreted the "days" of Genesis as ages of the earth, and acknowledged that biochemical evolution took place, drawing the line only at the story of Adam and Eve's creation. Prominent pre-World War II creationist Harry Rimmer allowed an Old Earth by slipping millions of years into putative gaps in the Genesis account, and claimed that the Noachian Flood was only a local phenomenon. In the decades of the 20th century, George McCready Price and a tiny group of Seventh-day Adventist followers were the among the very few believers in a Young Earth and a worldwide flood, which Price championed in his "new catastrophism" theories. It was not until the publication of John C. Whitcomb, Jr., and Henry M. Morris’s book "Genesis Flood" in 1961 that Price's idea was revived. In the last few decades, many creationists have adopted Price's beliefs, becoming progressively more strict biblical literalists. In a 1991 Gallup poll, 47% of the US population, and 25% of college graduates agreed with the statement, "God created man pretty much in his present form at one time within the last 10,000 years." Fourteen years later, in 2005, Gallup found that 53% of Americans expressed the belief that "God created human beings in their present form exactly the way the Bible describes it." About 2/3 (65.5%) of those surveyed thought that creationism was definitely or probably true. In 2005 a Newsweek poll discovered that 80 percent of the American public thought that "God created the universe." and the Pew Research Center reported that "nearly two-thirds of Americans say that creationism should be taught alongside evolution in public schools." Ronald Numbers commented on that with "Most surprising of all was the discovery that large numbers of high-school biology teachers — from 30% in Illinois and 38% in Ohio to a whopping 69% in Kentucky — supported the teaching of creationism." The National Center for Science Education reports that from 1985 to 2005, the number of Americans unsure about evolution increased from 7% to 21%, while the number rejecting evolution declined from 48% to 39%. Jon Miller of Michigan State University has found in his polls that the number of Americans who accept evolution has declined from 45% to 40% from 1985 to 2005. In light of these somewhat contradictory results, it is difficult to know for sure what is happening to public opinion on evolution in the US. It does not appear that either side is making unequivocal progress. It does appear that uncertainty about the issue is increasing, however. Anecdotal evidence is that creationism is becoming more of an issue in the UK as well. One report in 2006 was that UK students are increasingly arriving ill-prepared to participate in medical studies or other advanced education. The level of support for creationism among relevant scientists is minimal. Only 700 out of 480,000 U.S. earth and life scientists gave credence to creationism in 1987, representing about 0.146% of relevant scientists. In 2007 the Discovery Institute reported that about 600 scientists signed their "A Scientific Dissent from Darwinism" list, up from 100 in 2001. The actual statement of the Scientific Dissent from Darwinism is a relatively mild one that expresses skepticism about the absoluteness of 'Darwinism' (and is in line with the falsifiability required of scientific theories) to explain all features of life, and does not in any way represent an absolute denial or rejection of evolution. By contrast, a tongue-in-cheek response known as Project Steve, a list of scientists named Steve who agree that evolution is "a vital, well-supported, unifying principle of the biological sciences," has 1,382 signatories . People named Steve make up approximately 1% of the total U.S. population. The United States National Science Foundation statistics on US yearly science graduates demonstrate that from 1987 to 2001, the number of biological science graduates increased by 59% while the number of geological science graduates decreased by 20.5%. However, the number of geology graduates in 2001 was only 5.4% of the number of graduates in the biological sciences, while it was 10.7% of the number of biological science graduates in 1987. The Science Resources Statistics Division of the National Science Foundation estimated that in 1999, there were 955,300 biological scientists in the US (about 1/3 of who hold graduate degrees). There were also 152,800 earth scientists in the US as well. A large fraction of the Darwin Dissenters have specialties unrelated to research on evolution; of the dissenters, three-quarters are not biologists. As of 2006, the dissenter list was expanded to include non-US scientists. Despite the increase in absolute number of scientists willing to sign the dissent form, and an increase in public support, proportionately the figures indicates the support from scientists for creationism and intelligent design is steadily decreasing. Some researchers are attempting to understand the factors that affect people's acceptance of evolution. Studies have yielded inconsistent results, explains associate professor of education at Ohio State University, David Haury. He recently performed a study that found people are likely to reject evolution if they have feelings of uncertainty, regardless of how well they understand evolutionary theory. Haury believes that teachers need to show students that their intuitive feelings may be misleading (for example, using the Wason selection task), and thus to exercise caution when relying on them as they judge the rational merits of ideas.

Knife money is the name of large, cast, bronze, knife-shaped commodity money produced by various governments and kingdoms in what is now known as China, approximately 2500 years ago. Knife money circulated in China between 600 and 200 B.C. during the Zhou dynasty. There are several stories that attempt to explain how knife money was introduced but it is not certain if any or all are true. In one of the stories a prince who was running low on money to pay his troops allowed them to use their knives as a form of currency to barter with villagers and the medium became so popular that it became generally accepted. In another story, the same prince began accepting knives as payment for small fines in the place of the current legal ring money. Knife money may also have been brought in by sea traders from the Indian Ocean. Knife Money is much the same shape as the actual knives in use during the Zhou period. They appear to have evolved in parallel with the Spade money in the north-east of China. ***LIST***.

<br> Created by William Valentine Wright in 1860, Wright's Traditional Soap, or Wright's Coal Tar Soap, is a popular brand of antiseptic soap that is designed to thoroughly cleanse the skin. It is an orange colour. For over 130 years, Wright’s Coal Tar Soap was a popular brand of household soap; it can still be bought in supermarkets and from chemists worldwide. It was developed by William Valentine Wright in 1866 from "liquor carbonis detergens", the liquid by-product of the distillation of coal to make coke; the liquid was made into an antiseptic soap for the treatment of skin diseases. William Valentine Wright, born in 1826 in Aldeburgh, Suffolk, was a wholesale druggist and chemist who had a small business, W.V. Wright & Co. at 11 Old Fish Street Hill, Doctors' Commons, London. Now non-existent, Old Fish Street Hill south east of St Paul's Cathedral was the 14th century fish market, before Billingsgate (it is not the present-day Fish Street Hill by the Monument). Wright's business can be traced back to that of James Curtis & Co., a wholesale druggist at these premises since 1795. Wright developed a reputation with his recipe for non-alcoholic communion wine. W.V. Wright & Co.'s coal-tar soap was first sold in 1860. It was originally named Sapo Carbonis Detergens, which remains a registered trademark. In 1867, Wright moved his firm, Wright, Sellers & Layman, to small (one-third acre) premises at 50 Southwark Street, Southwark, London. This area of London was already renowned for its glue factories and tanneries. Charles Umney (1843–1909) was taken into the partnership in 1876 when Mr Sellers retired, and the company's name changed to Wright, Layman & Umney "Wholesale and export druggists, manufacturers of pharmaceutical and chemical preparations, distillers of essential oils, manufacturers and proprietors of "Wright’s Coal Tar Soap" and other coal tar specialities". It soon became necessary for the company to lease adjoining premises, until in quick succession numbers 44, 46, and 48 were added to the original warehouse at Southwark Street. Wright met an 'untimely death' in Dundee in September 1877: "he caught a cold in the face, which developed into erysipelas, the inflammation extending to the brain, he succumbed with great suddenness at the age of fifty one". Erysipelas is an acute infection of the skin and underlying fat tissues, usually caused by the streptococcus bacteria. Two of his sons, Charles Foster, born 1859, and Herbert Cassin, born 1863, in Clapham, Surrey, followed their father's footsteps into the wholesale drug trade, Herbert remaining on the board of directors into the 20th century. The eldest son, William Valentine Jr., born 1854, listed his occupation as "gentleman", while the youngest son, Sydney Faulconer, became a physician and surgeon. In 1892 as part of a survey into life and labour in London, the social researcher Charles Booth interviewed Charles Umney. The original record is in the archives of the British Library of Political and Economic Science: With an increasingly acute accommodation shortage at the Southwark Street premises, the drug laboratories and soap factory were moved north to 66-76 Park Street, Southwark in 1899. The factory was enlarged in 1920. During the 1930s the company bought the old business of Dakin Brothers in Middlesex Street. In 1942, additional factory premises were built at 66 Park Street and in 1950 a new additional warehouse was built in Southwark Street. The total floor space was by then two and one third acres. The soap works in Park Street have now gone, and Park Street has been almost entirely rebuilt. In Southwark Street, at eye level, the row of properties from the junction with Thrale Street (the old Castle Street) westwards looks wholly new, but that is only true of eye level; the shop-fronts and office-fronts have been replaced within the last forty or so years. Above these fronts, however, the architecture of the upper parts of Nos. 44 to 50 Southwark Street is clearly original Victorian. 44 and 46 form parts of what is now called Thrale House; No. 48 is called Saxon House; and No. 50 is separate again. The original roofline of Nos. 44 and 46, up to the Victorian cornice, survives, but Nos. 48 and 50 boast an additional modern attic storey. For much of the 20th century, Wright, Layman & Umney occupied all these properties. In June 1899 Wright, Layman & Umney became a private limited company with a capital of £100,000 and Charles Umney as director. Charles maintained an active role in the business until 1905 and subsequently acted as chairman of the company. In due course, Charles' sons, Ernest Albert Umney and John Charles Umney, joined the firm, and Percy Umney became the company solicitor. By 1898, John Charles Umney had taken over the management of the Coal Tar Soap section of the business. Readers of the "Country-Side" magazine in 1906 were offered the chance to buy an inexpensive cabinet frame for one shilling, in which they could stack twelve empty Wright's Coal Tar Soap packets to act as sliding drawers in a cabinet for natural history specimens. As the editorial mentioned: "the measurements have been chosen because so many of our readers are users of Wright's Coal Tar Soap". Wright's Coal Tar Soap was a regular advertiser in the magazine. By 1909 the company was one of the leading pharmaceutical houses in the country, and in that year it became a public limited company with a capital of £135,000 with Charles Umney as chairman of the board of directors. The other directors were Charles Noel Layman (died 1909), Ernest Blakesley Layman, Herbert Cassin Wright, John Charles Umney, Frederick Noel Layman, and Ernest Albert Umney. Percy Umney was company solicitor; Ernest Albert Umney later became chairman of the company. During the first year of trading as a public limited company, the product range was enlarged to include Wright's Coal Tar Shaving Soap in powder form. By 1932, when a share issue of £280,000 was offered, the directors were Herbert Cassin Wright (chairman), Ernest Albert Umney (vice-chairman), Ernest Blakesley Layman, James Knight, James Hamerton, and Reginald Edward Conder. In 1949 the company sued a trader who used a similar name. The law at the time relating to trademarks was covered by the Trade Marks Act 1938. Case law shows that a similar name is not always certain to lead to an injunction. It has been stated that where a trader adopts words in common use, some risk of confusion is inevitable; it would be wrong to allow someone to monopolise words. A similar confusion will occur when many people have a similar name. In "Wright Layman & Umney Ltd v Wright", 1949, the rule was stated as However, The soap is now made in Turkey for the current owners of the brand, Simple Health and Beauty Ltd based in Solihull in the UK and is called Wright's Traditional Soap. Simple Health and Beauty is part of the consumer goods company Unilever UK Ltd European Union directives on cosmetics have banned the use of coal tar in non-prescription products, resulting in the removal of coal tar derivatives from the formula and replacement with tea tree oil as the main anti-bacterial ingredient. To cloak this major variance from the original recipe, the new soap has been made to approximate the look and smell of the original product.

The 1985 Oregon State vs. Washington football game was a college football game between the Oregon State Beavers and Washington Huskies that took place on October 19, 1985. The game featured the largest overcome point spread in college football history at the time when the Huskies, after being favored by 38 points, lost 21–20 after the Beavers blocked a punt and recovered the ball in the end zone with 1:29 left to play in the game. It is considered one of the greatest upsets in college football history. On October 6, 2007, Stanford achieved the highest point spread upset in college football history when the 41 point underdog Cardinal upset No. 2 USC 24–23. Oregon State, Stanford, USC, and Washington are all members of the Pac-12 Conference, thus the two biggest point spread upsets have come in Pac-12 games. During the middle 1980s the University of Washington Huskies were a powerhouse of American collegiate football, finishing the 1984 season ranked number 2 nationally. After a bit of a rough start, the Seattle team was on a roll again in 1985, feeling strong as a result of the four-game win streak that had returned the Huskies to the top of the Pac-10 standings. In stark contrast, the Beavers were coming off four straight losses including back to back blankings against USC and Washington State, where they allowed a total of 97 points. No team in Oregon State history had allowed that many points over back-to-back games. Prior to that, the Beavers lost to Division I-AA team Grambling State 23–6 and to Fresno State 33–24. To make matters worse for Oregon State, starting quarterback Erik Wilhelm was out for the season, and Pac-10 Conference (Pac-10) leading receiver Reggie Bynum was also out due to injury. Additionally, the Beavers had lost the last 10 games played against Washington by an average of 24 points. The game seemed a clear mismatch, with the Huskies as astounding 38-point favorites to win the game. When the Las Vegas betting odds were published the Seattle media had a field day insulting the mighty Huskies' hapless foes. One reporter went so far as to say that "Oregon State plays football pretty much the way Barney Fife played a deputy sheriff on Mayberry". In a television interview, Huskies head coach Don James said he expected to give his reserve quarterback Chris Chandler a chance for some playing time. Oregon State head coach Dave Kragthorpe used the media comments in his pre-game speech to the Beavers in an effort to motivate them to prove critics wrong before they went out on the field. Washington put the first points up on the board after a field goal put the Huskies up 3–0 in the first quarter. Oregon State backup quarterback Rich Gonzales responded by stunning the Huskies with a 43-yard touchdown pass to Darvin Malone on the following drive, giving the Beavers the lead. Washington responded with an 80-yard drive and a touchdown of their own, regaining the lead 10–7. On the next drive, Washington forced Oregon State into a 4th and 20 position on their own 28 yard line. A Husky rush forced the punter to attempt to run for the first down instead of punting the ball, being stopped 10 yards short, turning the ball over on downs to the Huskies on the Beavers' 38 yard line. Washington drove to the 8 yard line, but then threw an interception in the end zone to give possession back to the Beavers. Oregon State then capped off an 80-yard drive with a 20-yard scramble for a touchdown by Gonzales, and the Beavers led 14–10 at halftime. Washington took the lead again the lead in the third quarter, going up 17–14. With 1:32 left in the quarter, Washington had first and goal at the one-yard line, twice trying to run the ball up the middle and failing to get the score, bringing up third down. On the following play, OSU linebacker Osia Lewis knocked out Washington running back Vince Weathersby with his tackle, causing a fumble that Oregon State recovered. With 7:59 left, Washington hit another field goal, making it 20–14. With 1:29 left, Washington was forced to punt from right outside their own end zone. Oregon State's Andre Todd rushed the punter and blocked the punt, sending the ball flying into Washington's end zone, nearly causing a safety. However, the bounce went Oregon State's way and ended up staying in the end zone, allowing the Beavers to recover it for a touchdown. The extra point was good, giving the Beavers a 21–20 lead, which would prove to be enough for the win, resulting in the biggest overcome point spread in college football history at the time. Oregon State players celebrated, shouting "You can blame this one on your media" as they returned to the locker room. The Seattle media did not appear to ask Kragthorpe questions after the game. The loss had the effect of knocking the Huskies out of the 1986 Rose Bowl, which was eventually attended by the conference champion UCLA Bruins. The Bruins finished the Pac-10 season with a conference record of 6–2, which would have been the same record of the 5–3 Huskies, had they handled Oregon State. Having previously defeated UCLA earlier in the season, Washington owned the tie-breaker and would have played in Pasadena with a 6–2 record. Oregon State did not win any more games for the rest of the season and finished in 9th place in the Pac-10. While some sports historians believe that the shocking 1921 defeat of mighty Harvard College by unheralded Centre College of Danville, Kentucky constitutes the greatest upset in collegiate football history, the 1985 Oregon State defeat of 38-point favorite Washington constituted at the time the greatest outright loss of a Las Vegas favorite in American college football history. This distinction has been surpassed only by the 2007 victory of 41-point underdog Stanford University over the University of Southern California.

William Edward Peter Louis Drummond-Murray of Mastrick (24 November 1929 – 13 April 2014) was a Scottish herald, Private Officer of Arms, stockbroker and banker. He was also active in Catholic philanthropy. Educated at Beaumont College, he was the son of Edward John Drummond-Murray of Mastrick (1907-1976) by (div. 1936) Eulalia Ildefonsa Wilhelmina Heaven (d. 1988), daughter of William Anthony Raymond Heaven of Ashfield, Queen’s County. On his father's side, he was descended from the Murrays of Mastrick in Aberdeenshire and the Earls of Perth. His mother, who was half Spanish, was named after her godmother, the Infanta Eulalia of Spain and was descended from the Kings of Navarre. In June 1954, he married Hon. Barbara Mary Hope, fourth and youngest daughter of Arthur Hope, 2nd Baron Rankeillour. They had five children, one of whom is trade union official Andrew Murray. He worked as a banker and a stockbroker, but his passion was heraldry and history, in particular, the Jacobites who numbered among his ancestors, including William Drummond, 4th Viscount Strathallan. He was also active in charity; he founded a volunteer service to help provide meals on wheels and transport for the housebound. When the nuns at one of Mother Teresa’s Scottish hostels had trouble with guests, Drummond-Murray of Mastrick slept in the hostel once a week to keep an eye on things. From 1977 to 1989, he was chancellor of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta in the United Kingdom. He encouraged the order's involvement in establishing nursing homes and a cancer hospice at the Hospital of St John and St Elizabeth in London, where he was a chief executive from 1978-1982. In 1982, the Lord High Constable of Scotland, Merlin Hay, 24th Earl of Erroll, appointed him as the Slains Pursuivant of Arms. In 1993, Drummond-Murray of Mastrick published "Blood of the Martyrs" (1993), a list of the martyr ancestors of the British Knights of Malta. At the time of his death, he was working on a book to be called "A Roll of Banners and Standards of the Order of St John in England." Amongst many others, he prepared the petition to Lord Lyon King of Arms dated 18 February 2009 which enabled the grant to Anne Lillian Dawes [now Edgar] of the arms with crest and motto of her ancestor Sir Edwyn Sandys Dawes KCMG, with a crescent for difference to be matriculated 16 December 2009.

The men's 3000 metres team race was a track and field athletics event held as part of the athletics at the 1912 Summer Olympics programme. It was the fourth appearance of a team race style event, though the first to be held at the distance of 3000 metres, which became the standard until the event was eliminated following the 1924 Summer Olympics. The competition was held on Friday, July 12, 1912 and on Saturday, July 13, 1912. Twenty-four runners from five nations competed. According to the International Olympic Committee medal database all five runners were awarded medals. All three semi-finals were held on Friday, July 12, 1912. Semifinal 1 Team result: Individual race result: Semifinal 2 Team result: Individual race result: All five Swedish runners finished side by side. Semifinal 3 Great Britain had a walkover. Team result: Individual race result: As there was no competition all five British runners ran and finished side by side. The final was held on Saturday, July 13, 1912. Team result: Individual race result:

The Edgar Allan Poe House and Museum, located at 203 North Amity St. in Baltimore, Maryland, is the former home of American writer Edgar Allan Poe in the 1830s. The small unassuming structure, which was opened as a writer's house museum since 1949, is a typical row home. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1972. Due to a loss of funding by the city of Baltimore, the Museum closed to the public in October 2012. Poe Baltimore, the Museum's new governing body, reopened the Museum to the public on October 5, 2013. The brick home, then numbered 3 Amity St., and now numbered 203 North Amity Street, is assumed to have been built in 1830 and rented by Poe's aunt Maria Clemm in 1832. Clemm was joined in the home with her ailing mother, Elizabeth Cairnes Poe, and her daughter Virginia Clemm. Edgar Allan Poe moved in with the family in 1833 around the age of 23, after leaving West Point. Virginia was 10 years old at the time; Poe would marry her three years later, though their only public ceremony was in 1836. Poe lived in the house from about 1833 to 1835. The house was rented using pension money that Elizabeth collected thanks to her husband, David Poe Sr., who was a veteran of the American Revolutionary War. The home is small and Poe's room on the top floor has a ceiling with a sharp pitch which is six feet high at its tallest point. In the 1930s, homes in the area, including Poe's, were set for demolition to make room for the "Poe Homes" public housing project. The house was spared and control was given to the Edgar Allan Poe Society of Baltimore, which opened the home as The Baltimore Poe House in 1949. Former displays in the Museum included a lock of Poe's hair, a small piece of Poe's coffin, some original china that once belonged to John Allan (Poe's guardian after Eliza Poe's death), and a large reproduction of the portrait of Virginia Clemm painted after her death as well as many other Poe-related images. An original 1849 obituary by Rufus Griswold in the October 24, 1849 edition of the "Philadelphia Dollar Newspaper" is also on display along with a reprint of Poe's original announcement for the creation of a new literary magazine to be called "The Stylus" — an endeavor that never came to fruition. The Museum hosted a number of Poe events throughout the year. It claimed, for example, the largest Poe birthday celebration in the world held every January at the Westminster Hall and Burying Ground, where Poe was buried following his death in October 1849. In 2009, the curator, Jeff Jerome, planned the biggest event of the Poe Bicentennial at Westminster Hall. He held a third funeral for Poe. Over 1,200 people attended two services. The event received national and international media attention and acclaim. In 1979 during the house renovations, workers lifted the floorboards and found skeletal remains, reminiscent of Poe's story "The Tell-Tale Heart." These were found to be animal bones discarded into what is known as a "trash pit" or midden beneath the home. In 2011, City of Baltimore officials reduced the Museum's subsidy, a decision that ultimately led to its closure in 2012. After the City cut off its $85,000 in annual support in 2011, the Museum was operating on reserve funds to the amount of $380,000 in the Poe House Fundraising account. Efforts to secure the Museum's future came from such diverse places as: the non-profit project Pennies For Poe: Save the Poe House in Baltimore, the New York City based non-profit theatre company Bedlam Ensemble's staging of "The Delirium of Edgar Allan Poe", and the 2012 film "The Raven". Jeff Jerome, the Museum's curator for more than three decades, was laid off in 2012. According to the Edgar Allan Poe Society of Baltimore, the Museum was closed on September 28, 2012 with no advance public notice, with plans to reorganize and reopen in 2013. In 2013, a new non-profit organization, Poe Baltimore, was established to serve as the Museum's new governing body and operate the Edgar Allan Poe House and Museum. Poe Baltimore's Mission Statement includes that the organization "...was created to fund, maintain and interpret The Edgar Allan Poe House and Museum, and to celebrate the legacy of one of Baltimore’s most famous residents. We are dedicated to maintaining the museum as a vibrant experience for the thousands of visitors who come from around the world each year, and as part of a broader mission of city-wide events and educational opportunities..." Poe Baltimore reopened the Edgar Allan Poe House and Museum to the public on October 5, 2013. Poe Baltimore is also working in conjunction with the Edgar Allan Poe Society of Baltimore. The Poe House is a story two-bay brick structure with a gabled metal roof. The front door is on the left side of the west elevation, at the top of a wood stoop. The house is flanked on the north by a contiguous building; the south elevation is windowless. A single gabled dormer is centered in the west roof. To the rear a two story ell projects from the south side of the main block. Its shed roof slopes to the north. The house sits on the western edge of an active low-income housing project in the west Baltimore neighborhood of Poppleton. The house is entered through the front living room, with a dining room to the rear and two steps down. From the dining room narrow stairs lead to the basement and the second floor. Two bedrooms occupy the second floor, and stairs lead to a small attic or garret, which may have been occupied by Poe. The house retains the majority of its original woodwork. In the opening scene of episode 2, season 3 "All Due Respect," of the HBO series "The Wire", two low-level members of the Barksdale Gang recall how one was once approached by a white tourist asking him if he knew the location of the "Poe House". Misunderstanding, he replies "Look around, take your pick!" "The Wire" chronicles the activities of the fictional Barksdale Organization based in west Baltimore, where the Poe House is located. Also in the PlayStation 4 Telltale game : The Walking Dead , A New Frontier , chapter 3 , the house make a cameo in Prescott town .

Ephraim Deinard (1846–1930) was one of the greatest Hebrew "bookmen" of all time. He was a bookseller, bibliographer, publicist, polemicist, historian, memoirist, author, editor, and publisher, all rolled into one. Deinard produced some 70 volumes whose subjects range from Jewish history and antiquities (especially of the Crimea, Russia, America, and The Holy Land), to treatises against Hasidism, Christianity, and Communism, parodies, medieval and modern Hebrew literature, Jewish religion, and especially booklore. Deinard's antiquarian activities, which involved constant travel throughout Europe, the Orient, and America, gave him a unique acquaintance with scholars, private collectors, fellow booksellers, and libraries. He came into contact and conflict with numerous Hebrew writers and Jewish communal and political figures. His wide-ranging knowledge and experience are fully reflected in his own voluminous writings, mostly in Hebrew, produced over more than half a century. His scope of interests, the intensity of his sentiments, the acerbity of his remarks, all coupled with his bibliophily, render Deinard's works a source of contemporary Jewish historical and literary controversy, as seen in the margins of the Hebrew-reading world, before and after World War I. Devoted to many periods and genres of Hebrew literature, Deinard published, aside from new or revised editions of early polemical tracts, various medieval and modern Hebrew texts, works by American Hebrew authors, and sharp critiques of modern Hebrew writing. Involved in Hebrew journalism since his youth, Deinard made several brief attempts to publish his own journals, including one of the first Hebrew papers in America, and a Zionist Yiddish paper in Newark, New Jersey, of which no copy survives. Deinard did not neglect Yiddish, and in the time he lived in Odessa, he published both Hebrew and Yiddish works by the Podolian-born historian and belletrist M. N. Litinsky. Some Yiddish texts appear in his Hebrew books, and he deals with Yiddish in his catalogs and bibliographies. One of his last books, "Devir Efrayim", which was published just after the founding of the Yiddish Scientific Institute (YIVO) in 1925, contains a chapter on Yiddish. His books were printed in eleven towns in Europe, Ottoman Palestine, and America, including Odessa, Pressburg, Warsaw, Vienna, New York City, Newark, Kearny, Jerusalem, Jaffa, St. Louis and Arlington. In his time Deinard was the most prolific Hebrew author-publisher in New Jersey. At the end of his career, Deinard had sixteen volumes printed at the Moinester Press in St. Louis, more than he had printed in any other town. This press catered almost exclusively to immigrant rabbinic authors from Eastern Europe. Of the books printed in St. Louis, some were "published" in New Orleans, a Hebraist center where he spent his last twelve years. Deinard's works stand out for their secular subject matter, among them the first Hebrew book on local American Jewish history. A number of Deinard's books are bibliophilic curiosities; several were printed in limited editions of 50 or 100 copies, some have survived in only a handful of copies, and one was said to survive in only a single copy. Reviving an old tradition in Hebrew printing, five of his books were printed on colored papers (blue, green, red, yellow, and gold), two of them using a variety of these papers, and one using red ink. Some of his books are unusual in their dimensions: several are very small octavos, and one work, appropriate to Moses Montefiore, is an oversize folio on gold paper. The narrow miniature "Zemir `Aritsim" on colored papers is known as one of the great oddities of Hebrew booklore. Some books are enhanced with illustrative plates or other reproductions or fold-out leaves. The "Kundes", another octavo on multicolored papers, contains cartoons taken from Abraham Goldfaden's first illustrated Yiddish periodical. A few volumes make use of unusual or complex typography. Following a long tradition of false and fictional imprints in Hebrew publishing, especially in Eastern Europe, one of his books bears the imprint "Sodom" and another "Boltunovka" ("Chatter-town"), although in fact both were printed in Newark, New Jersey. A third rarity, on colored papers, bears the imprint "Tsevu'im" ("the painted capital of hypocrites"), "at the press of the Raziel the angel". Deinard's eccentric and combative personality is reflected in another textual-bibliographic idiosyncrasy: he is known to have printed special copies for specific individuals, with variant texts depending on the intended recipient, some copies differing considerably from each other Deinard is remembered today as both a bookman and a prolific polemicist, two careers inextricably linked in his singular personality. Indeed, his works are devoted in large part to religious, political, and even bibliographical polemics. He attacked Hasidism and Christianity in equal measure, with plenty of bile left over for Communism, Reform Judaism, Kabbalah, Jewish apostates, and Karaism. Deinard reissued several early anti-Hasidic works, including two tracts of diverse authorship entitled "Zemir 'Aritsim", as well as his own Hebrew translation of Israel Ubel's German diatribe. He edited another polemical text preserved in manuscript in the Bodleian Library (one of several Oxford manuscripts edited by Deinard), and printed a previously unpublished anti-Hasidic work by the Russian maskil Isaac Baer Levinsohn. His two-volume "Alatah", which is of bibliographic interest, attempts to show the Zohar to be a forgery, and that Hasidism is Catholicism in disguise. After Hasidism, Deinard's biggest bugaboo was Christianity. Over the course of 40 years, he published seven volumes of anti-Christian polemics, beginning with his first book in America, an edition of medieval Judeo–Christian disputations. He later reissued Hasdai Crescas' 14th-century refutation of Christian beliefs, though his accompanying edition of an 18th-century anti-Christian polemic by David Nassy of Surinam was destroyed by fire. Deinard wrote several attacks on the Jewish biography of Jesus by Joseph Klausner, and his last printed book, "A Zoo Without an Animal", questioned the existence of Jesus. Several of his books contain essays directed against Jewish converts to Christianity, among them the ill-fated antiquarian Moses Wilhelm Shapira, who attempted to sell ancient Biblical fragments of questionable authenticity to the British Museum. Deinard's particular literary genius and satirical gifts are displayed in his "Kundes" ("Prankster") and "Ployderzak" ("Chatterbox"), written in the tradition and style of earlier maskilic or anti-Hasidic parodies. The latter, with its Yiddish title, mocks the flawed Jewish journalism of his day. These works are among the earliest of a whole genre of Hebrew parodies written in America shortly before and after 1900. A passionate Hebraist and Zionist, Deinard observed and participated in Jewish national activities on three continents. He devoted a number of books to Palestine, Zionism and related subjects, especially the Jewish national movements in Russia, Europe, and America. His narratives of trips to Palestine, Syria, Egypt, and every corner of Europe, focus on contemporary Jewish communities and their political affairs. Some of his earliest books, which were published in Pressburg, before his emigration to America in 1888, deal with Jewish aliyah. Some of his last books include an account of Ottoman rule in Palestine, a critique of British policy, and a critical biography of the Anglo-Jewish Maecenas and proto-Zionist Sir Moses Montefiore. While living in Palestine before the end of Ottoman rule, Deinard published texts and documents from manuscripts and old printed books, among them an account of anti-Jewish riots in Ancona, Italy, in the late 18th century. He also published S. Raffaeli's illustrated survey of ancient Hebrew coins, the first Hebrew book on this subject. His most well known book is the two-volume "Kohelet Amerika", which records books of American Hebrew literature issued from 1735 to 1926. He was the first to devote attention to Hebrew books printed overseas by American authors. Yosef Goldman's Hebrew Printing in America is set around this book. (Indeed, some have taken to calling Yosef Goldman "Deinard Junior" for their supposed over-all similarities.) He also dealt with early Hebrew printing, recording post-incunabula, especially Italian, in 'Atikot Yehudah, and he wrote about the history of Hebrew bibliography and of Hebrew printing, especially in Eastern Europe. The prospectus of Deinard's last library, subsequently acquired by Harvard, also contains a listing of ceremonial Judaica which passed to the Smithsonian. Surviving copies of Deinard's many works are scattered in libraries around the globe. No library holds a complete set, and some of his books are exceedingly rare. The largest and most comprehensive collection of Deinard works is said to be in the Yosef Goldman Collection, in New York. A further almost complete collection of Deinard's works, as well as a number of extremely rare works written against him by various literary enemies, is apparently to be found in the Pini Dunner private collection in Los Angeles. The Hebrew Union College libraries in Cincinnati and Los Angeles, the Library of Congress in Washington, D.C., the Jewish Theological Seminary in New York City, and the Harvard University Library also have large collections of Deinard works.

Iʼitoi or Iʼithi is, in the cosmology of the O'odham peoples, the mischievous creator god who resides in a cave below the peak of Baboquivari Mountain, a sacred place within the territory of the Tohono O'odham Nation. O'odham oral history describes I'itoi bringing Hohokam people to this earth from the underworld. Hohokam are ancestors of both the Tohono O'odham (Desert People) and the Akimel O'odham (River People). He is also responsible for the gift of the "Himdag", a series of commandments guiding people to remain in balance with the world and interact with it as intended. Visitors to the cave are asked to bring a gift to ensure their safe return from the depths. The Pima also refer to I'itoi as "Se:he" "Elder Brother", also "See-a-huh." The term Iʼithi is a dialectal variant used by the Hia C-eḍ O'odham. He is most often referred to as the Man in the Maze, a reference to a design appearing on O'odham basketry and petroglyphs. This positions him at the entry to a labyrinth. This labyrinth is believed by the Akinel O'odham peoples to be a floorplan of his house, and by the Tohono O'odham to be a map giving directions to his house. The Man in the Maze motif appears frequently in contemporary crafts and art of the American Southwest, most prominently by Tohono O'odham silversmiths in rings and other jewelry and by Akimel O'odham artisans in baskets. Among these groups, the pattern has been very popular since the 1900s. Every basket pattern has a "mistake," called a "dau" ("door"), which is intentionally integrated into its design so that the spirit of the basket can be released. Tohono O'odham storytellers shared the following story in the late 1930s with Ruth Murray Underhill, which she recorded in her book, "Singing For Power": The world was made by Earth-maker out of the dirt and sweat which he scraped from his skin... the flat earth met the sky with a crash like that of falling rocks, and from the two was born Iitoi, the protector of Papagos. He had light hair and a beard. [] Iitoi and Earth-maker shaped and peopled the new world, and they were followed everywhere by Coyote, who came to life uncreated and began immediately to poke his nose into everything. In this new world there was a flood, and the three agreed before they took refuge that the one of them who should emerge first after the subsidence of the waters should be their leader and have the title of Elder Brother. It was Earth-maker, the creator, who came forth first, and Iitoi next, but Iitoi insisted on the title and took it. [] Iitoi "brought the people up like children" and taught them their arts, but in the end he became unkind and they killed him... But Iitoi, though killed, had so much power that he came to life again. Then he invented war. He decided to sweep the earth of the people he had made. [] He needed an army and for this purpose he went underground and brought up the Papagos. [] They live in a land scattered with imposing ruins which belonged... to the Hohokum, "the people who are gone". [] Iitoi drove them, some to the north and some to the south... "Iitoi had a song for everything". Though his men did the fighting, Iitoi confirmed their efforts by singing the enemy into blindness and helplessness. [] Iitoi has retired from the world and lives, a little old man, in a mountain cave. Or, perhaps he has gone underground. According to O'odham oral history, the labyrinth design depicts experiences and choices individuals make in the journey through life. In the middle of the "maze," a person finds their dreams and goals. When one reaches the center, the individual has a final opportunity (the last turn in the design) to look back upon choices made and the path taken, before the Sun God greets us, blesses us and passes us into the next world. As told by Alfretta Antone: Elder Brother lived in the maze ... and the reason why he lived in the maze was because ... I think how I'm gonna say this ... magician or oh, medicine man that can disappear, and that can do things, heal people and things like that ... that was Elder Brother ... Se:he ... they called him ... he lived in there ... but he had a lot of enemies so he made that, and to live in there people would go in there but they couldn't find him ... they would turn around and go back. But in real life ... when you look at the maze you start from the top and go into the maze ... your life, you go down and then you reach a place where you have to turn around ... maybe in your own life you fall, something happens in your home, you are sad, you pick yourself up and you go on through the maze ... you go on and on and on ... so many places in there you might ... maybe your child died ... or maybe somebody died, or you stop, you fall and you feel bad ... you get up, turn around and go again ... when you reach that middle of the maze ... that's when you see the Sun God and the Sun God blesses you and say you have made it ... that's where you die. The maze is a symbol of life ... happiness, sadness ... and you reach your goal ... there's a dream there, and you reach that dream when you get to the middle of the maze ... that's how I was told, my grandparents told me that's how the maze is.

Fook Lam Moon () is a Chinese restaurant chain with its main and original branch at 35-45 Johnston Road, Wanchai, Hong Kong. Fook Lam Moon means "fortune and blessings come to your home." The restaurant is often dubbed "the Cafeteria for the Wealthy" () by the media, and is frequented by the rich and famous, most notably Joseph Lau Luen Hung, Chairman and CEO of Chinese Estates Holdings. Born in 1908, founder Chui Fook Chuen became an apprentice at the age of 14 and quickly ascended as a house chef for an ex-bureaucrat of Qing Dynasty residing in Hong Kong. Following this position, he became the head chef for the prominent Ho Tung family. To fulfill his vision of becoming the true master chef for a wider clientele, Chui set up his own catering service "Fook Kee" in 1948. By offering dishes epitomizing the traditions of Cantonese cooking yet with a personal twist, Chui had since set the guiding principles and cemented the fundamentals which Fook Lam Moon uphold throughout the years. Fook Kee was an instant success, catering to the elites of Hong Kong and it was renamed as Fook Lam Moon in 1953, endowed with the meaning of "good fortune arriving at your door". Indeed, it was good fortune for patrons then because quality food is assured whenever Fook Lam Moon chefs arrived. Committed in using only the best ingredients, this guiding principle led Fook Lam Moon to be held in high esteem by Hong Kong elites and epicureans, representing a dedication in haute Cantonese cuisine. Alongside Hong Kong's economic growth and evolution of the culinary industry, the first Fook Lam Moon Restaurant was opened in 1972 in Wanchai, Hong Kong. The Kowloon branch soon followed in 1977, opening in Tsimshatsui. The Wanchai and Tsim Sha Tsui branches of the restaurant were awarded two and one stars, respectively by the 2010 Michelin Guide, following the one star rating in the guide's inaugural 2009 Hong Kong and Macau edition. It was also listed at no. 18 and 19 on "Asia's Top 20 Restaurants" of the Miele Guide in the 2008/2009 and 2009/2010 editions, respectively. Fook Lam Moon was listed 48th in the Asia's Best 50 Restaurants in 2013; and ranked 19th, awarded "Highest Climber" in 2014.

The Conférence Olivaint is the oldest, and one of the most private French student societies, established in 1875. Its aim is to educate its members for public life. As its name would indicate, its main activity is organizing weekly conferences with notable characters of French public life. It is made up of young people under 30 ("branche Jeunes") and an alumni branch ("branche Anciens"). Named after Father Pierre Olivaint, a French priest martyred during the Paris Commune, the Conference was founded by the Jesuits. At first, the goal was for members to infiltrate the political world of the nascent French Third Republic. After World War I, the Conference opened up and became a forum for men of all stripes such as Georges Bidaultor Robert Schuman. During World War II, all members joined the fight, half on the side of the Resistance, and half as collaborators. After the war, the majority of members leaned toward Christian democracy and were strongly pro-European. In 1968, the Conference was secularized under the presidency of Laurent Fabius (youth branch) and Hervé de Charette (alumni branch). During the 1980s, many young people were recruited into François Mitterrand's staff by alumni such as Jacques Attali and Hubert Védrine. In the past years, the Conference has begun to emerge from its traditional secrecy and has allowed more light to be shed on its activities. The Conference's rules limit its membership to 150. Members are co-opted. They must submit a written application and undergo an interview by the Conference's board. Membership of the youth branch is limited to three years, after which members must apply again to be admitted to the alumni network. Membership of professionals must not exceed a third of the total youth membership. Among the students, many are drawn from the Paris Institute of Political Studies, and the others from the grandes écoles and law faculties. The Conference's main activity is organizing weekly conferences with important personalities from the French political world and, since 2003, civil society. The Conference's rules require confidentiality on everything said during the conferences. This allows guests to speak off the record, and therefore more freely than they would in most other contexts. A big part of the Conference's traditions is its identity as a debating society, with the age-old practice of "jousting" ("joute oratoire"), informal public debates between two members, which takes place before each conference. The Conference provides extensive training for public speaking with monthly practice sessions, often with renowned public speakers as teachers, and a yearly public speaking contest. Each member must joust at least once; therefore, all members have that experience in common and it is part of the Conference's spirit. Each year, the Conference also holds a symposium, which is open to the public. In 2007 it was held at the French National Assembly, on higher education reform. The year before it was on integrating immigrants, at the Paris Arab World Institute. Other activities include study trips abroad, where members meet politicians and officials of the country they visit. The Conference was the first French organization to visit newly independent Algeria. The Conference is also a member of the Politeïa Community. The Conference also organizes cultural events, regional trips, debates, think tanks, etc.

Abraham Maarten Moszkowicz was born on 26 June 1960 in Maastricht in the Netherlands. He is the son of Berthe Bessant and lawyer Max Moszkowicz. He is of Jewish descent from his father's side. He studied law in Amsterdam. Moszkowicz had and has many famous and infamous people among his clientele, such as Cor van Hout, the Surinamese army leader Dési Bouterse, diva Patty Brard, real estate magnate Willem Endstra, top criminal Willem Holleeder, politician Geert Wilders, Manchester United and Netherlands international football player Robin van Persie, the American-Dutch "Drug rehabilitation guru" and ex-TV presenter Keith Bakker as well as the former friend of Talitha van Zon, on woman trafficking. Moszkowicz resigned as lawyer for Willem Holleeder in 2007. In 2010, it became known that Moszkowicz had evaded over one million Euro of income taxes in the period 2003–2006. The period 2007-2010 is still being investigated. On 30 October 2012, it was announced that he was disbarred. His appeal was rejected on 22 April 2013, which means Moszkowicz lost the right to practice law as a lawyer. On 21 April 2015 it was announced that Moszkowicz would become the party leader and "lijsttrekker" of the classical liberal party VoorNederland at the next Dutch general election, planned for 2017, but after nine months he was rejected by the party. Having been in several other relationships and already having children from an earlier marriage, he was in a relationship with former newsreader Eva Jinek. Late October 2012 it was announced that the relationship had ceased and that they would remain friends.

Alexander Fletcher (1787–1860), "the Children's Friend", was a Scottish kirk minister, and later an Independent (Congregationalist) divine in England. Author of numerous devotional works, and founder of the Finsbury Chapel in London, he was widely acknowledged as the pioneer of preaching to audiences of children and attracting large crowds of young people to nonconformist chapels through specially designed events and services as well as through Sunday schools. He is also noted for his support of missionary work, and for the abolition of slavery in the United States. Educated at the Grammar School at Stirling, then at Glasgow University as a student of divinity under tutorship of Dr Lawson of Selkirk, Alexander Fletcher first became licensed by the Presbytery in 1806. He was called by his local church in 'Bridge of Teith' on the banks of the River Teith, to be his father's colleague and successor. He was ordained as co-pastor in 1807 and soon became renowned as the favourite preacher of children on either side of the Tweed. He was able to attract multitudes of young people. In November 1811, Fletcher was sent to supply a Presbyterian meeting house in the City of London, and duly became pastor to its largely Scottish congregation. Still popular in his native Scotland, he was invited to preach there, notably in Glasgow where his reputation sometimes attracted such large audiences that tickets were required. In London, he was also much sought after to preach at various places, by special invitation. The Surrey Chapel on Blackfriars Road was the first in London to ask him to preach to an audience of children as he had done in Scotland. Its pastor Rowland Hill invited Fletcher to speak soon after his arrival in London. Fletcher went to London when he was selected pastor in the City of London at the Presbyterian 'Miles Lane Meeting House'. His presence attracted a large congregation, and larger premises were needed. The congregation laid the foundation stone of the Albion Chapel in Moorfields in 1815 and relocated there the following year. Following a celebrated legal case, Fletcher moved on, with many of his supporters, to found his own Chapel nearby - the Finsbury Chapel. This was opened in 1825, and stood at the east end of Finsbury Circus on the corner of Blomfield Street and East Street. He continued at the Finsbury Chapel as its Independent Minister (Congregationalist), for the rest of his life where he was then succeeded by Alexander McAuslane. Alexander Fletcher's move to the Albion Chapel and founding of Finsbury Chapel, followed his displacement by the Presbytery. In April 1824, he was prosecuted in the civil and ecclesiastical courts for breach of promise to marry Miss Eliza Dick. The "Dictionary of National Biography" explains that "In the King's Bench no verdict was given, but in the meeting of the United Associate Synod at Edinburgh, he was suspended from the exercise of his office and from church fellowship." In the early nineteenth century the expectations of men and women in society was slowly evolving and changing. Fletcher's trial led to considerable public interest about the issues involved and need for reform. It also attracted a famous literary satire: "The Trial of the Reverend Alexander Fletcher, A.M. before the Lord Chief Justice of the Court of Common Sense, and a Special Jury", published in 1825. To amuse the reader, the satire packed its 'jury' with many well-known Scotsmen of the day, all of who were given opinions on the matter. For example, Sir Walter Scott was given the part of Foreman of the jury. Alexander Fletcher was noted for his good works as well as his Christian teachings. When he visited the Scottish island of Skye, the poverty made a deep impression on him. On his return to London he founded a society to give generous support to the Islanders, including to the 'The Skye-boat Scheme'. Fletcher was a direct patron as well, and the society was still operating when he died. He was a frequent visitor to prisons, including to Newgate prison in London, where Elizabeth Fry achieved much to improve conditions. Apart from his work with children, Fletcher devoted the most energy to the non-denominational missionary society, which became the London Missionary Society (LMS). He was named Director of the society, whose London office stood in Blomfield Street, opposite the chapel which Fletcher founded. There were close links between the nonconfomist Baptist Missionary Society and the nondenominational but predominantly nonconformist LMS. Fletcher assisted both organisations in their work. The 'Valedictory Meeting to Mr Knibb', a Baptist missionary and abolitionist was held in Finsbury Chapel on Tuesday July 1, 1845, attended by members of both organisations. When Moses Roper escaped enslavement in the American South, and successfully made passage to England, he brought with him letters of introduction to three nonconformist ministers: Alexander Fletcher, John Morison, and a minister in Liverpool. Morison, Price, Cox and Fletcher became his patrons in Hackney and the London area. In his autobiography, Roper described these friends who assisted him whilst in England. Roper's anti-slavery speech of 26 May 1836, delivered at Fletcher's Finsbury Chapel, was one of his two most influential in the capital. In May 1846 Finsbury Chapel was the venue for a huge gathering to hear a speech by Frederick Douglass, who had escaped from slavery in the US and become a major speaker for abolition. This was advertised as "a publicity meeting at Finsbury Chapel to receive from Frederick Douglass an account of the dreadful conditions, both in law and practice, of 3,000,000 of slaves in the United States". The meeting was introduced by Joseph Sturge. A contemporary report noted that "every part of the large edifice was crowded to suffocation"; the firebrand Congregationalist, John Campbell gave a rousing response of support for abolition. After the late 1830s, Alexander Fletcher became a successful author, writing a range of devotional works for publication in London and the United States. These included "A Guide to Family Devotion", which quickly sold 60,000 copies. Due to such success, he continued writing up until his death. His last work was intended to be a book for the young, from ten years old and upwards, though it was unfinished at his death. Recovering from the court cases and associated controversy, Alexander Fletcher, became especially revered for his work with children. The titles "Prince of Preachers to Children" and "The Children's Friend" were frequently used to describe him, since he stood almost alone as a popular figure amongst children, able to attract vast audiences, quite unlike anyone else during his lifetime or since. Not surprisingly, having built Finsbury Chapel, it became a well-known venue for Alexander Fletcher's children's events. On Christmas mornings, it would be full of children from all the Sunday schools he could attract across the capital, and it drew similar gatherings of children for Whit Monday when all the schools in Hackney would be invited. As a result, the chapel's Sunday School for children was said to have been the most popular in London. Alexander Fletcher's success with audiences of children is generally said to have had much to do with his geniality and humour rather than his approach to matters of theology, which was somewhat Scottish in approach, though he also thought highly of Isaac Watts' works. He is considered to be the forerunner of other Independents who later became interested in preaching to children, particularly Baptists. Thomas Chalmers considered him "The Wilkie of Preaching" and many called him the "Prince of Preachers of the young" for he pioneered this movement and was the main inspiration for its development. Even as he aged, his success did not diminish. At Surrey Chapel, Blackfriars Road, a year before his death, his presence enabled the chapel to attract 3,000 children. Fletcher died on Sunday, September 30, 1860. He was married and a father. A tribute to his memory was given by fellow Scot, John McFarland, in Finsbury Chapel on October 14. In his memory his congregation commissioned a soaring cross of polished granite that they placed at his gravesite. It featured an unusual, pierced octagonal cross, at the top. The mason of this expensive monument was W. H. Burke of Newman Street, Marylebone c. 1861. The cross still stands at Fletcher's grave at Abney Park Cemetery, Stoke Newington, London.

Educated at Harrow and Clare College, Cambridge, Bingham was a Major in the Royal Artillery during the Second World War. However, he found the time to finish his legal training and was called to the Bar (Inner Temple) in 1940. His wartime service included Dunkirk and north-western Europe; he was mentioned in despatches in 1944. He had been in the Territorial Army since 1937, where he served with the 59th Medical Regiment until 1949; he held the rank of Major from 1945. He did not begin legal practice until demobilised in 1946, when he joined the Northern Circuit. In the same year he was elected as a Conservative Party member of Liverpool City Council, on which he served for three years. In 1957, Bingham was elected to Parliament as Conservative MP for Liverpool Garston at a byelection. The author of a standard work on negligence cases, his legal career progressed with appointment as Recorder of Oldham in 1960, and as a 'Bencher' of the Inner Temple in 1964. Bingham became a Judge of Appeal on the Isle of Man in 1965 and was also appointed to a Home Office departmental committee on Coroners. Bingham stood down from Parliament at the 1966 general election, and was appointed to the Royal Commission on Assizes and Quarter Sessions. In 1972 Bingham was appointed a Circuit Judge and resigned his post on the Isle of Man. He served as a Judge for 16 years.

"Teso Dos Bichos" is the eighteenth episode of the third season of the science fiction television series "The X-Files". It premiered on the Fox network on March 8, 1996. It was written by John Shiban, and directed by Kim Manners. The episode is a "Monster-of-the-Week" story, unconnected to the series' wider mythology. "Teso Dos Bichos" earned a Nielsen household rating of 10.7, being watched by 17.38 million people in its initial broadcast. The episode received mostly negative reviews. The show centers on FBI special agents Fox Mulder (David Duchovny) and Dana Scully (Gillian Anderson) who work on cases linked to the paranormal, called X-Files. In this episode, Mulder and Scully investigate a series of deaths that occur immediately after an ancient artifact is brought to Boston from an excavation site in South America. According to Scully, the deaths appear to be the result of political terrorism, but Mulder suspects something more improbable. The production for "Teso Dos Bichos", which was strongly disliked by the cast and crew of "The X-Files", was plagued by several issues. Director Kim Manners, who had particular disdain for the episode, later made T-shirts and gave them to the cast and crew that read "Teso Dos Bichos Survivor." The episode's title translates from archaic Portuguese into English as "Burial Mound of Small Animals," although other translations have been proposed. At an archaeological dig in the Ecuadorian highlands, two archaeologists, Dr. Bilac and Dr. Roosevelt, get into an argument over the removal of a burial urn that contains an Amaru, or a female shaman. Roosevelt argues that the urn must be taken from the site and preserved in a museum, much to the chagrin of Bilac and the tribespeople present. Later, a native shaman distributes Yaje to the local villagers and Bilac. During this ritual, a jaguar spirit kills Roosevelt in his tent. Later, in Boston, Fox Mulder and Dana Scully investigate the disappearance of Dr. Decker, an archaeologist from a local history museum, after a security guard discovers a large amount of blood in Decker's lab. They interview both the curator, Dr. Lewton, and graduate student Mona Wustner. They also visit a reclusive Bilac. After closing, Lewton is killed by the jaguar spirit after his car doesn't start. During an investigation of the crime scene, Scully comes across rat corpses in the engine compartment of Lewton's vehicle. Mona denies that anything unusual has happened in the museum. Mulder and a group of police search for Lewton's remains. Scully sees blood dripping on Mulder's face from above and, upon looking up, they see a portion of Lewton's intestine hanging from a tree. Scully, about to perform an autopsy on the intestine, is interrupted when Mona suddenly calls and reports that Bilac was under the influence of Yaje. At the museum, Mona hears noises from a restroom and, upon opening a toilet lid, she sees rats forcing their way out of the sewer. When the two agents arrive, they discover Bilac crying beside one of the toilets, saying that Mona is dead. Later, Bilac escapes from the room in which he is being held without exiting through the only door. Mulder notices a large drag mark through the dust on the floor, discovering a hatch leading to the museum's old steam tunnels. While exploring the tunnels, the agents find the remains of the victims and are attacked by a multitude of feral cats. As they try to escape, they come across Bilac's mutilated body. The two agents make their way out and close the hatch on the pursuing cats. The episode closes with Mulder suspecting that the animal attacks were associated with the burial urn that had been removed against the wishes of the Ecuadorian tribespeople; it is shortly returned to the burial grounds, where the local shaman watches the urn's reburial with jaguar-like eyes. "Teso Dos Bichos" was taken by John Shiban, the episode's writer, from an ancient chant. The words translate into archaic Portuguese as "Burial Mound of Small Animals," although other translations have been proposed. In Colombia and Venezuela, the word "bichos" is a euphemism for testicles, something Shiban was unaware of when writing the script. Shiban later joked that this "controversy" would be good for ratings. The production of the episode was plagued with issues. At the last minute the ending of the episode had to be rewritten; originally, the script called for "hordes" of common house cats to attack Mulder and Scully. Unfortunately, the cats refused to attack under direction and did "pretty much nothing". To further complicate matters, Gillian Anderson revealed to the producers that she was severely allergic to cats. Thus, the whole sequence was nixed. Director Kim Manners called the first three acts of the episode "the best three acts of televisions I ever directed", whereas he referred to the fourth act as "an absolute disaster." Manners later revealed that he asked series creator Chris Carter for permission to focus on a leopard during the fourth act instead of the cats, saying "I begged Carter 'Please let's revisit the leopard in the teaser because I'm never going to make these cats scary.'" "Teso Dos Bichos" was strongly disliked by the cast and crew of "The X-Files", including both David Duchovny and Kim Manners. Manners, most notably, was not pleased with the plot and felt "pussycats are not scary." He later made T-shirts and gave them to the cast and crew that read "Teso Dos Bichos Survivor." The episode earned two distinctive nicknames courtesy of Manners. The first, "Second Salmon," referred to the number of re-writes the episode went through. Every time an episode was re-written, the color of the script changed accordingly. "Teso Dos Bichos" went through so many re-writes that the cast ended up with two salmon colored copies. The second nickname, again, courtesy of Manners, was "Teso Dos Bitches." "Teso Dos Bichos" premiered on the Fox network on March 8, 1996. This episode earned a Nielsen rating of 10.7, with an 18 share, meaning that roughly 10.7 percent of all television-equipped households, and 18 percent of households watching television, were tuned in to the episode. It was viewed by 17.38 million viewers. The episode received negative reviews from critics. A writer from "Entertainment Weekly" gave "Teso Dos Bichos" a C, and sardonically wrote, "No es bueno!" Reviewer Zack Handlen of "The A.V. Club" gave the episode a C− and criticized the laziness of the writing, saying, "Maybe I'm missing something here. There could be some subtext in, um, yeah, I got nothing. The dead rats in the toilet were freaky, right? And they did kill that dog off, so that's hardcore. Really, though, I'm just too disappointed to say much else. This is paint-by-numbers at its most tedious, and while it's nice to have evident proof of how far the show has come since it started, that doesn't make it any easier to sit through." Critical Myth's John Keegan gave the episode a scathing review, only awarding it 1/10. He criticized the seriousness of the plot and wrote, "Overall, this has to be one of the worst episodes of the series. In nearly every possible way, the episode fails to live up to the usual expectations. Perhaps aware of how silly the whole thing sounds, the cast and crew seem weary of it all from beginning to end. Even some of the bad ideas in the later seasons don’t fall to this level of inadequacy." Cyriaque Lamar from i09 called the Jaguar Spirit one of "The 10 Most Ridiculous X-Files Monsters" and wrote, "In this fairly ridiculous Season 3 episode, an Ecuadorian artifact possessed by a Jaguar Spirit (or something) causes tabbies to go bonkers and murder people. This scene of Scully fighting a cat deserves the GIF treatment. Make it happen, folks!" Robert Shearman and Lars Pearson, in their book "Wanting to Believe: A Critical Guide to The X-Files, Millennium & The Lone Gunmen", rated the episode one stars out of five, calling the premise "achingly unambitious". The two roundly criticized the plot, calling it a "retread of a cursed mummy movie without a mummy", as well as the performances of Trevino, Duchovny, and Anderson. Despite the overall negativity, Shearman and Pearson noted that the "much derided" cat sequence was not "that badly handled."

Véra Clouzot (30 December 1913 – 15 December 1960) was a Brazilian-French film actress and screenwriter. She is known for playing Christina Delassalle in "Les Diaboliques" (1955). Clouzot was born Véra Gibson-Amado in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, to Alice do Rego Barros and , a Brazilian congressman, writer, journalist, lawyer and ex-President of the United Nations' International Law Committee. Writer Jorge Amado is her second cousin. In 1941, Véra met French actor , a member of the theater company of Louis Jouvet who toured in Brazil during World War II. Vera married the actor, taking part in the company's South American tour that lasted almost four years. After World War II, Vera settled in Paris. Louis Jouvet took over the direction of the Athenée Theater, while she continued to do small roles. Véra met film director Henri-Georges Clouzot through her then-husband, Léo Lapara, who had minor parts in "Quai des Orfèvres" (1947) and "Return to Life" (1949), in the segment directed by Clouzot, "Le Retour de Jean". Véra worked as a continuity assistant on Clouzot's "Miquette" (1950) and they married in 1950. Clouzot named his production company, "Véra Films", after his wife. She made only three films, all directed by her husband. The sole female role in "The Wages of Fear" (1953) is played by Véra. Clouzot wrote the role specifically for his wife, as the character does not exist in the original novel. "The Wages of Fear" is about a South American town where a group of desperate men are offered money to drive trucks carrying nitroglycerin through rough terrain to put out an oil well fire. "The Wages of Fear" was the 4th highest-grossing film in France in 1953, and was seen by nearly 7 million spectators. The most notable of Clouzot's films starring Véra was the classic thriller, "Les Diaboliques" (1955), co-starring Simone Signoret. She also starred in "Les Espions" (1957), and co-wrote the screenplay for the film "La Vérité" (1960), which was also directed by her husband. Clouzot and Véra took a film crew with them to Véra's homeland in Brazil for their honeymoon, where Clouzot made his first attempt at directing a documentary film. The Brazilian government took issue with Clouzot filming the poverty of people in the favelas rather than the more picturesque parts of Brazil. The film was never finished because the costs became too high. Clouzot became fascinated with the region and wrote a book, "Le cheval des dieux", recounting his trip. Véra died in Paris in 1960, aged 46, from a heart attack, shortly after the filming of "La Vérité". Henri-Georges Clouzot fell into a depression over her death. After her funeral, he moved to Tahiti, but returned to France in December 1960. She is buried in the Montmartre Cemetery in Paris.

"Hell Money" is the nineteenth episode of the third season of the science fiction television series "The X-Files" and 68th episode overall. It premiered on the Fox network in the United States on March 29, 1996. It was written by Jeffrey Vlaming and directed by Tucker Gates. The episode is a "Monster-of-the-Week" story, unconnected to the series' wider mythology. "Hell Money" earned a Nielsen household rating of 9.9, being watched by 14.86 million people in its initial broadcast. The episode received mostly mixed to positive reviews from television critics. The show centers on FBI special agents Fox Mulder (David Duchovny) and Dana Scully (Gillian Anderson) who work on cases linked to the paranormal, called X-Files. In this episode, Mulder and Scully investigate a murder in San Francisco's Chinatown involving masked intruders, strange Chinese symbols, a lottery, and the clandestine selling of body parts. The premise of the episode was based on three major ideas: a pyramid scheme involving body parts, a lottery in a small town, and the corporate beings assembling the destitute in Chinatown. The episode's writer, Vlaming, developed the latter two ideas and series creator Chris Carter merged all three ideas in the finalized script. The episode contained several elaborate special effects shots, most notably the scene wherein a frog bursts out of a victim's chest, which was created by using molds to create a fake human torso that was then placed over an actor. In San Francisco's Chinatown, a Chinese immigrant, Johnny Lo, makes his way to his apartment. There, he is confronted by someone telling him to "pay the price", and is overtaken by three figures wearing "shigong" masks. A security guard later finds the three figures near a crematory oven, in which Lo is being burned alive. Fox Mulder and Dana Scully investigate Lo's death, the latest in a series of fatal incinerations in Chinatown; Mulder believes that ghost activity is behind the deaths, while Scully suspects a cult. The agents collaborate with Glen Chao, a Chinese-American detective with the SFPD. When they find a Chinese character written inside the oven, Chao translates it as meaning "ghost." Mulder also finds a scrap of burned paper in the ashes, which Chao identifies as "hell money", a symbolic offering to deceased spirits. The agents locate Lo's apartment, where they find his collection of charms, as well as bloodstains underneath the recently installed carpet. Meanwhile, another immigrant, Hsin, tends to his leukemia-stricken daughter, Kim. To pay for her treatments, Hsin attends an underground lottery in which participants either win money or lose an organ, depending on tiles chosen from a pair of vases. One man wins the lottery but selects a bad tile, and his body is found later that day. Scully performs an autopsy and finds that he had been selling body parts, noticing his numerous surgical scars. The agents question Chao, who claims that the local community maintains a code of silence and does not reveal anything to even him. Chao finds information that leads them to Hsin, who installed the carpet in Lo's apartment. Hsin has a bandage over his eye, having lost it to the lottery earlier. Returning to his home, Chao is confronted by the three masked figures. Scully is informed about the attack on Chao and his admittance in the hospital, the agents then go to see him at the hospital. Meanwhile, Hsin is visited by the Hard Faced Man, one of the proprietors of the lottery. Hsin tells the man that he wants to end his participation, to which the man replies that the rules cannot be broken and warns him that the ghostly fire will consume him if he leaves the lottery. Upon arriving at the hospital, the agents find Chao gone. They trace his blood to that on the carpet in Lo's apartment, finding a match. This causes the agents to visit Hsin, but find only his daughter at his apartment. Hsin wins the lottery, but selects the tile representing his heart. Chao comes in and tries to persuade one of the game's organisers to let Hsin alive but to no avail, causing Chao to knock over the table with the vases, which reveals the lottery to be fixed. Chao then storms in the room where the surgery on Hsin is about to be carried out and fires at the Hard Faced Man, after which the agents come in and arrest them all, including Chao for covering the existence of the game. They interrogate the Hard Faced Man, but because no one who participated will testify against him, it is unlikely he will be prosecuted. Hsin is brought to the hospital and his daughter is placed on an organ donor list. Chao mysteriously disappears, awakening in a crematorium oven before he is burned alive. "Hell Money" was written by Jeff Vlaming, making it his second and last script for the show after the earlier third-season episode "2Shy". The episode was directed by Tucker Gates, making it the first of only two episodes of "The X-Files"—the other being the show's fourth season entry "El Mundo Gira"—to be directed by him. The episode features pre-fame Lucy Liu in a guest star role. Liu would later gain prominence as a cast member of the show "Ally McBeal" in 1998. The premise of the episode originated from an idea that executive producer and series creator Chris Carter had about a pyramid scheme involving body parts. Writer Jeff Vlaming combined two additional concepts that he had developed; the first involved a lottery in a small town and the other concerned corporate beings assembling the destitute in Chinatown. When the initial script for "Hell Money" was submitted, Carter merged the three stories into one. "Entertainment Weekly" later noted that "the twisted grotesquery of this story makes you think it must be based on a true story", but, according to Carter, the story was completely original. Vlaming had originally hoped that the episode would be one of the rare entries where Scully's version of the events would be vindicated, but in the end Mulder, once again, put everything together. The episode's exterior scenes were shot in Vancouver, Canada's Chinatown while the crematorium scenes were shot on a soundstage. Interior shots of the gambling parlor were shot at the Welsh Irish Scottish English (W.I.S.E.) Hall, a community building in Vancouver. The production staff created a second balcony in the hall exclusively for the episode, with an agreement to tear it down once the episode was filmed. However, after the filming ended, the W.I.S.E. Hall's owners requested that the balcony be left in place "for aesthetic reasons". The vase and tiles used in the episode were created entirely by the show's production department. The scene where a frog pops out of a victim's chest was created by using molds to create a fake human torso, which was then placed over the actor. For a close-up shot, the torso was placed on a table with a hole on it, allowing the show's animal wrangler to push a live frog through the opening in the torso. Actors Michael Yama and Lucy Liu had to redo all of their dialogue in a Cantonese accent in post production. Their re-recorded lines were dubbed over the original soundtrack. "Hell Money" premiered on the Fox network in the United States on March 29, 1996. This episode earned a Nielsen rating of 9.9, with a 17 share, meaning that roughly 9.9 percent of all television-equipped households, and 17 percent of households watching television, were tuned in to the episode. This totaled 14.86 million viewers. The episode received mixed to positive reviews from critics, ranging from largely positive to negative. "Entertainment Weekly" gave the episode an A–, calling it "gorgeously shot", citing the "lush, smoky gaming sequences" in particular. Television Without Pity ranked "Hell Money" the eleventh most nightmare-inducing episode of the show noting, "If there’s one thing you don’t want to mess with, it’s the Chinese mafia. Especially the branch that dresses up like Slipknot and either a) burns you alive, if you’re lucky, or b) forces you to participate in a haunted organ-harvesting raffle only to slowly carve you up and sell your vital organs on the black market, whether you like it or not." Robert Shearman and Lars Pearson, in their book "Wanting to Believe: A Critical Guide to The X-Files, Millennium & The Lone Gunmen", rated the episode four stars out of five, and called it a "hard episode to love [but] sincere and purposeful". The two praised the conceit of the episode, arguing that by presenting the situation from the Chinese immigrants—members of an alien culture—and Chao's point of view, "Mulder and Scully seem clumsy and arrogant. And by implication, the audience are made to feel just as arrogant." Other reviews were more mixed. John Keegan from Critical Myth gave the episode 5/10, noting "Overall, this episode attempted to make a mundane murder case interesting by forcing the agents to interact with an 'alien' culture. Unfortunately, the structure of the episode gave the audience answers long before the agents discovered them, making the bulk of the episode an exercise. By not taking the theme far enough or deepening the mystery, the writers ultimately fail to reach their goals." Reviewer Todd VanDerWerff from The A.V. Club gave the entry a C+ and wrote that the episode "was also fairly bold for its time, providing a whole subplot that's mostly told through subtitles [but] it feels like a series of shocks that are strung together along a pretty standard story setup." Ultimately, VanDerWerff concluded that, "the major problem with 'Hell Money' is that it feels, at times, like a backdoor pilot for a new series starring B.D. Wong as corrupt detective Glen Chao." Paula Vitaris from "Cinefantastique" gave the episode a mixed review and awarded it two stars out of four. She critiqued the fact that the episode lacked a paranormal mystery, noting that the theme of the episode "would fit nicely into any other police drama". Vitaris described the "three actors in the black suits and ghost masks" as "not very convincing." Co-producer Paul Rabwin was not a fan of "Hell Money": he believed that the premise was not really an X-File due to the fact that nothing paranormal happened during the episode. He claimed that if Mulder and Scully were removed from the story, it would not have changed anything and that the two were not affected personally by the case.

Thomas Christopher "Tom" Hughes is a fictional character on the American soap opera "As the World Turns". He was played by a number of actors during the character's 49-year tenure on the show, the longest-running actor being Scott Holmes, who took over the role July 3, 1987, and remained until ATWT's cancellation in 2010. He is an attorney in Oakdale. Tom Hughes was born onscreen in May 1961 to Bob and Lisa Hughes. His parents divorced when he was young and Tom largely blamed his father for the break-up, due to his mother's having poisoned his mind against him. Lisa, tired of Oakdale, took Tom to LA and dropped him off at a military school. His grandparents, Chris and Nancy, brought him back home, and he was put in Bob's care. However, young Tommy was still angry at his father, and started acting up by destroying daddy dolls. Luckily, Ellen Lowell was able to reach out to Tommy and got him to see not only how much Bob (and by extension Nancy and Chris) loved him, but made him realize how much his dad, a busy young doctor, was needed. Later, when Tom was a bit older, he became insolent and Lisa again shipped him off to boarding school for a brief time. When Tom returned, he was shocked to learn that his mother had lied to him about the baby she was caring for. Lisa told Tom that the child, Chuckie, was the child of an ill friend, when in reality, he was Lisa’s son by Michael Shea, with whom she had been having an affair. Tom denounced her as a liar and wrote her off. At this point, a teenaged Tom was becoming rebellious. He was obnoxious to his grandparents, Nancy and Chris, who shared Lisa's conviction that Bob had become neglectful of his son. Tom's uncle, Donald Hughes (Bob's brother) was the only one in the family who was able to develop a good rapport with Tom. In one conversation, Tom complained to his uncle that being prepared for adulthood was like being "a Boy Scout ... a straight arrow going nowhere." Don correctly sensed that Tom was going nowhere but downward, thanks to his long-haired boarding school roommate, Hank Barton, Hank was a criminal who was getting Tom hooked on speed, and enlisted Tom's help in robbing Hank's father's pharmacy. Bob also became concerned about Tom's attitude and warned him he'd cut off his financial support unless he took Lisa back into his life. Tom begrudgingly needed his father's advice, acting little more than cordially to his mother. As his parents sorted out their convoluted love lives, Tom was bedeviled by demons of his own. His grades were so bad that he confided to Chris that he was about to join the Army. Chris tried to reach out to his grandson, but the boy went ahead and joined the Army, shipping off to Vietnam. His time in Vietnam, during which his drug dependency intensified, was cut short, after a self-inflicted wound resulted in his early discharge from the Army. When he returned to Oakdale, Tom resumed his dependency on his old boarding school roommate, Hank Barton, for dubious companionship and drugs. One night, when Tom was high, Hank put him up to breaking into Michael Shea's office to steal narcotics. Michael caught Tom and extracted a written confession, which he used then to blackmail Lisa (who, by this time, hated him) into marrying him. Having been left by his wife Claire (when news of his illegitimate baby with Lisa surfaced), Michael had become obsessed with having Chuckie know him as his father, and he wanted the boy all to himself. He was, however, already tired of Lisa and was now carrying on with Karen Adams, a sympathetic but impressionable young nurse. Shortly after Lisa and Michael married, Lisa left Chuckie in her car during an errand and the boy pressed the accelerator. Chuckie was unhurt, but Michael, as usual, capitalized on the situation. He devised a series of near mishaps designed to make Lisa look like an unfit mother so he could divorce her and sue for custody of Chuckie. Later, Tom foolishly tried to rob Michael's office again, prompting the devious doctor to attempt to blackmail Lisa into handing over his son. However, it was not to be. Michael was shot and killed and Tom was seen leaving the scene mumbling, "He got what he deserved." Tom went to trial, while Lisa disappeared with Chuckie. Trying to protect Lisa, whom he secretly assumed was the murderer, Tom made no effort to prove his own innocence. Karen Adams was also a suspect, since she'd been late for her nursing shift the night Michael was murdered, but the evidence against Tom was overwhelming. The one bright spot in Tom's life was Carol Deming, a sweet, uncomplicated girl he'd recently met. Carol was convinced of Tom's innocence and stuck by him despite the misgivings of her psychiatrist father. As Tom took the witness stand, Lisa returned to Oakdale and rushed into the courtroom, only to collapse and awaken with amnesia, giving her name as Mrs. Robert Hughes. Tom was convicted of the murder. While Bob tried desperately to help Tom, he was also preoccupied with a mysterious terminally ill patient named Miss Thompson. One day, she entrusted Bob to represent her in a banking transaction and he noticed that the bank listed her name as Helen Pearce. When Bob questioned his patient, she remained secretive until he happened to mention that his son, Tom, had been convicted of Michael Shea's murder. Much to Bob's shock, Miss Thompson told him that she was the killer! She was the woman from Michael's past whose daughter had committed suicide. To prove her guilt, Miss Thompson gave Bob one detail of her crime -- Michael was fixing a very dry Rob Roy on the night she shot him. Then she died, leaving Bob with a story but no witnesses. Frantically, Bob investigated Miss Thompson but turned up nothing solid until he discussed the situation with Claire and Judge Lowell. Claire recalled Michael taunting her about an old girlfriend named Marcia Campbell who'd introduced him to the very dry Rob Roy. Further investigation corroborated the woman's true identity and Tom was freed. Soon afterward, Lisa regained her memory but was disappointed to find that she was no longer married to Bob. After being cleared of Shea's murder, Tom reaffirmed his relationship with both of his parents, and would remain on good terms with both of them from that point onward. After the trial, Tom got his act together and started studying law and working at Dr. Paul Stewart's medical clinic. There he met a seemingly sensitive young woman named Meredith Harcourt, who was suffering from an indeterminate illness. Taking pity on the girl, Tom let her stay with him when she told him she had no money and no place to stay. Though Meredith presented herself as a poor, downtrodden girl, both Nancy and Lisa had their doubts since she seemed too "chic" to be telling the truth about her circumstances. Their suspicions were confirmed when Meredith, wanting to get on Nancy's good side, bought her a piece of "costume jewelry" that was valued at $ 2,000. It turned out Meredith was the ward of the very wealthy Simon Gilbey and she'd run away in order to escape his strictness. Unbeknownst to Meredith, Simon was in Oakdale himself and found himself in a relationship with Lisa! Though Lisa was thoroughly charmed by Simon, Tom hated him immensely. Realizing that Simon and Tom would never like each other, Lisa broke up with Simon; then in a surprising move, Simon and Meredith fell in love and left town together. About 1972, after a brief relationship with his stepsister, Barbara Ryan, Tom began finally dating Carol Deming, who'd been his friend ever since he returned from Vietnam. Soon, Tom and Carol fell in love and married. Soon Tom found himself attracted to his first legal client, the sultry Natalie Bannon, who was accused of grand larceny. Tom helped clear Natalie and, despite the fact that he was married, found himself drawn to the sultry, mysterious woman. In short time, Tom and Carol decided that they married too young and parted ways amicably. That would pave the way for Natalie to become Mrs. Thomas Hughes. However, before that could happen, she had to contend with a deep dark secret. Though she secured a job with Tom's mother, Lisa, at her bookstore, Lisa still had some vague suspicions about Natalie's character. Finally, one day, in front of Carol, a customer recognized Natalie as Mrs. Ralph Porter. At the same time, Natalie learned that Carol's boyfriend, Jay Stallings, was having an affair with Susan Stewart and warned him to have Carol keep her mouth shut or she'd tell Carol about his indiscretion. However, Jay refused to cow to Natalie's threat since he knew her secret too. Seeing no choice, Natalie confessed the truth about her past to Tom--that her first husband, Ralph Porter, had died of a drug overdose. Touched by her sensitive history, Tom asked her to marry him. Meanwhile, Jay and Carol eloped. Though both married, Natalie and Jay found it difficult to resist their feelings for each other. Making it difficult were Tom and Carol who, still friends, wanted to hang out together. Soon, Jay and Natalie's attraction was growing while their spouses were oblivious. Though both Tom and Carol were content in their lives, Jay and Natalie both wanted more out of life than a mundane small town existence. Finally, Tom noticed how uncomfortable Natalie was around Jay and called her on it. Not wanting to endanger her marriage, Natalie covered up her feelings of lust for Jay and told Tom that Jay had designs on her. However, when Tom confronted Jay, he laughed it off by saying that Natalie totally misread him. Then one day, Jay and Natalie found themselves alone. Their urges overpowering them, Jay pulled Natalie into a smoldering kiss that she didn't resist. Later, the truth about Natalie's history was finally revealed when a customer told Lisa that he hoped Natalie would pay for the pain she caused. Curious, Lisa did some digging and learned something startling-- Natalie's first husband didn't die of a drug overdose; he committed suicide after she had an affair with his married brother! Not knowing what to do, Lisa confided in Bob who then went to Natalie urging her to tell Tom the truth. She did and, although Tom understood, he couldn't condone the fact that she only told the truth because his parents told her to and he left. Distraught at what seemed to be the end of her marriage, as Carol was out of town, Natalie turned to a willing Jay and the two finally gave in to their passion. Unfortunately the next day, Tom came back and he found out about Jay and Natalie's affair. Angry, he got in a violent confrontation with Jay. Afterwards, Jay begged Tom not to tell Carol, and not wanting to see Carol hurt, Tom agreed, but he did divorce Natalie, while remaining silent to Carol about why he hated Jay so much. About the time this was happening, Tom and his brother, Chuckie, were involved in a car accident. Tom, who was driving, survived; Chuckie did not. About 1978, Tom found himself again in a relationship with Barbara. He also found himself very attracted to a woman named Sheila Winston, who reminded him of Natalie. Sheila was accused of stealing jewelry from Valerie Reynolds Conway and Tom attempted to prove her innocence. In addition to getting her name cleared, he also got her a job at Lisa's bookstore. Though Barbara thought Tom's involvement with Sheila meant the end of their relationship, that wasn't the case since Tom was in love with Barbara and they made plans to marry. He then ended up helping Barbara regain custody of the son she had given up, Paul. It turned out that three years earlier Barbara had an affair with the very rich James Stenbeck. Believing he did not want to raise the child, she gave him up. On the day of her wedding to Tom, James confronted her and told her he never knew about the child. Barbara then canceled her wedding and married James and Tom left for Sweden to investigate James's past. In 1981, Tom met Margo Montgomery, the niece of the woman he was dating, Maggie Crawford. After her disastrous affair with James Stenbeck, and the stunning revelation that John Dixon was her father, Margo decided to reinvent herself and began working as her Aunt Maggie's assistant at Lowell, Hughes, and Colman. Margo had been lent out by Maggie to help Tom, who was investigating a drug ring in Oakdale -- and Margo developed feelings for the man. However, Tom got annoyed at Margo when she interfered too much in his investigation of Bernard Ignatius Grayson, a.k.a. Mr. Big. At the same time, Maggie and Tom started drifting away from each other. Meanwhile, one night, Margo accidentally got locked in "Fashions, Ltd.", while investigating the place. Unfortunately, that night James decided that there were too many people who suspected that he was smuggling drugs and jewels running through Fashions so he decided to have it torched, while Margo was locked inside! Luckily, Margo was saved by Ernie Ross and her sister, Cricket, and all three got the fire out and saved, "Fashions." But as she waited for Ernie and Cricket to save her, Margo stumbled across the cache of illegal drugs and jewels! Despite her having found the evidence, Tom read Margo the riot act, for almost having herself killed and he fired her. Undeterred, when Margo learned about a connection between Stenbeck and Mr. Big, Margo followed James to Paris to see what he was up to. To her surprise, Tom followed her. Soon, she spotted two thugs following James and Miranda Marlowe. To investigate the connection between James and Mr. Big, she and Tom took off for the greenhouse. The meeting started, on March 4, 1982, just as Margo and Tom arrived with the FBI hot on their trail. Mr. Big accused James of being a spy and Miranda of being a traitor. Miranda pulled a gun, but Mr. Big had already removed its firing pin. Seeing the danger they were in, Tom started a fire. In the confusion, Tom and Margo managed to escape, and so did Mr. Big. Tom and Margo spotted a plane in the field, and with Margo at the controls (although not really aware how to pilot a plane), they took off., Tom and Margo were horrified to learn that Mr. Big was hiding in the back, and before he jumped, he told them the tank was almost empty since he had siphoned off the gas of his plane. Margo somehow managed to land in a deserted area. For several days, in the south of France, Tom and Margo seemed lost and neither of them knew French fluently enough to ask for directions. Finally, Margo spotted a castle in a clearing. Upon entering, they found a kitchen stocked with pancake mix and brandy but the phone was dead. A sudden gust of wind slammed the door, and an unseen hand turned the key in the lock. Exhausted, Tom and Margo went to sleep, awakening to a gourmet meal. Tom wanted to run, but their path was blocked by a 400-pound mute. This silent man, whose name was Bruno (who had killed Connie Wilson back in September 1981), ushered them to the table, and to their horror, Mr. Big joined them. This was Mr. Big's castle and he was about to show Tom and Margo how horrifying it really was. Mr. Big proceeded to play games with his captives. Their only escape lay in figuring out clues from classic literature. If they failed, they would die. In the "room of love," (from March 17 - 19, 1982) Margo stepped on a painted heart and was shot by an arrow (with only a minor injury to her arm. Tom found the clue in a Robert Browning sonnet, and they escaped. Meanwhile, Tom and Margo realized they were in love, but once they met with Bob and then flew back to Oakdale they realized they had to keep their love for one another a secret, since Tom was still seeing Margo's aunt Maggie. Maggie did figure it out, but since Margo did not want to hurt her aunt, she asked Tom to cool it between the two of them. Margo also decided to become a police officer. In May 1982, she passed the police academy entrance exams, but everyone worried for her safety. The officer in charge, Captain Aaron Striker, made it clear that Margo would have to prove herself. In July, she solved one of Striker's cases, and when he tried to take the credit, Margo called his bluff. Striker wanted her dismissed, but Margo caught him in the locker room with a shapely blond officer. Striker realized she'd make one hell of a policewoman and kept her on the force. Meanwhile, Tom finally convinced Margo of his love for her, and she agreed to see him. Later, Mr. Big arrived at Margo's cottage and searched thoroughly for a hat. Margo had no idea of the hat's importance and had given Tom the band from the hat, which Tom gave it to his younger half-sister, Frannie. Later, Mr. Big came back to the cottage, knife in hand, and found the hat. John finally convinced Margo that Mr. Big was in town and that he had spotted him. Margo agreed to follow John to a clearing, but at first didn't see anything and doubted her father. Just as she was getting ready to leave, Margo spotted Mr. Big with a henchman. Margo told John to lie low and not confront Mr. Big while she went to get help. Unfortunately, John didn't listen and confronted Mr. Big. Mr. Big held a gun on John and told him to stop following him or he'd be dead! Meanwhile, Margo was duped, by another tape sent to her by one of Mr. Big's henchman, into going to a nightclub on Halloween evening, 1982. At the nightclub, there was a magic show. Mr. Big informed the magician that Margo would make a wonderful assistant. She was handcuffed and blindfolded and put in a box. When the box was opened, Margo was gone, as was a cougar. In an isolated room away from the nightclub, Mr. Big told Margo that if she didn't tell him where the hatband was, he would release the cougar. Luckily, Tom saved Margo in the nick of time, and she told Tom about the hatband, which Frannie had left at Fashions. Miranda told Margo that Mr. Big had said something about his fortune being locked up under his hat. They found a miniature audiotape sewed into the hatband, which computer genius Ernie Ross offered to decode. The only two words they could make out were "Bilan" and "Corsica." Miranda was shocked: Bilan was her daughter by Jacques. She was 17, and Miranda hadn't seen her in some time. After Mr. Big had killed Jacques, he had kidnapped Bilan, from a convent near Nice, France, and spirited her to his ranch in the east African island nation of Zanzibar. Mr. Big had nearly convinced Bilan that he was her biological father, which was untrue. Mr. Big was shocked to learn that Bilan knew the secrets to the fortune that he felt Jacques had kept for himself and quickly booked an airline flight to Zanzibar. Miranda feared for the daughter. Tom and Margo went to the convent in France, where Bilan was last seen. They figured out that Mr. Big had spirited Bilan to his ranch in Zanzibar. Big beat them to Zanzibar, though, and released Bilan into the care of a village of Bububu (Kiswahili's) tribe. By this time, Bilan had fallen quite ill and the priest in a nearby village church told Mr. Big where to find Bilan. Tom and Margo weren't having as much luck, but were hot on Mr. Big's trail. However, before they arrived near the village, they had to go on adventure on the Rufiji River and nearly drowned during a storm. On a nearby bank, while drying out from the storm, one evening Margo went skinny-dipping. Tom awoke and saw her, and they made love for the first time. Finally, Tom and Margo met some Bububu people who were willing to tell them where Bilan was. Unfortunately, Mr. Big met them and decided to kill them once and for all! Mr. Big arranged for Tom and Margo to be released into a pit of poisonous snakes that nearly killed them. Fortunately, when Mr. Big left to go retrieve Bilan, Margo was able to convince the chief of the village to let Tom and Margo go. Margo had no idea that she had promised the chief to be his perfect seventh wife, in an exchange for their freedom. When the chief took Margo (his seventh wife) and Tom back to the village, Margo and Tom discovered a very ill Bilan. Margo nursed Bilan until her fever broke, but then Mr. Big kidnapped the girl, with Tom and Margo in pursuit. In a clearing tent, Mr. Big tried to get Bilan to decode the message, but Bilan was still delirious from the fever and couldn't concentrate. When Tom and Margo caught up with them, Mr. Big set fire to the tent, without Tom, Margo and Bilan realizing and there were explosives in the tent! Luckily Tom, Margo and Bilan were okay, but then Big went missing. He was presumed dead, although Margo had her doubts that Tom tried his best to relieve. Sure enough Margo was proven correct. During the village chief’s wedding ceremony to a clueless Margo, Mr. Big turned up alive! He again kidnapped Bilan to get her to decode her father’s message. Meanwhile, Tom and Margo swam to Big's boat. They grabbed Bilan and tried to escape, but were caught by Mr. Big and his henchman. He does allow Margo to try to make Bilan more comfortable and Margo begged Mr. Big to spare her. Mr. Big informed Tom and Margo that he was going to dispose of them. They make a last request and ask Mr. Big to marry them as Captain of the ship. He does marry them but before he can dispose of them Bilan suddenly appears from below and puts the fishing net over his head. Margo ties him up with knots even Houdini can't get out of. Tom pilots the boat and contacts Interpol to pick him up with his henchmen. Margo admitted that she told the Interpol agent to not give Mr. Big any seasick pills after they turned him over to them. After Tom and Margo returned to Oakdale, on January 24, 1983, they were thrown a grand surprise party by Maggie and Lyla. Tom and Margo had intended to tell Maggie about their true feelings, but when they walked into the door, Margo collapsed. Margo was taken to Memorial Hospital and it discovered that she had been bitten by a mosquito. She recovered rather quickly, but was astounded to learn that Tom had defended the woman who had supposedly killed her father John, Dee Stewart! Margo broke up with Tom and discovered that she was pregnant. Sadly, Margo miscarried the baby. Unfortunately, Tom misinterpreted the situation and mistakenly believed that she'd had an abortion. Later Margo would take Tom back, when she learned that John was still alive. Finally, in the summer of 1983, Margo and Tom married in an impromptu ceremony in the park. Their first crisis came when Barbara decided she wanted Tom back. She set it up so that he would believe they slept together. When Tom told Margo about the "affair", she planned to divorce him. Luckily, she found out that there was no affair. Meanwhile, during their separation, Tom sympathetically hired Dr. Taylor Baldwin after she was let go from Memorial. Taylor tried to go after Tom, but Casey Peretti overheard a conversation between Taylor and Tom and told Margo that he suspected Taylor was trying to get Tom into bed. Margo arrived, at Tom's temporary penthouse bachelor pad apartment just as Tom and Taylor were opening a bottle of wine and told Tom that she wanted him back, but didn't know if perhaps he and Taylor were now involved. Margo, of course, didn't wait for Tom's answer and ran away. Taylor tried to continue her seduction of Tom, but when Tom got mad at her and thought about Margo, Taylor just laughed and told Tom he could do better than Margo. Taylor’s words enraged Tom and he fired Taylor and told her to get out of town. After reconciling, Margo became pregnant. Unfortunately, Margo miscarried the baby. Still despondent over the miscarriage, she was crushed when Tom went to Washington DC to work on the crime commission. During Tom's absence, Margo confided in her best friend, Hal Munson. One night, thinking her marriage was over, they slept together. Soon after, Tom returned and he and Margo put their marriage back together. Shortly after, Tom found out that he had fathered a daughter in Vietnam. While he was getting to know his teenage daughter, Lien, Margo left him. Tom tracked her down in Greece and found out that she left because she was pregnant with Hal's baby. Tom forgave her and offered to raise the boy, Adam, as his own. A few years later, Tom and Margo had a son of their own, Casey. Tom and Margo's marriage was stable for many years. In addition to working on cases together (since Margo was a cop and Tom was District Attorney), the pair raised their sons. Though the couple had its crises—Casey's kidnapping, Margo's rape and later post-traumatic disorder following a plane crash—they weathered the storms for many years and seemed to be one of the most stable couples in Oakdale. That was until about their 15th anniversary. At that time, Tom began questioning his life. No longer D.A., he grew disgusted with the law when he was unable to keep the innocent Lily Snyder from going to prison. Needing a change of direction, he became a journalist and became close to Emily Stewart. Soon, Tom and Margo's marriage started to fall apart and, when he incorrectly believed that she had an abortion, he ran into the open arms of Emily, who became pregnant and later, gave birth to his son, Daniel. The night that Daniel was conceived, Margo miscarried her and Tom's child. Margo and Tom separated, but he vowed to win back Margo's love. Tom never wavered in his pursuit of Margo, despite all her attempts to push him away. When Tom learned that Margo had been arrested for Alec Wallace's murder, he left the hospital (where he had just come out of a week-long coma) to see her in jail. Tom realized instantly that Margo was innocent and, giving her all his love and support, offered to defend her. In the end, all charges against Margo were dropped and Tom and Margo renewed their wedding vows. Soon after, Tom returned to the law and opened his own practice. Not long after, Lien returned to town and accepted a job offer at Tom's firm. Soon after arriving, Lien began feeling ill and suddenly passed out. Dying, she was diagnosed with a disease caused by Agent Orange in the atmosphere where she grew up in Vietnam. Lien's chances were bleak until she was given an experimental drug that she later learned was illegal. Miraculously, she made a speedy recovery. Immediately after, Lien was offered her old job back in Washington, DC which she accepted with Tom's blessing. Tom would have to deal with another medical crisis a year later when Margo became stricken with Hepatitis C as a result of a rape years earlier. Luckily, she made a full recovery thanks to a partial liver transplant from her sister, Katie. Instead of taking a break from police work, Margo threw herself into her job and became involved in several criminal investigations, so a year later, Tom accepted the position of District Attorney in order to see more of his workaholic wife. However, the Hughes marriage would reach another crisis in 2004 with the arrival of former football star, and new sports anchor for WOAK, Doc Reese. Over the course of several weeks, Margo would seem distant and distracted, especially where Reese was concerned. Finally, after weeks of odd behavior from Margo, Tom supposedly put the pieces together when he caught Margo in a lie regarding Reese. Tom, who, among other things, learned that Margo had lied about being at work one night, suddenly saw Margo's odd behavior in a whole new fashion and came to the realization that she was having an affair with Doc Reese. Certain that he recognized the pattern of infidelity, a furious Tom could barely stand to be around Margo at a party for her sister, Katie. Although he tried to keep silent, when a concerned Margo kept after him to tell her what was wrong, he finally broke down and, within earshot of everyone downstairs, accused her of having an affair. Although Margo tried to tell Tom that nothing happened between her and Reese, he didn't believe her and was convinced she was holding something back. Tom then moved out. Although Jessica Griffin tried to convince Tom that there was no affair, her pleas fell on deaf ears since Tom was convinced that something had gone on. Eventually, Margo confessed to flirting with Reese, but an unforgiving Tom was convinced she wasn't telling him the entire story; that there was a lot more to it. Throughout all this, Jessica continued to defend Margo insisting that she wasn't the one who slept with Reese. Jessica's choice of words led Tom to a startling conclusion--Jessica had the affair with Reese! Although an angry Tom agreed to keep her secret, the news only strengthened his hatred of Doc Reese and his anger at Margo. After some tense weeks, Tom then received a visit from an employee from the country club, Jill, who revealed that she saw Margo and Doc leave the sauna together! Found out, Margo told Tom about the smoldering kisses she and Doc shared but insisted that nothing sexual occurred. Although he believed her, it was too late. Disgusted with the way she'd lied to him, Tom filed for a legal separation. However, by the end of the year, Tom's anger had softened and he went back to Margo. In 2006, Tom, and the rest of Oakdale, was rocked by the news that Emily had not only shot Paul Ryan but kidnapped and held Dusty Donovan hostage. The person who suffered during Emily's long obsession with Paul was Daniel who was neglected by his mother. When she was finally apprehended, Emily tried to rebuild her relationship with son and put her life back together after a very short stint at a mental hospital. Meanwhile, Casey was growing into quite the teenager. Unlike Adam, who was always very responsible, Casey was somewhat of a slacker. During his senior year in high school, Casey was named the father of Gwen Norbeck’s baby. However, Casey denied it vehemently and, although Tom had doubts, Margo believed him. Months later, after Gwen learned that her baby had died, Casey finally owned up to his parents and admitted that Gwen had been pregnant with his child. Margo was saddened not only at losing the grandchild that she never knew she had but also at Casey’s failure to own up to his responsibility. Because of his history, Margo was wary when Casey grew closer to young Maddie Coleman who ultimately became a good influence on him. In early 2007, Daniel was briefly kidnapped by an unsavory associate of Emily's and the stress caused Tom to have a heart attack. Fortunately, surgery for a blocked aorta corrected the problem and Tom made a full recovery. In the meantime, Casey’s irresponsibility got him into trouble again—this time from gambling on-line. Casey racked up a huge debt and resorted to stealing from Lisa in order to pay it. However, when Casey revealed the truth to Adam, Adam convinced him to set Will Munson up for the crime. Now a music producer, Adam, unbeknownst to everyone, was obsessed with Will’s wife—Gwen. Finally, Casey went to his parents and confessed what he had done. Meanwhile, Adam was nowhere to be found. Several weeks later, Margo would learn that Adam was on the lam after trying to rape Gwen. Still shocked by the actions of her older son, Margo was even more saddened when Casey was sent to jail. Though Tom tried to assure her that she had been a good mother, Margo frequently had doubts. In the meantime, the Hughes’s were going through some financial troubles and, to get extra money, Tom started working as Craig's attorney to help him secure custody of his son—over Margo's objections. Several months later, Casey was finally released from prison. Though Tom warned Margo to give Casey some time to adjust to being out of jail, Margo continually harped on Casey about his plans for the future. After several weeks, Casey found the perfect opportunity when he visited the Intruder offices and learned that Emily had fired her assistant. Casey charmed Emily into hiring him, despite Emily's concern that Margo would not approve since Margo hated Emily. Emily was right—Casey's friendship with Emily irked Margo to no end. Weeks later, on the week of his twenty fifth wedding anniversary, Tom returned home to find Margo holding a gun on Emily who was in a state of undress. Fortunately, Tom was able to defuse the situation and was shocked to learn that Emily and Casey were lovers, a fact that Margo suspected for some time. Appalled at the thought of Emily cavorting with Casey, Margo vindictively revealed Emily's darkest secret—she'd worked as a hooker the previous year. Unfortunately for Margo, Casey knew all about it and didn't care. Not only that, but Casey defied his parents by moving out in order to remain with Emily. Rattled by the revelation of Emily's hooker past, Tom sought for full custody of Daniel. However, when Casey blasted Tom for his actions, Tom ultimately backed down. When it became clear that Casey would pick Emily over his family, Tom convinced a begrudging Margo that they had to accept the relationship or they risked losing their son. In 2008, Tom and Margo celebrated their 25th anniversary, with a party in their home that included their family and friends. Lisa toasted their enduring love and presented them with an album of photos and memories of their 25 years together. The couple, who had by this time, put much of their own drama behind them, began to focus on their son Casey's new relationship with Alison Stewart (Emily's younger sister). Though initially uneasy about Casey's becoming involved with Emily's younger sister, they ultimately accepted the relationship, accepting Ali into their family. Though Casey had expressed interest in following in his father's path and becoming an attorney, Tom cautioned Casey that it would be difficult, due to his past criminal conviction. However, Casey persevered and was eventually accepted into a law school in Carbondale, Illinois (where best friends Will and Gwen Munson also resided). After much deliberation, Ali and Casey decided to move to Carbondale. During the final episode, Tom and Margo, saddened by their now empty, too large house, impulsively decided to swap residences with Margo's sister Katie and Tom's brother Chris (who had become engaged, and were looking for a larger home in order to start a family). Tom and Margo are last seen in their new condo, looking back at their lives and looking forward to the future.

Marvin Leonel Esch (August 4, 1927 – June 19, 2010) was a politician from the U.S. state of Michigan and a member of the Republican Party. He served in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1967 to 1977 before unsuccessfully seeking a seat in the United States Senate in the 1976 election. Following his political career, Esch became active in business and political activism, becoming director of public affairs for the U.S. Steel Corporation and director of programs and seminars for the American Enterprise Institute. Esch was born in Flinton in Cambria County, Pennsylvania. He received his secondary education in Akron, Ohio, and Jackson, Michigan. He attended the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor, earning an A.B. in 1950, an M.A. in 1951, and a Ph.D. in 1957. He served in the U.S. Maritime Service and the United States Army. He was a member of the faculty at Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan and a member of the Michigan State House of Representatives, 1965–1966. In 1966, Esch defeated former U.S. Representative George Meader in the Republican primary elections for Michigan's 2nd congressional district. He went on to defeat incumbent Democrat Wes E. Vivian, one of the "Five Fluke Freshmen", in the general election to be elected to the 90th United States Congress. He was re-elected to the four succeeding Congresses, serving from January 3, 1967 to January 3, 1977. He was not a candidate for reelection to the Ninety-fifth Congress in 1976, but was an unsuccessful candidate for election to the United States Senate, losing in the general election to Democrat Donald W. Riegle, Jr.. He won 47% of the vote in that race. He was director of public affairs for the U.S. Steel Corporation, 1977–1980; the director of programs and seminars for the American Enterprise Institute, 1981–1987; and a private advocate. He was an emeritus trustee of the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts. He was a resident of Ann Arbor, Michigan.

Tourism in Brazil is a growing sector and key to the economy of several regions of the country. The country had 6.36 million visitors in 2015, ranking in terms of the international tourist arrivals as the main destination in South America and second in Latin America after Mexico. Revenues from international tourists reached in 2015, continuing a recovery trend from the 2008-2009 economic crisis. Brazil offers for both domestic and international tourists an ample gamut of options, with natural areas being its most popular tourism product, a combination of ecotourism with leisure and recreation, mainly sun and beach, and adventure travel, as well as historic and cultural tourism. Among the most popular destinations are the Amazon Rainforest, beaches and dunes in the Northeast Region, the Pantanal in the Center-West Region, beaches at Rio de Janeiro and Santa Catarina, cultural and historic tourism in Minas Gerais and business trips to São Paulo city. In terms of the 2015 Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index (TTCI), which is a measurement of the factors that make it attractive to develop business in the travel and tourism industry of individual countries, Brazil ranked in the 28st place at the world's level, third in the Americas, after Canada and United States. Brazil main competitive advantages are its natural resources, which ranked 1st on this criteria out of all countries considered, and ranked 23rd for its cultural resources, due to its many World Heritage sites. The 2013 TTCI report also notes Brazil's main weaknesses: its ground transport infrastructure remains underdeveloped (ranked 129th), with the quality of roads ranking in the 121st place, and quality of air transport infrastructure in 131st; and the country continues to suffer from a lack of price competitiveness (ranked 126th), due in part to high and increasing ticket taxes and airport charges, as well as high and rising prices more generally. Safety and security have improved significantly, ranking in the 73rd place in 2013, up from the 128th position in 2008. Foreign tourists mainly come from Argentina, Chile, Uruguay, Paraguay, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, Costa Rica, Mexico, Cuba, Dominican Republic, US, Canada, China, South Korea, Japan, Australia and Europeans from Spain, Italy, France, Germany, United Kingdom, Ireland, Netherlands, Belgium, Switzerland, Portugal and Russia. According to the World Tourism Organization (WTO), international travel to Brazil began to grow fast since 2000, particularly during 2004 and 2005. However, in 2006 a slow down took place, and international arrivals have had almost no growth both in 2007 and 2008. In spite of this trend, revenues from international tourism continued to rise, from USD 3.9 billion in 2005 to USD 4.9 billion in 2007, a one billion dollar increase despite 333 thousand less arrivals. This favorable trend is the result of the strong devaluation of the American dollar against the Brazilian real, which began in 2004, but on the other hand, making Brazil a more expensive international destination. This trend changed in 2009, when both visitors and revenues fell as a result of the 2008-2009 economic crisis. By 2010 the industry recovered, and arrivals grew above 2006 levels to 5.16 million international visitors, and receipts from these visitors reached USD 5.9 billion. In 2012 the historical record was reached with 5.6 million visitors and in receipts. Despite continuing record breaking of international tourism revenues, the number of Brazilian tourists travelling overseas has been growing steadily since 2003, resulting in a net negative foreign exchange balance, as more money is spent abroad by Brazilian than receipts from international tourist visiting Brazil. Tourism expenditures abroad grew from USD 5.76 billion in 2006, to USD 8.21 billion in 2007, a 42,45% increase, representing a net deficit of USD 3.26 billion in 2007, as compared to USD 1.45 billion in 2006, a 125% increase from the previous year. This trend is caused by Brazilians taking advantage of the stronger Real to travel and making relatively cheaper expenditures abroad. Brazilian traveling overseas in 2006 represented 3.9% of the country's population. In 2005, tourism contributed with 3.2% of the country's revenues from exports of goods and services, and represented 7% of direct and indirect employment in the Brazilian economy. In 2006 direct employment in the sector reached 1.87 million people. Domestic tourism is a fundamental market segment for the industry, as 51 million traveled throughout the country in 2005, and direct revenues from Brazilian tourists reached USD 21.8 billion, 5.6 times more receipts than international tourists in 2005. In 2005, Rio de Janeiro, Foz do Iguaçu, São Paulo, Florianópolis and Salvador were the most visited cities by international tourists for leisure trips. The most popular destinations for business trips were São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro and Porto Alegre. In 2006 Rio de Janeiro and Fortaleza were the most popular destinations by national visitors. Most international visitors in 2012 came from Argentina (29.4%) and the United States (10.3%). In terms of region of origin, most international visitors came from neighboring South American countries with 2,822,519 visitor (49.7%), mainly from Mercosul. Top international arrivals by country of origin for 2012 are presented in the following table: Tourist visa requirements have been waived for citizens of Andorra, Argentina, Austria, Bahamas, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Bolivia, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Croatia, Denmark, Ecuador, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Guatemala, Guyana, Hong Kong, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macau, Malaysia, Malta, Mexico, Monaco, Namibia, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, San Marino, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Surinam, Sweden, Switzerland, Thailand, Trinidad & Tobago, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom, Uruguay, Vatican City, Venezuela. Tourist visas also applies to lecturers at conferences, for visiting relatives and/or friends, unpaid participation in athletic or artistic event or competition (in this case an invitation letter from the sponsoring organization is Brazil is required), and unpaid participation in a scientific/academic seminar or conference sponsored by a research or academic institution (in this case an invitation letter from the sponsoring organization in Brazil is required). Geopark Paleorrota is the main area of geotourism in Rio Grande do Sul and one of the most important in Brazil. With 83,000 km² inside 281,000 km² of the state, where many fossils of the Permian and Triassic period, with ages ranging between 210 and 290 million years ago, when there were only the continent Pangaea. In the region Metropolitan Porto Alegre there are 5 museums to visit. In Paleorrota Geopark there are 7 museums, the Palaeobotanical Garden in Mata and the Paleontological Sites of Santa Maria to be visited. The BR-287, nicknamed "Highway of Dinosaurs", crosses 17 of 41 municipalities of the geopark. Domestic tourism is a key market segment for the tourism industry in Brazil. In 2005, 51 million Brazilian nationals made ten times more trips than foreign tourists and spent five times more money than their international counterparts. The main destination states in 2005 were São Paulo (27.7%), Minas Gerais (10.8%), Rio de Janeiro (8.4%), Bahia (7.4%) and Santa Catarina (7.2%). The top three states by trip origin were São Paulo (35.7%), Minas Gerais (13.6%). In terms of tourism revenues, the top earners by state were São Paulo (16.4%) and Bahia (11.7%). For 2005 the three main trip purposes were visiting friends and family (53.1%), sun and beach (40.8%), and cultural tourism (12.5%).

The economy of Northern Cyprus is dominated by the services sector (69% of GDP in 2007), which includes the public sector, trade, tourism and education. Industry (light manufacturing) contributes 22% of GDP and agriculture 9%. The economy operates on a free-market basis, with a significant portion of administration costs funded by Turkey. The TRNC uses the Turkish lira as its currency, which links its economic situation to the Turkish economy. As of 2014, the GDP per capita of Northern Cyprus was $15,109, and the GDP was $4.039 billion. The economy grew by 4.9% in 2014 and 2.8% in 2013, meaning that Northern Cyprus is growing faster than the Republic of Cyprus. Northern Cyprus has seen economic growth and declining unemployment throughout the 2010s; the unemployment rate in 2015 was at 7.4%, down from 8.3% in 2014. The inflation rate in June 2015 was at 3.18%. Because of its international status and the embargo on its ports, the TRNC is heavily dependent on Turkish military and economic support. All TRNC exports and imports have to take place via Turkey, unless they are produced locally, from materials sourced in the area (or imported via one of the island's recognised ports) when they may be exported via one of the legal ports. The continuing Cyprus problem adversely affects the economic development of the TRNC. The Republic of Cyprus, as the internationally recognised authority, has declared airports and ports in the area not under its effective control, closed. All UN and EU member countries respect the closure of those ports and airports according to the declaration of the Republic of Cyprus. The Turkish community argues that the Republic of Cyprus has used its international standing to handicap economic relations between TRNC and the rest of the world. There are three-year-long programs of financial and economical cooperation between Turkey and Northern Cyprus. In 2013, Turkey transferred 430 million Turkish liras to the Turkish Cypriot budget, comprising 5.7% of the GNP, and one-seventh of the state budget. The aid from Turkey had decreased from 7.1% of the budget in 2004. In addition, 2013 saw a budget deficit amounting to 7.2% of the GNP, and a credit amounting to 6.6% of the GNP was obtained from Turkey. Between 2004 and 2013, Northern Cyprus constantly had a budget deficit, peaking at 14.0% of the GNP in 2009. This prompted constant borrowing from Turkey, reaching a maximum of 12.2% of the GNP in 2009. In December 2014, Northern Cyprus had a total debt of 23 million Turkish liras, 7.5 million liras being external debt to Turkey. This amounted to 1.5 times the GDP. Despite the constraints imposed by the lack of international recognition, the TRNC economy turned in an impressive performance. The nominal GDP growth rates of the TRNC economy in 2001-2005 were 5.4%, 6.9%, 11.4%, 15.4% and 10.6%, respectively. The real GDP growth rate in 2007 is estimated at 2%. This growth has been buoyed by the relative stability of the Turkish Lira and a boom in the education and construction sectors. The growth was further buoyed by the arrival of North European Home Buyers, investing in holiday villas. Over 10,000 British people, including expatriates purchased holiday villas there to live in permanently, or to visit during the summer months. These settlers generated over $1 Billion between 2003 and 2007. Between 2002 and 2007, Gross National Product per capita more than tripled (in current US dollars): ***LIST***. Studies by the World Bank show that the per capita GDP in TRNC grew to 76% of the per capita GDP in the Republic of Cyprus in PPP-adjusted terms in 2004 (US$22,300 for the Republic of Cyprus and US$16,900 for the TRNC). Official estimates for the GDP per capita in current US dollars are US$8,095 in 2004 and US$11,837 in 2006. Although the TRNC economy has developed in recent years, it is still dependent on monetary transfers from the Turkish government. Under a July 2006 agreement, Ankara is to provide Northern Cyprus with an economic aid in the amount of $1.3 billion over three years (2006–2008). This is a continuation of ongoing policy under which Turkish government allocates around $400 million annually from its budget to help raise the living standards of the Turkish Cypriots. The tourism sector of Northern Cyprus has seen high levels of constant growth. 1.23 million tourists visited Northern Cyprus in 2013, 920,000 of these being from Turkey. The number of tourists had doubled since 2006, which saw 570,000 tourists. The revenue from tourism was at $616 million, up from $390 million in 2009 and $288 million in 2004. The number of tourist beds increased to 17000 in 2011. The Banking sector grew 114% from 2006 to 2011. TRNC Development Bank is a member of Association of Development Financing Institutions in Asia and the Pacific (ADFIAP). In 2014, the exports of Northern Cyprus were at $130 million, with an increase of 11.9% from 2013, and the imports were at $1.51 billion, with an increase of 3.6% from 2013. The main trading partner is Turkey, as of 2014, 64.7% of Turkish Cypriot imports are from and 58.5% of Turkish Cypriot exports are to Turkey. Middle Eastern countries are the destination of 30.3% of Turkish Cypriot exports and their share in the exports of Northern Cyprus has greatly increased, being at only 17.8% at 2006. The share of exports to the European Union has greatly decreased from 15.0% in 2006 and as of 2014, stood at 6.2%, while imports from the EU member states were 15.5% of all imports. The agricultural sector is the source of the vast majority of exported goods. In 2013, 32.4% of exported products were raw agricultural products and 50.8% were processed agricultural products. 8.7% of the exports was minerals, 3.0% clothing and 5.1% other industrial products. Raw citrus by itself constituted 19.1% of all exports. The most important exported products, in order of the revenue they produce, are dairy products, citrus, rakı, scrap, citrus concentrate, chicken and potatoes. Below is a table showing the distribution of exports of Northern Cyprus by goods:

Bağdat Avenue (, literally "Baghdad Avenue") or simply Avenue () is a notable high street located on the Anatolian side of Istanbul, Turkey. The street runs approximately from east to west in the Maltepe and Kadıköy districts, almost parallel to the coastline of the Sea of Marmara. The most important part of the street is the one-way traffic, avenue-like section, which is long from Bostancı to Kızıltoprak, within the district of Kadıköy. It can be seen as the counterpart of Istiklal Avenue on the European side in terms of importance and glamour. It is a main street in an upper-scale residential area. The one-way avenue with old plane trees is flanked with shopping malls, department stores, fashion garment stores, elegant shops offering world famous brands, restaurants of international and local cuisine, pubs and cafes, luxury car dealers and bank agencies. Bağdat Avenue can also be considered as a large open-air shopping mall. Most of the retail stores are open on all days of the week, including Sunday afternoon. In summer time and on weekends, the sidewalks of the avenue are crowded with people window-shopping and youngsters lingering around. Traffic congestion is almost a standard situation on the three-lane Bağdat Avenue. Since the 1960s street racing has been a sub-culture of the avenue, where young wealthy men tag-raced their imported muscle cars. Most of these young men are now middle-agers reliving their years of excitement as famous professional rally or track racers. With the heightened GTI and hot hatch culture starting in the 1990s, street-racing was revived in full. Towards the end of the 1990s, mid-night street racing caused many fatal accidents, which came to a minimum level thanks to intense police patrol. The neighbourhoods on the route westwards are: Cevizli, Maltepe, İdealtepe, Küçükyalı, Altıntepe, Bostancı, Çatalçeşme, Suadiye, Şaşkınbakkal, Erenköy, Caddebostan, Göztepe, Çiftehavuzlar, Selamiçeşme, Feneryolu and Kızıltoprak. The busiest and most crowded districts of Bağdat Avenue are located between Suadiye and Caddebostan (both inclusive), where most shopping malls and fashion stores are located. The area around Bağdat Avenue has a variety of transportation alternatives in addition to the bus and taxi options. There are "seabus" (high-speed catamaran ferry) terminals in Kadıköy and Bostancı, and a regional rail running just north of the avenue, which serves the district. Bostancı also has a quay for the traditional commuter ferries, which provide connection with the European part of the city as well as the nearby Princes' Islands. The origin of Bağdat Avenue was a road connecting Constantinople with Anatolia during the Byzantine and later the Ottoman periods, which was used for trade and military purposes. The road was named after Baghdad following the recapture of this city by Sultan Murad IV in 1638. However, the original road started from Üsküdar and passed through Haydarpaşa Meadows, joining the recent route in Kızıltoprak. The Ottomans built fountains with praying places along the road for travellers arriving to or departing from the city. Some of the neighbourhoods on Bağdat Avenue are still named after these fountains (), such as Söğütlüçeşme (Willowed fountain), Selamiçeşme, and Çatalçeşme (Forked fountain). During the reign of Sultan Abdul Hamid II (1876–1909), some Pashas, high officials and wealthy traders, who wanted to be as close as possible to the palace, purchased land plots around Bağdat Avenue and erected luxurious wooden chalet mansions, some of which still exist today. Before World War I, the avenue was paved with cobblestone, and carriages were used for transportation. In the early years of the Republican era, the original cobblestone avenue was covered with asphalt, and a tram line was constructed between Kadıköy and Bostancı. Until the 1960s, the area around Bağdat Avenue was used as a summer resort primarily for the city's wealthy and upper middle class, who lived actually on the European part of İstanbul because of their business. Following the opening of the Bosphorus Bridge in 1973, the lowrise summer houses were pulled down in order to build highrise condominiums and the district developed into one of the most desirable residential areas of the city. Bağdat Avenue hosts a cultural parade on the evening of Republic Day, which is celebrated every year on October 29. Bagdat Avenue can be considered as the celebration center of the Asian side. Just as Taksim is where people gather for huge national events on the European side, people on the Asian side gather on Bağdat Avenue to celebrate events such as a sport victory or a national holiday. Another grand celebration takes place on Bağdat Avenue whenever the home football team Fenerbahçe SK wins the championship title in the Turkish Super League. Fenerbahçe fans gather in the avenue and celebrate carnival on it, while singing, dancing, driving and sounding their car horns all night.

Grand Duchess Maria Kirillovna of Russia, (2 February 1907 – 25 October 1951) was the eldest daughter of Grand Duke Kirill Vladimirovich of Russia and Grand Duchess Victoria Feodorovna. She was born in Coburg when her parents were in exile because their marriage had not been approved by Tsar Nicholas II. She was generally called "Marie," the French version of her name, or by the Russian nickname "Masha." The family returned to Russia prior to World War I, but was forced to flee following the Russian Revolution of 1917. Maria was raised in Coburg and in Saint-Briac, France. She was born "Princess Maria Kirillovna of Russia", but her father granted her the title Grand Duchess of Russia with the style "Imperial Highness" when he declared himself Guardian of the Throne in 1924. As a child, the dark-haired, dark-eyed Maria took after her maternal grandmother, Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna of Russia, in appearance, with a wide, round face and a tendency to be overweight and to look older than her actual age when she was still a teenager. She was described as "shy and easy-going", but also had her share of mishaps. In 1924, when she was seventeen, the "flighty" Maria visited her aunt, Queen Marie of Romania, and carried on a flirtation with the son-in-law of a lady-in-waiting at the Romanian court. Her fifteen-year-old cousin, Princess Ileana of Romania, spread rumors about the flirtation when Maria returned home, resulting in strained relations between Marie of Romania and Maria's mother, Victoria. The conflict was eventually smoothed over. The following year, on 24 February 1925, Maria was engaged to Prince Friedrich Karl, the Hereditary Prince of Leiningen (13 February 1898 – 2 August 1946), and they were married on 25 November. Victoria was at her daughter's bedside when she gave birth to her first child, Emich Kirill, in 1926. She also attended the subsequent births of Maria's children. Maria had seven children in all, one of whom died in infancy during World War II. Her husband was forced to join the German army and was taken captive by the Soviets at the end of World War II. He died of starvation in a Russian concentration camp in 1946. Maria, left with little money, struggled to support her surviving six children. She died five years later of a heart attack at age forty-four. Maria had seven children: ***LIST***.

Trapped is a science fiction novel written by the Canadian author James Alan Gardner and published in 2002 by HarperCollins Publishers under its various imprints. The book is the sixth installment in Gardner's "League of Peoples" series of novels, set in the mid-25th century. While the majority of the novels in the series take place in outer space, "Trapped" (like "Commitment Hour", the second novel in the series) is set on "Old Earth", and does not feature the series' continuing character Festina Ramos. "Trapped" exploits and develops the same conceptual background that all the novels in the series employ. Around the middle of the 21st century, humanity is contacted by an extraterrestrial race connected with the League of Peoples. These beings, the Shaddills, offer humanity a bargain: humans who accept the League's cardinal rule, and refrain from fatal violence against other sentient beings, can be transported to a terraformed planet, a "New Earth", and receive the benefits of the League's advanced technologies. At first, the only humans willing to accept the bargain are those whose difficult lives leave them feeling they have nothing to lose; but in a year or two, these early adopters return to visit "Old Earth" with tales of their marvelous new lives—and the exodus begins in earnest. Over a span of two decades, most of humanity leaves for New Earth, which forms the center of an interplanetary society called the Technocracy; and the modern technological society of Old Earth collapses through depopulation. Once the Shaddills' twenty-year offer has expired, the only people left on Old Earth are those who were too violent or recalcitrant to leave. In this state of collapse, Old Earth is vulnerable to various influences and interferences. Most notably, the planet is infested with a wide range of nanotechnology that mimic bacteria and viruses; by the 25th century, "thirty percent of all microbes on Earth...are actually nanites in disguise". These nanites generate fields that can be tapped by gifted individuals to produce effects that replicate the wonders of legend and folklore—magic and sorcery, psychic powers, even "pseudosupernatural events" like ghosts. The chaos on Earth is finally brought under control by a mysterious group called the Spark Lords. They suppress terrorism, confiscate remaining nuclear weapons, poison gas, biological warfare agents; they "lock down" the planet, preventing further incursions from aliens. Members of the alien species in Gardner's fictional universe—Divians, Mandasars, Cashlings, and others—who are trapped on Earth at the time are bred as slaves, called "demons" by their human masters. The Spark Lords form a ruthless but relatively benign tyranny, "Spark Royal" or the "Spark Protectorate", that controls the worst effects of warfare and natural disasters. The rule of this small group, however, is fairly loose; they tolerate, and even cooperate with, a range of criminal organizations. By the time of the novel's action—"One day before the spring equinox" in 2457 A.D.—humanity has settled into a lifestyle of previous centuries. Most travel is by horseback or coach; swords are far more common than guns; candles and oil lamps provide most light. Obscure religious sects flourish. Gardner's future Earth, in these respects, participates in the theme of a "medieval future" explored by writers like Jack Vance and Gene Wolfe among others. People live among the remains of past higher technologies. "Welcome to our modern world! Where OldTech computers serve as footstools, while the rusted remains of jumbo jets get converted to beer-halls and brothels." The novel opens with five friends out for a night of drinking and occasional brawling. All five are teachers at a less-than-first-rate boarding school called Feliss Academy, situated in the town of Simka in Feliss Province (a future version of Simcoe, Ontario, the author's home town, and not far from the author's Waterloo current home). Future versions of other real locations, such as Niagara Falls, Port Dover, and the Port Dover mausoleum appear in the novel. The five, frustrated and bored with their unsatisfactory lives, are: ***LIST***. Tonight, however, is an unusual night: the Steel Caryatid has received a premonition that the group will undertake a quest. The quest reveals itself when Dhubhai encounters a ghost, and learns that one student at the school has been murdered while another, the victim's boyfriend, has run off. The group embarks on a search for the missing boy, which soon transforms into something far more sinister: a hunt for a shape-shifting alien creature, malevolent and very dangerous. The group expands with new recruits, then is whittled down by deaths along the route, as the search comes to involve aliens, a crazy and highly lethal Spark Lord, and a criminal gang nearly as bad. Their quarry, the runaway boy, turns out to be one of the most gifted psychics the world has ever known, which adds a new layer of complexity to their dilemma. Dhubhai and his surviving companions reach a bloody crisis in the basement of the power station at Niagara Falls, one of the few places on Earth that still maintains electric power and traces of OldTech civilization. Dhubhai learns that Spark Royal has kept the power flowing in order to imprison an alien force; the sinister being they have been following is only a small offshoot of a much greater and darker whole. Dhubhai discovers more than he anticipated about the cryptic workings of the League of Peoples before the alien force is controlled.

Fred Bennett (born December 31, 1983) is a gridiron football defensive back who is currently a free agent. He was drafted by the Houston Texans in the fourth round of the 2007 NFL Draft. He played college football at the University of South Carolina. Bennett has been a member of the San Diego Chargers, Cincinnati Bengals, Arizona Cardinals, Calgary Stampeders and Saskatchewan Roughriders. Bennett played high school football at Manning High School in South Carolina. He played football, basketball, and ran track. He was also selected to participate in the 2001 Shrine Bowl. Bennett played college football at the University of South Carolina. He finished his career with 108 tackles, nine interceptions, and was a two-time All-American selection. Bennett was drafted by the Houston Texans in the 4th-round of the 2007 NFL Draft. He replaced the injured Dunta Robinson in his rookie season, recording 62 tackles and intercepting three passes. After being cut by San Diego, Bennett was claimed on November 23, 2010 by the Cincinnati Bengals to replace injured cornerback Johnathan Joseph. Bennett was released on August 27, 2011. On August 29, 2011, Bennett signed with the Arizona Cardinals. He was waived on September 2. On May 22, 2012, Bennett signed with the Calgary Stampeders. In his first three seasons in the CFL, Bennett totaled 129 tackles, five special teams tackles, nine interceptions and one fumble recovery. Bennett was named a 2014 West Division All-Star and won a Grey Cup later that season. On February 3, 2015, Bennett and the Stamps agreed to a contract extension. On August 16, 2016, Bennett was traded, along with Jeff Hecht, to the Saskatchewan Roughriders for two negotiation-list players. He was released by the Roughriders on February 1, 2017.

"Pusher" is the seventeenth episode of the third season of the American science fiction television series "The X-Files". It originally aired on the Fox network on February 23, 1996, and was written by Vince Gilligan and directed by Rob Bowman. The episode is a "Monster-of-the-Week" story, unconnected to the series' wider mythology, or overarching fictional history of "The X-Files". "Pusher" earned a Nielsen household rating of 10.8, being watched by 16.2 million viewers in its initial broadcast. "Pusher" received overwhelmingly positive reviews from television critics. The show centers on FBI special agents Fox Mulder (David Duchovny) and Dana Scully (Gillian Anderson) who work on cases linked to the paranormal, called X-Files. In this episode, Mulder and Scully’s assistance is requested for a case involving a man, who goes by the pseudonym "Pusher", seemingly capable of bending people to his will. The suspect uses his mysterious abilities to manipulate Mulder into a dangerous end game. "Pusher" was crafted by Gilligan with the intention to feature a tense cat and mouse game between Mulder and Pusher. The final scene, featuring a game of Russian roulette, was met with some resistance from the network. The standards and practices department argued that, because the game had never been featured on a television series before, it was unsuitable for broadcast. Several actors were considered for the role of Modell, even Lance Henriksen, who went on to play the lead role in "Millennium", but Robert Wisden eventually won the role. Robert Patrick Modell (Robert Wisden) walks through a supermarket, buying a large supply of energy drinks. Before he can leave, Modell is surrounded and arrested by FBI agents led by Frank Burst (Vic Polizos). While being escorted away in a police car, he repeatedly talks about the color cerulean blue. Modell's talking seemingly causes the driver to not see an approaching big rig of that color, causing a collision. Modell escapes after the driver unlocks his handcuffs before dying. Burst, the only surviving agent of the crash, tells Fox Mulder (David Duchovny) and Dana Scully (Gillian Anderson) about his pursuit of Modell—nicknamed "Pusher"—who has committed a series of contract killings over the past two years, making the acts appear to be suicide. Mulder spots the word "ronin" written at the crime scene, and tracks down Modell's classified ad in a mercenary magazine. Mulder believes that Modell has the psychic ability to "push" people to do his will. Using the phone number in the ad, the agents track down Modell to a golf course in Falls Church, Virginia, where he makes a SWAT lieutenant douse himself in gasoline and set himself on fire. Mulder finds Modell exhausted in a car nearby, arresting him. During his arraignment, Modell uses his ability to make the judge let him go. The agents look into Modell's past and find that he failed to enter the FBI after a psychological examination deemed him to be grossly egocentric and sociopathic. Meanwhile, after writing the word "pass" on a piece of paper and putting it in his shirt pocket, Modell is able to pass security and enter FBI headquarters. He "pushes" an agent, Holly (Julia Arkos), into pulling up Mulder's file for him. When Walter Skinner (Mitch Pileggi) intervenes, Modell convinces Holly that he was a man who mugged her, causing her to spray Skinner with mace and beat him. Scully is unable to explain how Modell has his power, but now agrees with Mulder's theory that he can push people into doing whatever he wants. Agents raid Modell's apartment, but find it empty. They find cans of protein drinks in the refrigerator and medicine for epilepsy. Mulder suspects that a brain tumor has given Modell his psychokinetic ability, but that using his power is physically exhausting, forcing him to constantly consume the energy drinks. Mulder believes that he is dying and wants to go out in a blaze of glory. Modell makes a taunting phone call to Agent Burst and causes him to have a fatal heart attack while they try to trace him. The agents track Modell down to a hospital, where he has compelled a guard to shoot an MRI technician and kill himself. Mulder ventures inside the hospital and is captured by Modell. Scully finds the two sitting at a table with the dead guard's revolver. Modell forces Mulder to play Russian roulette with him. Despite Scully's pleading, Mulder pulls the trigger first at Modell and then himself, the hammer falling on an empty chamber both times. Modell then makes him aim the gun at Scully. At the last instant, Scully sees a fire alarm in a mirror and pulls it in desperation, breaking Modell's concentration. Mulder instantly switches his aim to Modell and pulls the trigger; the bullet is fired and Modell is severely wounded. Later, Mulder and Scully visit Modell in the hospital, where he is lying in a coma that Scully predicts he will not awaken from before his brain tumor kills him. Mulder surprises her by revealing that Modell's brain tumor was operable at all times, but he refused to have it removed, even as his health deteriorated. Scully asks why, and Mulder repeats her earlier assessment of Modell: that he was always a "little man", and his psychic ability made him feel big. "Pusher" was written by Vince Gilligan and directed by Rob Bowman. Gilligan crafted the episode with the intention to feature a tense cat and mouse game between Mulder and Modell. He later explained, "the only conscious thing I wanted to do from the start was get them together as much as I could". When Gilligan turned in his script, he told series creator Chris Carter that the episode was "the best work I'm ever gonna do for you." Carter retorted that the writers for the show should always "better yourself" by trying to out-do their last scripting effort. The character of Modell would later return in the fifth season episode "Kitsunegari". The final scene, featuring a Russian roulette game, was met with resistance from the network. The standards and practices department argued that, because the game had never been featured in a television series before, it was unsuitable for broadcast. Furthermore, they argued that the scene could be harmful to impressionable young children. After tense negotiations, the scene was included in the episode largely uncut; Gilligan later noted that he could not "believe we got away with it". The episode contains several inside jokes and references to previously established canon in "The X-Files" universe. The Flukeman, from the episode "The Host", appears on a tabloid in the opening scene. When Mulder is being fitted for a camera, the script originally had him ask if it received the Discovery Channel. Duchovny, knowing that his character had an interest in pornography, changed the line to "the Playboy Channel". Several members of the show's cast and crew make appearances on the various magazine featured in the episode. The tabloid that featured the Flukeman also had a small image of props master Ken Hawryliw and the "American Ronin" magazine that Mulder flips through contained a "blink-and-you'll miss-it" shot of production assistant Danielle Faith. Several actors were considered for the role of Robert Modell, even Lance Henriksen, who went on to play the lead role in "Millennium". Initially, Gilligan considered Harvey Fierstein for the role of Modell, but Robert Wisden read the script and "blew us away". Rob Bowman was pleased with Wisden's performance and said, "I thought Robert Wisden was great as Pusher. He is a very energized kind of confident actor with lots of ideas of his own. It took me about a day and a half to get him into it, and then I never had to speak to him again, because he had that look in his eyes. I would walk up to talk to him about the scene and I could see that he was already there. Mitch Pileggi was disappointed in the fact that the episode featured his character, Walter Skinner, getting beat up, something which had occurred in multiple episodes already by this point: "I was feeling a little uncomfortable with him getting his ass kicked so much, and I think the fans were, too." Dave Grohl, the lead singer and guitarist of the Foo Fighters and former drummer for Nirvana, made a small cameo, along with his then-wife Jennifer Youngblood, in the episode during the scene wherein Modell sneaks into the FBI building. Grohl, who has an active interest in UFO lore, called the episode "his acting debut". Robert Shearman and Lars Pearson, in their book "Wanting to Believe: A Critical Guide to The X-Files, Millennium & The Lone Gunmen", wrote that the episode helps to illustrate the idea that "evil [is] a mundane and human and somewhat pathetic thing", a concept that they note is rooted in many third season episodes of "The X-Files". The two reasons that, despite Modell's ability, he is ultimately, "something of a loser" who wishes to "be special" rather than be cured of his brain disease. Furthermore, they argue that Modell's boasting of being a samurai "is just a fantasy" that he plays up; he really is a "little man" who yearns "to be big". "Pusher" premiered on the Fox network in the United States on February 23, 1996. The episode earned a Nielsen household rating of 10.8, with an 18 share, meaning that roughly 10.8 percent of all television-equipped households, and 18 percent of households watching television, were tuned in to the episode. The episode was watched by a total of 16.2 million viewers. "Pusher" received overwhelmingly positive reviews from television critics. Zack Handlen of "The A.V. Club" gave it an A–, describing it as "smart, well-paced, and exciting, and Modell is memorable for being a very human monster who manages to be both well-drawn and unsympathetic". Though he praised Modell and the climax, he felt that Holly was a stereotype and "the implication that Modell is able to get through to her because of her fear walks that weird line between plausible and not entirely necessary". Handlen also felt that it was "an excellent starting point" for someone who wanted to get into the series. "Entertainment Weekly" gave "Pusher" a B+, writing, "Much inscrutable warmth between Mulder and Scully parallels some inscrutable detective work. But the climactic mental tug-of-war between Mulder and Pusher makes up for any lapses in logic". Robert Shearman and Lars Pearson gave the episode a glowing review and rated it five stars out of five. The two called Gilligan's script "witty and clever" and noted that it was "a triumph". Furthermore, Shearman and Pearson praised Wisden's performance as Robert Modell, calling his portrayal "spot on". Paula Vitaris of "Cinefantastique" gave the episode a positive review and awarded it a rare four stars out of four. She called it an "intense nail biter" that "ranks with the best of "The X-Files"". Since its airing, many reviewers list the episode as one of the best episodes of "The X-Files". IGN named it the third best standalone episode of "The X-Files", writing "[t]hough the episode is loaded with memorable scenes of terror [...] it's the emotional bond between our two leads that really resonates." Den of Geek listed "Pusher" as their seventh best episode of the series, and called it "a good game of cat and mouse". Tom Kessenich, in his book "Examination: An Unauthorized Look at Seasons 6–9 of the X-Files", named the episode the third best episode of "The X-Files" and called it the "best MOTW ["monster-of-the-week"] in the series history". "Xposé" magazine named the Russian roulette scene one of the "20 Coolest Moments in "The X-Files"", ranking it at number eight; the magazine called the sequence "completely gripping".

The 12th Aero Squadron was a Air Service, United States Army unit that fought on the Western Front during World War I. The squadron was assigned as a Corps Observation Squadron, performing short-range, tactical reconnaissance over the I Corps, United States First Army sector of the Western Front in France, providing battlefield intelligence. After the 1918 Armistice with Germany, the squadron was assigned to the United States Third Army as part of the Occupation of the Rhineland in Germany. It returned to the United States in June 1919 and became part of the permanent United States Army Air Service in 1921, being redesignated as the 12th Squadron (Observation). The current United States Air Force unit which holds its lineage and history is the 12th Reconnaissance Squadron, assigned to the 69th Reconnaissance Group, Grand Forks Air Force Base, North Dakota. The 12th Reconnaissance Squadron originated at Kelly Field, Texas in May 1917 when the unit was organized from men picked from about 5,000 aviation recruits being drilled in provisional training companies. Those men formed "H" Company and were selected for their mechanical ability and experience. On 2 June, the unit was given its official designation, 12th Aero Squadron. After several weeks of classes on aircraft engines and parts, the squadron went to Wilbur Wright Field at Fairfield, Ohio. Arriving on 5 July 1917, the men began assembling Standard J-1 and Curtiss JN-4 training airplanes shipped direct from the factory, and they took part in the training of the flying cadets that began pouring into the field in late July. The squadron’s first flight is supposed to have been made by a Captain Christy on 17 July 1917 in a Curtiss JN-4 "Jenny". At the end of October, preparations for overseas movement were made. The squadron left Wright Field on 31 October, for the Aviation Concentration Center, Camp Mills, Garden City, New York, arriving at Field #1 on 2 November. At Garden City, the squadron remained for about a month awaiting transportation. On 5 December it boarded the SS Northland sailing from Philadelphia. After a week waiting at Halifax Nova Scotia, the trans-Atlantic crossing was made without incident, and the ship arrived at Liverpool, England on 25 December. The squadron then took a train to Southampton, and made the cross-channel crossing to Le Havre, France, arriving at a British Rest Camp the next day. After a few days, it was moved by a French train south to the large American base at St. Maixent Aerodrome on 1 January 1918. After two weeks at St. Maixent, where the squadron largely performed guard duty and drills, orders were received to move to Chaumont Aerodrome, arriving on January 16. where its mechanics took charge of maintenance on French Nieuports and SPAD aircraft. On 2 February, the 12th finally began its combat training, being moved to Amanty Airdrome in Lorraine where it joined the 1st, 91st and 88th Aero Squadrons. At Amanty, the squadron was equipped with Avion de Reconnaissance 1 (AR 1) trainers. classes were held in radio and machine-gun work and ground training was conducted by French officers. In addition the squadron helped in airfield construction projects. The AR-1s were inferior, obsolete machines, called "Antique Rattletraps" by the pilots, which the French had retired to training duties. However, they were suitable for training and after several weeks of making do with the training provided, on 3 May orders were received to head to the front, being assigned to the I Corps Observation Group at Ourches Aerodrome, where the 12th was designated as a Corps Observation squadron. At Ourches, the 12th joined the 1st Aero Squadron and began active operations over the front. It was equipped with SPAD S.XIA.2s aircraft. In combat, the mission of the 12th Aero Squadron was general surveillance of the enemy rear areas by means of both visual and photographic reconnaissance. These missions were carried out for the purpose of intelligence-gathering and informing First Army headquarters informed of enemy movements and preparations for attacks or retreats of its infantry forces. The 12th identified enemy activity along roads and railroads, ground stations, various storage dumps and airfields; the numbers of fires and activities of enemy aircraft, and the amount of anti-aircraft artillery was also monitored and reported. Due to the nature of the missions and the depths of enemy area which was penetrated, the missions were carried out at high altitudes, usually between 4,500 and 5,500 meters. With few exceptions, the 12th’s pilots had never flown combat, but most of the observers had spent a number of weeks flying with French squadrons on active missions. One of these, Lieutenant Stephen W. Thompson, was at the 1st Squadron Gunnery School at Cazaux Airdrome, near Bordeaux when he was loaned on 5 February to the 123d French Breguet Squadron due to a shortage of observers in that unit. Returning from a bombing raid on Saarbruken, the aircraft in which Lt Thompson was operating the rear guns was attacked by German Albatross pursuit ships. He shot one down, becoming the first man in an American uniform to shoot down an enemy airplane. Later, on 28 July 1918, as a member of the 12th, he was credited with two more "kills." The 12th’s operations in the Toul Sector was a seasoning period for the squadron as it gained experience over a relatively inactive front with almost no enemy air opposition. "On the other hand," according to an Air Service report after the war, "the enemy antiaircraft fire in the sector was exceedingly dense, active and accurate. Pilots of the Group were adept at evading antiaircraft fire after a month in the sector." On 10 June, the 12th Aero Squadron moved to the Baccarat Sector and to the unfinished Flin Aerodrome, from which they supported the 42d American and 167th French Divisions. There, the 12th began to receive the latest in French observation aircraft, the Salmson 2A2. This front, too, was considered "stabilized" or quiet, but the opposing German air force, while not flying the latest types, was active and aggressive. The 12th flew visual and photographic reconnaissance, adjusted artillery fire, and staged "infantry-contact patrols" to locate the front lines. By 29 June, the squadron had relocated to Saints Aerodrome in the Marne Sector to participate in the Battle of Château-Thierry. The 12th encountered intense opposition in the air from a concentration of German squadrons equipped with the most advanced Fokker aircraft. Encounters with up to 20 enemy aircraft on a patrol was a daily occurrence. On 5 July, the squadron moved again to a neighboring field at Francheville in support of the 26th Division, but because of its distance from the front, what would later be known as a "forward operating location," or FOL, was established at Moras (or Morass) Ferme. Two 12th Squadron aircraft and two from the 88th Aero Squadron were flown to it at daybreak each day and held ready for developing requirements. The Allied counteroffensive was launched on 18 July and the squadron's support was vital in photographing targets ahead of the advance according to priorities set by corps intelligence. It was during this operation that oblique photography, sometimes from as low as 400 meters, began to be used; previously all photos had been vertical. The Moras Ferme location was upgraded to a full airfield on 22 July when the squadron occupied it to participate in the Chateau-Thierry offensive, during which it lost five officers. In the first half of August, the unit moved three times, finally being withdrawn from the sector on 12 August for a brief rest at Chailly-en-Brie Aerodrome. The 12th moved to Gengault Aerodrome near Toul on 23 August and operated in support of the St. Mihiel offensive. During that offensive, 12–13 September, the unit was equipped with 16 additional Salmsons and flew continuously to support the rapidly advancing 5th Division. Two aircraft, one piloted by Major Lewis Brereton, commander of the I Corps Observation Group and former 12th C.O., were lost, but all four crewmembers survived after landing inside friendly lines. Immediately after the St. Mihiel salient was reduced, the squadron was assigned to support the 90th Division. On 20 September, the 12th was transferred to Remicourt Aerodrome to prepare for the Meuse-Argonne offensive which began on 26 September. During the Argonne operation the 12th Aero Squadron was very much in demand. One morning after many assignments had been made, a call came in for a photographic mission. Five planes were ordered for the flight, but only four observers were available. Eddie Foy, a radio officer, volunteered to serve as an observer for the mission. The planes encountered a large formation of Germans near the target and three were shot down, one carrying Eddie Foy, who had been wounded. It is believed that he had the distinction of being the only non-flyer in the Air Service to be wounded and taken prisoner as a result of aerial combat. In the last few months of the war, the 12th was called in many times to help locate Allied troops that had been cut off from their units. On one such occasion during the Argonne offensive, the 82d Division reported that troops near Verpel, just east of Grand Pre were out of contact with division headquarters. Because of the foul weather and approaching darkness, Captain Steve N. Noyes, squadron commander of the 12th would not send any of his pilots on the mission, going himself instead. Flying in dense fog and rain, Captain Noyes located the troops and landed near the division HQ after dark. The information proved to be exact, and the squadron was highly commended for this as well as many other missions. The 12th completed its World War I operations from Julvecourt Aerodrome, where it moved on 5 November in order to operate closer to the front lines. After the signing of the Armistice on 11 November 1918, the 12th Aero Squadron became a part of the Army of Occupation. The unit was located at several different places in France and Germany until 30 December, when it went to Fort Alexander (Feste Kaiser Alexander) at Koblenz, Germany, to take part in construction work. The squadron received orders from Third Army on 16 April 1919 to demobilize. It was ordered to report to the 1st Air Depot at Colombey-les-Belles Airdrome, to turn in all of its supplies and equipment and was relieved from duty with the AEF. The squadron's Salmson aircraft were delivered to the American Air Service Acceptance Park No. 1 at Orly Aerodrome to be returned to the French. There practically all of the pilots and observers were detached from the Squadron. Personnel at Colombey were subsequently assigned to the Commanding General, Services of Supply and ordered to report to the Le Mans, France, staging camp on 5 May 1919. There, personnel awaited scheduling to report to one of the Base Ports in France for transport to the United States and subsequent demobilization. Orders were received to report to the port at Brest, France, 20 May. It sailed aboard the USS Liberator on 3 June, the 12th arrived at Garden City, New York, on 17 June 1919. There, most members of the squadron were demobilized and returned to civilian life.

The Norwegian Refugee Council (NRC, ) is a humanitarian, non-governmental organisation which promotes and protects the rights of people affected by displacement. This includes refugees and internally displaced persons who are forced to flee their homes as a result of conflict, human rights violations and acute violence, as well as climate change and natural disasters. NRC is politically independent and has no religious affiliation. NRC is also the only Norwegian organisation that specialises in international efforts to provide assistance, protection and durable solutions for people affected by displacement. NRC’s employs approximately 5000 staff members in 25 countries throughout Africa, Asia, South America and the Middle East. The NRC headquarters is located in Oslo and employs about 170 employees. Additionally the organisation has a presence in Brussels, Geneva, Addis Ababa and Dubai. NRC was established in 1946 under the name ‘Aid to Europe’, to assist refugees in Europe after World War II. In 1953, the organisation changed to its current name, Norwegian Refugee Council (NRC). Today NRC is organised as an independent, private foundation. NRC’s primary focus is the provision of humanitarian aid during the emergency stage of a conflict or natural disaster, when needs are often most acute. However, emergency relief alone cannot resolve the underlying drivers of displacement and humanitarian need. It can also create aid dependency. Therefore, NRC pursues a holistic, rights-based approach, which includes emergency relief and early recovery, and which seeks to promote resilience and sustainable solutions to displacement. NRC is committed to the humanitarian principles of humanity, neutrality, independence and impartiality. NRC’s actions are concentrated on six core activities: Shelter: Emergency shelter, housing, schools and establishment of other forms of public infrastructure. Food Security: Distribution of food and non-food relief items. Information, counselling and legal assistance (ICLA): Focus areas as housing, land and property, legal identity, statelessness and refugee status procedures. Water, sanitation and hygiene: Access to clear drinking water, sanitation and waste management facilities. Education: Education programs targeted children and youth. Camp management NRC advocates towards decision-makers, on local, national, regional and global levels, in order to obtain full respect for the rights of displaced and vulnerable people. Messages and strategies are based on first-hand experience and specialised expertise. Advocating with the United Nations, especially with protection mandated agencies, is a priority in order to strengthen humanitarian response. In 1998 NRC established the Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre in Geneva. The IDMC contributes to improving national and international capacities to protect the assist of the millions of people around the globe who have been displaced within their own country. IDMC also develops statistics and analysis on internal displacement, including analysis commissioned for use by the United Nations. NORCAP is a standby roster operated by NRC and is funded by the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. NORCAP strengthens the United Nations, international mechanisms and national governments through rapid deployment of experienced personnel. The roster consists of 650 men and women from Norway and countries in Africa, Asia, Middle East and Latin America. Since its establishment in 1991, NORCAP's experts have been on more than 7000 missions worldwide. Perspective NRC publishes "Perspective" magazine four times a year. The magazine is the first international foreign affairs magazine published by a Norwegian NGO and focuses on the humanitarian dimensions of international politics. The magazine is in sale in more than 15 countries. The Nansen Refugee Award is an international award that is yearly given by the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) to a person or group for outstanding work on behalf of the forcibly displaced. Since 2009 NRC has been working with the UNCHR for organising and carrying out the ceremony. The award consists of a commemorative medal and a US $100,000 monetary prize donated by the governments of Norway and Switzerland. Previous winners: 2012: Hawa Aden Mohamed – for her social activism in Somalia. 2011: Society for Humanitarian Solidarity (SHS) from Yemen – for their humanitarian work in Yemen. 2010: Alixandra Fazzina, photojournalist – for her dedication to documenting and publicising the consequences of war. Jan Egeland took up the position as Secretary General in August 2013, replacing Elisabeth Rasmusson who was appointed to the position of Assistant Executive Director of the World Food Programme (WFP). Secretary Generals in NRC: Jan Egeland 2013– Elisabeth Rasmusson 2008–2013 Thomas Colin Archer 2006–2008 Raymond Johansen 2002–2005 Steinar Sørlie 2000–2002 Ola Metliaas 1997–1999 Gunnar F. Andersen 1994–1995 Trygve G. Nordby 1990–1994, 1995–1997 Eva Dunlop 1981–1990 Ruth Ryste 1980 Wilhelm S. Bøe 1960–1980 Arne Fjellbu 1956–1960 Knut Okkehaug 1953–1956

Sona Mehring (born October 26, 1961) is an American businesswoman and the founder and CEO of the nonprofit 501(c)(3) organization CaringBridge. She created the first CaringBridge website in 1997. Based upon the idea of keeping friends and family informed when someone is facing any health issues, Mehring's vision was to create a free service that would not only ease the stress of communication, but also provide a means for people to express encouragement and support to ones they love. Each website includes pictures and journal updates, as well as an online guestbook allowing all parties to stay informed without placing extra demands on hospital staff. Before CaringBridge, Mehring was president of Beacon Point Technologies for 14 years. Prior to that she was technology director at PlanAnalytics, Inc. and an independent consultant for GMAC ResCap. She has also served as a software engineer at Apertus Technologies Inc., Unisys, Diamond Computer Solutions, and General Dynamics. An early adopter of Internet technologies, Mehring has been actively involved in the development of several widely used software applications. Throughout her career, Mehring has received several honors and awards. In 2015, Sona was named a 'Titan of Technology' by Minneapolis/St. Paul Business Journal. She was recognized as one of 2011’s “Most Influential Women in Technology” by Fast Company. In 2010, she was named in the "Twin Cities Business Magazine's" list of 200 Minnesotans You Should Know 2010 Twin Cities Business Superstars. In 2009, she was named one of 25 Women Industry Leaders in the Twin Cities by the Minneapolis/St. Paul Business Journal. In 2008, she received a Certificate of Special Congressional Recognition in recognition of outstanding and invaluable service to the community. In 2006, she was recognized and highlighted by MSN as one of the nation's leading Women Working for Change and was a participant at "Fortune Magazine"'s Most Powerful Women Summit. She is a recipient of the University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire Alumni Distinguished Achievement(2011) and Excellence(2006) Award. She was a finalist for the Minnesota High Tech Association's TEKNE award in 2004, an honoree at Medica’s 2004 Speaking of Women's Health Conference, and a 2004 nominee for the Volvo for Life Award. Mehring is a member of Women Business Leaders of the U.S. Health Care Industry Foundation, Minnesota Council of Nonprofits, National Health Council and the National Health Marketing Leadership Roundtable.