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Borders Family History Society, (BFHS), founded in 1985, is a members and research society which concentrates on the Scottish Borders region in south-eastern Scotland, comprising the ancient pre-1975 counties of Roxburghshire, Berwickshire, Selkirkshire and Peeblesshire, as well as small parts of the former counties of Midlothian (formerly Edinburghshire), and adjacent counties in England. They have map diagrams of the counties and their parishes. The Society's Patron is the Earl of Lauderdale, who is also the Hereditary Flag-Bearer for Scotland and Chief of the Clan Maitland. Their premises are at 52 Overhaugh St, Galashiels, TD1 1 DP, Scotland. The premises contain an extensive library of books, microfiche, microfilms, CDs, family trees, and magazines from some other family history societies - catalogues of which are on their website. There is also an archive and search room, and a study room. There is disabled access. Opening hours are Mondays 6pm to 8pm, and Tuesday, Thursday, and Friday from 10am to 4pm. Enquirers can carry out research in the Society's premises or request them to do research for you. The Society encourages family historians to further their genealogical research by recording Surname Interests (free), viewing others' Queries and Surname Interests (currently 7,900 interests recorded - covering about 2,650 surnames), searching the indexes to their publications: the Gravestones Index covering over 5,170 distinct surnames, the Magazine Article Index with over 1,500 different topics, the Family Trees Index (an index to family trees / pedigree charts) with over 4,100 distinct surnames, on their website. For 8 months of the year starting in September they hold monthly Sunday afternoon lecture meetings in Melrose, a central point in their 'constituency', and occasionally other places in the Scottish Borders, and admission is free; please see details of the lectures and other events. To celebrate their silver jubilee they held a Family and Local History Fair and Conference on 9 October 2010 in Melrose, and there were talks by well-known local speakers. The Society were the hosts for the Scottish Association of Family History Societies family history conference and history fair held in Galashiels, Scotland in May 2013. There were 160 genealogical delegates and more than 330 people all told visited the fair. The theme was "Migration" and there were five talks from internationally well-known speakers. The research room was exceedingly busy all day, and there were queues at many of the other advice stalls. The conference and history fair received widespread praise from delegates and thanks from exhibitors. Details of the next Scottish Association of Family History Societies family history conference and history fair. The Society record monumental/gravestone/tombstone inscriptions, and research local social history, publishing the results in books and CDs; they also market other relevant genealogical publications. A team of Society volunteers have transcribed and indexed digitised Poor Law records for various Borders parishes for the period 1845 to 1933. These records are about applications for poor relief made by people who were settled in a Borders parish, but not necessarily living there, and provide unique information about the applicants, their families and their life; thus it could help you track down a person’s previous or subsequent address if they moved away from their birth parish. Similarly, they’ll also be of interest to people whose ancestors were not born in the Borders but may have lived or died in the Borders. Details included in the index to the Poor Law Records comprise names, place of birth, age or date of birth, address, other family members, description of disablement, date of death, and there’s more information on the images themselves, including occupation, benefit received. To search for a name see their Poor Law Records Index, for more details, see the Borders Poor Law Records volumes they've published. A team of volunteers are actively transcribing and indexing digitised police and criminal records for various Borders parishes for the 19th century. Members receive the 44 page "Borders Family History Society Magazine" three times a year, and the Society's elected Officers and governing Council members appear on the back cover. Members also receive discounts on the society's monumental inscriptions volumes, research service as well as free access to GEDCOM family trees by email. You can become a member by joining online. The Society currently has over 870 members worldwide and is a member of the Scottish Association of Family History Societies.

Lipton is a brand of tea, owned by the company Unilever. Lipton was also a supermarket chain in the United Kingdom before it was sold off to Argyll Foods, to allow the company to focus solely on tea. The company is named after its founder Thomas Lipton. The Lipton ready-to-drink beverages are sold by Pepsi Lipton International, a company jointly owned by Unilever and PepsiCo. In 1871 Thomas Lipton (1848-1931) of Glasgow, Scotland used his small savings to open his own shop, and by the 1880s the business had grown to more than 200 shops. In 1929 the Lipton grocery retail business was one of the companies that merged with Home and Colonial Stores, Maypole Dairy, sufian made lipton teaCompany, Vyes & Boroughs,Templetons, Galbraiths & Pearks to form a food group with more than 3,000 stores. The group traded in the high street under various names, but was registered on the UK stock market as Allied Suppliers. Lipton's became a supermarket chain focused on small towns, before Allied's acquisition by Argyll Foods in 1982. The supermarket business was rebranded as Presto during the 1980s. Thomas Lipton began travelling the world for new items to stock in this store. One such item was tea, since sales had doubled from £40 million from the late 1870s to £80 million by the mid-1880s. However, he believed the price was far too high, so in 1890 he purchased his own tea gardens in Ceylon, now Sri Lanka, and packaged and sold the first Lipton tea. Staying true to this vision, he arranged packaging and shipping at low costs and sold his tea in packets by the pound (454g), half pound (227g), and quarter pound (113g), with the advertising slogan: "Direct from the tea gardens to the teapot." Lipton teas were an immediate success in the United States. The Lipton tea business was acquired by consumer goods company Unilever in a number of separate transactions, starting with the purchase of the United States and Canadian Lipton business in 1938 and completed in 1972 when Unilever bought the remainder of the global Lipton business from Allied Suppliers. In 1991, Unilever created a first joint venture with PepsiCo, the Pepsi Lipton Partnership, for the marketing of ready to drink (bottled and canned) teas in North America. This was followed in 2003 by a second joint venture, Pepsi-Lipton International (PLI), covering many non-United States markets. PLI was expanded in September 2007 to include a number of large European markets. PepsiCo and Unilever each control 50% of the shares of these joint ventures. Due to the 2008 Chinese milk scandal, food giant Unilever started recalling its Lipton milk tea powder in Hong Kong and Macau on 30 September 2008. The tea powder, which used Chinese milk powder as its raw ingredient, was recalled after the company's internal checks found traces of melamine in the powder. In 2011 PETA criticized Lipton tea manufacturer Unilever for conducting and funding experiments on rabbits, pigs and other animals in an attempt to make human health claims about the tea’s ingredients. According to the animal rights organization, Unilever decided to end the practice for Lipton products after receiving more than 40,000 appeals from PETA supporters and days before PETA made plans to launch its "Lipton CruelTEA" campaign Unilever no longer tests their products on animals unless required to by governments as part of their regulatory requirements. Lipton produces instant soup mixes. In the 1950s in the United States, Lipton ran an advertisement campaign promoting French onion dip prepared at home using Lipton's French onion soup mix, thus helping to popularize chips and dip. After this time, many new commercially produced varieties of dips (numbering in the hundreds) were created and produced in the U.S. Products target the mass market and are generally positioned in the middle of the price spectrum for tea. Like most branded teas, Lipton teas are a blend selected from many different plantations around the world, from well-known producing countries like, Sri Lanka, India, Kenya, and China. Lipton Yellow Label is blended from as many as 20 different teas. Apart from black leaf teas (with the long-standing Lipton Yellow Label brand), the company also markets a large range of other varieties, both in leaf tea as well as ready-to-drink format. These include green teas, black flavoured teas, herbal teas, Lipton Linea (a "slimming tea") in Europe and Lipton Milk Tea in various Asian markets. Apart from Lipton Ice Tea, none of their products are available for retail in the UK, as only caterers are supplied. In a number of markets, including Japan, Russia and Australia, the company is advertising the benefits of theanine, which has psychoactive properties. Lipton still owns plantations in East Africa ( Kenya (Kericho) and Tanzania (Mufindi) ) In May 2007, Unilever became the first company to commit to sourcing all its tea in a sustainable manner. Working with the Rainforest Alliance, an international environmental NGO, Lipton and its parent company, Unilever, announced all Lipton Yellow Label tea bags sold in Western Europe would be certified by 2010 and all Lipton tea bags sold globally by 2015. Lipton's own tea estates were among the first to be certified. Product bearing the Rainforest Alliance seal appeared on Western European markets in 2008 and started appearing in North America in 2009. On 6 May 2009, Lipton received a Corporate Green Globe Award for its work with the Rainforest Alliance. Lipton's main pillar brands are Lipton Yellow Label and Lipton Iced Tea. Other product lines exist as well, like the Lipton pyramid (tetrahedron) range in Europe and North America, and Lipton Milk Tea in East Asia. In 2008, the brand launched Lipton Linea in Western Europe. Lipton Yellow Label has been sold since 1890, when Sir Thomas Lipton created the first version of the Yellow pack with a red Lipton shield, which to this day typifies the Lipton Yellow Label brand. It is sold in 150 countries worldwide. Lipton Yellow Label is a blend of several types of tea. Lipton Yellow Label blend is available both in tea bags, the preferred format in Western Europe, North America and Australia, as well as loose packaged tea, the preferred format in much of the Middle East and throughout Asia. Lipton Yellow Label loose packed tea is rolled into small balls like gunpowder green tea. Brisk, formerly Lipton Brisk, is an iced tea brand distributed primarily in North America as a joint venture between Lipton and PepsiCo. It differs from Lipton's other iced tea brands in that phosphoric acid is added to the blend, giving the beverage a distinctive tart flavor. Lipton also produces tea using the tetrahedral bag format as seen in other tea brands. Lipton Clear was also launched in five variants – Earl Grey Tea, English Breakfast Tea, Peach Mango Tea, Green Tea Mandarin Orange, Mint and Camomile Tea. Pure Leaf is an iced tea brand distributed primarily in North America by the PepsiCo-Lipton joint venture. As opposed to Lipton Iced Tea and Brisk, both of which use a freeze-dried instant tea powder for a base, Pure Leaf is brewed in liquid form. Available in over 110 countries, Lipton is particularly popular in Europe, North America, Africa and the Middle East, parts of Asia and Australasia (Australia and New Zealand) as well as Latin America and Caribbean. Despite its British origins, Lipton black tea (such as Yellow Label) is not marketed in the UK and is not found in mainstream British stores. However, Lipton Ice Tea and fruit teas are available in the UK. In 1914 Lipton's tea were one of the sponsors for the first flight from Melbourne to Sydney by French aviator Maurice Guillaux, This was, at the time, the longest air mail and air freight flight in the world. Guillaux wrote, 'I found it the most delicious tea I have ever tasted...I found it very soothing to the nerves.' Lipton printed 250 000 facsimile copies of the letter, and these could be had by sending to Lipton a one-penny stamp. For a threepenny stamp, Lipton would send out a quarter-pound pack of tea. In an attempt to change the negative perception of Lipton Ice Tea in the United Kingdom – as 60% claimed they do not like the taste before even trying it – Lipton underwent a London-based summer experiential marketing campaign in 2010 under the slogan "Don't knock it 'til you’ve tried it!". Roaming demonstrators handed out 498,968 samples over the 58-day run. After the campaign, 87% of consumers claimed to enjoy Lipton Ice Tea, while 73% said they were more likely to purchase in the future. In November 2011, the General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of China found high levels of toxins in one variety of Lipton tea. Unilever responded by clearing the shelves of all affected products. In April 2012, the non-governmental organization Greenpeace raised questions about Lipton products once again, after two varieties of Lipton tea the group purchased in Beijing supermarkets failed safety tests, with the results allegedly failing to meet regulations as those enforced in the European Union. Additionally, the group stated, "Some of the detected pesticides are also banned for use in tea production by the Chinese Ministry of Agriculture." Unilever China denied the findings, stating all Lipton products within the country were safe.

48 Squadron of the Royal Flying Corps was formed at Netheravon, Wiltshire, on 15 April 1916. The squadron was posted to France in March 1917 and became the first fighter squadron to be equipped with the Bristol Fighter. One of the squadron's commanders was Keith Park, then a Major, who later led No. 11 Group of Fighter Command during the Battle of Britain as an Air Vice Marshal. The squadron became part of the Royal Air Force when the Royal Flying Corps merged with the Royal Naval Air Service in 1918. It moved by sea to India during May/June 1919, being based at Quetta. On 1 April 1920 the squadron was disbanded by renumbering it to No. 5 Squadron. The squadron had 32 aces serve in it. Besides Park, they included: Fred Holliday, John Letts, Brian Edmund Baker, Harold Anthony Oaks, Leonard A. Payne, Robert Dodds, John Theobald Milne, Charles Napier, Frank Ransley, Alan Wilkinson, Thomas Percy Middleton, William Price, future Air Marshal Charles Steele, Norman Craig Millman, Thomas G. Rae, Owen Scholte, Roger Hay, Norman Roberts, Joseph Michael John Moore, Arthur Noss and Maurice Benjamin. The squadron reformed on 25 November 1935 at RAF Bicester, and became a General Reconnaissance unit operating Avro Anson aircraft. With the outbreak of war in 1939 the squadron was engaged in coastal patrols along the south coast of England. In 1941 the squadron re-equipped with Lockheed Hudson aircraft and took on the role of an anti-submarine squadron, patrolling first the North Sea; in December 1942 the squadron moved to RAF Gibraltar to patrol the Mediterranean. In 1944 the squadron returned to the UK and was re-equipped with Douglas Dakota aircraft. It remained a transport squadron until being disbanded on 16 January 1946. During this period it operated from Chittagong, Bengal, India on supply operations in the Irrawaddy valley of Burma. The squadron reformed again on 15 February 1946 when No. 215 Squadron was renumbered as No. The base was at RAF Changi, Singapore, from April 1946 until October 1967. It was re-equipped with Vickers Valetta transports in January 1951 and these were replaced by Handley Page Hastings four-engine transport aircraft in June 1957. The squadron remained a transport unit for the remainder of its existence, finally being equipped with the turboprop Lockheed C-130 Hercules. The squadron returned to the UK on 1 September 1971, continuing to operate the Hercules until disbandment at RAF Lyneham on 7 January 1976. The badge of the squadron is "On an equilateral triangle, a Petrel's head erased". In the First World War, airmen would often stick bottle labels to their aircraft and so the Bass red triangle - the first registered UK trademark - was incorporated as the main part of the crest with the head of a petrel – a small seabird.

Wallace was playing for Scottish league side Dumbarton – having signed for them from Scottish Junior club Yoker Athletic – when he was purchased for £70,000 by the then Coventry manager Gordon Milne. Wallace soon settled into the Coventry side with his small frame perfectly complimenting his larger strike partner Mick Ferguson. He was adored by the Coventry City faithful and his heroic antics both on and off the field endeared him to the fans and his classic ginger curly perm haircut made him stand out as much as his acrobatic goals. He emerged from a bad car accident whilst at the club sporting a deep scar on the forehead and also detached a retina whilst playing for Coventry at Norwich. The 1977–78 saw Ian playing in Coventry's most exciting top-flight team. A side containing Ferguson, Tommy Hutchison, Terry Yorath, Graham Oakey, Bobby MacDonald and Jim Blyth played a brand of attacking football that swept many teams aside, often by large margins of victory. He was sold to neighbouring Midlands club (and then reigning European champions) Nottingham Forest in July 1980 for the then massive sum of £1.25 million (making him one of the world's most expensive players), his first game being their UEFA Super Cup defeat to Valencia that summer. Wallace went on to be Forest's top scorer for three seasons running. He subsequently moved to French club Brest before returning to English football with Sunderland in the years 1985–1986. He had spells with clubs in Portugal and Australia at the end of his playing career. Whilst a prolific goalscorer with top-flight clubs Coventry City and Nottingham Forest, Wallace only played three times for his country. He scored his only international goal in the meeting with Bulgaria in February 1978, which featured his Coventry team-mate Jim Blyth in goal. He returned to Dumbarton as manager in November 1996 replacing Jim Fallon. He was dismissed from this job in October 1999 and was replaced by Jimmy Brown.

Shimada has been a frequent guest conductor of the European orchestras such as the Lithuanian State Symphony Orchestra, the Moravian Philharmonic Orchestra, the Bilkent Symphony Orchestra, the Izmir State Symphony Orchestra, the Karlovy Vary Symphony Orchestra, the Prague Chamber Orchestra, the Slovak Philharmonic, NÖ Tonkünstler Orchestra in Vienna, L'Orchestre national de Lille, in France, and the Royal Scottish National Orchestra at the Edinburgh Festival. He has conducted in Mexico, with la Orquesta Filhamonico de Jalisco in Guadalajara. He has also guest conducted the Houston Symphony, Honolulu Symphony Orchestra, Chautauqua Symphony Orchestra, Knoxville Symphony Orchestra, San Jose Symphony Orchestra, Boston Pops Orchestra, Pacific Symphony, Edmonton Symphony Orchestra, and many other US and Canadian orchestras. He has collaborated with distinguished artists such as Itzhak Perlman, Andre Watts, Emanual Ax, Yefim Bronfman, Peter Serkin, Idil Biret, Janos Starker, Joshua Bell, Hilary Hahn, Nadjia Salerno-Sonnenberg, Cho-Liang Lin, James Galway, Evelyn Glennie, Barry Tuckwell, and Doc Severinsen. In addition to these activities, he has held the position as Artistic Advisor of Tulare Country Symphony Orchestra, Music Director of the Nassau Symphony Orchestra, in New York, Music Director of the Cambiata Soloists, a contemporary music ensemble in Houston, Music Director of the Shepherd School Symphony Orchestra at Rice University, and Music Director of the Young Musicians Foundation Debut Orchestra in Los Angeles. He was a finalist in the 1979 Herbert von Karajan conducting competition in Berlin, and a Fellow Conductor in the Los Angeles Philharmonic Institute, in 1983. He has received many awards and honors such as Ariel Musician of the Year in 2003 from the Ariel Records, ASCAP award, Portland Fire Department's Merit Award, the Maine Publicity Bureau Cultural Award, the Italian Heritage Society Cultural Award, Toshiyuki Shimada Day in Houston, Toshiyuki Shimada Week in Portland, Maine, and Toshiyuki Shimada Day in the State of Maine. In May 2006, he was awarded Honorary Doctorate Degree in Fine Arts by the Maine College of Arts. Shimada is very active in the recording industry, namely with the Naxos, the complete Paul Hindemith's Piano Concerti with Idil Biret and Yale Symphony Orchestra, and with the Vienna Modern Masters label, conducting the Moravian Philharmonic, and currently he has fourteen Compact Discs. The newest CD titled “Toshiyuki Shimada Conducts” has been issued in April, 2007. He also records for the Capstone Records and the Albany Records. His recording of Renaissance, Baroque and Classical works with the Prague Chamber Orchestra and Prague Chamber Singers will soon to be released by the Trinity Music Partners, LLC, in the Vatican Music Library Collection label. Shimada has studied with many conductors including Leonard Bernstein, Herbert von Karajan, Herbert Blomstedt, Hans Swarovsky, Michael Tilson Thomas, Sergiu Commisiona and David Whitwell. He was born in Tokyo, Japan, and moved to the United States when he was 15. He has attended the University of Southern California, California State University, Northridge, and the University of Vienna for Music and Performing Art. He has also studied the clarinet with Dominick Fera in California and Rudolf Jettel in Vienna. He was selected as a fellow conductor for the Herbert Blomsted International Conducting Institute, and the Los Angeles Philharmonic Institute. In the educational field, he is currently Associate Professor of Conducting in both the Yale School of Music and Department of Music in Yale University. In the past, he has taught at the University of Southern Maine and Rice University, and was Artist Faculty of the Texas Institute of the Aesthetic Study.

Odesa I. I. Mechnikov National University (, ), located in Odessa, Ukraine, is one of the country's major universities, named after the scientist Élie Metchnikoff (who studied immunology, microbiology, and evolutionary embryology), a Nobel prizewinner in 1908. The university was founded in 1865, by an edict of Tsar Alexander II of Russia reorganizing the Richelieu Lyceum of Odessa into the new Imperial Novorossiya University. In the Soviet era, the University was renamed Odesa I. I. Mechnikov National University (literally, "Odesa National University named after I. I. Mechnikov"). During the century and a half of its existence, the University has earned the reputation of being one of the best educational institutions in Ukraine. The excellence of the University is also recognized outside Ukraine; Odesa National University is one of the highest-ranked universities in the world, occupying 48th place in one rating of universities worldwide. Odesa I. I. Mechnikov National University comprises four institutes, ten faculties, and seven specialized councils. The University is famous for its scientific library, the largest and oldest of any university in Ukraine (3,600,000 million volumes, ranging from the 15th century to the present day). Odesa I. I. Mechnikov National University is one of the oldest in Ukraine. It was founded in 1865, when by Edict of the Russian Tsar Alexander II the Richelieu Lyceum (Рішелівський ліцей, which had existed in Odessa since 1817) was reorganized into the Imperial Novorossiya (New Russia) University. All academic and scientific life of the university - from the day of its foundation - was directed by the Statute of 1863 that formed the liberal-democratic tradition of the Higher Institution which has been preserved in spite of all the disturbances in the social and political life of the country. From the very first years of its existence, the Imperial Novorossiya University became an important center of science and for training the scientific and educational cadres of the northern Black Sea coastal region. World-famous teachers and scientists have worked at Imperial Novorossiya University during different times of its existence, including the Nobel Prize winner I. I. Mechnikov (after whom University was later renamed), Professors I. M. Sechenov, A. A. Kovalevskiy, N. F. Gamaleya, N. Y. Zelinskiy, D. L. Mendeleyev, physicist G. A. Gamov, mathematician A. M. Lyapunov, and others. Through their activities, the Imperial Novorossiya University quickly became one of the centers of the culture of the Ukrainian, Russian, and other peoples dwelling along the northern coast of the Black Sea, and the university began to play an important role in the development of science. The first Rector of the university was Professor I. Y. Sokolov. At different periods of time, the university was headed by Professors P. N. Lebedyev, A. l. Yurzhenko, A. V. Bogatskiy, V. V. Serdyuk, I. P. Zelinskiy—all prominent specialists in different branches of knowledge. Odesa I. I. Mechnikov National University is situated in two parts of the city and occupies summarily 70 hectares. The university is divided into a number of faculties. These faculties are directly administered by the university. Structurally, the University consists of 10 Faculties, 4 Institutes, College, two Preparatory Departments for citizens of Ukraine and foreign countries, 15 scientific-research laboratories, five scientific institutes, administration departments, experimental training shops and nine dormitories for students, post-graduates and trainees. The University has a sports- and health-rehabilitation complex with its own stadium and rest-base for the students, personnel and university guests in a picturesque section of Odessa, the village of Chernomorka. In all the areas of the University location, there are cafeterias, cafes, bars and medical sections.

Peruvians () are the citizens of the Republic of Peru or their descendants abroad. Peru is a multiethnic country formed by the combination of different groups over five centuries, so people in Peru usually treat their nationality as a citizenship rather than an ethnicity. Amerindians inhabited Peruvian territory for several millennia before Spanish Conquest in the 16th century; according to historian David N. Cook their population decreased from an estimated 5–9 million in the 1520s to around 600,000 in 1620 mainly because of infectious diseases. Spaniards and Africans arrived in large numbers under colonial rule, mixing widely with each other and with indigenous peoples. During the Republic, there has been a gradual immigration of European people (specially from Spain and Italy, and in a less extent from France, the Balkans, Portugal, Great Britain and Germany). Japanese and Chinese arrived in large numbers at the end of nineteenth century. With about 29.5 million inhabitants, Peru is the fourth most populous country in South America. Its demographic growth rate declined from 2.6% to 1.6% between 1950 and 2000; population is expected to reach approximately 42 million in 2050. As of 2007, 75.9% lived in urban areas and 24.1% in rural areas. Major cities include Lima, home to over 8 million people, Arequipa, Trujillo, Chiclayo, Piura, Iquitos, Cusco, Chimbote, and Huancayo, all of which reported more than 250,000 inhabitants in the 2007 census. The largest expatriate Peruvian communities are in the United States (Peruvian Americans), South America (Argentina, Chile, Venezuela and Brazil), Europe (Spain, Italy, France and the United Kingdom), Japan, Australia and Canada. The Peruvian census does not contain information about ethnicity so only rough estimates are available. According to the National Continuous Survey (Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática or INEI 2006), 59,5% self-identified as Mestizos, 22.7% as Quechuas, 2.7% as Aymaras, 1.8% as Amazonians (Yanesha people), 1.6% as Black/Mulatto, 4.9% as White and 6.7% as Others (Chinese, Japanese, others). Amerindians are found in the southern Andes, though a large portion, also to be found in the southern and central coast due to the massive internal labor migration from remote Andean regions to coastal cities, during the past four decades. Mestizos compose about 47% to 59.5% of the total population. The term traditionally denotes Amerindian and European ancestry (mostly Spanish ancestry). This term was part of the caste classification used during colonial times, whereby people of exclusive Spanish descent who were born in the colonies were called criollos, people of mixed Amerindian and Spanish descent were called mestizos, those of African and Spanish descent were called mulattos, and those of Amerindian and African descent were called zambos. Most Peruvian mestizos are of Amerindian descent , but other ethnic backgrounds (such as Asian, Middle Eastern and African) are also present, in varying degrees, in some segments of the mestizo population. Most mestizos are urban dwellers and show stronger European inheritance in regions like Lima Region, La Libertad Region, Callao Region, Cajamarca Region, Piura Region, Lambayeque Region, and Arequipa Region. Amerindians constitute 29% of the total population. The two major indigenous or ethnic groups are the Quechuas (belonging to various cultural subgroups), followed by the Aymaras, mostly found in the extreme southern Andes. A large proportion of the indigenous population who live in the Andean highlands still speak Quechua or Aymara, and have vibrant cultural traditions, some of which were part of the Inca Empire, arguably the most advanced agricultural civilization in the world during its time . Dozens of indigenous cultures are also dispersed throughout the country beyond the Andes Mountains in the Amazon basin. This region is rapidly becoming urbanized. Important urban centers include Iquitos, Nauta, Puerto Maldonado, Pucallpa and Yurimaguas. This region is home to numerous indigenous peoples, though they do not constitute a large proportion of the total population. Examples of indigenous peoples residing in eastern Peru include the Shipibo, Urarina, Cocama, and Aguaruna. European descendants are estimated at around 15-19% of the total population. They are mosty descendants of the Spanish colonizers. And other Europeans such as Italians, British, French, Germans, Irish, Dutch, Portuguese, Swiss, Poles and Croatians (see also Croatian Peruvian) who arrived in the 19th and 20th centuries. The majority of them live also in the largest cities, usually in the North and Center cities of Peru: Lima, Trujillo, Chiclayo, and Piura. The only southern city with a significant white population is Arequipa. Also Oxapampa and Pozuzo in the Pasco Region, and through all Northwest (mainly the highlands of the Coast Regions, Cajamarca Region and part of the San Martin Region), a considerable white population can be found, mostly descendants of Spanish, German, British, French and Italian settlers. Recently, Peru has seen a migration of American retirees and businessmen come to settle in the country, due to lower cost of living and economic booms from the year 2000 to present. There is also a large presence of Asian Peruvians, primarily east Asian Chinese and Japanese along with more recently arrived Filipinos and other Asian immigrants, that constitutes 3% of the population, which in proportion to the overall population is the second largest of any Latin American nation, after Panama. Peru has the second largest population of people of Japanese descent in Latin America after Brazil and the largest population of Chinese descent in Latin America. Historic communities inhabited by people of Chinese descent are found throughout the Peruvian upper Amazon, including cities such as Yurimaguas, Nauta, Iquitos and the north central coast (Lambayeque and Trujillo). In contrast to the Japanese community in Peru, the Chinese appear to have intermarried much more since they came to work in the rice fields during the Viceroyalty and to replace the African slaves, during the abolition of slavery itself. Despite the presence of Peruvians of Asian heritage being quite recent, in the past decade they have made significant advancements in business and political fields; a past president (Alberto Fujimori), several past cabinet members, and one member of the Peruvian congress are of Japanese or Chinese origin. Large numbers of Arab Peruvians, mostly of Lebanese and Syrian origin, and Palestinians also reside, as well a small Jewish, Hindustani and Pakistani communities. The remaining is constituted by Afro-Peruvians, which are around 1.2% a legacy of Peru's history as an importer of slaves during the colonial period. Today also mulattos (mixed African and European) and zambos (mixed African and Amerindian) constitute an important part of the population as well, especially in Piura, Tumbes, Lambayeque, Lima and Ica regions. The Afro-Peruvian population is concentrated mostly in coastal cities south of Lima, such as that of those found in the Ica Region, in cities like Cañete, Chincha, Ica, Nazca and Acarí in the border with the Arequipa Region. Another large but poorly promoted segment of Afro-Peruvian presence is in the "Yunga" regions (west and just below the Andean chain of northern Peru), (i.e., Piura and Lambayeque), where sugarcane, lemon, and mango production are still of importance. Important communities are found all over the Morropón Province, such as in the city of Chulucanas. One of them is Yapatera, a community in the same city, as well as smaller farming communities like Pabur or La Matanza and even in the mountainous region near Canchaque. Further south, the colonial city of Zaña or farming towns like Capote and Tuman in Lambayeque are also important regions with Afro-Peruvian presence. After independence, there has been a gradual European immigration from England, France, Germany, Italy, Austria, Croatia and Spain. Polynesians also came to the country lured to work in the Guano islands during the boom years of this commodity around the 1860s. Chinese arrived in the 1850s as a replacement for slave workers in the sugar plantations of the north coast and have since become a major influence in Peruvian society. Other immigrant groups include Arabs, South Asians, Japanese and Americans from the United States. Spanish, the first language of 83.9% of Peruvians aged five and older in 2007, is the primary language of the country. It coexists with several indigenous languages, the most common of which is Quechua, spoken by 13.2% of the population. Other native and foreign languages were spoken at that time by 2.7% and 0.1% of Peruvians, respectively. Literacy was estimated at 92.9% in 2007; this rate is lower in rural areas (80.3%) than in urban areas (96.3%). Primary and secondary education are compulsory and free in public schools. In the 2007 census, 81.3% of the population over 12 years old described themselves as Catholic, 12.5% as Evangelical, 3.3% as of other denominations including Seventh-day Adventist, and 2.9% as non-religious. Lord of Miracles is a mural painted by a black slave in the 17th century of Jesus Christ that is venerated in Lima and the main Catholic festivity in Peru and one of the biggest processions around the world. Every year, in October, hundreds of thousands of faithful from all races and economic backgrounds dresses in purple to celebrate the also known "Black Christ" in a religious procession through the streets of Lima. Without doubt the earthquakes by Lima during the 17th and 18th Centuries, which destroyed most of the city leaving only that mural standing up, contributed to the growth and the solidification of devoted veneration to the mural known as "Christ of Pachacamilla". Peruvian culture is primarily rooted in Amerindian and Spanish traditions, though it has also been influenced by various African, Asian, and European ethnic groups. Peruvian artistic traditions date back to the elaborate pottery, textiles, jewelry, and sculpture of Pre-Inca cultures. The Incas maintained these crafts and made architectural achievements including the construction of Machu Picchu. Baroque dominated colonial art, though modified by native traditions. During this period, most art focused on religious subjects; the numerous churches of the era and the paintings of the Cuzco School are representative. Arts stagnated after independence until the emergence of "Indigenismo" in the early 20th century. Since the 1950s, Peruvian art has been eclectic and shaped by both foreign and local art currents. Peruvian literature has its roots in the oral traditions of pre-Columbian civilizations. Spaniards introduced writing in the 16th century; colonial literary expression included chronicles and religious literature. After independence, Costumbrism and Romanticism became the most common literary genres, as exemplified in the works of Ricardo Palma. In the early 20th century, the "Indigenismo" movement produced such writers as Ciro Alegría, José María Arguedas, and César Vallejo. During the second half of the century, Peruvian literature became more widely known because of authors such as Nobel laureate Mario Vargas Llosa, a leading member of the Latin American Boom. María Jesús Alvarado Rivera was a Peruvian rebel feminist, educator, journalist, writer and social activist who was noted by the National Council of Women of Peru in 1969 as the "first modern champion of women's rights in Peru". Peruvian cuisine is a blend of Amerindian and Spanish food with strong influences from African, Arab, Italian, Chinese, and Japanese cooking. Common dishes include "anticuchos", "ceviche" and "pachamanca". Because of the variety of climates within Peru, a wide range of plants and animals are available for cooking. Peruvian cuisine has recently received acclaim due to its diversity of ingredients and techniques. Peruvian music has Andean, Spanish and African roots. In pre-Hispanic times, musical expressions varied widely from region to region; the "quena" and the "tinya" were two common instruments. Spanish conquest brought the introduction of new instruments such as the guitar and the harp, as well as the development of crossbred instruments like the "charango". African contributions to Peruvian music include its rhythms and the "cajón", a percussion instrument. Peruvian folk dances include "marinera", "tondero" and "huayno".

Corbicula fluminea is a species of freshwater clam, an aquatic bivalve mollusk in the family Cyrenidae. This species is often confused with "Corbicula fluminalis" due to the two species' similar colour and texture. The species is regarded as having originated somewhere in Eastern Asia, leading to the common names of Asian clam or Asiatic clam. In the aquarium and koi pond trade, it is often called golden clam or golden freshwater clam. In Southeast Asia, it is known as the prosperity clam or good luck clam. The species has been introduced into many parts of the world, including South America, North America and Europe. Right after reaching maturity, these clams produce eggs, followed by sperm. Even later, they produce eggs and sperm simultaneously. They can self-fertilize, and release up to 2,000 juveniles per day, and more than 100,000 in a lifetime. Juveniles are only 1 mm long when discharged, and take one to four years to reach maturity. At this time, they are about 1 cm long. Adults can reach a length of about 5 cm. The outside of the shell is normally yellow-green with concentric rings. The color can flake, leaving white spots. The shells are lightly purple on the inside. They feed primarily on phytoplankton (algae), which they filter from the sandy or muddy bottoms of streams, lakes, or canals. According to the United States Geological Survey, "C. fluminea" is likely to continue to expand its North American range until it reaches its lower temperature tolerance. The primary economic and social impact of the invasion of "C. fluminea" has been billions of dollars in costs associated with clogged water intake pipes of power plants, among others. Ecologically, "C. fluminea" contributes to declines and replacement of highly vulnerable, already threatened native clams. "C. fluminea" was probably brought to North America at the latest in 1924, by Asian immigrants who used the clams as a food source. It is abundant in the Albemarle region of North Carolina, as well as other areas along the east coast. In South America it was probably introduced in the 1960s into the Río de La Plata, and then spread through most of the continent. Nonindigenous distributions of "C. fluminea" include: ***LIST***. Two species are present in introduced populations, "C. fluminea" and "C. fluminalis". However, the two species are often mixed together. The names themselves are sometimes confused in the literature (e.g. by being called "Corbicula fluminata"). Care needs to be taken to properly distinguish the two species. The ratio of width and height in "C. fluminea" is on average 1.1. In "C. fluminalis" it is smaller (0.97); still, there is much variation and considerable overlap in shape. Most easily, they can be distinguished by the amount of ribs on the shell; "C. fluminea" has 7 to 14 ribs per cm, "C. fluminalis" 13 to 28. This character is already clearly recognizable (albeit only by direct comparison) in very small (5 mm diameter) specimens. In addition, when viewed from the side (looking at the opening between the shells), "C. fluminalis" is rounder, almost heart-shaped, while "C. fluminea" has a slightly flatter shape like a teardrop with a notched broad end. Small specimens of "C. fluminalis" are almost spherical, while those of "C. fluminea" are decidedly flattened. All these differences except the rib number are a consequence of "C. fluminalis" having a markedly more swollen, pointed and protruding umbo. ^ Weitere, M. et al. (2009) Linking environmental warming to the fitness of the invasive clam Corbicula fluminea, Global Change Biology, Volume 15 Issue 12, Pages 2838 - 2851

Whitall was born in Woodbury, New Jersey, in 1800 into a Quaker family and was obliged to drop schooling at the age of 15, when due to a business loss the family was forced to sell their home and move to a farm outside of Woodbury. Whitall worked as a farmhand for a year but found the life hard and uninspiring. At the age of 16, he apprenticed as a ship hand on the "William Savery", for a 1-year voyage to Calcutta, India, and in 1818, for another voyage on the same ship carrying cotton from Charleston, South Carolina, to Liverpool, England. On board the ship, Whitall wore plain Quaker dress, avoided the common use of profane language, and was an outspoken advocate of honesty and respectful dealing with everyone on board. On his third voyage, in 1819, from Liverpool to Canton, China, the ship's captain asked him to help make a nautical observation, and after performing this duty well, he was taught navigation. On his fourth voyage, to Calcutta and Madras in 1820, the ship was capsized by a squall and demasted, losing some of the sailors. At Calcutta, due to his good performance and ill health of one of the ship's officers, he was promoted to Second Mate and gained the respect of the ordinary sailors by treating them well. On his fifth voyage in 1822, to Canton, he was chief mate on the ship "Dorothea", and on his sixth and seventh voyages, to Antwerp and the far east, he was chief mate on the ship "America". These voyages, carrying items such as ginseng, silk, and spices, were very profitable for the owners and the ship's officers. In 1824, Whitall was contracted by Whitton Evans to oversee the construction of a new sailing ship, "New Jersey", the largest "Indiaman" yet constructed in Philadelphia, and was given command as captain. Thus Whitall was a ship's captain at age 24, which was unusual for the time. Because the ship sailed through distant relatively unknown waters in a time when privateering and piracy was common, it was required to carry arms, which initially caused Whitall some consternation because at that time Quaker society generally prohibited carrying arms. The young captain decided to forbid the sailors on board from using profane language, and this worked to his advantage when dealing with men older and more experienced. The voyage to Canton was uneventful, and the ship returned to Philadelphia in April, 1826. He made two more very profitable but anxious voyages as captain of the New Jersey carrying ginseng to Canton, returning with silk and tea. The voyage to Canton lasted about four months and the selling and buying of cargo took 2 months, giving each trip a total duration of about 10 months. Due to the danger and hardship of life at sea, Whitall had been undecided about whether to continue as a ship's captain. Upon returning to Philadelphia in 1829, Whitall found that the ship's owner Whitton Evans had died, and the ship was then sold. This sequence of events, and his wish to marry helped to make up his mind. With his savings from his life at sea, in 1829 Whitall entered into the dry goods business in downtown Philadelphia. Whitall had courted Mary Tatum during the interludes in Philadelphia between ship voyages and he proposed in 1829. She was the daughter of John and Hannah Tatum, of Woodbury, NJ, and was a friend of Whitall's family from his childhood. They were married at Woodbury Friends Meeting on November 5, 1830, and lived with his parents in downtown Philadelphia, but soon after found another residence nearby. He went into partnership for 5 years but found the dry goods business meager for his needs because he was accustomed to dealing with men on board ship and a little more excitement. Being relatively uneducated and naive to the business world, Whitall attempted to deal in business honestly, but found that some of his business clients had taken unfair advantage of him. The business did not go well, and instead of attempting to secure further loans, Whitall in 1837 chose to sell out and settle with his creditors. He found that he could only settle his accounts at 75 cents per dollar, and paid this off in a period of 12 months. He promised to pay the remaining 25% with interest, and was successful by 1850. In 1838, G.M. Haverstick, Whitall's brother in law, and his partner William Scattergood offered Whitall partnership in their business manufacturing glass bottles in Millville, New Jersey. Whitall continued to live in Philadelphia and worked there at the main headquarters of the company, called "Scattergood & Whitall" after Haverstick retired. Whitall found the work agreeable and the business went well. The company manufactured bottles in special order for drug stores across the country, and perfume-makers, with the store's logo imprinted in the glass. The bottles are prized by collectors today. In 1845, Scattergood retired, and Whitall's brother Israel "Franklin" Whitall joined the partnership to oversee the work in Millville, NJ. The company rapidly expanded, developing new industrial processes, refining the recipes for glass, and discovering more efficient ways to cast bottles. During the next several years the glass business prospered and Whitall and his brother built a new storehouse at 4th and Race Streets in Philadelphia. In 1848 Edward Tatum joined the partnership and the firm was renamed "Whitall, Brother & Company", and in 1857 the name was changed to "Whitall Tatum & Company". The company continued producing glass bottles and insulators for telegraph poles under the direction of IF Whitall and Edward Tatum and their descendants until 1938 when it was purchased by the Armstrong Cork Company. In 1850, after Whitall had paid off his debts, he and family moved to a new house they had built at 1317 Filbert Street, Philadelphia, where the family resided until the 1880s. Whitall's three daughters and son were married in the period 1851–1855, living in the Delaware Valley and Baltimore. Whitall purchased a beach house at Atlantic City, New Jersey in 1856, where the family gathered in the summer. From his days as a sailor and even more as a married man with a family, Whitall was quite a reverent man. The family held Friends Meetings at their house and enjoyed inviting other summer residents to join them. In 1872, a Friends meeting house was built in Atlantic City which served well for many generations of Quakers. Whitall began speaking in Meeting from 1858 and continued this activity until near his death in 1877. Another summer residence, a farm complete with hay fields, orchard, and lake, was purchased in 1864 in Haddon Township, New Jersey, enjoyed by the whole family. Whitall retired from the glass business in 1865. He had been elected a manager of Pennsylvania Hospital in 1851, and held this position until 1867. In the period 1861–1867 he served Philadelphia as an official "Guardian of the Poor" and as President of the Board of Guardians. He and his wife Mary were constantly trying to help those in need. In 1868 Whitall became blind in one eye and had difficulty judging distance, but continued in his active life in retirement. During the civil war years 1861–1865 Whitall became interested in helping poor blacks who had escaped from the South. He and his wife Mary started a "First-Day School" for adult religious instruction, teaching reading and interpretation of the Bible, and hiring teachers to help with instruction. Whitall funded the entire school, paid stipends of money and coal to those "scholars" who attended consistently, and covered the rent for the Methodist church where the First-Day School convened. The church was located on St. Mary's Street so the school was termed "St. Mary's Street School". The school was popular, and for the next 10 years attendance rose consistently, so that by 1871 there was an average attendance of 175. The attendance continued to increase and Whitall continued his oversight of the school until 1874, when he had a slight stroke and became weaker, and in 1876 he was unable to continue. Whitall continued to weaken until his death in 1877.

The Great Mosque of Muhammad Ali Pasha or Alabaster Mosque (Arabic: مسجد محمد علي, Turkish: "Mehmet Ali Paşa Camii") is a mosque situated in the Citadel of Cairo in Egypt and commissioned by Muhammad Ali Pasha between 1830 and 1848. Situated on the summit of the citadel, this Ottoman mosque, the largest to be built in the first half of the 19th century, is, with its animated silhouette and twin minarets, the most visible mosque in Cairo. The mosque was built in memory of Tusun Pasha, Muhammad Ali's oldest son, who died in 1816. This mosque, along with the citadel, is one of the landmarks and tourist attractions of Cairo and is one of the first features to be seen when approaching the city any direction. The mosque was built on the site of old Mamluk buildings in Cairo's Citadel between 1830 and 1848, although not completed until the reign of Said Pasha in 1857. The architect was Yusuf Bushnak from Istanbul and its model was the Sultan Ahmed Mosque in that city. The ground on which the mosque was erected was built with debris from the earlier buildings of the Citadel. Before completion of the mosque, the alabastered panels from the upper walls were taken away and used for the palaces of Abbas I. The stripped walls were clad with wood painted to look like marble. In 1899 the mosque showed signs of cracking and some inadequate repairs were undertaken. But the condition of the mosque became so dangerous that a complete scheme of restoration was ordered by King Fuad in 1931 and was finally completed under King Farouk in 1939. Muhammad Ali Pasha was buried in a tomb carved from Carrara marble, in the courtyard of the mosque. His body was transferred here from Hawsh al-Basha in 1857. Muhammad Ali chose to build his state mosque entirely in the architectural style of his former overlords, the Ottomans, unlike the Mamluks who, despite their political submission to the Ottomans, stuck to the architectural styles of the previous Mamluk dynasties. The mosque was built with a central dome surrounded by four small and four semicircular domes. It was constructed in a square plan and measured 41x41 meters. The central dome is 21 meters in diameter and the height of the building is 52 meters. Two elegant cylindrical minarets of Turkish type with two balconies and conical caps are situated on the western side of the mosque, and rise to 82 meters. The use of this style, combined with the presence of two minarets and multiple half-domes surrounding the central dome — features reserved for mosques built on the authority of the Sultan — were a defiant declaration of "de facto" Egyptian independence. The main material is limestone but the lower storey and forecourt is tiled with alabaster up to 11,3 meters. The external facades are severe and angular and rise about four storeys until the level of the lead-covered domes. The mihrab on the southeastern wall is three storeys high and covered with a semicircular dome. There are two arcades on the second storey, rising on columns and covered with domes. Although there are three entrances on each side of the forecourt, the usual entry is through the northeastern gate. The forecourt measures 50x50 meters. It is enclosed by arched riwaks rising on pillars and covered by domes. There is a brass clock tower in the middle of the northwestern riwak, which was presented to Muhammad Ali by King Louis Philippe of France in 1845. The clock was reciprocated with the obelisk of Luxor now standing in Place de la Concorde in Paris. The interior has a measure of 41x41 meters and gives a great feeling of space. The use of two levels of domes gives a much greater sense of space than there actually is. The central dome rises on four arches standing on colossal piers. There are four semicircular domes around the central dome. There are four smaller domes on the corners as well. The domes are painted and embellished with motifs in relief. The walls and pillars are covered with alabaster up to 11 meters high.

Portora Castle is a castle in Enniskillen, County Fermanagh, Northern Ireland. The castle was built for Sir William Cole who purchased the land in 1612. It is strategically positioned by the narrow exit of the River Erne into the Lower Lough Erne. It is a State Care Historic Monument sited in the townland of Portora, in Fermanagh District Council area, at grid ref: H2221 4531. In 1619 Nicholas Pynnar described the castle as 'a bawn of lime and stone, 2.5m square, approximately 4m high, with four flankers and a stone house or castle three storeys high, strongly wrought'. Three of the flankers remain, the two on the west, flanking the walls of the castle. These round towers, about 3m in diameter, have several gun loops. Inside the castle can be seen proper fireplace chimneys in the north and west walls. Sir Michael Cole and his family moved to Portora Castle in 1710 when their previous residence, Enniskillen Castle, was hit by fire. They remained there until about 1716, when Sir Michael's son, John Cole (1680–1726), started building Florence Court. The ford at Portora was important in the Erne Waterways and must have seen considerable traffic in peace and war. In the course of the Erne Drainage Scheme (1951–1960) a bronze dirk and stone axes were recovered at this point. The castle is now in ruins partly because a group of truanting school-boys from nearby Portora Royal School, experimenting with gunpowder they learnt how to create in chemistry class, blew up a section in the latter part of the 19th century. They also tried digging under the building which added to its dereliction.

Boris Bandov (born November 23, 1953 in Livno, PR Bosnia and Herzegovina, FPR Yugoslavia) is a retired Yugoslavian-American soccer player who currently coaches youth soccer. Bandov spent ten seasons in the North American Soccer League, two in the Major Indoor Soccer League and one in the United Soccer League. While born in Yugoslavia, he became a U.S. citizen in 1976. He earned thirty-three caps, scoring two goals, with the U.S. national team between 1976 and 1983. Bandov was born in Livno, Bosnia and Herzegovina. He attended Silver Creek High School in San Jose, California, where he played on the school's boys soccer team. In 1972, he led the team to California's Central Coast Section high school championship game, which the team lost to Archbishop Mitty High School. After graduating from high school, he briefly attended San Jose State, playing on the school’s football team as a kicker. His longest was a 52-yard field goal in a game against Cal. Bandov began his professional U.S. soccer career with the San Jose Earthquakes of the North American Soccer League on May 5, 1974. He played two seasons with the Earthquakes as a forward/midfield winger before moving to the Seattle Sounders after the 1975 season. He spent most of 1976 on the Sounders reserve team, only making the first team after midfield winger Jimmy Robertson suffered a broken leg from a brutal tackle from Julio Navarro in a July 24, 1976 game against the Philadelphia Atoms. Bandov played 5 games with the Sounders at the start of the 1977 season before moving to the Tampa Bay Rowdies for the remainder of the season. Though he saw limited playing time in just under two seasons in Tampa Bay, he was a reserve in the Rowdies' 3–1 loss to the Cosmos in Soccer Bowl '78. In 1979 Bandov moved to the New York Cosmos. He played with them through the end of the 1982 season, including the two NASL championship teams of 1980 and 1982 as well as the 1981 NASL championship loss to the Chicago Sting. In 1983, the U.S. Soccer Federation, in coordination with the NASL, entered the U.S. national team, known as Team America, into the NASL as a league franchise. The team drew on U.S. citizens playing in the NASL, Major Indoor Soccer League and American Soccer League. In April 1983, Team America announced it had signed Bandov from the Cosmos on a game by game basis. He played 21 games with the team during its single season in existence. When Team America finished the 1983 season with a 10-20 record, the worst in the NASL, USSF withdrew the team from the league. Bandov returned to the Cosmos, but was released on November 16, 1983 when Bandov refused to agree to a 20% pay cut. In 1984, Bandov moved to the Fort Lauderdale Sun of the United Soccer League. He continued to play for the Suns in 1985. He retired in 1986 and lives in Dobbs Ferry with his wife, a former Miss Oregon. He coaches for the FC Westchester U-17 boys and at various soccer camps and clinics. When Bandov became a U.S. citizen, he was almost immediately called into the national team for its first game of the year, a September 24 1978 FIFA World Cup qualifying game with Canada. Bandov began his national team career with a bang, scoring the tying goal. He went on to start every national team game in 1976, 1977, 1978, and 1979. In 1980, his appearances began to taper off, but he still played the only U.S. games in 1982 and 1983. The 1983 game, a 2-0 win over Haiti was his last with the team. Despite playing a total of 33 games with the team, he scored only once again after his first game, in a meaningless 3-1 win over Bermuda in October 1979.

Geist is a fictional character in the DC Comics universe. He was created by Chuck Dixon and Jim Balent. First appearing in "Detective Comics Annual" #6 (1993), Dwayne Geyer is given superpowers during the "Bloodlines" crossover. After being bitten by the alien Pritor, Geist is able to become invisible. He becomes less visible in dim lighting and completely invisible in bright light. This is useful in fighting crime but makes it impossible for him to hold down a job. Using his newfound powers he helps Batman (Jean Paul Valley) defeat one of the spine-sucking aliens attacking Gotham City. He also helps fight the spawn of the Bloodlines monsters. This involves most of the newly created heroes responding to a telepathic call; they rescue the veteran heroes from the Bloodlines spawn and all end up participating in the successful effort to destroy it. Geist next joins the Blood Pack and fights valiantly helping them defeat the Quorum. Geist leaves the team after finding out he is only a member due to a clerical error. After leaving the Blood Pack, Geist largely retires from super-heroics. He is briefly seen midway through the "Infinite Crisis" series, attending a mass for fallen and missing heroes. Later, in the "Villains United" one-shot special, he is contacted by the Oracle while drinking in a bar. Informed the Secret Society of Super Villains is attacking Metropolis, Geist suits up to defend the city. He joins with other former members of the Blood Pack, along with dozens of other heroes, in a defense line outside the city. Together, the Blood Pack fights Solomon Grundy. Geist is killed in "Infinite Crisis" #7. While fighting Grundy, Superboy-Prime fires a blast of heat vision at members of the Blood Pack. Geist, Grundy, and those members of the Blood Pack present at that time are killed. Geist is seen with dozens of other forgotten heroes, such as Ace the Bat-Hound and fellow New Blood hero Gunfire. They are all stuck in a self-described 'Limbo', where no stories happen. They are rescued by Superman and a dimension crossing ship. Later, all of them assist against the cosmic threat of Mandrakk. In "Adventure Comics" (Vol. 2) #4, Geist is reanimated as a member of the Black Lantern Corps. Superboy-Prime destroyed Geist on Earth Prime, using the black ring cycling through the power set of the resulting in a burst of colored energy that destroys Black Lanterns. After receiving a bite from the alien Pritor, Geist gains the ability to become completely invisible in bright light. By concentrating extremely hard, he can cause objects he is touching to become invisible as well. A negative side effect of his new power is that he is very sensitive to light, and can be blinded by very bright lights (even when his eyes are closed).

Manus O'Cahan's Regiment of Foot was a body of soldiers, many of who had fought in Europe in the early years of the Thirty Years War. Some historians, like C. V. Wedgwood refer to them as a 'Gallowglass' (i.e. mercenary) regiment. They were actually soldiers who sailed from Ireland to Scotland to fight for the Royalist cause there. Manus O'Cahan () never set foot in England; all of his fighting took place in Ulster and Scotland. Their European combat experiences made them some of the most experienced soldiers serving in the Civil War. Some of the men involved appear in a letter contained in the Ormond papers in the National Library of Ireland entitled "List of men gone unto the Isles. Sent by the Lord of Antrim to my Lord Ormonde, 15 Nov. 1644" A breefe note of Collonell O Cahan's regiment: Collonnell Cahan's own company consisting of 100 men complete. Officers Lieftennant Cnogher O Cahan Ancient Dualtagh Mac Duffy Sargeants of the company Owen O Cognoghor and Hugh Mac Cormacke Lieftennant Collonnell Donnaghe O Cahan's company consisting of 100 men complete. Officers LieftennantShane O Cahan Ancient John Cooper Sarjeants of the company Bryen Oge Mac Cormacke and William Oge Mac Cormacke Sarjeant-Major Ledwitch his company consisting of 100 men complete. Officers Lieftennant James Dease Ancient Bartholomew Newgent Sarjeants of the company Tohill Moddirrt Mac Illrey and John That. Captain Art O Neale's company consisting of 100 men complete. Officers Lieftennant Con O Neale Ancient Bryen O Neale Serjeants Hugh Oge Lavery and Hary O Muldowne Captain John Mortimer's company consisting of 50 men complete. Officers Patricke O Mallen, Lieftennant Phelim O Donnelly, Ancient Daniel Mac Duffy and James O Mulhollan, Sargeants. Captain Rowry Duffe O Cahan's company consisting of 50 men complete. Officers John Mac Guyer, Lieftenant Donnagh O Cahan, Ancient Edward Keltey and Terlagh Mac Cana, Serjeant In all, 500 besydes officers Scottish events of the war were complex. By the Civil War of the mid-seventeenth century there was already a centuries-old blood feud running between the Campbell and Macdonald clans. As part of that feud, the Campbells had seized ownership of the Hebridean isles of Islay and Colonsey from an aged warrior called Colkitto (known as Colla Ciotach, Scots Gaelic for Left-Handed Colla). Colkitto's son was the Alastair McColla, who went to Ireland to raise the Irish cousins to the Macdonald clan for raids against the men who now occupied the Hebridean Isles. King Charles had offended the Scots as early as 1637, when he tried to impose the English Book of Common Prayer on the nation. The Scots rebelled with riots, and a petition known as the National Covenant. The King declared War on his Scottish subjects. The two resulting Bishops' Wars ended in embarrassing and expensive defeat for the King. The MacDonnells, Irish cousins to the Macdonalds offered to sail to Scotland to serve the King, hoping to use the conflict to gain their homes back as a reward if the Royalists won. This was a threat to the anti-Catholic puritanical Covenanters and the English Roundheads. Scottish allies to the King, including old Colkitto, were arrested and imprisoned to prevent them raising private armies to bring Scotland to civil war. However, Alastair McColla avoided capture and stayed in Ireland, helping to raise an army composed of exiled or hiding Royalist Scots and their Catholic Irish cousins. At the same time, the "Great" Montrose, (James Graham) who had been an ardent Covenanter, became disillusioned by the brutalities inflicted on clansmen who he regarded as good friends. He changed sides and began to serve the Royalist cause. In 1641, as McColla raised his army in Ulster, on behalf of Randal MacDonnell (Earl of Antrim), a strong Royalist sympathiser, the Irish Rebellion of 1641 erupted. Catholics turned on Protestant settlers who were pouring into the country by the thousand under a much despised plantation programme. McColla, and a cousin by marriage, Manus O'Cahan, were thrown together in a joint Catholic-Protestant Scots-Irish peace keeping force. Finding themselves despised by the Protestants in the force, the Scot and the Irishman rebelled and went on a guerrilla warfare rampage throughout Northern Ireland. In the course of the conflict they developed a new battle technique known as the 'Irish Charge', this involved simply discarding heavy weapons such as pikes and muskets to rush the enemy to kill them at close quarter with dirks, daggers, and swords or even with unarmed combat tactics. It proved to be highly effective, especially against musketeers who needed time to reload powder and shot between volleys. They also perfected the art of running directly at cavalry to cut the horses in the bellies and fetlocks as they ran underneath them. This forced the agonised horses to throw their riders. McColla made himself unpopular in Ireland by changing sides, to serve the Protestants, and then changing sides again to serve Antrim and the Irish Catholic Confederation of which Antrim was a leader. As the Scottish Covenant forces declared military support for the English Parliament in late 1643, Antrim hit on a plan to send Catholic troops to Scotland. The aim was for them to cause as much destruction as possible, and force the Scots to withdraw their soldiers from Ireland, to deal with the increasing crisis back home. Antrim negotiated the plans through the Confederacy's Supreme Council, and with the full blessing of James Butler, Earl of Ormonde, a personal advisor to King Charles. In one Ulster battle, McColla was badly wounded. O'Cahan personally dragged his giant [] friend to safety through heavy fire on a makeshift litter and got him some urgently needed medical attention. It was to raise an army to quell the rebellion in Ireland that King Charles initially had recalled his Parliament in England. When his Parliament refused to co-operate with the King, his efforts to accuse them of treason against the crown led to the English portion of the Civil War. As war erupted in England, Scottish Royalists, as planned by the Confederation, brought the conflict to the fore in Scotland too. On Antrim's orders, McColla and O'Cahan, with Thomas Lachnan and James MacDonnell, raised an army of 1,500 men and sailed for Scotland, intending to make the most of the conflict to avenge the wrongs done to them by the Campbell clan, who were ardent Covenanters. Even the voyage, through waters patrolled by Parliament frigates, proved eventful. The Scots-Irish Brigade did not have all the vessels they had hoped for. There were three passenger carrying merchant ships provided by the Kilkenny merchant Patrick Archer in the small fleet that did sail from Waterford; The Harp, The Christopher, the Angell Gabrielle (Flemish merchantmen) and they were protected by the Jacob of Ross (Irish Merchantman) Many men, and most weapons had to be left behind. The small fleet captured a group of Covenant ministers sailing for Ulster, and took them prisoner. One captive, John Weir, kept a diary of the events, from which most histories of the events are drawn. The Scots-Irishry landed in Mull on 5 July 1644. They quickly started causing as much trouble and securing the coast in hope of more men coming over from Ireland. On 7 July Manus O'Cahan led the division who took Kinlochaline Castle, coming under intense cannon fire, but emerging victorious to rejoin the main body of MacColla's men at their own captured territory, Loch Sunart. A group of Irish stayed behind to hold the fortress at Kinlochaline. Earthwork battery ramparts and trenches were dug to help secure the territories The ships were soon lost in acts of piracy against Covenant and Parliamentary vessels which now patrolled the waters looking for signs of the invaders. Realising that their position was growing increasingly dangerous as, being just 1,500 strong, they were hopelessly outnumbered, O'Cahan and McColla started to move inland, recruiting among local clansmen as they went. Many refused, and some proved to be hostile. However, help was coming from an unexpected source, James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose. Montrose had planned on taking an army from England to serve his cause in Scotland, and made his way to an audience with Prince Rupert of The Rhine. Unfortunately, Montrose arrived just days after the English Royalist defeat at Marston Moor on 2 July 1644. Rupert promptly commandeered most of Montrose's men to make up his own fallen numbers. Montrose decided to go to Scotland incognito, with only two allies, Sir William Rollo, and Sir James Sibbart. On the journey through his own country, Scotland, where he was now an outlaw, he learned of McColla's arrival, and raced to meet him. McColla and O'Cahan united with Montrose on the Mull of Kintyre on 29 August 1644. The alliance proved to be a formidable one. They fought a string of major victories and many smaller skirmishes through the heart of Scotland in what became known as their 'Year of Glory'. (1644–1645) O'Cahan led an entire division of men on MacColla's behalf throughout the Montrose campaigns. He remains mostly an illusive figure in the history books. The first victory came at Tippermuir, on 1 September 1644, the next, at Aberdeen, on 13 September 1644, was more controversial in that the Royalists, including O'Cahan's men were involved in the massacre of hundreds of unarmed civilians throughout the city. Montrose wanted to expand his forces and march south, to England to help the King, who was by this time faring badly as Cromwell's New Model Army grew in strength. The bulk of the Scottish Covenant army was also now fighting for Parliament in England. However, the successes Montrose and McColla had in battle made the Covenanters withdraw more and more men from England to fight the war on home soil. McColla, and the Scottish Highlanders who served with him alongside O'Cahan's Irishry had little interest in England, as they had their feud with the Campbells to address. The Highland warriors, who came to their aid frequently left the battlefields to take their spoils of war home, so they often vanished for months on end, though most did return. The Scottish soldiers who served Montrose constantly drew him back from his planned advances on the English border to have another charge against the forces of the Earl of Argyll, leader of the Campbell Clan. McColla was more loyal to Montrose, but he often had to separate from him to go and help recruit more men as the army's numbers waned. While McColla was away, O'Cahan usually stayed with Montrose, with whom he became a powerful ally. O'Cahan did briefly travel to Ulster on a mission to try to get more recruits there, but returned unsuccesfiully. It was when McColla was away on such a recruitment drive on 21 October 1644 that Montrose and O'Cahan and their men found themselves pinned down at Fyvie Castle by Argyll's forces. O'Cahan led a daring night raid into the Campbell lines to break the siege. The Campbells fled and O'Cahan was able to grab the powder supplies abandoned by the deserters. He jokingly told Montrose "We must at them again, for the rogues have forgot to leave the bullets with the powder." It is one of the few direct quotations the history books record from him. McColla returned soon after the battle at Fyvie with a strong battle plan of his own that Montrose regarded as impossible. McColla had raised a formidable body of Scottish Highlanders all of who felt a desire to crush the Campbell Clan once and for all. They were predominantly Macdonald allies like the Clan Ranald. McColla proposed a raid through the heartland of Campbell owned estates, in effect the complete destruction of Argyllshire. The assault was to culminate in a near suicidal daring march on Argyll's personal estate at Inverlochy, which had a historic reputation for being impossible to capture. The march on Inverlochy was made, despite Montrose's reservations, though he went along. Argyllshire was indeed razed. The hundreds of square miles covered were more remarkable for the march-taking place in the winter blizzards of early 1645, when even the sea off the coast of Scotland froze. The culminating attack, and massacre of Campbells at Inverlochy on 2 February 1645 was made after a two-day march over the foothills of Ben Nevis. Argyll himself abandoned his men and sailed away on his personal galley to save his own skin. Inverlochy was MacColla and O'Cahan's greatest moment. It is recorded that O'Cahan personally drew first blood. Few Campbells were allowed to live of those captured there. The year of glory was now past its peak. Montrose became increasingly overconfident and he began to make tactical blunders. He also wrote letters claiming that the victories were all his own doing, rather than also the work of his Scots-Irish allies. Montrose now had support from Royalist cavalry horse divisions supplied by the Gordon's Clan, and he barely spoke to the men who had served him all along on foot any more. On 9 May 1645 came the debacle at Auldearn. Many early historians regard Auldearn as Montrose's supreme achievement and a carefully planned battle. In fact, it was a fiasco, where only luck and the bravery of the Scots–Irish forces saved the day. Montrose had led his men after Covenanters who were seeking reinforcements in Inverness. Failing to catch up with them in time, Montrose camped his men at Auldearn, as he didn't expect the enemy to have time to launch an immediate counter-attack too soon. In fact, the Covenanters marched all night to be able to attack the Royalists at first light at Auldearn. Only Covenant musketeers cleaning their guns by firing them created enough noise to be able to warn MacColla's men in time. Montrose had spread his men over a wide area rather than grouping them together. While McColla and O'Cahan held off the attack, Montrose desperately raced around trying to raise the rest of the camp. The traditional version of Auldearn is that Montrose hid his main army in a hollow and set up McColla, and O'Cahan as a false front and a decoy target before closing in with a brilliant pincer movement to trap the enemy. In Fact, Montrose was caught completely off guard. MacColla's defence was much more desperate and heroic than has been claimed. Fortunately, modern accounts have re-evaluated the battle, even to the detriment of Montrose. The Scots-Irish brigades fought ruthlessly. When a few of the Gordon's Clan who helped them started to panic, McColla personally killed them to prevent their panic causing the desertion of the rest of their clan. One of MacColla's men fought on despite taking a pike through his mouth from one cheek to the other, narrowly missing his tongue. Montrose only arrived with reinforcements when he had woken and rounded up his widely scattered forces, and finally the day was saved. Montrose had not hidden his army in a hollow ready to affect a spectacular ambush. There were only two major Royalist victories to come in the Year of Glory now. The Royalists won a resounding victory on 2 July 1645 at Alford. They followed this up with a greater victory on 15 August 1645 at Kilsyth, in effect rendering the Covenant forces of the Earl of Argyll useless. Montrose was now ready to head south through Lowland Scotland and into England, but many of his allies deserted him as they had little interest in such non-Scottish campaigning. McColla is often accused of being among the deserters, but it is more likely that he left Montrose's side to go out recruiting more men for the cause as he had done several times before. This time, he would be too late. O'Cahan stayed with Montrose as he started to prepare for the advance to the Scottish-English border. Unfortunately, the increasing collapse of the main Royalist forces in England meant that more Scots could now be sent back to help capture Montrose and his allies in Scotland. David Leslie, a leading highly experienced soldier and Covenanter, attacked O'Cahan's men as they were just waking up at an encampment in Philiphaugh (near to the site of today's Selkirk Rugby football club ) on 13 September 1645. It was one year to the day after the Aberdeen massacre. O'Cahan's forces and those of the other Irish divisions who had stayed with Montrose, found themselves under severe surprise attack and hopelessly outnumbered. Within hours they were reduced to less than five hundred men, but they fought on valiantly. Montrose, who had camped separately from the Irish, tried to fight his way to their aid, but he was forced back and eventually fled for his life. Many were offended by this desertion, but he may have been advised to do it by the men accompanying him. David Leslie offered O'Cahan terms of surrender. If his men laid down their arms and agreed to leave Scotland forever, they would be allowed to go free. O'Cahan agreed to this, but Leslie had the now unarmed Irish captured, and O'Cahan witnessed the execution of virtually his entire army. The women and children who had followed his forces were also brutally executed, many by drowning in the rivers around Philipaugh. Colonels O'Cahan, and Thomas Laghtnan were taken to Edinburgh Castle and hanged from the South Wall there without a trial. McColla (his father Colkitto now freed under prisoner exchange arrangements) and Montrose, fought on, independently of one another. They never met again. In his late seventies Colkitto retook the Isle of Islay, only to be captured on 1 July 1647. He was executed soon afterwards but the exact date of this is unknown. McColla returned to Ireland where the rebellion continued. McColla fought and died on 13 November 1647 at the Battle of Knocknanuss. Montrose fought on in Scotland until the King was captured and ordered a general Royalist cease-fire. The victorious Covenanters now forced Montrose into exile. He moved through Europe, and later led an attack on the Covenanters on behalf of King Charles II, using an inexperienced army of Danish and Scandinavian mercenaries. He was defeated at Carbisdale, in Scotland on 27 April 1650. Captured a few days later, Montrose was tried and executed in Edinburgh on 30 April 1650.

"2Shy" is the sixth episode of the third season of the American science fiction television series "The X-Files". It premiered on the Fox network on November 3, 1995. It was written by Jeff Vlaming, directed by David Nutter, and featured guest appearances by Timothy Carhart and James Handy. The episode is a "Monster-of-the-Week" story, a stand-alone plot which is unconnected to the series' wider mythology. The show centers on FBI special agents Fox Mulder (David Duchovny) and Dana Scully (Gillian Anderson) who work on cases linked to the paranormal, called X-Files. In this episode, Mulder and Scully investigate a spate of "lonely hearts" murders targeting overweight women. The two eventually discover a mutant killer who is extracting the body fat from his victims after seducing them over online chat rooms. The episode was the first one of the series to be written by Vlaming. "2Shy" also marked Steve Kiziak's first appearance as Duchovny's body double. The episode was viewed by almost people in its initial broadcast, and drew mixed reviews from critics. Although director Nutter based the gory scenes in "2Shy" on the earlier episode "The Host", the episode has drawn comparisons to "Squeeze" and "Irresistible". In Cleveland, a couple sit flirting in a car at night, having met over the internet. The man, the charismatic and handsome Virgil Incanto (Timothy Carhart), suffocates his overweight date, Lauren, with a gelatinous substance he spits up. The next morning, a policeman finds Lauren's body, covered in the substance. Fox Mulder (David Duchovny) and Dana Scully (Gillian Anderson) are called in to investigate, as the victim's description seems similar to those of other victims of a lonely hearts killer still at large. Scully attempts to perform an autopsy on Lauren's body, only to find that it has liquified with only a skeleton remaining. Scully later discerns that the substance coating the body was a concentrated digestive enzyme, and that the remains are lacking in body fat. Incanto prowls an online chatroom, arranging to meet with a similarly overweight woman named Ellen Kaminsky (Catherine Paolone). Incanto is interrupted by his landlord Monica Landis, who believes he is a writer and who is romantically interested in him. He ignores her and resumes chatting. Elsewhere, Mulder learns that Lauren met a man in a chatroom, and researches Incanto's online accounts. They find that he had started one account using a credit card taken from a previous victim. Kaminsky stands up Incanto while he waits at a restaurant. He leaves, murdering a slightly overweight prostitute who injures him in a struggle. Incanto is forced to flee before he can fully dissolve the body. At the autopsy, Scully finds that the body's airways are choked with the same substance that dissolved Lauren. The State Genetic Lab report reveals that the skin under the victim's nails contains no oils or fatty acids, convincing Mulder that the killer is sucking body fat from his victims. Mulder finds passages of obscure medieval poetry in Incanto's e-mails, and compiles a list of people who would have access to the texts from which these were taken. The agents, along with local detective Alan Cross (James Handy), agree to canvass everyone on the list. Meanwhile, Incanto, a translator of medieval Italian literature, receives a package while talking to Monica and her blind daughter, Jessie. He receives an e-mail from Kaminsky, asking to arrange another date; he is also questioned by Cross. Returning home with Kaminsky, Incanto invites her inside, but quickly retracts his invitation when he sees the lights on in his apartment. After leaving Kaminsky, Incanto finds and kills Monica in his apartment after she discovers Cross' body in his bathtub. When Jessie asks Incanto about her mother's whereabouts, he denies seeing her. However, Jessie smells her mother's perfume in Incanto's apartment and calls the police. When they arrive, Incanto is gone, but his computer gives a list of women he has been in contact with. After trying to contact each woman in the given list, only two are unreachable, one being Kaminsky. After Incanto comes to Kaminsky's apartment, she recognizes his facial composite distributed by the FBI. The agents arrive but after Mulder leaves in pursuit of who he believes to be Incanto, Scully is attacked by Incanto, who is still in the apartment; however, as they struggle, Kaminsky retrieves Scully's gun and fires on her attacker. Later, during questioning, a visibly weakened and deformed Incanto admits to the killings. He claims to have given his victims what they had wanted in return for what he needed (the fatty acids to keep his skin condition under control). Incanto states "the dead are no longer lonely". "2Shy" was written by Jeff Vlaming, who had previously worked for the series "Weird Science". Vlaming's only other writing credit for the series was the later third season episode "Hell Money". He had initially pitched the idea of a mutant who fed on body oils, which was eventually changed to body fats. The presentation of the character Virgil Incanto also went through several permutations, initially conceived as a creepy "Phantom of the Opera"-like recluse, and as a butcher who would be able to cut the fat from his victims, before the final "fairly normal-looking" version was decided upon. Director David Nutter made sure that the episode contained several visceral moments, after the popularity of the "Flukeman" character in the earlier episode "The Host". Frank Spotnitz, the series' story editor, was initially wary of the concept as he felt it might be seen as offensive, but changed his mind when series creator Chris Carter convinced him the episode told "a good story", and was a "fun, old-fashioned sort of X-File". The episode was primarily filmed in Vancouver's Quebec Street, with two nearby apartment buildings used for interior shots. "2Shy" marked the début of Steve Kiziak as Duchovny's new body double. While filming a scene in which Mulder bursts through a door, Kiziak and the other body doubles mistakenly burst through the wrong apartment's door, interrupting the tenant's dinner party. Kerry Sandomirsky, who portrays Ellen Kaminsky's friend Joanne, had previously appeared in the first season episode "Roland", while Incanto's landlord was played by Glynis Davies, who had appeared in season one's "Tooms" and the second season episode "Irresistible". "2Shy" premiered on the Fox network on , and was first broadcast in the United Kingdom on BBC Two on . The episode earned a Nielsen household rating of 10.1 with a 17 share, meaning that roughly of all television-equipped households, and of households watching TV, were tuned in to the episode. The episode was viewed by over 14.83 million viewers. Zack Handlen, writing for "The A.V. Club", had mixed feelings about the episode, ultimately rating it a B-. He felt that the character of Virgil Incanto was "wonderfully gross", although he "lacks the universal creepiness" of first season villain Eugene Tooms, from the episode "Squeeze". Handlen also felt that the episode was let down by the fact that it "takes it as a given that single women are targets", failing to give any real depth to its female characters. An overview of the third season in "Entertainment Weekly" also rated the episode a B-, and called Incanto a "fine example" of the series' "unassuming" villains, comparing him to Tooms and to the second season villain Donnie Pfaster. Robert Shearman and Lars Pearson, in their book "Wanting to Believe: A Critical Guide to The X-Files, Millennium & The Lone Gunmen", rated the episode three stars out of five, calling it "a retread of Squeeze" and "a little too formulaic to be truly satisfying". However, Shearman and Pearson felt that the episode "has a heart to it" and "jogs along at a fair pace", also praising its gory visuals. "TV Guide" listed Incanto among the scariest "X-Files" monsters, whilst UGO Networks listed the character as one of their best "Monster-of-the-Week" in the series, saying Scully's "pure revulsion at Incanto's instinctual need makes for one of "The X-Files" finest final scenes".

There were several proposals to build a new stadium for the San Diego Chargers of the National Football League (NFL), replacing Qualcomm Stadium as the franchise's home venue. The team and city both attempted to bring business partners in on a proposed $800 million project, which was supposed to be located in the parking lot of the current stadium and include upgrades to the area and infrastructure, but all efforts failed. In August 2016, it was announced that the Citizens’ Initiative for the Chargers' stadium was officially named Ballot Measure C. In the wake of a decisive defeat at the ballot for stadium public funding 57%-43% during the 2016 United States elections, the Chargers announced in January 2017 their intention to relocate to Los Angeles, joining the Rams, who had also relocated from St. Louis the previous year. Both teams will share the Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park after its construction finishes in 2019, marking the first time since 1960 that the two teams will play again together in the same city and stadium. The San Diego Stadium Coalition, a grassroots community organization formed in January 2009 with the singular objective of facilitating the development of a new stadium in San Diego County. Citing the economic benefits of constructing a new stadium and a desire to keep the San Diego Chargers in the region, they worked with taxpayers groups, developers, politicians and the Chargers to move the stadium effort forward. By leveraging social networking sites such as Facebook and Twitter along with traditional media outlets and interactive public forums, they amassed a sizeable following in a brief amount of time. Their website served as the hub for their effort. The cost of stadium construction would have been financed by the Chargers, who would have paid for construction with the profits of an adjoining development. The team would require a large tract of land either for free or at nominal cost to make the project economically feasible. Based on the site that is selected, the adjoining development would be a combination of commercial, residential and retail uses. Based on the site chosen, the Chargers would have largely relied on mass transit to take fans to and from the stadium on game days since it is unlikely that any of the proposed sites would have provided enough land for a stadium, real estate development and surface-level parking lots. A proposed golf course site in Oceanside, for example, is approximately 71 acres (see below), less than half the size of the Qualcomm site () that was initially proposed by the Chargers. Plus the necessary widening of I-5 will not begin until at least 2020 according to Caltrans. The proposed National City site was west of Interstate 5 and south of Bay Marina Drive, located east of the 24th Street Marine Terminal. The Port of San Diego studied the dimensions of the site and come to the conclusion that a stadium could be built on the site without disturbing the Port's mission to promote maritime jobs and commerce. Any potential development proposal would have required the Port's approval. Planning discussions were discussed among the Port, National City and waterfront businesses to reconfigure the layout of the site to make it more efficient with or without a stadium. National City officials believed the benefit of a new stadium would spur new developments around it, generating tax dollars while also boosting the city's profile. On May 12, 2007, National City dropped its new stadium proposal, citing problems with land ownership. There were three notable proposals for Downtown San Diego. The first and most notable was the plan by Doug Manchester to replace the 10th Avenue Marine Terminal with a stadium complex. An alternative to the 10th Avenue site was to place the stadium on the waterfront behind the San Diego Convention Center. Finally the East Village was recently proposed by the Chargers due to less legal concerns from local Environmental Activists. This proposal was by far the most ambitious. Local philanthropist and real estate developer Doug Manchester proposed building the new stadium on the site of the 10th Avenue Marine Terminal. This was opposed by Port Commissioners at the Port of San Diego and the idea never publicly passed the preliminary design phase. One proposed plan, known as the Phase 4 Expansion, would have put the stadium on the waterfront behind the San Diego Convention Center. This would have allowed for the Phase 3 expansion of the Convention Center to continue. The facility could have to be used during major events, such as Comic Con, the San Diego Auto Show or other major events. The new stadium would have also allowed for San Diego to host the Super Bowl again and it would have given the city the option of applying to host the 2028 or 2032 Summer Olympics. The Chargers' current Convadium design would fit in this proposed location if the East Village site is not selected. The Chargers had talks with the City of San Diego regarding a site south of Petco Park in the East Village Area of Downtown San Diego. Although this site had been seen as the most viable option, few if any steps had taken place. Coupled with the NFL labor situation, lack of funds through the NFL G3 Program and California Gov. Jerry Brown's proposals for the review of redevelopment funds in the state the Downtown Proposal was left in limbo. Former mayor Jerry Sanders explored numerous options to build the stadium in the East Village. Making the project a part of the convention center's expansion had been one option. On February 23, 2016, the Chargers announced that they were focusing efforts on Downtown San Diego for a multi-use stadium/convention center in addition to a citizen's initiative that would include a stadium. The Oceanside City Council agreed to have talks with the Chargers about building a stadium in Oceanside. The Center City Golf Course, also known as "Goat Hill", was under consideration as a possible stadium location. The golf course site is northeast of the Interstate 5/Oceanside Boulevard interchange. The city owns an adjoining to the north of the golf course, which would have provided a development footprint of more than . The site also offered easy access to two major freeways as well as two passenger rail lines. Oceanside also had an advantage considering that 8,800 of the team's season ticket holders already came from North County, 8,500 were from Orange and Riverside counties, and 4,500 come from outside the state. A stadium built at this site was seen as having the ability to attract more fans from Orange County, Riverside County, and Los Angeles. There were problems with the site if the Chargers chose to build the stadium there. The golf course is zoned parkland, and voters would have had to approve a zoning change for a stadium to be built. Also some believe that the stadium, if it was built, has the possibility of causing traffic and environmental issues to the area, especially during game days. The Chargers acknowledged that the golf course site may not have been large enough to sustain a development profitable enough to offset the cost of stadium construction. In that case, they would have sought to obtain additional real estate in Oceanside or elsewhere in San Diego County to further develop. Chula Vista officials discussed multiple sites where the Chargers can build a stadium. Two privately owned sites on the city's east side and two near the waterfront. ***LIST***. The mayor of Chula Vista suggested that a stadium deal could have involved the team being re-branded as the "Chula Vista Chargers". The team's spokesman did not completely reject the notion, but indicated that such a condition would only have been considered if the stadium was entirely publicly financed. On April 21, 2016, the Chargers unveiled renderings of a stadium/convention center adjacent to Petco Park. On April 23, 2016, the San Diego Chargers launched their initiative effort with a rally in Downtown with an estimated 4,000 people attending; among the people who attended this event for Chargers chairman Dean Spanos, NFL Commissioner Roger Goodell, quarterback Philip Rivers, former running back Ladainian Tomlinson, and coach Mike McCoy. On June 10, 2016, the Chargers announced that they had collected 110,786 signatures, enough to put the stadium proposal on the ballot in November; these signatures however needed verification. On July 9, 2016, San Diego City Clerk Liz Maland announced that the downtown stadium initiative has secured enough valid signatures to be on the November 2016 ballot. On July 18, 2016, the San Diego City Council voted to allow both the Chargers stadium plan and the Citizens Plan on the November ballot. In August 2016, it was announced that the Citizens’ Initiative sponsored by the Chargers was officially named Ballot Measure C. The ballot measure went on to a decisive defeat at the polls 57%-43%. The initiative set the stadium in the Tailgate Park space, across the street from the Padres stadium in downtown San Diego. Measure D, also known as the Briggs Initiative, was an alternative measure to Measure C and was written by Cory Briggs, a public-interest attorney. Ballot Measure D would have permit the Chargers to build a stadium in either downtown or Mission Valley. It would have required another vote if it used public funds. The measure would have raised San Diego's tax on hotel stays from 12.5 percent to 15.5 percent (14 percent for small hotels). Ballot Measure D was not sponsored by the Chargers. It was opposed by the San Diego County Taxpayers Association and the San Diego Tourism Authority. It was favored by the San Diego Regional Chamber of Commerce, as well as San Diego Representative Scott Peters, the Building Trades Council, and a fan group known as the San Diego Stadium Coalition. On July 28, 2016, the San Diego Regional Chamber of Commerce endorsed the Chargers’ downtown stadium ballot measure. Chairman of the Chargers Dean Spanos hired several private consultants, including Robin Hunden, an economic development expert, to analyze the plan. Their preliminary results showed that a new stadium would have supplied an estimated additional 200,000 visitors yearly for conventions. The analysis stated their surveys showed that raising the hotel tax from its current 12.5 percent up to 16.5 percent would not have caused harm to the tourism economy, countering claims laid by the opposition that the additional tax would have caused fewer tourists to come to San Diego. Voice of San Diego reported on March 11, 2015, that a new Chargers' stadium would likely not make San Diego money, citing that the city still owed millions in tax dollars for the renovations to Chargers' Qualcomm Stadium repairs from 1997, and is currently paying about $12 million yearly for Qualcomm. The article stated that San Diego taxpayers subsidize Qualcomm stadium with over $10 million a year because the Chargers and other stadium events didn’t generate enough revenue to cover costs. Qualcomm stadium also cost taxpayers almost $2 million each year for police and fire services at Chargers games, as well as repairs to the stadium, costs which were not compensated for by the Chargers. On May 31, 2016, the American Institute of Architects San Diego wrote an article in opposition to a downtown stadium for the Chargers, because of "significant, unanswered questions about potential cost overruns and environmental impacts that may cost San Diego taxpayers hundreds of millions of dollars." The “No Downtown Stadium – Jobs and Streets First” coalition was formed in June 2016. They announced they were opposed to the Citizens' Initiative and published several opinion pieces in local newspapers. The coalition defined their central idea as, "We should not raise taxes to build a stadium and subsidize a billion-dollar corporation, especially when we have so many needs in San Diego, including street repairs. Additionally, this tax measure puts our economy and tourism jobs at risk, and it threatens an important revenue source the City relies on to pay for street repairs, 911 dispatchers, libraries and other neighborhood services. All this to help a billionaire build a new workspace for millionaires." The No Downtown Stadium group said the project would have created less property tax revenue and new jobs than alternative developments such as offices or housing, and would ultimately have cost the city money. On July 28, 2016, Ted Molter, the Tourism Authority chairman, expressed in a statement that Comic-Con officials were opposed to the stadium proposal because the site was located on a different site than the convention center. He also said that the new hotel tax would have made San Diego have one of the highest hotel tax rates in the nation. On July 29, 2016, the “East Village South Focus Plan” was released by a group of volunteer architects and planners as an alternative to the stadium in the Tailgate Park space. Estimated to generate $55.2 million in annual taxes and create 5,590 permanent jobs, The released plan includes 4.5 million square feet of development, including housing, offices, restaurants, parks, plazas and a convention annex or arena. The cost of the plan is estimated at $1.8 billion, which is about the same as was the estimated cost for the stadium. On August 8, 2016, Chris Cate, a San Diego Council member, said in a segment for NBC 7 San Diego that if the Chargers built the stadium at Tailgate Park that the city would have had to build new Padres parking. The chairman of the group which owns the San Diego Padres, Ron Fowler, noted that a new stadium at Tailgate Park would have forced San Diego to spend millions of tax dollars on new parking for the Padres. It had been estimated that the additional parking for the Padres would have cost $75 million on top of the Chargers' proposal. Fowler also stated that Ballot Measure C would break a city sign ordinance because it would allow large digital billboards to be erected outside the stadium, lighting up East Village with light from the billboards until 2 a.m. each day. Some local residents are concerned it would be across the street from the San Diego Central Library. Some critics believed building the stadium would have put San Diego in risk of losing Comic Con because the proposed site would have been more than half a mile away from the convention center. Comic Con officials claimed the large separation made the stadium unusable to Comic Con, and believed there needed to be a contiguous expansion of the convention center. John Rogers, Comic-Con board president, wrote a message in the convention’s souvenir book that they were opposed to any expansion that wasn't contiguous with the current convention center. On August 15, 2016, the Public Resources Advisory Group published an independent report which estimated the stadium plan would have required a public contribution of $2.3 billion over 30 years, which was more than twice as much as the estimate of $1.1 billion by the Chargers. A Chicago-based consulting firm, HVS Convention, Sports & Entertainment Facilities Consulting, released a study saying that despite claims by the Chargers, the stadium would only generate about $2.3 million extra in additional hotel tax revenue each year, but estimated the annual public costs would be $67 million for the operation and constructions of the project. They also stated that attempts in other cities to combine a convention center with a football stadium have largely failed, citing Indianapolis, St. Louis and Atlanta. On August 21, 2016, the San Diego County Taxpayers Association announced its opposition to Ballot Measure C. The association claimed the project could cost the city at least $400 million and probably more, and the city would likely have to pay the difference using the general fund. Cory Briggs, the attorney who authored the Citizens’ Plan, stated that Ballot Measure C did not create a new special tax on San Diegans, and therefore required only a simple majority of votes for the measure to be approved. San Diego City Attorney Jan Goldsmith publicly announced on August 5, 2016, that since it allocated taxes towards a specific project, instead of a general fund, that Ballot Measure C was a new special tax on San Diego, and would need a 2/3 majority of votes to pass. In August 2016, the Chargers purchased Facebook ads targeted towards Chris Cate, a Republican City Council member, for his opposition to Ballot Measure C. The ad gave Cate's office phone number accompanied by the text, “Why does Chris Cate want the Chargers to leave San Diego? Please call and ask him.” In a statement, Cate said his office received approximately 200 calls in response to the ad. He claimed that many of the calls were polite, "some that were belligerent" and "one threat that was referred to the police." Cate said he's a Chargers fan, but "I just think this is a bad deal for the city and San Diegans.” After a failed bid with the Oakland Raiders to build a Stadium in Carson, California in January 2016 the Chargers received the first option to relocate to Los Angeles and share the winning bid (the Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park) with the Los Angeles Rams, conditioned on a negotiated lease agreement between the two teams. The option If not taken by the Chargers would have expired on January 15, 2017, at which time the Oakland Raiders would have acquired the same option. On January 29, 2016, the Rams and Chargers came to an agreement in principle to share the stadium. The Chargers would contribute a $200 million stadium loan from the NFL and personal seat license fees to the construction costs and would pay $1 per year in rent to the Rams. After the failure of the ballot options and getting an extension of the Los Angeles option until January 17, on January 12, 2017, Dean Spanos, chairman and owner of the Chargers, stated in an open letter that the team would relocate to Los Angeles. Simultaneously, the team's social media dropped 'San Diego' and was updated to 'Los Angeles Chargers'. A new marketing logo using the iconic 'LA' symbol used by the Los Angeles Dodgers was also debuted. The team moved to StubHub Center and will play there for the 2017 and 2018 NFL seasons until the new Los Angeles stadium is complete. After the Chargers relocated it was reported that the NFL was prepared to go to lengths to keep the Chargers in San Diego, One of the options included Rams owner Stan Kroenke sending money (possibly over a series of years) to help the Chargers build a stadium in San Diego in an attempt to keep Los Angeles a one-team town all to himself, However Spanos used his Los Angeles option before the league could act and the money offered may not have been enough to build a new San Diego stadium anyway.

Alan Stuart Lowenthal (born March 8, 1941) is an American politician who has been the United States Representative for California's 47th congressional district since 2013. A member of the Democratic Party, he previously served in the California State Assembly from 1998 to 2004, representing the 54th Assembly district, and then as a member of the California State Senate, representing the 27th district from 2004 to 2012. In both posts, he represented the city of Long Beach and its surrounding suburbs. Lowenthal was born and raised in Queens, New York City. His family is Jewish. He graduated with a B.A. from Hobart College and earned a Ph.D. from Ohio State University. In 1969, Lowenthal moved to Long Beach and became a professor of community psychology at California State University, Long Beach. He went on leave to become a Long Beach City Councilman in 1992. He remained on leave for several years until retiring in 1998. In 1998, Lowenthal decided to run for the 54th district of the California State Assembly. He defeated Republican nominee Julie Alban 50%-47%. In 2000, he won re-election to a second term defeating Republican nominee Rudy Svorinich, a Los Angeles City Council member, 59%-39%. In 2002, he won re-election to a third term defeating Republican nominee Cesar Castellanos, 60%-40%. In the Assembly, Lowenthal authored gun control in California that would ban gun selling in people's homes. He was also a founding member of the Assembly's Bipartisan Caucus and authored legislation for the creation of California’s first ever Bipartisan Citizens Redistricting Commission. Senator Lowenthal was named Legislator of the Year by the California Firefighters Association in 2002 after he passed a law that limited liability for organizations that donated firefighting equipment. The League of California Cities named him Legislator of the Year in 2001 due to his advocacy on behalf of local governments. He has also received the "Rivie" Award from the Friends of the Los Angeles River due to his efforts to help clean up the troubled river. In 2004, he decided to run for the California Senate in the 27th Senate district. He won the Democratic primary unopposed. In the general election, he defeated Republican nominee Cesar Navarro Castellanos 63%-37%. In 2008, he won re-election to a second term, defeating Allen Wood 67%-33%. The 27th District includes the Los Angeles County communities of Avalon, Long Beach, Signal Hill, Lakewood, Cerritos, Artesia, Bellflower, Downey, South Gate, Lynwood, Paramount, Hawaiian Gardens, Florence-Graham and Willowbrook. Other legislation that Senator Lowenthal has had signed into law include a law to reduce diesel emissions at the ports by limiting idling time for trucks conducting transactions at the ports, a bill that established a grant program to provide financial incentives for purchasing or leasing electric vehicles, and a bill to protect highways. With Bonnie Lowenthal's election to the Assembly and Alan Lowenthal's reelection in 2008, Senator and Assemblywoman Lowenthal were the first divorced husband and wife to serve concurrently in the California State Legislature. Lowenthal provided significant commentary throughout the documentary "Who Killed the Electric Car? On November 6, 2012, Lowenthal was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives from the newly created 47th District after defeating Republican Gary DeLong. Although DeLong carried the Orange County portion of the district with 54 percent of the vote, Lowenthal swamped him in the Los Angeles County portion by over 38,000 votes, more than the actual margin of 30,100 votes. He took office on January 3, 2013. He is the first non-Hispanic Democrat to represent a significant portion of traditionally heavily Republican Orange County in Congress since Jerry M. Patterson, who served from 1975 to 1985. In much of the Orange County portion of the district, he is the only elected white Democrat above the county level. However, the Los Angeles County portion has more than double the population of the Orange County portion. Lowenthal was reelected in 2014 by a similar margin. He is married to Deborah Malumed, MD. His son Daniel is an elected judge to the Los Angeles County Superior Court.

Provincial elections were held in the Netherlands, on March 7, 2007. The election also determined the members of the Senate, since the 564 members of the twelve States-Provincial elect its 75 members. This election took place on May 29, 2007. Only a few weeks before the provincial elections, a new cabinet has been installed, the fourth Balkenende cabinet, consisting of the CDA, PvdA and CU. The provincial elections will be the first test for this new cabinet. Since the provincial councils elect the members of the Senate, it is possible that the CDA, PvdA and CU will not obtain a majority in the Senate. Since the members of the Senate can reject new laws, the outcome of the provincial elections can seriously hamper the strength of the new cabinet. In recent years, the turnout for provincial elections were low, this year was no different. On 13:00, only 14% of the 12.1 million eligible voters had cast a vote. On 16:00, about 25% had cast a vote; of the larger cities, The Hague was on the low side with less than 20%, and Groningen at the high side with 29%. The Socialist Party (SP), ChristianUnion (CU) and Party for the Animals showed the largest gains, all continuing their successful spell from the 2006 general election. The CDA, PvdA, D66, the LPF and SGP showed the largest losses, while the VVD and GreenLeft only had a marginal loss. The current government of CDA, PvdA and CU are expected to hold on to a majority in the Senate (elections to be held in May), with 41 out of the 75 seats. Geert Wilders had already announced in January 2007 that his Party for Freedom would not take part in the elections, since it had not succeeded to be able to participate in all provinces. One important factor in comparing the 2003 and 2007 results is the fact that the number of members of each provincial legislature was lowered, from a maximum 73 to a maximum 55.

Manor St. George or St. George's Manor was a large tract of land purchased by William "Tangier" Smith in the 17th century on Long Island, in central Suffolk County, New York. Parts of the original parcel, which was approximately of land, are preserved in bits and pieces: 127 acres (0.51 km²) and the main house and buildings are called the Manor of St. George and located in Shirley; 35 acres (0.14 km²) and another house are called the Longwood Estate and located in Ridge; and 35 acres (0.14 km²) became part of the William Floyd Estate. The Museum Manor of St. George is in a testamentary trust set up underneath the last will and testament of the late Eugenie A.T. Smith. The management of the manor rest with the trustees. The purpose of the private trust is to promote the Smith family history dating back to 1683. The Longwood Estate (sometimes called the "Smith Estate") is maintained by the Town of Brookhaven, and the Floyd Estate is maintained by the National Park Service. The hamlet of Manorville also derives its name from Manor St. George. Manor St. George originally stretched from Carman's River (then called the Connecticut River) in the west to the edge of Southampton Town in the east, and from the Atlantic Ocean in the south to around present-day New York State Route 25 in the north . The patent for Manor St. George was granted to Col. William "Tangier" Smith in 1693 in recognition of Col. Smith's being mayor of Tangier in Africa. Further patents issuing more land were granted in 1697 and annexed to the first patent. Col. Smith already owned a homestead in Setauket, New York, and it was from there that he administered his land early on. An additional patent was also issued to Col. Smith in 1697, the Moriches Patent, but not annexed to Manor St. George. In time, the northwestern section of the estate was known as "the Swamp" or "Longswamp." On Col. Wm. "Tangier" Smith's death in 1705, the Setauket estate was inherited by his eldest surviving son, Col. Henry Smith, and Manor St. George was inherited by another son, Major William Henry Smith, who built the manor seat on Mastic Neck. In or around 1718, of the estate on the eastern side of Mastic Neck were acquired by Richard Floyd, who gave it to his son Nicoll. In 1755 the Floyd Estate was given to son William Floyd, a signer of the Declaration of Independence. On Major William Henry Smith's death in 1743, his son Judge William Smith inherited Manor St. George. "See also Battle of Fort St. George, for more information" During the American Revolution, British soldiers occupied the manor house on Mastic Neck and built a fort there. It is possible that Judge Smith, a patriot, fled to Longswamp during the occupation, but this is not documented. In 1780, Major Benjamin Tallmadge landed his dragoons at Cedar Beach in Mt. Sinai on the north shore of Long Island and led them on a march to the manor. The raid began around 4 a.m., and the Americans under Tallmadge captured the fort relatively quickly. A few British soldiers were killed, but the Americans lost none. Major Tallmadge's march, a twenty-mile (32 km) journey, is survived in the form of the Tallmadge Trail. After the Revolutionary War, the Smith family returned to the Manor. Also, Judge Smith had a house built for his son, Gen. John Smith, in Longswamp. Gen. Smith decided not to move into the new house, though, staying at Manor St. George. Longswamp was given to Judge Smith's seventh son, William, in 1790. On July 8, 1817, Longswamp was handed down to William Smith's son, William Sydney Smith, who changed the name to "Longwood". Throughout the following time, Manor St. George and Longwood would be divided many times as parts were sold and parts were divided amongst children of the Smiths. In 1955, Manor St. George was set up in a testamentary trust by Eugenie Annie Tangier Smith. In the same year, the Longwood Estate was given to Elbert "Burt" Clayton Smith of Berkeley, California who moved his family to the estate immediately. Burt Smith donated 51 acres (0.21 km²) of the estate to the local board of education to build Longwood High School, to Middle Island Presbyterian Church (which moved to the plot in Ridge, but kept "Middle Island" in the title), to St. Mark's Lutheran Church (which no longer exists), and several acres to Suffolk County for the greenbelt. When Burt Smith died in 1967, Longwood was bought by real estate developers and destined for destruction. After another real estate developer, Wilbur F. Breslin, proposed a huge residential, industrial, and commercial complex on the site, public outcry was enough that the house and 35 acres (0.14 km²) were donated to Brookhaven Town for preservation in 1974. The Museum Manor of St George is open to the public free of charge from May 1 to October 30. The Longwood Estate is used as parkland, open to the public, and contain a museum.

Originally the area of the district was part of Mueang Lampang District. In 1930 it was reassigned to Long District, Phrae Province. On 1 March 1939 the minor district ("king amphoe") Wang Chin was established as a subordinate of Long District, which was upgraded to a full district in 1958. Neighboring districts are (from the north clockwise) Long and Den Chai of Phrae Province, Si Satchanalai of Sukhothai Province, Thoen, Sop Prap, and Mae Tha of Lampang Province. The Phi Pan Nam Mountains dominate the landscape of the district. The Wiang Kosai National Park is in it. There are columnar basalt formations in Mon Hin Kong () in an area in the mountains near Na Phun, in this district. The district is divided into seven sub-districts ("tambon"), which are further subdivided into 77 villages ("muban"). Wang Chin is a township ("thesaban tambon") and covers parts of "tambon" Wang Chin. There are a further seven tambon administrative organizations (TAO).

Jacobus Wilhelmus "Co" Stompé (born 10 September 1962) is a former Dutch professional darts player. Stompé was nicknamed The Matchstick because of his almost bald head and very thin appearance making him look like a matchstick. He was also one of very few professionals who play in long-sleeved shirts. Stompé was born in Amsterdam, where, before turning professional, he was among other things a tram driver on tram line 14. For years Stompé was considered the second best Dutch darts player behind Raymond van Barneveld. After reaching the semi-finals of the 2000 BDO World Darts Championship, he dropped back behind a younger emerging Dutch group of players. Stompé came back to fame with the defeat of reigning BDO champion Jelle Klaasen in the first round of the 2007 BDO World Darts Championship. Towards the end of his BDO career, Stompé also acted as a darts commentator for Dutch commercial television station SBS6. On 11 June 2008 it was announced that Stompé had joined the Professional Darts Corporation circuit, and had to join the PDC rankings at 227. He made his PDC debut in the two PDPA Players Championship tournaments in Bristol. The first tournament started with a bye into the last 64, due to van Barneveld not taking part. He lost to Matt Clark. The next day saw him beat Tony Ayres and Peter Manley before losing in the last 32 stage to Kirk Shepherd. He then qualified for the 2008 Las Vegas Desert Classic but lost in the first round to Dennis Priestley. Stompé won the 2008 PDC German Darts Championship, beating Phil Taylor 4–2 in the final. Both players averaged well in excess of 100; Stompé averaged 107.28, while Taylor averaged 108.09. The win earned him a spot in the 2009 Grand Slam of Darts and also earned him a place in the 2009 PDC World Darts Championship qualifying through the Continental Europe Order of Merit. He originally qualified through Dutch broadcaster SBS6's wildcard place which then went to Remco van Eijden as a result. He defeated 2007 semi-finalist Andy Jenkins in the first round. He also defeated Alan Tabern, the ninth seed in the second round and his impressive form in the championship continued with a 4–0 win over eighth seed Wayne Mardle in the third round. The win set up a quarter final encounter with Taylor, losing 5–0. Stompé then qualified for the Desert Classic for the second successive year. He defeated Colin Osborne in the first round but lost in round two to Raymond van Barneveld. He then suffered first round losses in the World Matchplay to Adrian Lewis and in the European Championship to Gary Anderson and also went out at the group stage of the Grand Slam of Darts. His defence of the German Darts Championship ended in the last 32 with a loss to Ronnie Baxter. At the 2010 PDC World Darts Championship, Stompé defeated Steve Maish, Mervyn King and Mark Dudbridge to reach the quarter finals once more but was defeated by Mark Webster. He then reached the quarter finals of the 2010 World Matchplay, defeating Andy Hamilton and Mark Webster before losing to Raymond van Barneveld. On 18 October that year, Stompé broke into the PDC Top 16 for the first time, dropping out three weeks later. In December, he partnered van Barneveld in the Netherlands team which won the inaugural PDC World Cup of Darts. Later that month, Stompé was knocked out of the 2011 World Darts Championship in the first round, losing 1–3 to Peter Wright. Stompé comfortably beat Michael Smith 3–0 in the first round of the 2012 World Championship. He was bitten by a dog over the Christmas period and couldn't replicate the form he showed days earlier as he lost 1–4 in the second round to Terry Jenkins, hitting just 28% of his doubles. 2012 proved to be a disappointing year for Stompé as he could not reach a single quarter-final out of the 25 tournaments he played, with his best finishes being last 16 defeats in Pro Tour events. Stompé dropped out of the top 32 during 2012, but qualified for the 2013 World Championship by finishing fifth on the European Order of Merit, taking the first of four spots for non-qualified players. He lost 0–3 to Paul Nicholson in the first round. After the tournament he was world ranked number 40. Stompé lost 5–4 to Michael Mansell in the second round of the UK Open. He only played in four more events during the rest of the year with his final PDC tournament coming in September. Stompe returned to the BDO in 2014. He made his return to high-profile televised BDO tournaments at the Zuiderduin Masters. Co is married to his second wife Danielle. He proposed to her on stage after winning the WDF World Cup with the Netherlands. Stompé's son, also called Co (born 1991), plays on the PDC Youth Tour, and reached the final of an event in Crawley in May 2011. Stompe has "adopted" Portsmouth as his football team, due to the support he has received from fans.

On Wings of Song is a 1979 science fiction novel by Thomas M. Disch. It was first published as a serial in "The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction" in three installments in February to April 1979. Like Disch's previous novel "334", it is a bitter satire that depicts a near-future America falling into worsening economic and social crisis. Despite being critically well received, it was a commercial failure. "On Wings of Song" is the English title of the German Romantic poem "Auf Flügeln des Gesanges" by Heinrich Heine, which was set to music by Felix Mendelssohn. The lyric speaks of flying with a lover to a peaceful paradise in "the fields of the Ganges". The novel takes place in suburban Iowa and in New York City, around the middle of the 21st century. Its first section describes the childhood and adolescence of Daniel Weinreb, an imaginative boy who manages to adapt well to his conservative surroundings until a minor act of rebellion sends him to prison at age 14. Daniel's experience there makes him eager to leave the Midwest. After falling in love with the daughter of a powerful and reactionary local tycoon, he moves with her to New York, dreaming of becoming a musician and exploring the forbidden art of "flying"—electronically-assisted astral projection. Tragedy and exploitation leave Daniel's idealism in ruins, but he persists and becomes an internationally famous and controversial performer. Alongside this Bildungsroman storyline, the novel presents a detailed portrait of a future United States torn by economic hardship and culture war. The Midwestern Farm Belt states are ruled by a coalition of the Christian right, known as "undergoders" (a reference to the successful conservative campaign to add the words "under God" to the Pledge of Allegiance); the nominally secular government is socially repressive and business-friendly to an extreme. The coastal states more closely resemble present-day urban America, with generally permissive social attitudes and artistic ferment, but great economic inequality. The invention of "flying" (which has happened at some unspecified point prior to the beginning of the novel, and is never described in any technological detail) aggravates these cultural divisions. By using a device that seems to be based on biofeedback, while singing with particular verve (an action that, as Disch suggests, causes unique integration of brain activity), a practitioner can separate mind from body and roam the world as an invisible "fairy", able to travel almost without restriction and perceive hidden things. The undergoders regard this as a sinful and dangerous practice, so much so that they discourage musical performance of any kind; but in the coastal cities flying is a fad, so popular that singers are afraid to admit not having been able to achieve it. Many Americans simply refuse to believe that such a radical escape is possible and claim that flying is a hallucination, but still take precautions to avoid being observed by "fairies". Harold Bloom listed "On Wings of Song" in "The Western Canon", as did David Pringle in his "Science Fiction: 100 Best Novels". John Clute wrote in the "Science Fiction Encyclopedia" that it "thematically sums up most of the abiding concerns of TMD's career, as well as presenting an exemplary portrait of the pleasures and miseries of art in a world made barbarous by material scarcities and spiritual lassitude; in the final analysis, however, it lacks the complex, energetic denseness of the earlier book." Author William Gibson described it as "one of the great neglected masterpieces of late 20th-century science fiction." Michael Bishop in "A Reverie for Mister Ray" writes that the novel "comments on the American predicament by exaggerating its salient stinks...leaving us to walk about in this funhouse future as if it were real. [We are] repeatedly surprised by the vividness with which Disch has rendered our "present" provincialism, conformity, commercialism, frivolity, intolerance, and narcissism. "On Wings of Song" is a major accomplishment of American letters." "On Wings of Song" won the John W. Campbell Memorial Award in 1980. It was nominated for the 1979 Nebula Award for Best Novel and the 1980 Hugo Award for Best Novel.

"The Walk" is the seventh episode of the third season of the American science fiction television series "The X-Files". It was written by John Shiban and directed by Rob Bowman. The episode aired in the United States on November 10, 1995 on the Fox network. The episode is a "Monster-of-the-Week" story, a stand-alone plot which is unconnected to the series' wider mythology. "The Walk" earned a Nielsen household rating of 10.4, being watched by 15.91 million people in its initial broadcast. Critical reception was mixed. The show centers on FBI special agents Fox Mulder (David Duchovny) and Dana Scully (Gillian Anderson) who work on cases linked to the paranormal, called X-Files. Mulder is a believer in the paranormal, while the skeptical Scully has been assigned to debunk his work. In this episode, a failed suicide attempt by a patient in a U.S. Army hospital interests Mulder with the talk of a "phantom soldier" who has prevented the man's death. The U.S. Army General in charge of the hospital is initially opposed to the FBI's involvement until the invisible killer begins stalking him. Everyone involved in the case is shocked to learn that the primary suspect could in fact, be a quadruple amputee. "The Walk" is the first "X-Files" script by John Shiban, who commented that it was a challenge for him. He was inspired by the film "The Men", which features a character who has lost his legs in war and wishes to be able to walk again. The episode required several visual effects which were almost not completed in time. At a VA hospital in Fort Evanston, Maryland, Lieutenant Colonel Victor Stans makes his third suicide attempt; he claims that a mysterious figure will not let him die. Stans attempts to drown in a tub of scalding water, but is rescued by the hospital staff and subsequently is disfigured due to the hot water. Stans again claims that the mysterious figure will not let him die. When Fox Mulder (David Duchovny) and Dana Scully (Gillian Anderson) question Stans, they learn that his wife and children died in a house fire he claims was started by the mysterious soldier he says will not allow him to die himself. Captain Janet Draper stops the questioning, as Mulder and Scully were not granted permission to see Stans by his superior officer, General Thomas Callahan. After meeting with the agents, Callahan glimpses the phantom soldier Stans described. He also finds his answering machine replaying an unintelligible message. Later, while using the base's swimming pool, Draper is drowned by an invisible force. Callahan tells the agents about the soldier and the voicemail, which was received twice before at his home. When they visit his house, his young son, Trevor, believes he saw someone go inside; Scully herself glimpses someone in the backyard. Fingerprints are found on the property which belong to the hospital mailman, Quinton "Roach" Freely. As Mulder and Scully take Roach into custody, Trevor is attacked and buried by the invisible force in his sandbox. Under the agent's questioning, Roach admits to his role in the deaths and states he is "Rappo's mailman". "Rappo" turns out to be Leonard Trimble (Ian Tracey), a Gulf War veteran and quadruple amputee. Scully doesn't believe Roach, even though he insists that Rappo will kill him next. Scully later finds Roach dead in his cell with a bedsheet shoved down his throat. Scully assumes that he committed suicide, but Mulder shows her X-ray dental plates he had carried in the rehab room, the pool, Callahan's office, and Callahan's house; all show signs of radiation. Mulder thinks that Rappo is leaving his body through astral projection, doing so with a psychic connection forged through Roach's letters. He also plays the voicemail backwards; it is actually a warning from the phantom soldier. Under questioning, an embittered Rappo states his belief that the Gulf War took his life away. Meanwhile, Callahan finds his wife's dead body. He goes to the hospital to talk to Stans, who reveals that Rappo — whom he doesn't know — is responsible for the deaths. When Callahan confronts Rappo, he openly admits his crimes. Rappo tries to goad Callahan into killing him, but Callahan decides to "stand down," shooting over Rappo's head. The agents arrive and find Rappo in a trance; Mulder realizes what is happening and tries to find Callahan. Rappo's apparition attacks Callahan with steam from the pipes in the hospital's basement. Stans enters Rappo's room, locks the door, and smothers Rappo with a pillow. With Rappo dead, his apparition disappears before it attacks Mulder. Callahan remains unharmed. Since there is no physical evidence to prove that Rappo killed Callahan's wife and son, the case remains unsolved. Mulder's narration states that Rappo's family tries to have him buried at Arlington National Cemetery; he is instead buried in a civilian cemetery in Pennsylvania. "The Walk" is the first "X-Files" script by John Shiban. He found it challenging to write, particularly Mulder and Scully's first scene where "they have to come together on a case, yet they have to be at odds". Shiban was inspired by the film "The Men" and realizing that the main character, who had been injured in war and lost his legs, wanted to walk more than anything. He stated that the paranormal concept of astral projection "just sort of fit". Some members of the writing staff were concerned about killing Callahan's young son, Trevor, but Shiban was not bothered by it and felt that Rappo wanted to take everything from Callahan, and the worst blow would be to kill his son. Director Rob Bowman felt that Ian Tracey, who played Rappo, was "an incredibly strong actor" and fit the role. Deryl Hayes, who played an army psychiatrist in this episode, previously appeared as a CIA operative in the first season episode "Shadows". Draper's drowning was achieved by pulling actress Nancy Sorel down with a cable that was attached to the bottom of the pool. The image of the wave launching over Draper in the pool was accomplished by the teamwork of special effects department members Mat Beck and David Gauthier. One of the crew members was also buried in sand in the scene where Trevor is killed. The effect in the climax when Rappo's apparition throws Callahan and Mulder across the room was accomplished with a device called the "Air-Ram" that uses compressed air. The visual effects were almost not completed in time. "The Walk" was first broadcast on the Fox network on November 10, 1995. It earned a Nielsen rating of 10.4, with an 18 share, meaning that roughly 10.4 percent of all television-equipped households, and 18 percent of households watching television, were tuned in to the episode. It was watched by a total of 15.91 million viewers. In a retrospective of the third season by "Entertainment Weekly","The Walk" was given a grade of C, noting its similarities to other episodes and being critical of the characters. Todd VanDerWerff of "The A.V. Club" gave it a grade of B, describing it as "straightforward", with a "well-realized" military hospital and "terrific" directing. However, he felt that Ian Tracey was not a good enough actor to make Rappo's motives seem believable. Paula Vitaris from "Cinefantastique" gave the episode two and a half stars out of four, calling it a "solid episode" with a good supporting cast and effects. However, she felt the characterization of Mulder and Scully was "off-balance" and noted that some of the military detail was wrong. Robert Shearman and Lars Pearson, in their book "Wanting to Believe: A Critical Guide to The X-Files, Millennium & The Lone Gunmen", rated the episode three and a half stars out of five, noting its similarities to other episodes such as the previous "2Shy", but felt that Shiban "has put real blood and passion into it which raises it high above the trappings of its clichés". They criticized the plot for being too predictable and formulaic, but said it succeeded in emotion and was "well-written" and "well-directed".

The Kuromaru (黒丸), or Black Fortress, was a fortress of Kanrei Shiba Takatsune located in Japan's Echizen Province (present-day Nittazuka, Fukui, Fukui Prefecture). It was attacked twice during the Nanboku-chō Wars of the 14th century, during which it was likely both built and destroyed. The fortress was first attacked in August 1338 by a small force under Nitta Yoshisada, numbering roughly fifty horse, in what would come to be known as the battle of Fujishima. Hosokawa Akiuji had been ordered by Ashikaga Takauji to aid Shiba Takatsune in the defense, and encountered Nitta's force a short distance from the fortress. The warrior monks of the Heisen-ji monastery, originally part of Nitta's force, were bribed by Shiba to abandon the attack, and Nitta's rush to fill the ensuing gap in his formations led to him and his horsemen running into Hosokawa's. In the battle which followed, Nitta was mortally wounded by an arrow. The following year, upon his enthronement, Emperor Go-Murakami ordered the late Nitta's brother, Wakiya Yoshisuke, to lead another attack on the fortress. This assault was successful, and ended in Shiba's surrender. Chapter 20 of the "Taiheiki" chronicles the events of the death of Yoshisada at Kuromaru. It states that an arrow wounded his horse, making it unable to jump over a ditch. It fell and trapped Yoshisada's left leg. An arrow in the flurry struck him between the brows, and he drew his sword and slit his throat. The resemblance to the death of Minamoto no Yoshinaka as described in the "Heike Monogatari" has led to questions about whether the account is factual. In 1656, a farmer tilling the land near the site of the battle uncovered a helmet and presented it to Matsudaira Mitsumichi, daimyo of the Fukui Domain. The construction of the helmet indicated that it had belonged to a high-ranking warrior, and the domain judged that it had belonged to Yoshisada. The helmet is now at the Fujishima Shrine in Fukui . A marker, the Nittazuka, stands at the site where the farmer found the helmet.

"Oubliette" is the eighth episode of the third season of the American science fiction television series "The X-Files", and originally aired on the Fox network on November 17, 1995. Written by Charles Grant Craig and directed by Kim Manners, "Oubliette" is a "Monster-of-the-Week" story, unconnected to the series' wider mythology. It earned a Nielsen rating of 10.5 and was watched by 15.90 million people on its initial broadcast. The episode received positive reviews. Both the emotional nature of the story and David Duchovny's performance received positive critical attention. The show centers on FBI special agents Fox Mulder (Duchovny) and Dana Scully (Gillian Anderson) who work on cases linked to the paranormal, called X-Files. Mulder is a believer in the paranormal, while the skeptical Scully has been assigned to debunk his work. In the installment, a little girl named Amy is kidnapped and imprisoned by a mentally unstable photographer. Mulder discovers a psychic connection between the recently kidnapped victim and Lucy, another girl kidnapped by the same man years ago. He attempts to use the connection to help solve the investigation, but discovers that the event may be too traumatic for Lucy to handle. "Oubliette" is the only "X-Files" screenplay written by Craig, who exited the writing staff before the entry was produced. The extensive outdoor filming lead to several difficulties for the production crew. Amy was 12 years old in the original screenplay. The Fox network was concerned her situation was an uncomfortable parallel to the recent Polly Klaas case, resulting in her age being increased before filming could begin. Critics have complimented the thematic resonance of the kidnapping and its effect on Mulder. In Seattle, photography assistant Carl Wade (Michael Chieffo) watches as 15-year-old Amy Jacobs (Jewel Staite) is photographed for school picture day. He becomes obsessed with her following the event, eventually kidnapping her. Her younger sister is the only witness to the incident, which takes place in their bedroom in the middle of the night. At exactly the same time, fast food worker Lucy Householder (Tracey Ellis) collapses with a nosebleed. Agent Fox Mulder (David Duchovny) investigates Amy's disappearance, drawn to the case because his younger sister was kidnapped in a similar situation. The investigation leads Mulder to Lucy, who was taken from her bedroom at age eight, twenty two years before, and held in a dark basement for five years before she escaped. Mulder's partner Dana Scully (Gillian Anderson) suspects that Lucy may be connected to Amy's disappearance, based on her long criminal record and the fact that her nosebleed contained not only her blood type, but Amy's as well. In her room at a halfway house, scratches appear on Lucy's face and she experiences temporary blindness—injuries identical to Amy's, who is being tortured in the basement of Wade's cabin. The two develop an unexplainable psychic connection; everything that happens to Amy physically also happens to Lucy. Mulder tries to convince Lucy that she can help them find Amy, but she is too afraid to assist. Scully informs Mulder of their new lead in the case, the school photography assistant Wade, who was recently fired under strange circumstances. Mulder is adamant that Lucy, who admits that Wade was the man who abducted her, is not part of the kidnapping, and snaps at Scully when she suggests that Samantha's disappearance is causing him to become too involved with the case. The investigation team receives a tip from a tow truck driver concerning Wade's location, which corresponds to the area where Lucy was found years ago. They find Wade's cabin in the woods near Easton, Washington, discovering Lucy in the basement with no clear indication of how or why she came there. Lucy begins to feel cold and wet; Mulder deduces that because of Lucy's connection to Amy, she must be at the local river. Mulder and Scully rush there to find Wade attempting to drown Amy. Back with the police, Lucy begins to drown despite not even being near water. Mulder shoots Wade while Scully attempts to perform CPR on Amy, but because of the connection it resuscitates Lucy instead. Amy lies on the riverbank, dead. Mulder continues to attempt CPR, despite Scully's protests. Suddenly, the process is reversed; Amy recovers and Lucy dies. Overwhelmed by Lucy's sacrifice and his inability to save her, Mulder breaks down sobbing over her body. He later tells Scully he suspects that she died not only to save Amy, but to forget what Wade did to her all those years ago. The screenplay for "Oubliette" was authored by Charles Grant Craig, a writer who at the time had little background or experience within television. Before joining the writing staff of "The X-Files" during the third season, his most significant writing credits included episodes for "Renegade" and "Booker". His most notable television screenplay was "The New Alfred Hitchcock Presents" entry "Final Escape". Though Craig left the staff shortly before "Oubliette" entered production for unknown reasons, he was credited as a supervising producer on several installments for the third season. The title was derived from the French word "oubliette", which refers to a pit-like dungeon consisting of "total darkness" with a hole that opens from the top. The narrative centers on Mulder's identification with Lucy which is based on the abduction of his sister, Samantha. It was decided that time would not be spent on Scully's sympathy with the victim, despite her own abduction experience in the second season episode "Ascension". Despite this, Scully is gentle towards Mulder and "wanted to believe" him until the evidence pointed overwhelmingly to Lucy. After that point, Scully takes on an antagonistic role, going against the wishes of her partner. Though not originally included the script, David Duchovny added the line about how his connection to the case was not just because of Samantha. Series creator Chris Carter stated that in Craig's original draft Lucy was more "hard-boiled", but actress Tracey Ellis played her as a more wounded person. Fox's standards and practices department was uncomfortable with the screenplay, because it featured a 12-year-old girl being kidnapped. The network requested that she be in her late teens and that the plot would not heavily feature Amy's ordeal or suffering. Jewel Staite had just turned 13 when she was cast, but the producers thought that she looked older and even applied make-up to add to that effect. The reason for the concern was because the original screenplay featured similarities to the Polly Klaas case, which had received large public attention around the time of production. Polly Klaas was a 12-year-old girl who was kidnapped during a slumber party, and eventually strangled to death. The antagonist of the episode was compared to Richard Allen Davis, the culprit of the case, who was convicted and sentenced to death for his crimes. Ngaire Genge in his novel "The Unofficial X-Files Companion" commented that "tragically, unlike Amy, Klaas didn't survive her abduction". "Oubliette" was shot in Vancouver, British Columbia, as were the rest of the episodes of the third season. The location of the antagonist's house was an important factor during production. Craig's screenplay called for a remote house in the "middle of nowhere", but the producers required a site closer to the studio. With a production crew consisting of 60 members, it was decided to use somewhere that could appear "rustic while being next to a parking lot." A suitable area was found near the peak of Mount Seymour, a location that had previously been used in "Ascension". The mountain featured both a parking lot and a log cabin that met the needs of the filming crew. An issue arose because the mountain had a ski lift, which needed to be avoided while composing shots. Over 1000 prop trees had to be brought to the filming site to camouflage surroundings, to give the atmosphere a "remote" feel. The crew encountered a larger issue with the contract with the Provincial Park committee. The park required a seven-day notice before filming of any kind was approved. The production manager had to contact the park Representative directly, who assured him that their needs would be met. For the final sequence, both the Capilano River and Lynn Headwaters were considered; however, the Seymour River was ultimately chosen because it was the safest filming location. The filming of the episode was plagued by rain and heavy weather conditions. In one example, while directing the climax, the river had risen by four or five inches, causing the crew to move to another position to shoot at a week later. This cost the crew several days worth of production and a large sum of money. Shooting conditions were further complicated because shoots involving water are notably difficult, requiring a new set of costumes for each take. Because of the extensive outdoor shooting, director Kim Manners hated directing the episode, commenting that "it couldn't be fucking worse." Despite a negative experience with shooting on the mountain, the episode "Gethsemane" from the fourth season was filmed there with similar issues. Gillian Anderson's stand-in Bonnie Hay, who appears in a cameo, previously played a doctor in both "Colony" and "End Game" and a nurse in "D.P.O. The kidnapping of Amy shares several similarities with the abduction of Mulder's sister. Mulder's sister Samantha was abducted by aliens when Mulder was a child, before the timeline of "The X-Files". Both Amy and Lucy are kidnapped and victimized by the same pedophile, who represents the "logic of duplication". Wade treats both girls in virtually identical ways, kidnapping them and photographing them obsessively in the same manner. David Lavery in "Deny All Knowledge" asserts that Mulder is capable of seeing beyond "simple equivalents", caring about each individual girl separately. Lavery argues that this grants Mulder the ability to separate the case from his own personal experience with his sister. The scene that best exemplifies this trait is when Mulder attempts to comfort Amy's mother following her daughter's kidnapping. Mulder comments that he "knows how she feels", not because of what happened to his sister, but because he can identify with her general sense of loss. Thematic elements concerning the concept of "remote viewing"—the paranormal ability to perceive feelings from a distance—are later explored in greater detail in the fifth season installment "Mind's Eye". "Oubliette" was first broadcast on the Fox network on November 17, 1995. It earned a Nielsen rating of 10.2, with a 17 share, meaning that roughly 10.2 percent of all television-equipped households, and 17 percent of households watching television, were tuned in to the episode. It was watched by a total of 15.90 million viewers. In the UK it premiered the following year on BBC1 on October 17, 1996. "Oubliette" received mostly positive reviews from critics. Todd VanDerWerff of "The A.V. Club" assessed it as a "B+", commenting that it "belongs to a subcategory of "X-Files" episodes that can often be more satisfying than the usual categories" due to the villain being a human being. He described it as "impressively dark and occasionally moving", and praised the cinematography, editing, and storytelling. However, he was critical of Ellis's performance as Lucy, finding that her characterization did not fit the character, and he noted that the installment fell into the trope of using women as victims. Paula Vitaris from "Cinefantastique" gave the program three and a half stars out of four. She felt that Mulder and Lucy's relationship was "believable" and, in contrast to VanDerWerff, thought that Ellis's performance was "perfect". Robert Shearman and Lars Pearson, in their book "Wanting to Believe: A Critical Guide to The X-Files, Millennium & The Lone Gunmen", rated "Oubliette" five stars out of five, noting that it was difficult and uncomfortable to watch with its parallels to the real world which made it "nevertheless one of the series' boldest and greatest achievements". The two praised the depth of Mulder's characterization as well as Duchovny's performance. "Entertainment Weekly" gave "Oubliette" a grade of "B-", stating that the plot wasn't as scary as it could have been considering the subject matter, positively critiquing that the episode was "worth it for Lucy's channeling sequences". The review also criticized Scully's "aggressive I'm-not-buying-it mode". Writer Sarah Stegall awarded the entry five out of five, commenting that the subject matter made it hard for her to watch, as a mother herself. She praised the characterization of Mulder, and the performance by Duchovny, commenting that he brought warmth to the plot. Stegall positively described Mulder as "a truly gentle man who can show compassion without being maudlin about it", but wrote negatively about Scully, who seemed "antagonistic" towards the well-meaning Mulder, and the scene in which Scully "makes a half-hearted attempt to resuscitate [Amy] before giving up". Duchovny was particularly pleased with his work in the episode, feeling that it was amongst his best acting performance during the entire run of "The X-Files". He later cited the episode as one of his favorites.

The George H. Gurler House or simply, the Gurler House, is a home in the DeKalb County, Illinois city of DeKalb. The home is listed on the National Register of Historic Places to which it was added in 1979. The home was built in 1857 and was occupied by members of George H. Gurler's extended family as early as 1888. Gurler was the co-founder of the Gurler Brothers Creamery. Gurler was also the president of the DeKalb County Farmer's Institute, the predecessor of the American Farm Bureau Federation. The Gurler House is estimated to have been constructed in 1857; however, county records are not available for that time period. A sign in the front yard of the Gurler House lists it as 1857, and the Gurler Heritage Association celebrated the sesquicentennial of the house in 2007. In approximately 1857, a local banker, Ellzey Young, had the home built for himself and his new bride, Alida Ellwood. Alida was the younger sister of barbed wire baron Isaac Ellwood (http://www.ellwoodhouse.org/). George Gurler would not purchase the home until years later. There are conflicting reports on the original owners of the property. One assertion is that Wyman constructed the home and sold it to the Gurlers, which was also stated by Beatrice "Bea" Gurler in an interview with the "Daily Chronicle" in DeKalb. However, according to the property abstract this is simply not true. According to that document the Gurler House, as it eventually would become known, began its history as a tract of land sold by the U.S. government to Steven S. Jones on April 13, 1844. Jones was a resident of Kane County. It is possible that Jones was a land speculator who gathered up pieces of property scattered across northeast Illinois. The 1878 collection "Past and Present of Kane County, Illinois," described Jones as a St. Charles attorney born on July 23, 1813 in Barry, Vermont. He moved to Illinois in June 1838 with his wife Lavinia where he has been credited with naming St. Charles. In 1846 the family sold the in DeKalb (then known as Huntley's Grove) to Russell Huntley, a founding settler of DeKalb. Huntley, with his brother Lewis, co-owned the property until 1851 when an entry in the abstract indicates that John M. Goodell, another early DeKalb settler, received the land as a result of legal action against the Huntleys. Regardless, Goodell eventually sold the parcel back to Lewis Huntley in 1853. Huntley then platted the land as an addition to the town. He laid out 93 city lots in all. The property that would eventually become the Gurler House was sold to the man who would eventually construct the home which would become the Gurler House, Ellzey P. Young, in 1857. Young along with his wife Alida Young (who was the younger sister of Isaac Ellwood) paid Huntley $320 for the three lots that make up the property where the Gurler House stands today. This entry on the property abstract confirms the widely held and long standing belief that the house was constructed in 1857. There is, however, another possibility. If the second possibility were true it would mean that the Gurler House is one year younger than it is traditionally thought to be, being built in 1858 instead of 1857. Records show that Young took out a mortgage on the land for $537 in February 1858. It is thought that this money could have given the Youngs enough cash to build the Gurler House over a more humble home such as a log cabin. The Gurler family, under the patriarchy of George, moved into the home in 1893. Gurler's nephews, sons of his brother Henry, with whom he had started the dairy that led to their success, had occupied the home since 1888 and did until Gurler moved in. The Gurler Brothers Creamery's proprietary milking and manufacturing process was later sold to HP Hood in exchange for 5% claim of the Hood company. The partial ownership of HP Hood and Gurler House were eventually inherited by heir Emrah Gurler who then donated the home to the DeKalb Historical Society. Beatrice Gurler, daughter of George H. Gurler, lived in the house until her death in 1977. Shortly thereafter, community members worked together to save the house from being demolished, partially paying for the property with Community Development Block Grant money invested by the city of DeKalb. The story is a very interesting one, with many twists and turns, to be found in a history prepared by Northern Illinois University Students and currently resting on the piano in the Gurler House community room.

Archery UK is a magazine devoted to the sport of archery in the United Kingdom. It is the official journal of Archery GB, which has more than 40,000 members. The magazine was first published in 1997. The first colour issue was produced in summer 2005. Since then there have been a number of redesigns and the pagination has grown from 40 to 84. The magazine is published by the Archery GB, based at the Lilleshall National Sports and Conferencing Centre, Shropshire. The magazine is published quarterly and is part of the membership package. It is also available online and in PDF format at the Archery GB website. The first editor was Ann Shepherd. She was succeeded by Peter Jones and, in 2011, Jane Percival. The magazine contains all the latest news about archery in the United Kingdom, as well as reports from club, national and international tournaments. Other regular features include: ***LIST***.

Philip Christopher England FRS (born 30 April 1951) is a British geophysicist whose research centres upon the evolution, deformation and metamorphism of mountain ranges and the development of island arcs. He has widely used applied mathematics to model mountain building, proving that they behave as extremely viscous fluids. England graduated with a degree in physics from the University of Bristol in 1972. He then moved to the University of Oxford to undertake research in geophysics, receiving his D Phil in 1976. He was awarded the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society in 2016. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1999.

"D.P.O." is the third episode of the third season of television series "The X-Files". The episode first aired in the United States on October 6, 1995, on Fox, being written by Howard Gordon and directed by Kim Manners. The episode is a stand-alone episode, like most episodes of "The X-Files", and follows the normal Monster-of-the-Week pattern of the show. "D.P.O." earned a Nielsen household rating of 10.9, being watched by 15.57 million people in its initial broadcast, and received positive reviews. The show centers on FBI special agents Fox Mulder (David Duchovny) and Dana Scully (Gillian Anderson) who work on cases linked to the paranormal, called X-Files. In this episode, Mulder and Scully investigate a series of lightning-related deaths in Oklahoma, which are eventually connected to the only person to have survived a lightning strike, an emotionally charged youth. The original concept for the episode was a one line concept card stating "Lightning Boy" that had been tacked to a board in series creator Chris Carter's office since the first season. The episode contained several scenes of elaborate lightning effects. Notably, a "lightning machine" used for the sequence where Darin is struck by lightning was created by Special Effects Supervisor David Gauthier and buried under the ground. At a video arcade in Connerville, Oklahoma, two young men, Jack Hammond and Darin Peter Oswald, argue over a game of "Virtua Fighter 2". Hammond pushes Oswald to the ground, after which the power in the arcade mysteriously shuts down—except to a jukebox, which plays "Ring the Bells" by James. This makes Hammond nervous and he leaves, but when he goes outside to start his car, he finds the same song playing on the radio. He is then fatally electrocuted through the ignition. Oswald, who witnesses Hammond's death, returns to the game. Fox Mulder and Dana Scully arrive in Connerville, where Hammond is the latest of five men who have died due to lightning-related causes. Upon visiting the arcade, Scully talks to Bart "Zero" Liquori, the arcade owner (and a friend of Oswald's) who happened to be present the night Hammond died. Mulder finds Oswald's high scores on the game's display, realizing that he was playing on the night Hammond died; Oswald was the first of the victims, and the only one to have survived. Elsewhere, Oswald is at work at an automobile repair shop when his boss's wife, Sharon Kiveat, walks in. He then tries talking to her, but she nervously rebuffs him; it is revealed that he had hit on her the day before, and she turned him down. His boss returns and tells Oswald that Mulder and Scully want to talk with him. When the agents visit Oswald to question him, he claims to have not witnessed anything. However, Mulder's cell phone mysteriously overheats in Oswald's presence, to which Oswald acts unsurprised. Alarmed by the FBI's presence, Zero visits Oswald at his home that night; a drunk and rowdy Oswald dismisses Zero's worries and summons lightning to strike down nearby cattle. The lightning strikes him instead, but he appears unharmed. The next day, the agents visit the scene and find a melted shoe print in the ground, linking it to Oswald. Meanwhile, Oswald uses his abilities to manipulate local traffic lights, causing a car accident. The agents visit Oswald's home and find a cut-out picture of Sharon Kiveat, Oswald's former high school teacher, inside a porn magazine. At the scene of the car accident, Oswald's boss suffers an oddly timed heart attack; Oswald then saves his boss by using his electrical powers as a makeshift defibrillator, much to the paramedics' surprise. The agents question Sharon at the hospital, who claims that he told her about his powers. The agents also go through Oswald's medical records, showing that he exhibited acute hypokalemia—electrolytic imbalance in his blood. Oswald is brought in for questioning by the agents, but he proclaims his innocence and is eventually released by the skeptical, unfriendly local sheriff, much to the agents' dismay. Later, at the arcade, Zero is closing down for the night, and turns off the power. However, the "Virtua Fighter 2" machine does not turn off. When Zero goes to investigate, the machine shuts off, except for the jukebox next to him (playing "Hey Man, Nice Shot", a song Oswald was listening to earlier). Knowing Oswald is now hunting him, Zero runs outside and claims he did not betray Oswald to the agents; he is then suddenly struck by lightning and dies. It is then revealed that Oswald is standing on the arcade rooftop. After learning of Oswald's release, the agents rush to the hospital to protect the Kiveats, but the power goes out when they arrive and Zero's corpse appears in the elevator when its door slides open. Oswald confronts Scully and Sharon, and the latter fearfully agrees to leave with him in return for her husband's safety. The sheriff arrives and tries to stop him. While pursuing a fleeing Sharon, Oswald summons lightning but ends up striking himself once again and, in the process, kills the sheriff. Oswald is put in a psychiatric hospital, although the local district attorney has no idea how they will be able to prosecute him. As the agents observe Oswald, he uses his powers to change the channels of the TV in his room. (The song "Live Fast, Diarrhea" by The Vandals is heard, presumably a band he liked as he wore multiple Vandals T-shirts) The original concept for the episode was a one line concept card stating "Lightning Boy" that had been tacked to a board in series creator Chris Carter's office since the first season. Carter's idea was solely about a boy who could control lightning, and the concept wasn't fleshed out into an episode until the third season. Writer Howard Gordon stated that the key moment in the episode's conception came when he decided to use the boy's power as a metaphor for disenfranchised adolescence. Gordon described the episode's concept as "Beavis and Butt-head electrified". Gordon claimed that the episode suffered conceptually having come directly after a trilogy of mythology episodes. Story editor Frank Spotnitz claims that there were originally ideas on incorporating some of the events from that trilogy into this episode, but those ideas were eventually scrapped due to the producer's desire for each episode to be able to have its own integrity and stand alone. Spotnitz said the episode was a risky one to do for a show with an adult audience due to the high school setting and the fact that the episode was about adolescence and violent impulses when one is a kid. The sheriff, Teller, was named after Teller from the illusion and comedy duo Penn and Teller. The pair had wanted to appear on an episode of the show, but when Chris Carter could find no way to work them into the show this reference was added instead. The Astadourian Lightning Observatory was named after Mary Astadourian, Chris Carter's executive assistant. Darin Oswald was named after writer Darin Morgan. Giovanni Ribisi won the part as Darin after some coaching from casting director Rick Millikan after Ribisi's initial audition failed to provide what Chris Carter was looking for. Spotnitz described Ribisi's performance as "really, really good". Director Kim Manners' best friend was killed during the third day of shooting. There was consideration on replacing him with another director for the episode but at his insistence he completed the episode. A "lightning machine" used for the sequence where Darin is struck by lightning was created by special effects supervisor David Gauthier and buried under the ground. Giovanni Ribisi stood on a stand with the device rigged underneath him. Mirrors were used to establish the effect of the lightning flaring up and outward, and were augmented by sparks and smoke. A special anti-fire product was applied to the costumes of the actors hit by lightning. Art Director Graeme Murray states that the biggest construction event in the episode was the scene where Darin manipulated the traffic lights. The producers had to plant telephone poles and build a billboard for the scene. Murray tried to make the psychiatric ward in the episode's closure not resemble the one from season 2's "Soft Light", to avert repetition despite the similar ending. The farmhouse used for Darin's home, situated in Albion, British Columbia, was owned by a 94-year-old man and also used for the movies "Jumanji" and "Jennifer Eight". The producers had difficulty obtaining permission to use a dead cow in the episode due to concerns over animal rights groups. When the fake cow created failed to look realistic enough, the producers were able to use a dead cow obtained from a slaughterhouse for the episode. "D.P.O." was first broadcast in the US on October 6, 1995, on Fox. The episode earned a Nielsen rating of 10.9, with a 20 share, meaning that roughly 10.9 percent of all television-equipped households, and 20 percent of households watching television, were tuned in to the episode. The episode was watched by 15.57 million viewers. "Entertainment Weekly" gave "D.P.O." a B+, considering that despite the lack of action, it managed to "keep you glued" for the photography and "truly hilarious sociopathic high jinks". Todd VanDerWerff of "The A.V. Club" gave the same grade, praising Ribisi and Black's performances and "sequences that confidently walk the tricky line between horror and broad comedy", and marking it as the point where "the show's direction, always good, made the leap from consistently interesting to look at to consistently cinematic." Jane Goldman, in "The X-Files Book of the Unexplained" felt like the combination of Howard Gordon's "acutely observed dialogue" and Ribisi's "compelling performance" made Darin Oswald "one of season three's most memorable characters". Writing for Den of Geek, Nina Sordi put "D.P.O." only behind "Clyde Bruckman's Final Repose" as the best standalone season 3 episode, praising Ribisi's "all quiet, creepy power that eventually explodes into homicidal rage" and Jack Black's "weary and ultimately doomed sidekick". The plot for "D.P.O." was also adapted as a novel for young adults in 1996 by Neal Shusterman, under the title "Voltage" and the pseudonym Easton Royce.

In common usage the Finnish word "rautalanka" (literally "iron wire", referring to the strings of the electric guitar) means instrumental rock in general. Some enthusiasts use the term more narrowly to refer to the somewhat distinct style of playing it that has developed in Finland over the years. This article is written from that more narrow point of view. Rautalanka is typically played by a quartet consisting of a lead guitar, rhythm guitar, bass guitar and drum kit. Rautalanka music can also include other instruments and vocals. The heyday of rautalanka was in the early 1960s, but it has enthusiasts even today. Typical features of rautalanka are sharp and clear melodies, fast tempos and extensive use of tape echo, but little or no overdrive or fuzz. What distinguishes rautalanka most clearly from other twangy guitar genres is that the melodies tend to be in minor keys and melancholic, based on folk tunes and schlager songs. Rautalanka began in the early 1960s, when Yleisradio had a monopoly on radio in Finland and it played little in the way of pop music. Foreign radio stations played pop music around that time. Those stations were eagerly listened to in Finland, and the most popular was Radio Luxembourg. It aired guitar music, which prompted the Finnish youth to set up bands and play this music. Bands such as The Shadows and The Ventures served as examples for rautalanka bands. Rautalanka was the first youth-oriented style of music, played by young people, to receive mass distribution in Finland. Before rautalanka, music recording and live performing had been more or less monopolized by (often older) professional musicians. The golden age of rautalanka in Finland lasted from early 1961 to late 1963, at which point the interest of youth at large shifted away from the Finnish style to merseybeat, led by The Beatles. While instrumental rock music was popular all around Europe, the term " rautalanka" is used only in Finland, Sweden (taggtråd) and Norway (piggtråd). It refers to instrumental music which is too melodic and clean to be true rock music, but also too rhythmic to be folk music. Worldwide, the best known representative of this style is the British band The Shadows, who have visited Finland several times, most recently in 2009. Their best known song is Apache. Their American counterparts are The Ventures, whose song Walk, Don't Run was a hit in Finland and used by Yleisradio as their theme melody. The first real Finnish rautalanka hit was "Emma" by The Sounds, which became the image of Finnish rautalanka music. Many bands employed folk music and other styles of popular music as ingredients of their musical pieces. While rock music eventually superseded both Merseybeat and rautalanka in Finnish youth culture, the style survived as background music for many Finnish popular music performers, and Hank Marvin has been the example for many modern Finnish rock musicians. The essential hallmark of rautalanka sound is a strong lead guitar, usually a Fender Stratocaster (or its clone) with single coil pickups and tape echo guitar effect (in contrast to the reverb style spring echo used in surf music). Genuine tape echo devices are used often, and many bands do not use digital effects out of respect to the traditions. The traditions of rautalanka music in Finland are strong, and some of the most persistent traditions are: ***LIST***. While traditional rautalanka is today a marginal musical genre, followed by relatively small but enthusiastic circles, it didn't cease to exist in 1964. It has formed the basis for the whole of Finnish youth music, and the strong melodic heavy metal tradition in Finland has its roots in rautalanka guitar work. It is performed today not only as instrumental, but it has also been combined with popular and dance music, not the least because of the work of Topi Sorsakoski & Agents in the 1980s. The strong, echoing electric guitar in Finnish dance orchestras may today be more a rule than an exception.

Robert David Johnson (born 1967), also known as KC Johnson, is an American history professor at Brooklyn College and the City University of New York Graduate Center. To the general public, Johnson is probably best known for the major role he played in disseminating the facts about the Duke University lacrosse rape case as it unfolded in 2006-7. In 2007 he co-authored a book, "Until Proven Innocent: Political Correctness and the Shameful Injustice of the Duke Lacrosse Rape Case". Johnson was raised in Leominster, MA, the son of Massachusetts schoolteachers. His father, Robert Johnson, was a star basketball player at Fitchburg State College, leading the nation in scoring at 39.1 points per game in 1964. Johnson's sister Kathleen was the starting point guard for the Columbia University women's basketball team in the early 1990s. Johnson is also an athlete and has run numerous marathons. He currently resides in New York, New York. In 2007-08, he taught at Tel Aviv University in Israel on a Fulbright Scholarship. Johnson attended Groton School, Massachusetts. He received his B.A. (1988) and Ph.D. (1993) from Harvard University, and his M.A. from the University of Chicago (1989). Johnson taught at Arizona State University and Williams College and served as visiting professor at Harvard (2005) and at Tel Aviv University (2007-8), as Fulbright Distinguished Chair in the Humanities. Before earning his master's degree, Johnson worked as a track announcer for several years at Scarborough Downs. Johnson has written and edited numerous books about American history. He also co-edited several volumes of declassified transcripts and tapes from the administration of Lyndon Baines Johnson. In 2002 and 2003, the denial of tenure to Johnson by the Brooklyn College history department became the subject of widespread media attention. In an article about the tenure case entitled “The Battle of Brooklyn,” "Wall Street Journal" columnist Dorothy Rabinowitz wrote that the root of the conflict lay partly in Johnson's “resistance to gender-driven hiring,” which “didn't endear him to the department's small but vociferous faction of political ideologues – a group that the chairman, Phillip Gallagher, had himself once described, in an e-mail to Mr. Johnson, as 'academic terrorists. '” Johnson had also protested a “teach-in” about 9/11, “which was freighted with panelists hostile to any U.S. military response and which offered, Mr. Johnson noted, no supporters of U.S. or Israeli policies.” Colleagues began to criticize him, some of them arguing that his intense involvement in his work was, in Rabinowitz's words, “a sign of dubious mental health” and at least one of them complaining that “Johnson was asking too much of his students.” An article in "The Harvard Crimson" described clashes between Johnson and Gallagher that apparently also precipitated the denial of tenure. When Johnson sat on a search committee that was charged with finding an expert in 20th-century central or eastern European studies, he decided that one of the two women on the short list was unqualified. Another professor indicated, however, according to the Crimson, that “the department had an 'unofficial agenda' to hire a woman for the position.” Later, Gallagher criticized Johnson for admitting students to his classes who had not taken the official prerequisites, even though Gallagher, according to Johnson, had not previously enforced such rules. When Johnson went up for tenure, he was rejected on grounds of “lack of collegiality.” In response, a group of twenty historians, spearheaded by the chairman of Harvard's history department, Akira Iriye (who had been Johnson's mentor and dissertation adviser), wrote a letter in which they declared that the denial of tenure to Johnson “reflects a ‘culture of mediocrity’ hostile to high academic standards... Introducing a redundant category of collegiality rewards young professors who ‘go along to get along’ rather than expressing independent scholarly judgement.” Such thinking, the professors wrote, “poses a grave threat to academic freedom, since the robust and unfettered exchange of ideas is central to the pursuit of truth.” “This is the first time in my experience that scholars have gotten together to protest a decision like this,” Iriye told the "Harvard Crimson". “I am terribly upset and mystified by it. KC is a very visible scholar and a spectacular teacher.” The Brooklyn College student government, for its part, voted unanimously in support of Johnson, describing the refusal to grant tenure as a “violation of their academic rights”. The student government also noted that "the college’s handling of the KC Johnson tenure case was described by retired Brooklyn professor and longtime PSC grievance counselor Jerome Sternstein as 'the most corrupted tenure review process I have ever come across'; University of Pennsylvania professor Erin O’Connor as 'an exemplary instance of the sort of petty, internecine corruption that runs rife in academe, where accountability is minimal and the power to destroy careers is correspondingly high'; and Swarthmore College professor Timothy Burke as 'one more arrow in the quiver of academia’s critics, one more revelation of the corruption of the profession as a whole, one more reason to question whether tenure ever serves the purpose for which it is allegedly designed'." The "Chronicle of Higher Education" ran an article about Johnson's tenure battle entitled “Tenure Madness”, where it is claimed that “more than 500 Brooklyn College students signed a petition supporting Mr. Johnson. They held rallies and marches.” At the History News Network website, Ronald Radosh wrote: “Mr. Johnson represents the best of what CUNY has to offer its students; educated at top universities, he left a college many aspire to teach at to come to CUNY. He found that while his students appreciated and applauded his work and his commitment, the left-wing professoriate now dominant in the academy could not tolerate his insistence on quality standards in hiring, his dismissal of politically correct criteria, and his non-ideological approach to his field.” The "New Republic" editorialized that Brooklyn College's tenure criteria, as demonstrated by the Johnson case, “represented a grave threat to Brooklyn College's hope of ever being taken seriously as a scholarly institution.” And Herbert London of the Hudson Institute saw Johnson's tenure case as exemplifying the emergence in American universities of “an orthodoxy of decidedly left wing opinion that intolerantly rejects any other point of view...it is ironic that tenure conceived as a way to insure independent thought free from censure is now employed to force conformity. What else can the 'lack of collegiality' possibly mean?” Johnson appealed the tenure decision to the chancellor of the City University of New York system, Matthew Goldstein. Goldstein, in turn, appointed a panel of distinguished scholars from other CUNY institutions to examine the case, namely Pamela Sheingorn, Professor of History at Baruch College and Executive Director of the Doctoral Program in Theatre at the Graduate Center; David Reynolds, University Distinguished Professor of English at Baruch College; and Louis Masur, Professor of History and Chair of the History Department at The City College. In accordance with their unanimous recommendation, Goldstein promoted Johnson to a full professorship with tenure. The CUNY board of trustees unanimously supported this decision. In an editorial, the "New York Daily News" also applauded the decision, noting that Goldstein "has been striving to upgrade CUNY and its reputation. His actions in the Johnson case are testimony to that, sending the right message: Scholarship and teaching ability come first. And academic freedom is worth fighting for". Johnson later wrote his own account of the tenure battle for the History News Network website. Johnson had a prominent role chronicling the Duke lacrosse case scandal, exposing the many violations to due process that characterized the case in a blog entitled “Durham in Wonderland”, which he created solely for the purpose. Johnson's Durham in Wonderland contains one of the largest archives of events related to the case. Johnson holds critical views of some of Duke's faculty and staff, known as (Group of 88) and referred to as a “rush-to-judgment mob” who had published an ad condemning players and encouraging protests against the falsely accused, much before investigations had concluded. One of the accused, Reade Selligman, thanked Johnson publicly, stating: “I am forever grateful for all of the care, concern, and encouragement I received from my remarkable girlfriend Brooke and her family, the Delbarton community, the town of Essex Fells, KC Johnson, and everyone else who chose to stand up, use their voice and challenge the actions of a rogue district attorney.” The prosecutor on the other hand, Mike Nifong, was disbarred, fined and sentenced to one day in jail. Charles Piot, a Duke professor of cultural anthropology, criticized Johnson's role in the case, writing that Johnson "used the [case] to demonize faculty and further ideological agendas that are part of a broad-scale rightwing attack on progressive faculty across the nation." Johnson replied to Piot on his blog. Johnson would go on to join Stuart Taylor, Jr. and cowrite the book "Until Proven Innocent: Political Correctness and the Shameful Injustice of the Duke Lacrosse Case" (). It was published in September 2007. The "New York Times" book review referred to the book as a “riveting narrative” that has made a “gripping contribution to the literature of the wrongly accused.” James Earl Coleman, Jr. and Prasad Kasibhatla, Duke professors, criticized Taylor and Johnson for "biased and inaccurate rhetoric". Johnson and Taylor replied to Coleman and Kasibhatla. Johnson is a registered Democrat. He supported Barack Obama's 2008 presidential campaign and vehemently opposed the candidacy of John Edwards that year. Johnson has condemned the National Council for Accreditation of Teacher Education for promoting "social justice" as an essential element of teacher training, and for enacting policies which he argues are clearly intended "to screen out potential public school teachers who hold undesirable political beliefs."

"The List" is the fifth episode of the third season of the science fiction television series "The X-Files". It was first broadcast in the United States on the Fox network on October 20, 1995. "The List" was written and directed by series creator Chris Carter. The episode is a "Monster-of-the-Week" story, a stand-alone plot which is unconnected to the series' larger mythology. "The List" received a Nielson household rating of 10.8, being watched by 16.72 million people on its initial broadcast, and received mixed to positive reviews from critics. The show centers on FBI special agents Fox Mulder (David Duchovny) and Dana Scully (Gillian Anderson) who work on cases linked to the paranormal, called X-Files. Mulder is a believer in the paranormal, while the skeptical Scully has been assigned to debunk his work. In this episode, Mulder and Scully investigate a case where a death row inmate declares that he will be reincarnated and that as a result five men will die. "The List" was written and directed by Carter after the success of the second season entry "Duane Barry". The art department of "The X-Files" were tasked with creating a death row set quickly, a feat which eventually caused the episode to go over budget. Several sequences necessitated the use of real maggots, a turn of events that was not popular with the cast, most notably with Anderson. "The List" later was nominated—and won—several International Monitor Awards. Napoleon "Neech" Manley (Badja Djola), a death row inmate at a Florida prison, is brought to the electric chair. Before he is executed, Neech proclaims that he will be reincarnated and avenge himself against five men who tormented him in prison. Shortly after the execution, Fox Mulder (David Duchovny) and Dana Scully (Gillian Anderson) are brought in to investigate when a prison guard is mysteriously found dead in Neech's cell. The agents meet the prison's warden, Brodeur (J. T. Walsh), who believes that Neech planned the guard's murder with someone on the outside before the execution. John Speranza, another inmate, believes that Neech has returned. When Scully explores the prison's showers, she meets another guard named Vincent Parmelly (Ken Foree). He claims that another prisoner, Roque (Bokeem Woodbine), is keeping a list of the remaining four victims. Later, the head of another guard, Fornier, is found inside a paint can. An examination of the head shows the premature appearance of larvae. The prison coroner tells Scully that the first guard's lungs were completely infested with the larvae, belonging to the green bottle fly. Meanwhile, Mulder talks to Roque, who wants a transfer out of the prison in exchange for revealing the remaining three people on the list. Brodeur later finds Fornier's headless body in his office. While searching Neech's cell, Mulder discovers evidence of his obsession with reincarnation. Scully, of course, is skeptical. They later talk to Neech's fearful widow, Danielle Manley (April Grace), who is secretly seeing Parmelly. Roque is brought to the showers, where he is beaten to death by Brodeur after revealing he is the fifth person on the list. Brodeur puts the prison under lockdown and tells Mulder that Neech had a violent history with all three victims. Mulder believes that Neech came back for revenge against the guards, but doubts that Roque was on the list. He requests that he be provided with the name of Neech's executioner, who turns out to be a volunteer named Perry Simon. The agents arrive at Simon's home to discover his decomposing body in the attic. Mulder confronts Speranza about the list, but Speranza only tells him that Roque was not on it. He claims to have seen Neech "big as life" outside of his cell. Based on phone records, Scully theorizes that Neech's lawyer, Danny Charez, may have engineered the murders with Speranza. The agents interview Charez, who tells them about Danielle's relationship with Parmelly; after they leave, Charez is suffocated by a resurrected Neech. Brodeur visits Speranza in his cell, and offers to have his death sentence commuted in exchange for stopping the murders. Speranza takes the offer. That night, Parmelly visits Danielle, who has become agitated since Mulder and Scully have begun staking out her house. The agents now suspect Parmelly to be behind the murders and leave to notify Brodeur, who asks that Parmelly be arrested. Soon afterward, Danielle wakes up to see Neech standing by her room door. She grabs her gun and confronts Parmelly, thinking he is Neech's resurrected form. The agents and a police task force arrive to see her shoot and kill Parmelly. Meanwhile, Brodeur—assuming that Charez and Parmelly were on the list—thinks Speranza has reneged on their deal and has him taken to the showers. Before Brodeur kills him, Speranza claims that one person remains on the list. Parmelly is blamed for the murders. The agents start to leave Florida, but Mulder soon pulls over. He remains frustrated, since Parmelly was on-duty during only one murder, and was not one of the three men who knew Perry Simon's confidential identity. He also points out inconsistencies in the actions of Parmelly and Roque, who was also assumed to be part of the plot. Mulder believes that Parmelly was not responsible for the deaths, and that Neech had indeed been reincarnated to exact his revenge. However, Scully convinces Mulder that the case is over, and that they should return home. Just then, Brodeur passes them in his car. Looking in his rear view mirror, he sees Neech, who attacks Brodeur and causes his car to crash into a tree, claiming his last victim. The episode was written and directed by series creator Chris Carter, his second directorial endeavor after the second season entry "Duane Barry". The art department of "The X-Files" were tasked with creating a "convincing" death row set "out of thin air". The set took 10 days to build, making it one of the most complicated jobs for the show's staff during the season. Due to the construction of the prison set, the episode ended up going over budget. However, the set was used again later in the season in "Teso Dos Bichos" and "Talitha Cumi". The set was also rented out to other productions in Vancouver, Canada. Real maggots were used during many of the scenes, which were described by Gillian Anderson as being the hardest animals to work with on the show. The show's special effects producers were unable to create a full body replica of the first victim in time, requiring him to lay on an autopsy table with makeup applied while the maggots were poured on to him. Rice was used in place of the maggots during some of the scenes. The car crash at the end of the entry was described by stunt coordinator Tony Morelli as the most harrowing action sequence during the show's third season. To give the episode a different look the producers applied a green palatte to the film in post-production. The executioner, Perry Simon, was named after an NBC executive producer that writer and director Chris Carter knew. The part was played by an uncredited Bruce Pinard. Joseph Patrick Finn, one of the show's producers, played the prison chaplain. "The List" premiered on the Fox network in the United States on October 20, 1995. The episode earned a Nielsen rating of 10.8, with a 19 share, meaning that roughly 10.8 percent of all television-equipped households, and 19 percent of households watching television, were tuned in to the episode. It was watched by a total of 16.72 million viewers, and was later nominated for several International Monitor Awards, including nominations for best director, best editing, and best color correction. "The List" later won the award for best director. Story editor Frank Spotnitz said of the episode, "I think this is a vastly underrated episode. I also think it was a very brave and different show to do and that it will weather the test of time very well. I think it was brave because there is not a single likable character - nobody you can root for. Mulder and Scully do not solve the case, and that is something I had been interested in doing for some time." Chris Carter was nominated for an award by the Directors Guild of America for his work on this episode. "The List" received mixed to positive reviews from television critics. "Entertainment Weekly" gave "The List" a B+, describing it as "standard but well executed". Zack Handlen, writing for "The A.V. Club", had mixed feelings about it, ultimately rating it a B-. He felt that "The List" embodied a bland stand-alone "X-Files" episode for its underdeveloped concept and script, with "attempts at drama" that had no depth, and "sideplots [that] have so little effect on the main narrative as to be basically padding". Handlen however praised the cinematography and art direction, the performances of both Ken Foree and J.T. Walsh, and the final scene, but ultimately considered that "once you get past the set-design and cinematography, you end up with some good lines and a few scary moments, and that's it." Paula Vitaris from "Cinefantastique" gave the episode two stars out of four. She praised Carter's directing, but felt that the story suffered in comparison to the second season's "Duane Barry", also written and directed by Carter, which was better at "unsettling ambiguity". She felt that there were too many characters for the audience to get to know them, and the lack of resolution would leave the audience "utterly frustrated". Other reviews were more critical. Author Phil Farrand wrote negatively of the episode, calling it his third least favorite episode of the first four seasons in his book "The Nitpickers Guide to the X-Files." Robert Shearman and Lars Pearson, in their book "Wanting to Believe: A Critical Guide to The X-Files, Millennium & The Lone Gunmen", rated the episode one-and-a-half stars out of five. The two positively critiqued Carter's directing, calling the entry "good looking" and noting that it was "a decidedly grisly hour of television." However, they derided the plot and called it "barely cooked", writing that the characters that are killed are wholly one-dimensional and are not fleshed out.

Jeffrey Glenn Siemon (born June 2, 1950) is a former professional American football player and an inductee in the College Football Hall of Fame. Jeff grew up in Bakersfield, CA and graduated from Bakersfield High School in 1968 where he played QB, LB, TE, and Center. Jeff Siemon graduated from Stanford University in 1972, where he starred as a linebacker, playing on two Rose Bowl winning teams. At Stanford, he earned the Silver anniversary Dick Butkus award his senior year as the nation's top linebacker, and the Pop Warner Award as the top senior player on the West Coast. He was inducted to the College Football Hall of Fame in 2006. He is a member of Delta Tau Delta International Fraternity. In 1972, Siemon was drafted in the first round by the Vikings, for whom he played until he retired after the 1982 season. During that time, he was the starting middle linebacker in 4 NFC championship games over the course of 5 years (1973 to 1977), winning 3: 1973-74 NFL playoffs, 1974-75 NFL playoffs, 1976-77 NFL playoffs, losing 1: 1977-78 NFL playoffs, and 3 Super Bowls (Super Bowl VIII, Super Bowl IX, Super Bowl XI), all losses. He was also a vital part of the Vikings' 1975 season of 12 wins and 2 losses, winning the NFC central division, 3rd in the NFL in least points allowed (180 points, 12.9 points per game), but the team lost to the Dallas Cowboys in the first round of the 1975-76 NFL playoffs. During the prime years, he teamed up with excellent outside linebackers, such as Matt Blair, Roy Winston, and Wally Hilgenberg. For his speed, quickness, and savvy, he was chosen to play in 4 Pro Bowls. After his NFL career, Jeff graduated from the Simon Greenleaf School of Law (M.A. in Christian Apologetics, 1984) Subsequently, Jeff began and continues his work today as the Minnesota Search Ministries Division Director. Jeff and his wife, Dawn, have four grown children and live in Edina, Minnesota. Their daughter Kelley was a four-year starter for the Notre Dame women's basketball team, concluding her career as part of the Fighting Irish's 2001 national championship squad.

Black Dome Mountain is the most northerly summit of the Camelsfoot Range, which lies along the west side of the Fraser River, north of Lillooet, British Columbia, Canada. It is an ancient butte-like volcano located in the formation known as the Chilcotin Group, which lie between the Pacific Ranges of the Coast Mountains and the mid-Fraser River in British Columbia, Canada. Black Dome is located in the angle of Churn Creek and the Fraser Canyon, southwest of Dog Creek Bridge at Gang Ranch. It is the northernmost summit of the Camelsfoot Range, which lines the west bank of the Fraser north of Lillooet. The Churn Creek Protected Area adjoins the north and western flanks of the mountain, while the Fraser Canyon runs southward along its eastern flank. Like other volcanic landforms in British Columbia, Black Dome Mountain is part of the Pacific Ring of Fire which includes over 160 active volcanoes. There are obsidian deposits and other deposits around the volcano. It has produced olivine basalt dykes, lavas, and agglomerate. Black Dome Mountain is thought to have formed as a result of extension of the crust behind the Cascadia subduction zone and last erupted during the Pliocene.

Born in Brăila, Negoiţă completed his law degree in 1990, at University of Bucharest's Faculty of Law and was a practising lawyer. Aside from Romanian, he speaks English and Italian. He married Carmen in 2005, his wedding godfather being Adriean Videanu, a leader of his party. Negoiţă won a seat in the Chamber of Deputies of Romania in the Romanian legislative election, 1996 on the lists of National Liberal Party - Democratic Convention. In 1998, he resigned from the National Liberal Party and joined the Democratic Party. In the 2000 elections, he was re-elected on the lists of the Democratic Party, being a deputy until 2004. Liviu Negoiţă was the candidate of the Democratic Party for mayor of Bucharest's Sector 3, Bucharest's most populous sector, winning the 2004 elections, keeping his seat after he won the 2008 local elections with 79,05%. During his management, the town hall built 300 playgrounds and a large number of parking spaces. He lost the elections in 2012. After the fall of the Boc government, Băsescu designated Lucian Croitoru as Prime-Minister, but the parliamentary majority voted against him, continuing to insist on Klaus Iohannis as Prime Minister. On November 6, 2009 president Traian Băsescu, associated with PD-L, nominated him as candidate for Prime Minister of Romania. His chosen cabinet was however almost identical to the one of Croitoru. However, the Democratic Liberal Party had no parliamentary majority and the Parliament surpassed the 14-day limit for the hearing the members of Negoiţă's cabinet, thus extending the political deadlock in Romania and leaving Emil Boc in office as acting Prime Minister until the presidential election. After Băsescu's win in the election, he re-nominated Negoiţă as a candidate for Prime Minister of Romania, however, he is expected to give up as a solution to the deadlock. Controversies arose during his terms as mayor of Bucharest 3rd sector because many public works contracts were won by companies owned by his friends, relatives or members of his party, the PD-L. The waste collection, car towing and landscaping services are provided by Rosal, a company owned by PD-L politician Silviu Prigoană, who also is associated in another company with Negoiţă's wife. ACM 93, a company which won road building and maintenance contracts of over 200 million lei (€50 million), is owned by Ionel Pirpiliu, the brother of Ştefan Pirpiliu, a PD-L politician and friend of Negoiţă. The way many of the contracts were awarded to this company has been criticised by "Evenimentul Zilei", because there were no competitive bids, being simple additional documents to older contracts. In one case, companies owned by Prigoană won contracts for providing "Platanus" trees at a price of 30 lei per tree, but, through an additional document, the price was changed to 1,500-2,400 lei, more than 50 times higher than the initial price, whereas the common retail prices on the market are currently around 100-300 lei. Criticism came from "Jurnalul Naţional", over the area of greenery which was removed for the creation of parking lots or buildings. Another initiative for which Negoiţă was criticised by "Gândul" was spending large amounts of money for overpriced fixtures, such as spending €4 million for 'coloured public fountains', while at the same time, the town hall borrowed €70 million.

On January 3, 2006, it was announced that the band had signed to Eulogy Recordings. The label announced that they would re-issue the band's self-titled EP and release their debut album later in the year. Vocalist Jordan Brown stated: "If you had asked me a couple years back about Eulogy and SYG working together, I would have completely shrugged off the idea. Then again, [...] [we] had no intentions of Set Your Goals ever being anything more than a five song demo. Flash forward to 2006, and we've never been so proud to be a part of anything in our entire lives." The album was produced by Barett Jones who has also worked with Nirvana, Foo Fighters, Bush, I Am The Avalanche and The Fall of Troy. From March to May 2006, the band went on tour with Crime in Stereo. In May and June, the band supported Ignite on their tour of the U.S. On June 8, a music video was released for "Mutiny!" was released on 11 July through Eulogy. In September and October, the band went on a headlining tour of U.S. with support from No Trigger and The Distance. In November, the band went on a Midwest and west coast tour with Terror. In February and March 2007, the band went on a tour of North America with support from Every Second Counts, Save Yourself and Fireworks. However, in early March the band were involved in a van accident which resulted in them dropping off the remainder of their March headlining dates. The band recovered in time to support Anti-Flag on their War Sucks... tour in March and April. In mid-May, the band toured alongside Drop Dead, Gorgeous on their US west coast tour. In May and June 2007, the band went on a headlining tour of the U.S. with support from Just Surrender, Driving East and Fireworks. From late June to late July, the band went on the 2007 edition of Warped Tour. In October and November, the band supported New Found Glory and Senses Fail on their co-headlining tour of the U.S. Between late March and early May 2008, the group toured as part of the Bamboozle Roadshow. A Deluxe 2-CD Edition with 5 bonus tracks and a video was released on 27 May 2008. The album was included at number 46 on "Rock Sound"s "The 51 Most Essential Pop Punk Albums of All Time" list. BuzzFeed included the album at number 31 on their "36 Pop Punk Albums You Need To Hear Before You F——ing Die" list. "NME" listed the title track as part of their "Essential Pop Punk Playlist" list. On July 7, 2016, it was announced that the band would go on a 10th anniversary tour for the album later in the same year and in 2017.

Jyotiba Temple () is a holy site of Hinduism near Wadi Ratnagiri in Kolhapur district of Maharashtra state in western India. The deity of the temple is known by the same name, and is held by the locals to be an incarnation of three gods: Brahma, Vishnu, Mahesha, and Jamadagni. An annual fair takes place on the full moon night of the Hindu months of Chaitra and Vaishakha. Jyotiba temple is situated at a height of 3124 feet above sea level the is dedicated to Jyotiba (Dattatreya). The temple is 18 km north-west of Kolhapur. According to the tradition, the original Kedareshwar temple was built by Navji Saya. In 1730, Ranoji Shinde built the present temple in its place. This shrine is 57 ft x 37 ft x 77 ft high including the spire. The second temple of Kedareshwar is 49 ft x 22 ft x 89 ft high. This shrine was constructed by Daulatrao Shinde in 1808. The third temple of "Ramling" is 13 ft x 13 ft x 40 ft high including its dome. This temple was constructed in circa 1780 by Malji Nilam Panhalkar. The interior of the temple is ancient. There are other few temples and Light-towers in the premises. Legend says that the three gods took the form of Jyotiba to destroy the evil Ratnasur. Jyotiba helped Mahalakshmi in her fight with the demons. He founded his kingdom on this mountain, and belongs to the Nath sampradaya. He was born in the hands of Vimalmbuja, the wife of the sage Pougand, on Chaitra Shukla 6th. Lord Jyotiba is the incarnation that destroyed Raktabhoj Rakshasa, and Ratnasur Rakshasa thus liberating the region from its tyranny. The idol of Lord Jyotiba is four-armed. On Chaitra Poornima of Hindu calendar, a big fair is held, when lacs of devotees come with tall (Sasan) sticks. Due to scattering of ‘Gulal’ the whole mountain is turned pink. Being Sunday is day dedicated to Jyotiba, there is always rush over there.

Great Walk Networking is a bushwalking community in Western Australia. The Great Walk started in 1988 as a protest walk from Denmark to Parliament House in Perth, to raise awareness of logging in Western Australia's old growth forests. The organisation of the first Walk was also an Australian Bicentenary celebration to appreciate the environment of Southwest Australia, which is home to a relatively small but unique tall forest heritage: the world's only "Eucalyptus marginata" (Jarrah), "E. diversicolor" (karri), "E. jacksonii" (Tingle), "E. wandoo" subsp. "wandoo" (Wandoo), "E. patens" (Blackbutt) and "E. gomphocephala" (Tuart) forests grow there. Since 1988, different people have organized walks a few times each year. Most Walks are still organized with a focus on raising awareness of conservation and land use issues. Great Walk Networking is a non-profit voluntary organization. The Western Australian forests have been extensively challenged by significant threats: earlier destruction due to settlement patterns and later clearfelling for woodchipping, mining for mineral sands and bauxite, as well as forestry practices that showed little interest in long term sustainability. Many of the Great Walk Networking participants had been involved with other organisations that formed before 1988 to address significant threats to South Western forests of Western Australia. As early as the mid 1970s the Campaign to Save Native Forests (CSNF) and South West Forests Defence Foundation (SWFDF) had been seeking to address the forestry and mining proposals for woodchipping and mining in the forests. The Manjimup wood chip proposals of 1976-1977, and the Wagerup mining proposals in the Darling Range consumed the energies of the CSNF and the SWFDF, as well as other groups based either at the Environment Centre of Western Australia or associated with the Conservation Council of Western Australia. As the older groups changed due to resolution of some of the issues - subsequent groups like Great Walk Networking absorbed members from the earlier groups. On 20 March 1988, 200 people set out from Denmark, on Western Australia's south coast, to walk through the forests of the State's south west on a 650 kilometre trek north to Perth. The Great Walk was launched with an Aboriginal dance ceremony to "protect the walkers, and attune them to the country through which they would travel." Over the next 26 days, over 1000 people would take part, ostensibly to express their appreciation and concerns for the environment. These expressions were felt to be conveyed by a document called the Great Walk Tree Charter, which was carried to Parliament House where it was presented to the Premier of Western Australia, Mr. Peter Dowding. The Great Walk required a great deal of planning and coordination: the route had to mapped, checked and marked on the ground, support crews and equipment assembled, transport arranged, child-care, first aid and medical personnel coordinated and a mobile catering system put together, able to serve 200-500 people at a time. For the most part, sections of the Walk were co-ordinated 'tag-team' style, with new coordination teams assembled for sections of the Walk. During the 26 days from March to April 1988, the Great Walk formed an entirely self-supporting, mobile community of 200 to 500 people that supported itself on contributions from participating walkers per day. "Bambooroo" was a magazine published by Great Walk Networking from May 1988 to May 1990. Its focus was on environmental issues of concern primarily to the South West region of Western Australia. "Bambooroo" means 'message stick' or 'message bearer' in the Nyoongah language. During the first Great Walk, a bambooroo was presented to the Walkers at a corroborree held in Kirup, Western Australia. Ken Colbung described the bambooroo to the Walkers and supporters who collected at Parliament House on 20 April 1988 as a "spiritual message stick" that "protected (the Walkers) from the weather." He later said a message stick "has a very special spiritual significance for the messenger, and when we dedicated it at Kirup it then took all the hopes and realisations of the people present that they would have a walk that would not be caught up in the elements, so that rain would not flood them out or that mud would not be there, that the winds would not be too strong, but the elements would be very controlled and it'd allow the Walkers a peaceful walk up to Perth." "The Great Walk: The documentary of an historic environmental statement in WA - The Great Walk from Denmark to Perth, 20 March - 15 April 1988." (1989) Documentary. Directed by Noeleen Harrison. Film and Television Institute, funded by Great Walk Networking.

Highschool of the Dead, known in Japan as , is a Japanese manga series written by Daisuke Satō and illustrated by Shōji Satō. It was serialized in Fujimi Shobo's "Monthly Dragon Age" between the September 2006 and May 2013 issues, but was left unfinished following Daisuke Satō's death in March 2017. Fujimi Shobo and Kadokawa Shoten published seven "tankōbon" volumes from March 2007 and April 2011 in Japan. Yen Press published the series in North America. The story follows a group of high school students caught in the middle of a zombie apocalypse. A 12-episode anime adaptation, produced by Madhouse and covering the first four volumes, aired in Japan from July 5 to September 20, 2010. Madhouse also produced an original video animation (OVA) episode in 2011. Sentai Filmworks released an English dub of the anime series and OVA on DVD and Blu-ray in North America. "Highschool of the Dead" is set in present-day Japan, beginning as the world is struck by a deadly pandemic that turns humans into zombies, euphemistically referred to by the main characters as . The story follows a group of high school students (and the school's nurse) as they deal with a worldwide catastrophic event known as the "Outbreak". As the cast tries to survive the zombie apocalypse, they must also face the additional threats of societal collapse, in the form of dangerous fellow survivors, and the possible decay of their own moral codes. Starting from the high school, the students escape into town where they must deal with a corrupt teacher and his students. They check their homes for survivors, and pick up a little girl and a dog. Later, they hold up at a mall, travel through a police station, and eventually make their way to an elementary school that is supposedly a safe zone. Written by Daisuke Satō and illustrated by Shōji Satō, "Highschool of the Dead" began serialization in the September 2006 issue of Fujimi Shobo's manga magazine "Monthly Dragon Age". The manga went on hiatus from 2008 to 2010, but after March 2011, only one more chapter was released in April 2013. The series was left unfinished following Daisuke Satō's death on March 22, 2017. Fujimi Shobo and Kadokawa Shoten published seven "tankōbon" volumes from March 1, 2007 and April 25, 2011 in Japan. A full-color version of the manga, called , began serialization in the February 2011 issue of "Monthly Dragon Age". Kadokawa Shoten released the manga's seven volumes from February 25, 2011 to March 9, 2013. In North America, the full-color edition began serialization in the March 2011 issue of Yen Press' "Yen Plus" online magazine, and ran until the July 2011 issue. The volumes were later released in two hardcover omnibus volumes on November 22, 2011 and December 17, 2013. Shortly following the inception of the series and before it was licensed for distribution in English, the manga became popular enough in English via scanlation to draw the attention of the creators, who included a message in English within the magazine's printing of the fifth chapter that requested readers to buy the original manga when it is available. The manga was later licensed in North America by Yen Press, and the first volume was released on January 25, 2011. The series is also published in Spain by Glénat España, in Germany by Carlsen, in Italy, Brazil and Mexico by Panini Comics, in Canada and France for French-language publication by Pika Édition, in Poland by Waneko, and in Taiwan by Kadokawa Media. A crossover manga by Shouji Sato, called , was published on August 9, 2012, featuring characters from "Triage X", Sato's other work. An anime adaptation, produced by Madhouse and directed by Tetsuro Araki, aired on the Japanese network Anime Theater X from July 5 to September 20, 2010, with subsequent broadcasts on TV Kanagawa, Tokyo MX, Chiba TV, KBS Kyoto, TV Aichi, TV Saitama, and Sun TV. Six DVD and Blu-ray volumes were released by Geneon Universal Entertainment between September 22, 2010 and February 23, 2011. In North America, the anime series was licensed by Sentai Filmworks for simulcast on the Anime Network Some of the more graphic scenes were censored. In Australia and New Zealand, the series was licensed by Madman Entertainment. Sentai and Madman later gained additional rights to the series, with Section23 Films releasing the series with an English dub (produced by Seraphim Digital) on Blu-ray and DVD on June 28, 2011. Manga Entertainment also released the series in the United Kingdom. The English dub of the series aired on Anime Network's VOD service from March 10, 2011 to May 26, 2011, and was made available on Microsoft's Zune Marketplace and Apple's iTunes Store on May 27, 2011 and June 27, 2011, respectively. An original video animation episode, titled "Drifters of the Dead", was bundled on Blu-ray with the limited edition release of the seventh volume of the manga on April 26, 2011. It was originally intended for a February release, but was pushed back. It was later licensed by Sentai Filmworks in North America for streaming, with the DVD and Blu-ray released on November 26, 2013. The series' opening theme is "Highschool of the Dead" by Kisida Kyoudan & The Akebosi Rockets. The series' closing theme songs differ in each episode, and each are sung by Maon Kurosaki. The CD single for the opening theme was released on August 18, 2010 by Geneon Universal Entertainment. The CD single features the TV and instrumental versions of "Highschool of the Dead" and a new song called , along with an instrumental version of the song. A CD containing all 12 ending themes sung by Kurosaki was released by Geneon on September 22, 2010, along with an original soundtrack. In Japan, the sixth volume of "Highschool of the Dead" reached #5 on the Oricon charts between July 5 and July 11, 2010, selling 92,040 copies, and #13 between July 12 and July 18, 2010, selling 43,714 copies for a total of 135,754 copies. The seventh volume of "Highschool of the Dead" reached #11 on the Oricon charts between May 2 and May 8, 2011, selling 57,016 copies, #2 between May 9 and May 15, 2011, selling 115,154 copies, and #19 between May 16 and May 22, 2011, selling 34,362 copies for a total of 206,532 copies. In North America, the second volume of the manga reached "The New York Times" Best-Selling Manga List, reaching #4 between April 24 and April 30, 2011, #10 between May 1 and May 7, 2011, and #8 between May 8 and May 14, 2011. For the anime adaptation, Chris Beveridge from Mania.com comments on the first episode, "There's a lot to like here if you're looking for something beyond the usual high school dramas and comedies of the last few years." Carlo Santos of Anime News Network states that, "Other recent zombie works in Western entertainment have tried to play it ironic, or postmodernist, or just plain silly, but this one goes for straight-up horror—and pulls it off admirably." However, Zac Bertschy, also of Anime News Network, states for this episode that, "It just could've easily been written by a script generator or a horror fan with 19 minutes to kill." Andy Hanley of the UK Anime Network summaries the first manga volume as: "Nothing ground-breaking here, but a volume of mindless fun that brings all of the gory entertainment of a zombie apocalypse to the printed page." Chris Lanxon of Wired UK praises its production quality despite having no single original element. At a Comic-Con "Best and Worst Manga of 2011" panel, it was listed among the "Worst Manga" in a series of rapid-fire questions. In March 2015, the Chinese Ministry of Culture announced a crackdown on sites hosting overly-violent or sexual anime content, with "Highschool of the Dead" being singled out as an example due to its sexual content; the Ministry described it as "borderline-pornographic". Character designer Shōji Satō featured Rei and Saeko in crossover illustrations for his other manga "Triage X" and the video game "Lollipop Chainsaw", where their high school uniforms are available as unlockable costumes for main character Juliet Starling. It was also briefly featured roughly halfway through episode 4 of "Ano Natsu de Matteru".

Woorinen South is a town in Victoria, Australia. It is situated within the Rural City of Swan Hill within the Mallee region of north-west Victoria. At the , Woorinen South had a population of 311. The town is located north-west of Melbourne and km north-west of the regional centre Swan Hill. The town contains a number of small businesses and is in the centre of a prosperous and diverse agricultural area which produces wine, stone fruit, vegetables, wool, and cereal crops. The town hosts the annual Vintage Steam Rally. Aboriginal people have lived in the wider Murray River region for thousands of years. The language groups living in the Central Murray area at the time of European contact were the Wemba-Wemba and the Wati-Wati people. The first European settlers arrived in the area in the late nineteenth century and began clearing the land of its Mallee Scrub and planted crops. In the early years there was very little infrastructure. Transport and crop production was achieved through horse power or bullock teams. The Woorinen irrigation area was started largely as a soldier settlement following the end of World War I. The Woorinen Central School (No. 3945) opened for classes in 1917 at Reserve Road. Woorinen South Post Office opened on 11 August 1921. The Woorinen Soldiers Memorial Hall was constructed in 1923 at the corner of Chillingollah Road and North South Road. It was used as a meeting place for local people and was used for a number of years for RSL club meetings. The next school to open in the area was the Woorinen North School (No. 4148) at Monash Drive in 1925. The Woorinen South School (No. 4456) opened in 1930 in the Woorinen South township, which had gradually sprung up along Palmer Street on the north side of the Swan Hill to Piangil railway line which was finished in 1915. Due to dwindling class numbers and the Victorian state government cost cutting, the Woorinen Central School and the Woorinen North School both closed at the end of 1993. At this time, the Woorinen South School changed its name to Woorinen District School to reflect its new status as the only school left open in the area. Post-primary aged students attend one of the secondary schools in nearby Swan Hill. Traditionally, the areas of Woorinen and Woorinen North have been irrigation districts with water piped from the Murray River (some 10 kilometres away) to vineyards to produce table grapes, wine grapes and sultanas. The areas around the Woorinen South township have traditionally been used for dry land farming for the production of wheat and barley crops using natural rainfall. Recent decades have seen the large scale expansion of stone fruit and vegetables in all of the Woorinen areas. Accommodating this has been the construction of a number of large fruit packing sheds throughout the wider Woorinen area. Since the mid-1990s, vineyards have also seen a corresponding increase particularly Shiraz and Cabernet Sauvignon grape varieties. Grapes are now largely harvested by mechanical harvesters. The closest winery is Buller Wines, located in the adjacent district of Beverford. In 2002, a new grain depot was opened on the railway line at Woorinen South for the storage of large amounts of grain from cereal crops in the area. It is operated by Australian Bulk Alliance. Grain from the storage is sent to the southern Victorian ports by rail for export and shipment abroad. Stone fruit, vegetables and grapes produced in the region are sent to national supermarket chains and some is exported to Asia. In 2006 construction began on the Woorinen Ethanol plant located on the railway line slightly to the west of the Woorinen South township. It is to be Australia's first ethanol plant using locally grown corn, wheat and barley for the production of ethanol fuel. This plant will be the first major industrial complex in the Woorinen area. In 1919, the Woorinen Football club, an Australian rules football club, started in the Swan Hill Football Association with its first club colours being black and white. The club changed its colours to the current yellow and black colours in 1937. From 1946 Woorinen was part of the Mid Murray Football League. Woorinen Football Club has won a number of premierships over the years with its most recent in 1993 and 2002. The home ground is located at Reserve Road next to the former Woorinen Central School. Woorinen is one of the founding members of the Central Murray Football League which began in 1997. This league was formed out of the existing Mid Murray Football League which ceased to exist after the end of the 1996 season. Woorinen Netball Club has operated for many years and games are played at the Woorinen Netball Courts next to the football oval. Game times and teams are the same as those of the Woorinen Football Club. Woorinen also had a tennis club for many years in the Lake Boga and District Tennis Association. Home games were played at the Woorinen South tennis courts.

Morven is a small village about 7 kilometre east of Culcairn in the eastern Riverina district of New South Wales, Australia. At the 2006 census, Morven had a population of 464 people. Morven commenced its existence as a Cobb and Co Staging Post. Morven Post Office opened on 1 September 1880. The Round Hill Hotel is somewhat misnamed, because the actual location of the Round Hill property is some kilometres away on the road from Holbrook to Culcairn. The hotel's name was changed from the Bridge Hotel to its current name when the owner of the hotel also became a part owner of the Round Hill property. The town was serviced by the Holbrook branch railway line until the line was closed over 20 years ago. The bushranger Dan "Mad Dog" Morgan roamed the area in the mid-19th century and held up the Round Hill Station property situated along the road to Culcairn. During the hold-up he fatally wounded John McLean, an employee of the station, and a grave and memorial stands at the site to commemorate the event. In recent years Morven has continued to remain viable with a number of new houses being build and residents moving in. The site of the village still boasts the old church, a set of tennis courts and the Round Hill Hotel.

Onionhead is a 1958 comedy-drama film set on a U.S. Coast Guard ship during World War II, starring Andy Griffith and featuring Felicia Farr, Walter Matthau, Erin O'Brien, James Gregory, Joey Bishop, and Claude Akins. It was directed by Norman Taurog and was written by Nelson Gidding and Weldon Hill from Hill's novel. "Weldon Hill" was the pseudonym of William R. Scott, a native Oklahoman who based the novel on his own World War II service in the Coast Guard. Griffith had experienced success with his previous service comedy, "No Time for Sergeants", and "Onionhead" was an attempt to cash in on that success. It was marketed as an uproarious comedy but is actually a comedy-drama with some fairly dark themes. "Onionhead" was such a notorious flop that it drove Griffith into television, according to Griffith's videotaped interview in the Archive of American Television. In the spring of 1941, Al Woods quits an Oklahoma college to join the armed forces after a quarrel with his co-ed sweetheart, Jo. He joins the Coast Guard, partly by chance due to the flip of a coin. After boot training, Al is assigned to a buoy tender in Boston, the "Periwinkle", as a ship's cook although he has no cooking experience. He encounters immediate hostility from the chief of the galley, Red Wildoe, from new crew mates and cooks' helpers Gutsell and Poznicki, and from his arrogant department head, Lieutenant (junior grade) Higgins. In a Boston bar, Al picks up Stella, who appears to do this kind of thing with some regularity. They develop a strong attraction, but she seems to be holding out for something more. He befriends Gutsell by fixing him up with a girlfriend of Stella's and learns from Wildoe how to be a ship's cook, making a number of embarrassing mistakes. Al, frustrated after Stella won't spend a night in a hotel room with him, stops seeing her, whereupon he and the alcoholic Wildoe get drunk together and bond. Wildoe begins seeing Stella with Al's blessing. Pearl Harbor is attacked and war declared. Wildoe abruptly proposes to Stella and they marry. A free-for-all breaks out at their wedding celebration, with a jealous Al instigating a fight with soldiers who are clearly familiar with Stella already. Wildoe is assigned to another vessel performing convoy duty at sea. During this time, Stella begins seeing other men. Al tries to prevent this on Wildoe's behalf, but can't resist Stella himself. Aboard the "Periwinkle", Al becomes the new chief cook. Higgins, promoted to executive officer, is discovered entering lesser amounts than they pay for the cost of officers' meals into the ledger of the ship's mess and pocketing the difference. He purchases substandard food for the crew in order to keep the mess budget from showing a deficit. Higgins also objects to finding Al's hair in his food, so Al shaves his scalp bald, earning the nickname "Onionhead." Assuming erroneously that all the officers are in on the scam, Al bypasses channels to report the theft to the District Office. During leave back home to attend his father's funeral, Al reconnects with Jo, realizing that she is the one he loves. In port again, Wildoe asks Al to take Stella home from the bar one night when he is recalled to his ship. Stella tries to seduce Al, who calls her a tramp. She replies: "I can't help what I am." The "Periwinkle" sinks a submarine in combat, with Al playing a major role, but his accusation of embezzlement impugns the honor of the innocent captain and exposes the ship to scandal at the board of investigation. Al declines to produce any proof of Higgins' misdeeds in order to save their reputations, but privately slips the captain the proof. In a meeting with Al and the executive officer, the captain tells Al that his punishment for an unsubstantiated allegation against an officer is loss of his rating and reassignment to Greenland, but also informs Higgins that he will have to repay every embezzled dollar before his court-martial. He gently chastises Al for not having come to him with the proof earlier, but gives him leave to marry Jo before he ships out for Greenland. Filming on "Onionhead" was held up for a week in November 1957 when Andy Griffith came down with the Asian flu. The film was shot at Warner Bros.' studio in Burbank, California; location shooting for the film took place at the Coast Guard station in Alameda, California, aboard USCGC "Yamacraw" (WARC-333), at Coast Guard Base Yerba Buena Island and in Long Beach, California for interiors on USCGC "Heather" (WAGL-331).

Pholiotina rugosa is a common lawn mushroom which is widely distributed and especially common in the Pacific Northwest. It also grows on woodchips, rich soil and compost. It has been found in Europe, Asia and North America. It contains the same mycotoxins as the death cap. It is more commonly known as "Conocybe filaris" as this is the name it is likely to appear under in field guides. However, "Conocybe filaris" is a junior synonym of "Pholiotina rugosa". "Pholiotina rugosa" has also been placed in the genus "Conocybe", but its morphology and a 2013 molecular phylogenetics study place it in the genus "Pholiotina". "Pholiotina fimicola", which grows on dung and rich soil in North America is a possible synonym. "Pholiotina arrhenii" has also been considered a possible synonym, but a molecular phylogenetics study found it to be a distinct species. "Pholiotina rugosa" has a cap which is conical, expanding to flat, usually with an umbo. It is less than 3 cm across, has a smooth brown top, and the margin is often striate. The gills are rusty brown, close, and adnexed. The stalk is 2 mm thick and 1 to 6 cm long, smooth, and brown, with a prominent and movable ring. The spore print is rusty brown. They have been shown to contain amatoxins, which are highly toxic to the liver and are responsible for many deaths by poisoning from mushrooms in the genera "Amanita" and "Lepiota". They are sometimes mistaken for "Psilocybe", especially "Psilocybe cyanescens" and "Psilocybe subaeruginosa" species due to their similar looking pileus (cap).

Victoria Park C.I, formerly Victoria Park Secondary School, is a collegiate institute located south of York Mills Road and west of Victoria Park Ave. at 15 Wallingford Road in the North York area of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is the first publicly funded school in Ontario to host the International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme. Authorized to offer the IB Diploma Programme since July 1987, the programme is taught in English. The school is open to male and female students. Some feeder schools include Milne Valley Middle School and Donview Middle School. The student population of Victoria Park Collegiate Institute is diverse, with a component of English as Second Language students (over 30%). Victoria Park Collegiate Institute was officially opened to students in 1960. Approximately two decades after its founding, Victoria Park C.I. became the first public school within Ontario to offer the International Baccalaureate Program. In the late 2000s, a fitness centre was opened which goes by the name of "Brian Maxwell Fitness Centre". This was to dedicate Brian Maxwell and his contributions to this school, as well as his passing in 2004. Throughout 2016-2017, many renovations had occurred in the school with new additions such as a new and improved resource room, a remodelled gym, a cell phone charging station, and repainted walls/doors. Victoria Park C.I. was the first public school in Ontario to offer the International Baccalaureate Diploma Program, beginning in 1987. Grade nine and ten students are admitted into a pre-IB program at Victoria Park where they are given the opportunity to gauge the IB curriculum. Individuals who wish to apply for the pre-IB program must write a student application essay of 400-500 words. The applicant then must attend an interview with the IB Coordinator in order to complete the application process. IB graduates from Victoria Park C.I. consistently score in the top 10% worldwide, with many individuals in the top 5%. In the graduating class of 2013, 16 students out of 94 achieved a total score of 40 points or above, including one student who scored 44 points. Sports offered at Victoria Park C.I. ***LIST***. Competitive clubs include: ***LIST***. VPCI also has its student-led Orchestra that is not limited to students taking music classes. Victoria Park C.I., like all high schools in the TDSB, has a resourceful library. The library offers over 20 workstations, two computer labs, independent study areas, printing services, and photocopying service. The library is also the home to over a thousand books of all genres. The library occasionally holds fundraisers for the Hospital for Sick Children and much more. Some programs on the hundreds of computers (which run on Windows 7 and Windows 10) are Turing programming software, Microsoft Office 2010, and graphic editors such as Adobe Photoshop. The Accelerated Reader software is offered, with which grade nine students are encouraged to read and are tested afterwards on the content of the novel they chose. Victoria Park CI also has many carts of laptops which run on Windows 7 as well. The White Pine high school reading program started in Victoria Park C.I. in the spring of 2003. Every year at the beginning of semester two, a meeting is held in the school library to gather students who are interested in participating in this reading program. All books nominated for White Pine are young adult fictions written by Canadian authors. The ten nominated books are introduced to the students who will have to read at least seven out of the ten selections to be eligible to vote for their favourite book. A meeting takes place every three weeks in the library where students get an opportunity to discuss, with their peers as well as other teachers, about the books they have read. The voting for the favourite book takes place in mid May at the school. After all the votes from across Ontario have been accounted for, teachers and students of Victoria Park C.I who have participated in the White Pine reading program are then invited to the ceremony where the winning author of the nominated books is announced.

Dracula and Son () is a 1976 French comedy and horror film directed and written by Edouard Molinaro. The film is about a vampire father and son. With angry villagers driving them away from their castle in Transylvania, Dracula (Christopher Lee) and his son Ferdinand (Bernard Ménez) head abroad. The Prince of Darkness ends up in London, England where he becomes a horror movie star exploiting his vampire status. His son, meanwhile, is ashamed of his roots and ends up a night watchman in Paris, France where he falls for a girl. Naturally, tensions arise when father and son are reunited and both take a liking to the same girl. "Dracula and Son" was released in France on 15 September 1976. It was released in 1979 in the United States. The American distributor of the film cut many scenes in the film and replaced them with different gags. Allmovie gave the film a rating of two stars out of five, but noted that "this was a very witty film prior to its decimation by an uncaring American distributor. A review in "TV Guide" gave a positive review of three stars out of four, noting that the film "actually works because it treats its subject with respect and doesn't degrade it for cheap, campy laughs." while noting that the film has a "poor dubbing job" that made the character Ferdinand Poitevin sound like a cross between Woody Allen and Austin Pendleton.

Hepoxilins (Hx) are a set of epoxyalcohol metabolites of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), i.e. they possess both an epoxide and an alcohol (i.e. hydroxyl) residue. HxA3, HxB3, and their non-enzymatically formed isomers are nonclassic eicosanoid derived from acid the (PUFA), arachidonic acid. A second group of less well studied hepoxilins, HxA4, HxB4, and their non-enzymatically formed isomers are nonclassical eicosanoids derived from the PUFA, eicosapentaenoic acid. Recently, 14,15-HxA3 and 14,15-HxB3 have been defined as arachidonic acid derivatives that are produced by a different metabolic pathway than HxA3, HxB3, HxA4, or HxB4 and differ from the aforementioned hepoxilins in the positions of their hydroxyl and epoxide residues. Finally, hepoxilin-like products of two other PUFAs, docosahexaenoic acid and linoleic acid, have been described. All of these epoxyalcohol metabolites are at least somewhat unstable and are readily enzymatically or non-enzymatically to their corresponding trihydroxy counterparts, the trioxilins (TrX). HxA3 and HxB3, in particular, are being rapidly metabolized to TrXA3, TrXB3, and TrXC3. Hepoxilins have various biological activities in animal models and/or cultured mammalian (including human) tissues and cells. The TrX metabolites of HxA3 and HxB3 have less or no activity in most of the systems studied but in some systems retain the activity of their precursor hepoxilins. Based on these studies, it has been proposed that the hepoxilins and trioxilins function in human physiology and pathology by, for example, promoting inflammation responses and dilating arteries to regulate regional blood flow and blood pressure. HxA3 and HxB3 were first identified, named, shown to have biological activity in stimulating insulin secretion in cultured rat pancreatic islets of Langerhans in Canada in 1984 by CR Pace-Asciak and JM Martin. Shortly thereafter, Pace-Asciak identified, named, and showed to have insulin secretagogue activity HxA4 and HxB4. HxA3, HxB3, and their isomers are distinguished from most other eicosanoids (i.e. signaling molecules made by oxidation of 20-carbon fatty acids) in that they contain both epoxide and hydroxyl residues; they are structurally differentiated in particular from two other classes of arachidonic acid-derived eicosanoids, the leukotrienes and lipoxins, in that they lack conjugated double bonds. HxA4 and HxB4 are distinguished from HxA3 and HxB3 by possessing four rather than three double bonds. The 14,15-HxA3 and 14,15-HxB3 non-classical eicosanoids are distinguished from the aforementioned hepoxilins in that they are formed by a different metabolic pathway and differ in the positioning of their epoxide and hydroxyl residues. Two other classes of epoxyalcohol fatty acids, those derived from the 22-carbon polyunsaturated fatty acid, docosahexaenoic acid, and the 18-carbon fatty acid, linoleic acid, are distinguished from the aforementioned hepoxilins by their carbon chain length; they are termed hepoxilin-like rather than hepoxilins. A hepoxilin-like derivative of linoleic acid is formed on linoleic acid that is esterified to a sphingosine in a complex lipid termed esterified omega-hydroxylacyl-sphingosin (EOS). The full structural identities of the hepoxilins and hepoxilin-like compounds in most studies are unclear in two important respects. First, the "R" versus "S" chirality of their hydroxy residue in the initial and most studies thereafter is undefined and therefore given with, for example, HxB3 as 10"R/S"-hydroxy or just 10-hydroxy. Second, the "R","S" versus "S","R" chirality of the epoxide residue in these earlier studies likewise goes undefined and given with, for example, HxB3 as 11,12-epoxide. While some later studies have defined the chirality of these residues for the products they isolated, it is often not clear that the earlier studies dealt with products that had exactly the same or a different chirality at these residues. Human HxA3 and HxB3 are formed in a two-step reaction. First, molecular oxygen (O) is added to carbon 12 of arachidonic acid (i.e. 5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z-eicosatetraenoic acid) and concurrently the 8"Z" double bond in this arachidonate moves to the 9"E" position to form the intermediate product, 12"S"-hydroperoxy-5Z,8Z,10E,14Z-eicosatetraenoic acid (i.e. 12"S"-hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid or 12"S"-HpETE). Second, 12"S"-HpETE is converted to the hepoxilin products, HxA3 (i.e. 8"R/S"-hydroxy-11,12-oxido-5"Z",9"E",14"Z"-eicosatrienoic acid) and HxB3 (i.e. 10"R/S"-hydroxy-11,12-oxido-5"Z",8"Z",14"Z"-eicosatrienoic acid). This two-step metabolic reaction is illustrated below: 5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z-eicosatetraenoic acid + O → 12"S"-hydroperoxy-5Z,8Z,10E,14Z-eicosatetraenoic acid → 8"R/S"-hydroxy-11,12-oxido-5"Z",9"E",14"Z"-eicosatrienoic acid + 10"R/S"-hydroxy-11,12-oxido-5"Z",8"Z",14"Z"-eicosatrienoic acid The second step in this reaction, the conversion of 12("S")-HpETE to HxA3 and HxB3, may be catalyzed by ALOX12 as an intrinsic property of the enzyme. Based on gene knockout studies, however, the epidermal lipoxygenase, ALOXE3, or more correctly, its mouse ortholog Aloxe3, appears responsible for converting 12("S")-HpETE to HxB3 in mouse skin and spinal tissue. It is suggested that ALOXE3 contributes in part or whole to the production of HxB3 and perhaps other hepoxilins by tissues where it is expressed such as the skin. Furthermore, hydroperoxide-containing unsaturated fatty acids can rearrange non-enzymatically to form a variety of epoxyalcohol isomers. The 12("S")-HpETE formed in tissues, it is suggested, may similar rearrange non-enzymatically to form HxA3 and HXB3. Unlike the products made by ALOX12 and ALOXE3, which are stereospecific in forming only HxA3 and HxB3, however, this non-enzymatic production of hepoxilins may form a variety of hepoxilin isomers and occur as an artifact of tissue processing. Finally, cellular peroxidases readily and rapidly reduce 12("S")-HpETE to its hydroxyl analog, 12"S"-hydroxy-5Z,8Z,10E,14Z-eicosatetraenoic acid (12"S"-HETE; see 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid; this reaction competes with the hepoxilin-forming reaction and in cells expressing very high peroxidase activity may be responsible for blocking the formation of the hepoxilins. ALOX15 is responsible for metabolizing arachidonic acid to 14,15-HxA3 and 14,15-HxB3 as indicated in the following two-step reaction which first forms 15("S")-hydroperoxy-5"Z",8"Z",11"Z",13"E"-eicosatetraenoic acid (15"S"-HpETE) and then two specific isomers of 11"S/R"-hydroxy-14"S",15"S"-epoxy-5"Z",8"Z",12"E"-eicosatrienoic acid (i.e. 14,15-HxA3) and 13"S/"R)-hydroxy-14"S",15"S"-epoxy-5"Z",8"Z",11"Z"-eicosatrienoic acid (i.e. 14,15-HxB3): 5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z-eicosatetraenoic acid + O → 15("S")-hydroperoxy-5"Z",8"Z",11"Z",13"E"-eicosatetraenoic acid → 11"R"-hydroxy-14"S",15 "S"-epoxy-5"Z",8"Z",12"E"-eicosatrienoic acid and 13"R"-hydroxy-14"S",15"S"-epoxy-5"Z",8"Z",11"Z"-eicosatrienoic acid ALOX15 appears capable of conducting both steps in this reaction although further studies may show that ALOXE3, non-enzymatic rearrangements, and the reduction of 15"S"-HpETE to 15("S")-hydroxy-5"Z",8"Z",11"Z",13"E"-eicosatetraenoic acid (i.e. 15"S"-HETE; see 15-hydroxyicosatetraenoic acid) may be involved in the production of 14,15-HxA3 and 14,15-HxB3 as they are in that of HxA3 and HxB3. Production of the hepoxilin-like metabolites of docosahexaenoic acid, 7"R/S"-hydroxy-10,11-epoxy-4"Z",7"E",13"Z",16"Z",19"Z"-docosapentaenoic acid (i.e. 7-hydroxy-bis-α-dihomo-HxA5) and 10-hydroxy-13,14-epoxy-4"Z",7"EZ",11"E",16"Z",19"Z"-docosapentaenoic acid (i.e. 10-hydroxy-bis-α-dihomo-HxA5) was formed (or inferred to be formed based on the formation of their tihydroxy metabolites (see trioxilins, below) as a result of adding docosahexaenoic acid to the pineal gland or hippocampus isolated from rats; the pathway(s) making these products has not been described. A hepoxilin-like metabolite of linoleic acid forms in the skin of humans and rodents. This hepoxilin is esterified to sphinganine in a lipid complex termed EOS (i.e. esterified omega-hydroxyacyl-sphingosine, see Lipoxygenase#Biological function and classification#Human lipoxygenases) that also contains a very long chain fatty acid. In this pathway, ALOX12B metabolizes the esterified linoleic acid to its 9"R"-hydroperoxy derivative and then ALOXE3 metabolizes this intermediate to its 13"R"-hydroxy-9"R",10"R"-epoxy product. The pathway functions to deliver very long chain fatty acids to the cornified lipid envelope of the skin surface. HxA3 is extremely unstable and HxB3 is moderately unstable, rapidly decomposing to their tri-hydroxy products, for example, during isolation procedures that use an even mildly acidic methods; they are also rapidly metabolized enzymatically in cells to these same tri-hydroxy products, termed trioxilins (TrX's) or trihydroxyeicoxatrienoic acids (THETA's); HxA3 is converted to 8,11,12-trihydroxy-5"Z",9"E",14"Z"-eicosatrienoic acid (trioxilin A3 or TrXA3) while TxB3 is converted to 10,11,12-trihydroxy-5"Z",8"Z",14"Z"-eicosatrienoic acid (trioxilin B3 or TrXB3). A third trihydroxy acid, 8,9,12-trihydroxy-5"Z",10"E",14"Z" eicosatrienoic acid (trioxilin C3 or TrXC3), has been detected in rabbit and mouse aorta tissue incubated with arachidonic acid. The metabolism of HxA3 to TrXA3 and HXB3 to TrX is accomplished by soluble epoxide hydrolase in mouse liver; since it is widely distributed in various tissues of various mammalian species, including humans, soluble epoxide hydrolase may be the principal enzyme responsible for metabolizing these and perhaps other hepoxilin compounds. It seems possible, however, that other similarly acting epoxide hydrolases such as microsomal epoxide hydrolase or epoxide hydrolase 2 may prove to hepoxilin hydrolase activity. While the trihydroxy products of hepoxilin synthesis are generally considered to be inactive and the sEH pathway therefore considered as functioning to limiting the actions of the hepoxilins, some studies found that TrXA3, TrXB3, and TrXC3 were more powerful than HxA3 in relaxing pre-contracted mouse arteries and that TrXC3 was a relatively potent relaxer of rabbit pre-contracted aorta. HxA3 was converted through a Michael addition catalyzed by glutathione transferase to its glutathione conjugate, HxA3-C, i.e., 11-glutathionyl-HxA3, in a cell-free system or in homogenates of rat brain hippocampus tissue; HxA3-C proved to be a potent stimulator of membrane hyperpolarization in rat hippocampal CA1 neurons. This formation of hepoxilin A3-C appears analogous to the formation of leukotriene C4 by the conjugation of glutathione to leukotriene A4. Glutathione conjugates of 14,15-HxA3 and 14,15-HxB3 have also been detected the human Hodgkin disease Reed–Sternberg cell line, L1236. HxB3 and TrX3 are found esterified into the "sn"-2 position of phospholipid in human psoriasis lesions and samples of human psoriatic skin acylate HxBw and TrX2 into these phospholipids in vitro. Virtually all of the biological studies on hepoxilins have been conducted in animals or in vitro on animal and human tissues, However, these studies give species-specific different results which complicate their relevancy to humans. The useful translation of these studies to human physiology, pathology, and clinical medicine and therapies requires much further study. HxA3 and HxB3 possess pro-inflammatory actions in, for example, stimulating human neutrophil chemotaxis and increasing the permeability of skin capillaries. Studies in humans have found that the amount of HxB3 is >16-fold higher in psoriatic lesions than normal epidermis. It is present in psoriatic scales at ~10 micromolar, a concentration which is able to exert biologic effects; HxB3 was not detected in these tissues although its present was strongly indicated by the presence of its metabolite, TrXB3, at relatively high levels in psoriatic scales but not normal epidermal tissue. These results suggest that the pro-inflammatory effects of HxA3 and HxB3 may contribute to the inflammatory response that accompanies psoriasis and perhaps other inflammatory skin conditions. HxA3 has also been implicating in promoting the neutrophil-based inflammatory response to various bacteria in the intestines and lungs of rodents. ; this allows that this hepoxilin may also promote the inflammatory response of humans in other tissues, particularly those with a mucosa surface, besides the skin. In addition, HxA3 and a synthetic analog of HxB3, PBT-3, induce human neutrophils to produce neutrophil extracellular traps, i.e. DNA-rich extracellular fibril matrixes able to kill extracellular pathogens while minimizing tissue; hence these hepoxilins may contribute to innate immunity by being responsible of the direct killing of pathogens. In addition to 12"S"-HETE and 12"R"-HETE (see 12-HETE#Blood pressure), HxA3, TrXA3, and TrXC3 but neither HxB3 nor TrXB3 relax mouse mesentery arteries pre-contracted by thromboxane A2)(TXA2). Mechanistically, these metabolites form in the vascular endothelium, move to the underlining smooth muscle, and reverse the smooth muscle contraction caused by TXA2 by functioning as a Receptor antagonist, i.e. they competitively inhibit the binding of TXA2 to its thromboxane receptor, α isoform. Contrastingly, 15-lipoxgenase-derived epoxyalcohol and trihydroxy metabolites of arachidonic acid viz., 15-hydroxy-11,12-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid, 13-hydroxy-14,15-epoxy-eicosatrienoic acid (a 14,15-HxA4 isomer), and 11,12,15-trihydroxyeicosatrienoic acid dilate rabbit aorta by an Endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF) mechanism, i.e. they form in the vessels endothelium, move to underlying smooth muscles, and trigger a response of Hyperpolarization (biology)-induced relaxation by binding to and thereby opening their apamin-sensitive small conductance (SK) Calcium-activated potassium channel#SK channels. The cited metabolites may use one or the other of these two mechanisms in different vascular beds and in different animal species to contribute in regulating regional blood flow and blood pressure. While the role of these metabolites in the human vasculature has not been studied, 12"S"-HETE, 12"R"-HETE, HxA3, TrXA3, and TrXC3 do inhibit the binding of TXA2 to the human thromboxane receptor. HXA3 and HXB3 appear responsible for hyperalgesia and tactile allodynia (pain caused by a normally non-painful stimulus) response of mice to skin inflammation. In this model, the hepoxilins are released in spinal cord and directly activate TRPV1 and TRPA1 receptors to augment the perception of pain. TRPV1 (the transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TrpV1), also termed the capsaicin receptor or vanilloid receptor) and TRPA1 (Transient receptor potential cation channel, member A1) are plasma membrane ion channels on cells; these channels are known to be involved in the perception of pain caused by exogenous and endogenous physical and chemical stimuli in a wide range of animal species including humans. The insulin-secreting actions of HxA3 and HxB3 on isolate rat pancreatic islet cells involves their ability to increase or potentiate the insulin-secreting activity of glucose, requires very high concentrations (e.g. 2 micromolar) of the hepoxilins, and has not been extended to intact animals or humans. Hepoxilins are also produced in the brain.

Iskander Makhmudov is an Uzbek-born Russian businessman and philanthropist. Yekaterinburg News called him "One of Russia’s most prominent and civically involved industrialists" who has contributed more than $1 billion to social, civic and philanthropic causes since 2001, adding “During the period of Russian rebuilding and economic liberalization, or perestroika, Makhmudov helped lead the country’s transition into a free market, capitalist, wealth- and prosperity-producing economy.” According to "Forbes" Magazine, Iskander Makhmudov is the 22nd wealthiest person in Russia. Forbes reported his net worth at $6.5 billion as of June 22, 2014. Makhmudov has given over one billion dollars to charitable causes over the past decade, including medical clinics, housing programs, orphanages, and programs for war veterans. According to "Yekaterinburg News": “As of 2011, those clinics expanded their operations to serve free of charge not only the children of UMMC employees, but also disabled children, orphans and children from disadvantaged families in the community.” Makhmudov, along with one of the companies he owns (Transmashholding), are part owners of the Skolkovo Foundation. Makhmudov takes an active role in the Foundation's leadership. Makhmudov, through the Foundation, operates a business area near Moscow to help Russian startup companies develop and market their companies. In June 2014, the Foundation hosted a competition, called "2014 Startup Village", for startup companies in Moscow. The competition awarded investment money to 21 companies. Around 750 companies entered the competition. The Foundation said that the startup competition is the largest of its kind in the world. Makhmudov created a fund of money through the foundation, called the Skolkovo Fund. In May 2014, the Fund hosted an international meeting of biomedical research scientists in Russia. According to "Yekaterinburg News", the event was the "first-ever international biomedical conference." Makhmudov graduated from Tashkent State University with a degree in Oriental Studies. He is also a translator by educational background. In 1986, the U.S. military ran an operation called El Dorado Canyon in Tripoli, Libya. U.S. forces dropped 60 tons of bombs and missiles on Libya's military facilities. During the bombing campaign, a number of Soviet government specialists were stationed in Tripoli. They were woken up by the noise of the bombing campaign, and went out to their hotel balconies to watch. Makhmudov was one of these men. At that time, his job was to servea as an Arabic-Persian translator. He worked for various Soviet military organizations in Libya and Iraq. His first position in business was with the Trans-World Group, which was at that time the largest metal trader in Russia. He has worked in several other business positions: ***LIST***. In 1999, he created UMMC. Now Makhmudov is the main owner of Uralskaya Gorno-Metallurgicheskaya Kompaniya (UGMK) Holding. This is the fourth largest non-ferrous metallurgical company in Russia, Russia's second-largest copper producer in terms of output. With his partner Makhmudov also acquired a 50% stake in Izdatelskiy Dom Rodionova (Rodionov Publishing House), which publishes the Russian version of BusinessWeek. Makhmudov owns 17.5% of Aeroexpress. Aeroexpress provides rail transportation services between Moscow and surrounding airports (Sheremetyevo, Domodedovo, and Ynukovo). Russian Railways JSC owns 50% of Aeroexpress. In November 2012, it was reported that Russian Railways intends to sell half of its shares (25% ownership in Aeroexpress) to TransGroup AS Ltd. Russia's Federal Space Agency (Roskosmos) plans to coordinate international space activities with other national space agencies, such as the European Space Agency. In 2011, Roskosmos announced plans to promote Russian launch services to other countries. Many companies within Russia already work in the foreign market space. International Space Services, which is owned by Ural Mining Company, sells Zenit-operated launches from Baikonur. Baikonur, formerly known as Leninsk, is a city in Kyzylorda Province of Kazakhstan that is rented and administered by the Russian Federation. Russia's first deputy defense minister Aleksandr Sukhorukov, who is ranked number four in the Russian Army, recently toured the Let Kunovice Aircraft Industries plant to express interest in the updated L-410 aircraft. The Russian Army plans to use the L-410 aircraft to train pilots, who would then train on the newer, bigger aircraft called the Ilyushin Il-476. Let Kunovice is currently negotiating a deal to delivery 8 planes to the Russian Defense Ministry in 2013. Makhmudov's Ural Mining and Metallurgical Company is the majority owner of Kunovice. Makhmudov and his partner Bokarev own Moscow Passenger Company (MPC). In 2011, MPC purchased a 25% stake in Central Suburban Passenger Company (CSPC). CSPC accounts for 56% of all suburban transportation in Russia. In December 2012, MPC won a bid to purchase another 25% stake in CSPC. This purchase will increase MPC’s equity position to 50%. Over 500 million passengers rode trains operated by CSPC in 2011. In 2011, CSPC had 24 billion rubles in revenue and 4.7 billion rubles in profit. CJSC Transmashholding (TMH), a holding company owned partially by Makhmudov, is Russia's largest producer of rolling stock for railways and subways. The company owns plants in St. Petersburg, Bryansk, Penza, and the Moscow, Rostov and Tver regions. In November 2012, it was announced that TMH had increased its net profit by 9 percent to 2.69 billion rubles. The company also reduced its long-term liabilities by 39 percent. In November 2012, Anatomy Ledovskikh, the former head of Russian’s Federal Agency for Subsoil Use, was elected Chairman of the Board at Transmashholding, one of the companies owned by Iskander Makhmudov. Transmashholding produces locomotives, freight cars, passenger cars, electrain train cars, and other train heavy machinery. "Alstom Stake" In November 2012, Alstom purchased a blocking stake in TMH for $422 million U.S. dollars. Alstom is a France-based engineering company serving the power generation and rail transportation industries. "Skolhovo Foundation" On November 16, Skolhovo Foundation and Transmashholding signed a memorandum of understanding. The two organizations will cooperate on issues of innovative research and development. "Zheldorremmash Stake" In February 2012, RBC Daily reported that Transmashholding—through its subsidiary TMH Service—purchased 75 percent holdings in Zheldorremmash, a subsidiary of OJSC Russian Railways. Zheldorremmash is considered a major player in the locomotive repair industry. "Krasnobrodskaya-Koksovaya" In 2011, RusBusinessNews reported that UMMC had commissioned a new coal processing factory. The factory is known as Krasnobrodskaya-Koksovaya. UMMC invested 3.3 billion rubles into the project. According to the article, the factory will process 3 million tons of coal each year. "Tyumen Steel Mill" In July 2012, "Metal Mining Wire" reported that UMMC had planned to build and run a new steel mill in the Tyumen region of Russia. The mill would cost $675 million. According to the article, UMMC expects the new mill to produce 540,000 metric tons of steel per year. In August 2011, the first Wendy's restaurant opened in Russia. The Wenrus Restaurant Group operates the Wendy’s chain in Russia. Wendy’s/Arby’s International and Wenrus are planning to develop 180 restaurants over the next 10 years in Russia. Each restaurant will contain a Wendy’s and Arby’s. The Wenrus Restaurant Group is an affiliate of Food Service Capital. Food Service Capital’s businesses include: ***LIST***. Makhmudov owns Food Service Capital, along with Mikhail Zelman and their business partners. In June 2014, Makhmudov closed a deal with Hyatt Hotels to build a luxury apartment hotel in Yekaterinburg, Russia. Makhmudov and his business partner Andrei Kozitsyn met with the two head executives from Hyatt Hotels in Yekaterinburg to discuss the project. According to Russian news sources, Ural Mining and Metallurgical Company (UMMC) and Hyatt Hotels Corporation have already agreed to build the hotel. A subsidiary of UMMC is currently constructing a building called the Iset Tower. If the UMMC-Hyatt deal is finalized, Hyatt will use the top six floors of the Iset Tower for the luxury apartments. According to "Russia & CIS Business & Financial Daily", Makhmudov will budget approximately 60 billion rubles in 2013 for investments. "We're signing contracts for next year, and have started budgeting. The average copper prices will be around $8,000 a tonne in 2012. We're hoping it stays at that level next year. We're also planning the same investment program as this year - 60 billion rubles," said his business partner. According to "SKRIN Market & Corporate News", Makhmudov plans to direct his company to develop a new regional jet by 2015. The aircraft will be manufactured in a Czech Republic-based plant. All tests are planned to be completed in 2013. He was born to an ethnic Uzbek Muslim family. He is married and has one child.

In human geography, a catchment area is the area from which a city, service or institution attracts a population that uses its services. For example, a school catchment area is the geographic area from which students are eligible to attend a local school. Governments and community service organizations often define catchment areas for planning purposes and public safety such as ensuring universal access to services like fire departments, police departments, ambulance bases and hospitals. Catchment areas are generally established and modified by local governments. These boundaries can be modeled using geographic information systems (GIS). There can be large variability in the services provided within different catchments in the same area depending upon how and when those catchments were established. They are usually contiguous but can overlap when they describe competing services. Catchments can be defined based upon a number of factors including distance to the facility, actual travel time to the facility, geographic boundaries or population within the catchment. In a distance based catchment, the area serviced will often depend on the number of visits expected to that institution by each individual. For example, it may be more acceptable to have a larger catchment for a hospital where any one individual will have few annual visits in comparison to a school where visits will be daily and hence desired distance would be closer. When a facility’s capacity can only service a certain volume, the catchment may be used to limit a population’s ability to access services outside of that area. For example, children may be unable to enroll in a school outside of their catchment to prevent the school's services being exceeded.

Rachel Leigh Blakely (born 28 July 1968) is an Australian actress. Her works include films such as "Love Until", "Young Hercules" and "Counterstrike", as well as guest appearances on television shows such as "", "State Coroner" and "Flipper". She is best known for her role as Gaby Willis in Neighbours, Marguerite Krux on "Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's The Lost World", and as Glenda Fry in the Australian series "Mortified". In 2010, she became attached to the children's series "Accord'n to Jordyn". Rachel Leigh Blakely was born on 28 July 1968 in Borneo. Her father, Harold Blakely, is an American, and her mother was Australian. Due to her father's oil business, the family, including younger sister Ruth, moved to several countries over the years until settling on an Australian farm when Blakely was twelve. Before she became an actress, Blakely worked as a nightclub bouncer, a model and a short order cook; it was her ex-husband's suggestion that she audition for a role on "Neighbours". In her spare time, Blakely enjoys camping, sewing, painting, cooking and sleeping. Her favourite authors are Margaret Atwood and Tracy Chevalier, and her favourite movies are Queen Margot" and Breaking the Waves". Blakely married fellow actor Peter Craig in 1990, but they divorced some years later. She met her current partner, stuntman Sean Rigby, on the set of "Tales of the South Seas". Their first child, Cooper Lee Rigby, was born in September 2003, and their second child, Nash Rigby, was born in early 2009. Blakely splits her time between Australia and Los Angeles. She possesses dual American-Australian citizenship. Blakely was a successful model, before she was spotted by the "Neighbours" casting director and asked to audition for the role of Gaby Willis. Blakely was introduced to the show as Gaby in August 1991. In October 1993, David Brown of "TV Week" reported Blakely would be leaving "Neighbours". She filmed her final scenes the following month. Blakely later reprised her role of Gaby for "Neighbours'" 20th anniversary episode broadcast in July 2005. Blakely then moved into films - mostly made for television - and guest appearances on well-known television shows. The actress has also been part of the leading cast on several programs, including "Blue Heelers", "City Life" and "The Lost World". She also joined the cast of "Mortified", playing Glenda Fry. In 2000, Blakely appeared in four episodes of "Search Party" and five episodes of "Hollywood Squares", as herself.

James A. Amann (born 1956, in Bridgeport, Connecticut) is a former Connecticut State Representative. He was a member of the Connecticut House of Representatives and represented the 118th Assembly District, which includes part of Milford, Connecticut. Amann was first elected to office in 1990 and has served as the Speaker of the House since being elected to that position prior to the 2005 Legislative Session. Previously Amann had served as the House Majority Leader during the 2003-04 Legislative Sessions and the House Chair of the Insurance and Real Estate Committee from 1993-2000. Speaker Amann authored Connecticut's "Megan's Law," passed in 1995. The legislation - which informs parents and children about convicted sex offenders living in their neighborhoods - has been upheld by the U.S. Supreme Court. In 2005, his first year leading the House of Representatives as Speaker, Amann was instrumental in the passage of landmark transportation, campaign finance reform, organ donor, medical malpractice reform and stem cell research legislation. Speaker Amann also is responsible for creating the Legislature’s Select Committee on Veterans’ Affairs. Healthy Kids Connecticut is a public/private initiative Speaker Amann created in 2005 with a mission of providing healthcare access for all of Connecticut’s youth. The initiative resulted in Health First/Healthy Kids legislation passed in 2007, which will invest $300 million to improve care in the state’s HUSKY Plan for low-income children and raise reimbursements paid to hospitals and Medicaid providers. Also during the 2006 session, Amann crafted new legislation creating film and media tax incentives to bring production work from these industries to Connecticut, and led passage of a new autism pilot program and a historic 10-year, $2.3 billion transportation investment initiative. Speaker Amann’s 2020 Vision Plan for Connecticut, passed in 2006, will require 10% of state dollars spent on children to be directed towards prevention by the year 2020. In the 2007 session, Speaker Amann led passage of landmark reforms on energy conservation and eminent domain restraints, and historic new funding initiatives that will bolster transportation and bridge safety, education and school construction, clean water projects and the state’s public housing stock. Also, new legislation fashioned by Speaker Amann to refinance debt in the Teacher’s Retirement Fund will save taxpayers $2.8 billion over 25 years. Amann is generally considered among the more moderate Connecticut Democrats. In 2007 he expressed skepticism about Governor Jodi Rell's proposal to increase the state income tax to pay for added education funding. By April, Amann had endorsed an income tax reduction for most taxpayers to be paid for by a small income tax rate increase on wealthier individuals.He also proposed giving legislative leaders sharing power with the governor on choosing projects for state bonding because of the record debt run up by the Governor. The Hartford Courant opposed these initiatives In May 2007 Quinnipiac University Polling Institute released a poll showing Amann's proposal for increasing the state income tax for wealthier residents and lowering the income tax for less wealthy residents was less popular than a no tax increase state budget offered by legislative Republicans Amann also opposed a proposal by Republicans to suspend the state's gasoline tax over the summer months claiming that there is no evidence the oil industry will pass the savings on to the consumers and the proponents offered no way to pay for lost state revenue . Amann eventually compromised with Rell and the Republicans and supported a budget that exceeded the state spending cap and raised the cigarette tax, but did not raise the state income tax. Efforts to reduce the state gasoline tax were dropped by Republicans during budget negotiations. On January 31, 2008, Amann announced his creation of an exploratory committee to explore the possibility of a run for governor in the 2010 election. Amann is the first candidate to create an exploratory committee for the 2010 election, and as of December 2008 had raised $50,000 for his campaign. In February, 2010, Amman withdrew from his campaign to seek the governor's office. On April 23, 2008 Amann announced that he would not seek another term as House Speaker and would be retiring from the General Assembly at the end of his current term. In January 2009 Amann's successor as Speaker, Christopher Donovan, hired Amann for a $120,000/year staff post at the State House. Shortly thereafter, Amann decided not to accept the job offer, as there was a massive outcry from voters who opposed the move during the state's financial crisis.

Keith Frank Molesworth (October 20, 1905 – March 12, 1966) was an American football player and coach. He also played and managed in minor league baseball. Molesworth was born in Washington, Iowa and graduated from Washington High School. When he was 17 years old, Molesworth stood , 7 inches tall and weighed 98 pounds. Due to his size, he never started a prep football game. Molesworth started growing during the following year, never growing larger than 5'9" and 167 lb. ; however, this spurt started his career in sports. Molesworth went to Monmouth College located in Monmouth, Illinois, where he won three letters each in four varsity sports football, basketball, baseball and track. He became one of the rare 12-letter performers in the history of Monmouth College. He was elected to the Monmouth College Athletic Hall of Fame in 1984. He graduated from Monmouth College in 1928. Molesworth played as a professional for nine years, the last seven in both baseball and football. Four of the baseball seasons were in Minor league baseball. Molesworth played football for the independent professional Ironton Tanks, who helped defeat the Bears in November 1930 and impressing George Halas in the process. After the Ironton Tanks folded in 1931, he tried out for the Bears and went on to play seven seasons with the team, where he was the T-formation quarterback in a backfield that included Red Grange and Bronko Nagurski. The 1932 and 1933 Bears were National Football League champions. He was elected to the State of Iowa Athletic Hall of Fame in 1990. Molesworth spent eight years as the backfield coach at the U.S. Naval Academy, then six more as a semipro football coach and one year doubling as a minor-league baseball manager, before becoming backfield coach for the Pittsburgh Steelers in 1952. He was head coach of the Baltimore Colts in 1953, the first season of that franchise's existence. He remained with the club as a vice president and director of personnel until dying of a heart attack on March 12, 1966, while seeding his lawn, at the age of 60.

The Alcázar of Segovia (literally, "Segovia Fortress") is a castle, located in Segovia, Spain, a World Heritage Site. Rising out on a rocky crag above the confluence of two rivers near the Guadarrama mountains, it is one of the most distinctive castle-palaces in Spain by virtue of its shape – like the bow of a ship. The Alcázar was originally built as a fortress but has served as a royal palace, a state prison, a Royal Artillery College and a military academy since then. It is currently used as a museum and a military archives building. The Alcázar of Segovia, like many fortifications in Spain, started off as Roman fort, but apart from the foundations, little of the original structure remains. A Muslim era fort, which was itself largely replaced by the present structure, was built by the Berber Almoravid dynasty. The first reference to this particular "alcázar" was in 1120, around 32 years after the city of Segovia returned to Christian hands (during the time when King Alfonso VI reconquered lands to the south of the Duero river down to Toledo and beyond). The shape and form of the Alcázar was not known until the reign of King Alfonso VIII (1155–1214), however early documentation mentioned a wooden stockade fence. It can be concluded that prior to Alfonso VIII's reign, the Muslim era structure was no more than a wooden fort built over the old Roman foundations. Alfonso VIII and his wife, Eleanor of England, made this alcázar their principal residence and much work was carried out to erect the beginnings of the stone fortification we see today. The Alcázar of Segovia was one of the favorite residences of the monarchs of Castile in the Middle Ages, and a key fortress in the defence of the kingdom. It was during this period that most of the current building was constructed by the Trastámara dynasty. In 1258, parts of the Alcázar had to be rebuilt by King Alfonso X after a cave-in and soon after the Hall of Kings was built to house Parliament. However, the single largest contributor to the continuing construction of the Alcázar is King John II who built the "New Tower" (John II tower as it is known today). In 1474, the Alcázar played a major role in the rise of Queen Isabella I. On 12 December news of the King Henry IV's death in Madrid reached Segovia and Isabella immediately took refuge within the walls of this Alcázar where she received the support of Andres Cabrera and Segovia's council. She was enthroned the next day as Queen of Castile and León. The next major renovation at the Alcázar was conducted by King Philip II after his marriage to Anna of Austria. He added the sharp slate spires to reflect the castles of central Europe. In 1587, architect Francisco de Morar completed the main garden and the School of Honor areas of the castle. The royal court eventually moved to Madrid and the Alcázar then served as a state prison for almost two centuries before King Charles III founded the Royal Artillery School in 1762. It served this function for almost a hundred years until 6 March 1862 where a fire badly damaged the roofs of the treasury, keep, armory, sleeping quarters, and framework. It was only in 1882 that the building was slowly restored to its original state. In 1896, King Alfonso XIII ordered the Alcázar to be handed over to the Ministry of War as a military college. According to "The Illustrated Magazine of Art" (1853) The original interior was badly damaged by fire in 1862, though it has since been partially restored. Today, the Alcázar remains one of the most popular historical sites in Spain and is one of the three major attractions in Segovia. Notable rooms are the Hall of Ajimeces which houses many works of art, the Hall of the Throne and the Hall of Kings with a frieze representing all of the Spanish Kings and Queens starting from Pelagius of Asturias down to Juana la Loca after moving to El Palacio Real in Madrid, Spain.

Galerina marginata is a species of poisonous fungus in the family Hymenogastraceae of the order Agaricales. Prior to 2001, the species G. autumnalis, G. oregonensis, G. unicolor, and G. venenata were thought to be separate due to differences in habitat and the viscidity of their caps, but phylogenetic analysis showed that they are all the same species. The fruit bodies of this fungus have brown to yellow-brown caps that fade in color when drying. The gills are brownish and give a rusty spore print. A well-defined membranous ring is typically seen on the stems of young specimens but often disappears with age. In older fruit bodies, the caps are flatter and the gills and stems browner. The species is a classic "little brown mushroom"—a catchall category that includes all small to medium-sized, hard-to-identify brownish mushrooms, and may be easily confused with several edible species. "Galerina marginata" is widespread in the Northern Hemisphere, including Europe, North America, and Asia, and has also been found in Australia. It is a wood-rotting fungus that grows predominantly on decaying conifer wood. An extremely poisonous species, it contains the same deadly amatoxins found in the death cap ("Amanita phalloides"). Ingestion in toxic amounts causes severe liver damage with vomiting, diarrhea, hypothermia, and eventual death if not treated rapidly. About ten poisonings have been attributed to the species now grouped as "G. marginata" over the last century. What is now recognized as a single morphologically variable taxon named "Galerina marginata" was once split into five distinct species. Norwegian mycologist Gro Gulden and colleagues concluded that all five represented the same species after comparing the DNA sequences of the internal transcribed spacer region of ribosomal DNA for various North American and European specimens in "Galerina" section "Naucoriopsis". The results showed no genetic differences between "G. marginata" and "G. autumnalis", "G. oregonensis", "G. unicolor", and "G. venenata", thus reducing all these names to synonymy. The oldest of these names are "Agaricus marginatus", described by August Batsch in 1789, and "Agaricus unicolor", described by Martin Vahl in 1792. "Agaricus autumnalis" was described by Charles Horton Peck in 1873, and later moved to "Galerina" by A. H. Smith and Rolf Singer in their 1962 worldwide monograph on that genus. In the same publication they also introduced the "G. autumnalis" varieties "robusta" and "angusticystis". Another of the synonymous species, "G. oregonensis", was first described in that monograph. "Galerina venenata" was first identified as a species by Smith in 1953. Since "Agaricus marginatus" is the oldest validly published name, it has priority according to the rules of botanical nomenclature. Another species analysed in Gulden's 2001 study, "Galerina pseudomycenopsis", also could not be distinguished from "G. marginata" based on ribosomal DNA sequences and restriction fragment length polymorphism analyses. Because of differences in ecology, fruit body color and spore size combined with inadequate sampling, the authors preferred to maintain "G. pseudomycenopsis" as a distinct species. A 2005 study again failed to separate the two species using molecular methods, but reported that the incompatibility demonstrated in mating experiments suggests that the species are distinct. In the fourth edition (1986) of Singer's comprehensive classification of the Agaricales, "G. marginata" is the type species of "Galerina" section "Naucoriopsis", a subdivision first defined by French mycologist Robert Kühner in 1935. It includes small brown-spored mushrooms characterized by cap edges initially curved inwards, fruit bodies resembling "Pholiota" or "Naucoria" and thin-walled, obtuse or acute-ended pleurocystidia that are not rounded at the top. Within this section, "G. autumnalis" and "G. oregonensis" are in stirps "Autumnalis", while "G. unicolor", "G. marginata", and "G. venenata" are in stirps "Marginata". "Autumnalis" species are characterized by having a viscid to lubricous cap surface while "Marginata" species lack a gelatinous cap—the surface is moist, "fatty-shining", or matte when wet. However, as Gulden explains, this characteristic is highly variable: "Viscidity is a notoriously difficult character to assess because it varies with the age of the fruitbody and the weather conditions during its development. Varying degrees of viscidity tend to be described differently and applied inconsistently by different persons applying terms such as lubricous, fatty, fatty-shiny, sticky, viscid, glutinous, or (somewhat) slimy." The specific epithet "marginata" is derived from the Latin word for "margin" or "edge", while "autumnalis" means "of the autumn". Common names of the species include the "marginate Pholiota" (resulting from its synonymy with "Pholiota marginata"), "funeral bell", "deadly skullcap", and "deadly Galerina". "G. autumnalis" was known as the "fall Galerina" or the "autumnal Galerina", while "G. venenata" was the "deadly lawn Galerina". The cap reaches in diameter. It starts convex, sometimes broadly conical, and has edges (margins) that are curved in against the gills. As the cap grows and expands, it becomes broadly convex and then flattened, sometimes developing a central elevation, or umbo, which may project prominently from the cap surface. Based on the collective descriptions of the five taxa now considered to be "G. marginata", the texture of the surface shows significant variation. Smith and Singer give the following descriptions of surface texture: from "viscid" ("G. autumnalis"), to "shining and viscid to lubricous when moist" ("G. oregonensis"), to "shining, lubricous to subviscid (particles of dirt adhere to surface) or merely moist, with a fatty appearance although not distinctly viscid", to "moist but not viscid" ("G. marginata"). The cap surface remains smooth and changes colors with humidity (hygrophanous), pale to dark ochraceous tawny over the disc and yellow-ochraceous on the margin (at least when young), but fading to dull tan or darker when dry. When moist, the cap is somewhat transparent so that the outlines of the gills may be seen as striations. The flesh is pale brownish ochraceous to nearly white, thin and pliant, with an odor and taste varying from very slightly to strongly like flour (farinaceous). The gills are typically narrow and crowded together, with a broadly adnate to nearly decurrent attachment to the stem and convex edges. They are a pallid brown when young, becoming tawny at maturity. Some short gills, called lamellulae, do not extend entirely from the cap edge to the stem, and are intercalated among the longer gills. The stem ranges from long, thick at the apex, and stays equal in width throughout or is slightly enlarged downward. Initially solid, it becomes hollow from the bottom up as it matures. The membranous ring is located on the upper half of the stem near the cap, but may be sloughed off and missing in older specimens. Its color is initially whitish or light brown, but usually appears a darker rusty-brown in mature specimens that have dropped spores on it. Above the level of the ring, the stem surface has a very fine whitish powder and is paler than the cap; below the ring it is brown down to the reddish-brown to bistre base. The lower portion of the stem has a thin coating of pallid fibrils which eventually disappear and do not leave any scales. The spore print is rusty-brown. The spores measure 8–10 by 5–6 µm, and are slightly inequilateral in profile view, and egg-shaped in face view. Like all "Galerina" species, the spores have a plage, which has been described as resembling "a slightly wrinkled plastic shrink-wrap covering over the distal end of the spore". The spore surface is warty and full of wrinkles, with a smooth depression where the spore was once attached via the sterigmatum to the basidium (the spore-bearing cell). When in potassium hydroxide (KOH) solution, the spores appear tawny or darker rusty-brown, with an apical callus. The basidia are four-spored (rarely with a very few two-spored ones), roughly cylindrical when producing spores, but with a slightly tapered base, and measure 21–29 by 5–8.4 µm. Cystidia are cells of the fertile hymenium that do not produce spores. These sterile cells, which are structurally distinct from the basidia, are further classified according to their position. In "G. marginata", the pleurocystidia (cystidia from the gill sides) are 46–60 by 9–12 µm, thin-walled, and hyaline in KOH, fusoid to ventricose in shape with wavy necks and blunt to subacute apices (3–6 µm diameter near apex). The cheilocystidia (cystidia on the gill edges) are similar in shape but often smaller than the pleurocystidia, abundant, with no club-shaped or abruptly tapering (mucronate) cells present. Clamp connections are present in the hyphae. "Galerina marginata" may be mistaken for a few edible mushroom species. "Pholiota mutabilis" produces fruit bodies roughly similar in appearance and also grows on wood, but may be distinguished from "G. marginata" by its stems bearing scales up to the level of the ring, and from growing in large clusters (which is not usual of "G. marginata"). However, the possibility of confusion is such that this good edible species is "not recommended to those lacking considerable experience in the identification of higher fungi." Furthermore, microscopic examination shows smooth spores in "Pholiota". "G. marginata" may be easily confused with other edibles such as "Armillaria mellea" and "Kuehneromyces mutabilis". Regarding the latter species, one source notes "Often, "G. marginata" bears an astonishing resemblance to this fungus, and it requires careful and acute powers of observation to distinguish the poisonous one from the edible one." "K. mutabilis" may be distinguished by the presence of scales on the stem below the ring, the larger cap, which may reach a diameter of , and spicy or aromatic odor of the flesh. The related "K. vernalis" is a rare species and even more similar in appearance to "G. marginata". Examination of microscopic characteristics is typically required to reliably distinguish between the two, revealing smooth spores with a germ pore. Another potential edible lookalike is the "velvet foot", "Flammulina velutipes". This species has gills that are white to pale yellow, a white spore print, and spores that are elliptical, smooth, and measure 6.5–9 by 2.5–4 µm. A rough resemblance has also been noted with the edible "Hypholoma capnoides", the 'magic' mushroom psilocybe subaeruginosa as well as "Conocybe filaris", another poisonous amatoxin-containing species. "Galerina marginata" is a saprobic fungus, obtaining nutrients by breaking down organic matter. It is known to have most of the major classes of secreted enzymes that dissolve plant cell wall polysaccharides, and has been used as a model saprobe in recent studies of ectomycorrhizal fungi. Because of its variety of enzymes capable of breaking down wood and other lignocellulosic materials, the Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute (JGI) is currently sequencing its genome. The fungus is typically reported to grow on or near the wood of conifers, although it has been observed to grow on hardwoods as well. Fruit bodies may grow solitarily, but more typically in groups or small clusters, and appear in the summer to autumn. Sometimes, they may grow on buried wood and thus appear to be growing on soil. "Galerina marginata" is widely distributed throughout the Northern Hemisphere, found in North America, Europe, Japan, Iran, continental Asia, and the Caucasus. In North America, it has been collected as far north as the boreal forest of Canada and subarctic and arctic habitats in Labrador, and south to Jalisco, Mexico. It is also found in Australia. The toxins found in "Galerina marginata" are known as amatoxins. Amatoxins belong to a family of bicyclic octapeptide derivatives composed of an amino acid ring bridged by a sulfur atom and characterized by differences in their side groups; these compounds are responsible for more than 90% of fatal mushroom poisonings in humans. The amatoxins inhibit the enzyme RNA polymerase II, which copies the genetic code of DNA into messenger RNA molecules. The toxin naturally accumulates in liver cells, and the ensuing disruption of metabolism accounts for the severe liver dysfunction cause by amatoxins. Amatoxins also lead to kidney failure because, as the kidneys attempt to filter out poison, it damages the convoluted tubules and reenters the blood to recirculate and cause more damage. Initial symptoms after ingestion include severe abdominal pain, vomiting, and diarrhea which may last for six to nine hours. Beyond these symptoms, toxins severely affect the liver which results in gastrointestinal bleeding, a coma, kidney failure, or even death, usually within seven days of consumption. "Galerina marginata" was shown in various studies to contain the amatoxins α-amanitin and γ-amanitin, first as "G. venenata", then as "G. marginata" and "G. autumnalis". The ability of the fungus to produce these toxins was confirmed by growing the mycelium as a liquid culture (only trace amounts of β-amanitin were found). "G. marginata" is thought to be the only species of the amatoxin-producing genera that will produce the toxins while growing in culture. Both amanitins were quantified in "G. autumnalis" (1.5 mg/g dry weight) and "G. marginata" (1.1 mg/g dry weight). Later experiments confirmed the occurrence of γ-amanitin and β-amanitin in German specimens of "G. autumnalis" and "G. marginata" and revealed the presence of the three amanitins in the fruit bodies of "G. unicolor". Although some mushroom field guides claim that the species (as "G. autumnalis") also contains phallotoxins (however phallotoxins cannot be absorbed by humans), scientific evidence does not support this contention. A 2004 study determined that the amatoxin content of "G. marginata" varied from 78.17 to 243.61 µg/g of fresh weight. In this study, the amanitin amounts from certain "Galerina" specimens were higher than those from some "Amanita phalloides", a European fungus generally considered as the richest in amanitins. The authors suggest that "other parameters such as extrinsic factors (environmental conditions) and intrinsic factors (genetic properties) could contribute to the significant variance in amatoxin contents from different specimens." The lethal dose of amatoxins has been estimated to be about 0.1 mg/kg human body weight, or even lower. Based on this value, the ingestion of 10 "G. marginata" fruit bodies containing about 250 µg of amanitins per gram of fresh tissue could poison a child weighing approximately . However, a 20-year retrospective study of more than 2100 cases of amatoxin poisonings from North American and Europe showed that few cases were due to ingestion of "Galerina" species. This low frequency may be attributed to the mushroom's nondescript appearance as a "little brown mushroom" leading to it being overlooked by collectors, and by the fact that 21% of amatoxin poisonings were caused by unidentified species. The toxicity of certain "Galerina" species has been known for a century. In 1912, Charles Horton Peck reported a human poisoning case due to "G. autumnalis". In 1954, a poisoning was caused by "G. venenata". Between 1978 and 1995, ten cases caused by amatoxin-containing Galerinas were reported in the literature. Three European cases, two from Finland and one from France were attributed to "G. marginata" and "G. unicolor", respectively. Seven North American exposures included two fatalities from Washington due to "G. venenata", with five cases reacting positively to treatment; four poisonings were caused by "G. autumnalis" from Michigan and Kansas, in addition to poisoning caused by an unidentified "Galerina" species from Ohio. Several poisonings have been attributed to collectors consuming the mushrooms after mistaking them for the hallucinogenic Psilocybe stuntzii.

The Space Capsule Recovery Experiment (SCRE or more commonly SRE or SRE-1) is an Indian experimental spacecraft which was launched at 03:53 UTC on January 10, 2007 from Sriharikota by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). The launch was conducted using the PSLV C7 rocket, along with three other satellites. It remained in orbit for 12 days before re-entering the Earth's atmosphere and splashing down into the Bay of Bengal at 04:16 UTC on January 22. SRE-1 was designed to demonstrate the capability to recover an orbiting space capsule, and the technology of an orbiting platform for performing experiments in microgravity conditions. It was also intended to test reusable Thermal Protection System, navigation, guidance and control, hypersonic aero-thermodynamics, management of communication blackout, deceleration and flotation system and recovery operations. SRE-1 is a 555 kg capsule. It comprises aero-thermo structure, internal structure, Mission Management Unit, Altitude sensors and Inertial measurement unit, S-band transponder with unique belt array antenna embedded to ATS, power and electronics packages to support deceleration and flotation system. It also houses two microgravity payloads. It has a sphere-cone-flare configuration with a spherical nose of about 0.5 m radius, base diameter of 2 m and 1.6 m height. The parachute, pyro devices, avionics packages of triggering unit and sequencer, telemetry and tracking system and sensors for measurement of system performance parameters are placed inside the SRE-1 capsule. Parachutes for SRE capsule were provided by ADRDE. To withstand the heat of re-entry, the cone-shaped SRE-1 has a heat shield composed of silica tiles over much of the surface, and an ablative nose cap of carbon-phenolic composite. ISRO is also working on technology to manufacture carbon-carbon composite heat shields, which, along with the silica tiles tested with the SRE-1, could find use in future reusable spacecraft such as ISRO's planned Reusable Launch Vehicle. SRE-1 was traveling around the earth in a circular polar orbit at an altitude of 637 kilometers. In preparation for its reentry, SRE-1 was put into an elliptical orbit with a perigee of 485 kilometers and an apogee of 639 kilometers by issuing commands from the spacecraft control centre of ISTRAC at Bangalore on January 19, 2007. The critical de-boost operations were executed from SCC, Bangalore supported by a network of ground stations at Bangalore, Lucknow, Sriharikota, Mauritius, Biak in Indonesia, Saskatoon in Canada, Svalbard in Norway besides shipborne and airborne terminals. On January 22, 2007, the re-orientation of SRE-1 capsule for de-boost operations commenced at 08:42 am IST. The de-boost started at 09:00 am with the firing of on-board rocket motors and the operations were completed at 09:10 am. At 09:17 am, SRE-1 capsule was reoriented for its re-entry into the dense atmosphere. The capsule made its re-entry at 09:37 am at an altitude of 100 kilometers with a velocity of 8 km/s (ca. 29,000 km/h). During its reentry, the capsule was protected from the intense heat by carbon phenolic ablative material and silica tiles on its outer surface. By the time SRE-1 descended to an altitude of 5 km, aerodynamic braking had considerably reduced its velocity to 101 m/s (364 km/h). Pilot and drogue parachute deployments helped in further reducing its velocity to 47 m/s (169 km/h). The main parachute was deployed at about 2 km altitude. SRE-1 splashed down in the Bay of Bengal with a velocity of 12 m/s (43 km/h) at 09:46 am IST (04:16 am UTC). The flotation system, which was immediately triggered, kept the capsule afloat. Recovery operations were supported and carried out by the Indian Coast Guard and Indian Navy using ships, aircraft and helicopters.

Mille is a two-player card game requiring two standard 52-card decks. Mille is a rummy game similar to canasta in the respects that if a player picks up cards from the discard pile, the player picks up the entire pile, and the only legal melds are three or more cards of a same rank. The two-player rummy game Mille is said to have been devised in Montreal,Québec and from there brought to Toronto in the 1990s. It has since become increasingly popular. The dealer deals 15 cards to his opponent and himself, then turns over a card from the deck. On a player's turn, he has two options: pick up the "pack", or draw a card from the deck. If the player has a pair in his hand of the last card discarded, he has the option of picking the pack up. The only exception to this rule is if the up card opened immediately after the deal is a 2. The player can pick it up; he doesn't have to use it immediately or have a pair of 2's. When picking up the pack, the player must immediately lay the pair in his hand and the last card discarded. For example: The pack is 3-4-5-K-3-7. One player discards a 9. The other player has a pair of 9's in his hand. He can take the 9 from the pack, lay the pair of 9's on the table with the discarded 9, then pick up the 3-4-5-K-3-7 and place in his hand. If the player is unable to pick up the pack or elects not to, he must draw a card from the deck. During a player's turn, he can lay at least three cards matching in rank on the table. The player can also add cards to previous sets laid on their side. After laying cards, the player must discard one hand into the pack. It is then the other player's turn. The hand ends when one player has no more cards left in his hand and has all of his cards laid on the table. A player must declare when he has just two or one card left in his hand. After a player "goes out", each player counts the points on their side of the table, subtracting the value of the cards remaining in their hand. The game is over when a player reaches 1,200 points. For example: If an opponent "goes out" with 140 points laid. His total would be 140 for that hand. If the other player had 235 points laid, but 60 in his hand, his total would be 175 for that hand. All 2's in the decks act as wild cards and can be used as any card. For example, a player could lay Q-Q-2. However, a 2 cannot be used as a wild card to pick up a card from the pack (but two 2's can be used to pick up a discarded 2). A player goes out when he has played all of his cards. A player doesn't have to discard when going out, but can if necessary. EXAMPLE: If a player draws a Q and now has a hand of Q-Q-Q-K-K-2-7, the player could discard the 7 and lay the Q-Q-Q and K-K-2 down. EXAMPLE: If a player draws a Q and now has a hand of Q-Q-Q-K-K-K, he could lay both sets without a discard. A natural occurs when a player goes out without using a 2 as a wild card on his board. A player could play 2-2-2 as a set, which would still count as a natural. If a player goes out on a natural, all of his points would count for double and he would receive a "mark". A natural also occurs when a player lays all 8 cards of a rank. If a player lays the natural, the cards making the natural would be worth double. For example, if a player lays 8 Kings, he would receive 160 points for the cards and he would receive a "mark". When a player has 7 cards of a single rank laid down, he must push the spread into one pile (to warn then other player he only needs one more of that rank to make a natural). If a player obtains 8 cards of a rank (thus making a natural), he turns that pile of eight cards upside down to signify making the natural. A chapeau occurs when an opponent goes out and the other player has a negative score for the hand. If a player chapeaus his opponent, he would receive a "mark". A skunk occurs when an opponent wins the game and the other player has less than 600 total points. If a player skunks his opponent, he would receive a "mark". One player keeps score for the game. After every hand is complete and both players have totaled their hands, the score keeper adds the score to their current total. To mark a chapeau, the score keeper circles the score of the chateaued player. To mark a natural, the score keeper places a star next to the score. A typical score card of Mille might look similar to this: Many players of Mille find the game more entertaining when money is involved. A small game of Mille would be what's called $1–$3. This means that a player would win $3 for winning the game, $3 for any marks attained throughout the game, and $1 for every 100 points he wins by, rounding up. In the case of the game above, Player A would win the following: ***LIST***. The loser of the game wins nothing.

Halevi was born and raised in Borough Park, Brooklyn in New York City in a Jewish family. His father was a Hungarian-born Holocaust survivor. After attending high school at Yeshiva University High School for Boys (Brooklyn Branch), he completed a BA in Jewish Studies in Brooklyn College in 1978, and completed his MA in Journalism at Northwestern University. In 1982, he moved to Israel with his wife Sarah (née Lynn Rintoul). He worked as a senior writer for the bi-weekly magazine "The Jerusalem Report" from its founding until 2002. Halevi wrote a column for "The Jerusalem Post", and wrote regularly on Israeli issues for the op-ed page of the "Los Angeles Times", and occasionally for the "New York Times" and "Washington Post". His first book, "Memoirs of a Jewish Extremist", was published in 1995. In it, he tells of his youthful attraction to, and subsequent break with, the militant Rabbi Meir Kahane. In 2001 he published "At the Entrance to the Garden of Eden: A Jew's Search for God with Christians and Muslims in the Holy Land". The book tells of his spiritual journey as a religious Jew into the worlds of Christianity and Islam in Israel. Halevi joined the prayers and meditations in mosques and monasteries, in an attempt to experience the devotional lives of his non-Jewish neighbors and to create a religious language of reconciliation among the three monotheistic faiths. Halevi is a Fellow at the Shalom Hartman Institute, a Jerusalem-based research institute and educational center. He is Israel correspondent and contributing editor of "The New Republic". He is a lecturer on American and Canadian campuses, focusing on politics and culture in Israel. In the fall of 2013, he began teaching at the Jewish Theological Seminary in New York. Halevi's book "Like Dreamers: The Story of the Israeli Paratroopers who Reunited Jerusalem and Divided A Nation " was released by HarperCollins in October 2013. Halevi has been active in Middle East reconciliation efforts, and serves as chairman of Open House, an Arab-Jewish educational project in the working class town of Ramle. He was a founder and board member of the now-defunct Israeli-Palestinian Media Forum, which brought together Israeli and Palestinian journalists. In 1985, the documentary film "Kaddish", produced by Steve Brand, which focuses on his relationship with his father, a Holocaust survivor, was released. The "Village Voice" called it one of the best ten films of the year.

Crime in Detroit, Michigan has decreased in many categories since the 1970s. In 2015, Detroit had its lowest number of criminal homicides in 40 years, and as of 2015, Detroit has the second highest murder rate in the United States. St. Louis now has the highest murder rate at 49.9 murders per 100,000, compared to Detroit's 43.5. Crime is unevenly distributed throughout the city, with much of the violent crime emanating from selected neighborhoods in the upper east and central west. In 2008, the city unveiled a plan to revitalize these areas which include 7-Mile/Livernois, Brightmoor, East English Village, Grand River/Greenfield, North-End, and Osborn. A Michigan Metropolitan Information Center study has routinely shown crime in Downtown Detroit (CBD) is much lower than national, state and metro averages. In 2015, there were 295 murders in Detroit, down from 298 murders in 2014 and 316 murders in 2013. The total number of murders in Michigan increased to 571. The percentage of murders committed with a gun is high in Detroit and this distorts the overall crime rate in Detroit making it appear more dangerous than it really is. 82% of homicides in Wayne County, Michigan, which includes Detroit, were committed with firearms between 2008 and 2013. In the United States as a whole in 2011, 67.6% of homicides involved a firearm. This leads to an inflated violent crime rate as most violent crimes do not involve guns. For example only 21% of aggravated assaults involve a gun. The murder rate in Detroit is 8.7 times the national average while the aggravated assault rate is only 4.7 times the national average. The property crime rate is only 1.6 times the national average Arson is a major problem with 842 reports of arson in 2015 and Detroit is famous for Devil's Night. The Detroit Police Department's Crime Analysis Unit has reported that crimes have dropped by 24 percent since the introduction of casino gaming to the city. The number of homicides peaked in 1974 at 714 and again in 1991 with 615. By the end of 2010, the homicide count fell to 308 for the year with an estimated population of just over 900,000, the lowest count and rate since 1967. By 2012, however, the murder count had rebounded to 411, with 386 considered criminal homicides. According to a 2007 analysis, Detroit officials noted that about 65 to 70 percent of homicides in the city were confined to a narcotics catalyst. In 2013, Detroit's number of criminal homicides was 333, a reduction of 14% compared to 2012. However, taken in context by population, Detroit remains as a city with one of the highest rates per capita for homicide in the United States. In April 2008, the city unveiled a $300-million stimulus plan to create jobs and revitalize neighborhoods, financed by city bonds and paid for by earmarking about 15% of the wagering tax. The city's plans for revitalization include 7-Mile/Livernois, Brightmoor, East English Village, Grand River/Greenfield, North-End, and Osborn. Private organizations have pledged substantial funding to neighborhood revitalization efforts. One of the issues that's not as extreme as murders and crime, but shows system-wide decline of basic city services is a large number of stray dogs roaming the streets. Fifty-nine Detroit postal workers were attacked by stray dogs in 2010, according to a Detroit postmaster. The city had faced many cases of arson each year on Devil's Night, the evening before Halloween. In the 1980s a number of residents noted that they had turned to arson of abandoned homes to keep drug dealers from using the empty buildings. The majority of citizen arsonists were never prosecuted or charged. The Angel's Night campaign, launched in the late 1990s, draws many volunteers to patrol the streets during Halloween week. The effort reduced arson: while there were 810 fires set in 1984, this was reduced to 742 in 1996. In recent years, fires on this three-night period have dropped even further. In 2009, the Detroit Fire Department reported 119 fires over this period, of which 91 were classified as suspected arsons. "Renaissance" has been the city's phrase for development since the 1970s. During the administration of Dennis Archer, who succeeded Coleman Young in 1994, Detroit saw middle-class residents moving into the city, and growth in residential and commercial development, despite overall population decline. The city has improved in the early 21st century, making use of increased funding from the state to demolish condemned buildings. According to arrest records, as of 2015 many of the customers of illegal drugs and sex in Detroit originate from the suburbs. George Hunter of "The Detroit News" wrote that "Detroit’s underground economy mirrors the legitimate one: Both rely heavily on suburban investment." The largest number of suburbanites committing illegal acts go to areas of Detroit bordering suburbs. As of 2015 there is an element in Detroit culture against "snitching" or reporting criminal activity. In 2000, the city requested an investigation by the United States Justice Department into the Detroit Police Department which was concluded in 2003, following allegations regarding its use of force and civil rights violations. From 2005 to 2006, the city proceeded with a large scale reorganization of the Detroit Police Department, reducing the number of precincts from twelve to six "districts." The stated purpose of this reorganization was to improve services. The reorganization and the city's search for a new police headquarters raised concerns within the Detroit Police Department which included overcrowding issues and increased response times. Michigan and Detroit economic squeezes sustained re-organizational impetus. Then Police Chief Ella Bully-Cummings (now retired) reassigned sworn officers from desks to squad cars, consolidating and reducing the number of precincts. In 2007, Detroit had been named the most dangerous city in the country by the Morgan Quitno report published by CQ Press Press, a private group whose report is denounced by the American Society of Criminology as an "irresponsible misuse" of crime data. The U.S Conference of Mayors and the FBI have cautioned against using the Morgan Quitno – CQ Press report ranking cities as 'safest' or 'most dangerous'.

Straževica (Serbian Cyrillic: Стражевица) is a hill and an urban neighborhood of Belgrade, the capital of Serbia. It is located in Belgrade's municipality of Rakovica. The area was the most heavily bombed part of Belgrade during the NATO bombing of Serbia in 1999. Straževica is located in the central part of the neighborhood, on the hill of the same name. The neighborhood is small and undeveloped, as the most of the hill is turned into a Belgrade's most important quarry, Kijevo, and on all sides of the hill already developed separate neighborhoods: Kneževac on the north, Jelezovac on the west, Sunčani Breg, Resnik and Kijevo on the south and Labudovo Brdo on the east. As underground Yugoslav military facilities are located here ("Kneževac" underground joint chiefs of staff in war times), the area was heavily bombarded in 1999, almost on daily basis, including some of the largest bombs available at that time (up to 3 tons), which used to shake the entire Belgrade. However, as the underground complex is projected to sustain the force of 20 kilotons, the military facility was intact as it wasn't damaged at all. It is dug underground several hundred meters into the granite terrain with 10 tons-heavy steel doors and includes bio, chemical and radiology filters, working and sleeping premises, depots, etc., plus the radar antenna on the top of the hill. However, some other neighborhoods in the vicinity (most notably Rakovica and Miljakovac) suffered heavy collateral damage from the bombing, while the settlement of Straževica was almost completely destroyed or damaged for the most part, including the Rakovica monastery. However, the complex is dangerously close to the Kijevo quarry which became operating in 1974. In 1987 the borders of the quarry were set so that it wouldn't endanger the military complex, but the quarry was spreading more and more and in 2006 the army appealed to the government to stop the quarry's growth which resulted in the Ministry of the mining's request to the quarry management to stop the works and restore the area outside of the 1987 borders. However, the new owner of the quarry, Italian company of "Adige Bitumi" continued the works, causing damages to the complex with the underground explosions. The first lane of the "Straževica tunnel", a 745 meters long part of the projected Belgrade's outer beltway (Dobanovci-Bubanj Potok) was dug in January 2007 and the digging of the second lane is to begin soon. Digging of the tunnel began in 1990 but was halted in 1996 and then resumed in September 2004. As the regulations of the European Union do not allow for highways to go right through the middle of the cities' urban tissue (which is the case with the Pan-European corridor X in Belgrade), Serbian government got 3 years to finish the 37 kilometers long beltway, but it apparently will not be completed before 2012.

This is a list of the names for the Milky Way in various languages. Some of them derive from myths, which can be found at Milky Way (mythology). The name "Birds' Path" is used in several Uralic and Turkic languages and in the Baltic languages. Northern peoples observed that migratory birds follow the course of the galaxy while migrating at the Northern Hemisphere. The name "Birds' Path" (in Finnish, Estonian, Latvian, Lithuanian, Bashkir and Kazakh) has some variations in other languages, e.g. "Way of the grey (wild) goose" in Chuvash, Mari and Tatar and "Way of the Crane" in Erzya and Moksha. The Milky Way was traditionally used as a guide by pilgrims traveling to the holy site at Compostela, hence the use of "The Road to Santiago" as a name for the Milky Way. Curiously, "La Voje Ladee" "The Milky Way" was also used to refer to the pilgrimage road. The Chinese name "Silver River" () is used throughout East Asia, including Korea and Vietnam. In Japan and Korea, "Silver River" () means galaxies in general. In a large area from Central Asia to Africa, the name for the Milky Way is related to the word for straw. It has been suggested that the term was spread by Arabs who in turn borrowed it from Armenia. In England the Milky Way was called the Walsingham Way in reference to the shrine of Our Lady of Walsingham which is in Norfolk, England. It was understood to be either a guide to the pilgrims who flocked there, or a representation of the pilgrims themselves.

is a live album by the American punk rock band the Descendents, released in 1987 through SST Records. The band's first live album, it was recorded July 13, 1987 at First Avenue in Minneapolis during their summer 1987 "FinALL" tour, because singer Milo Aukerman was leaving the Descendents to pursue a career in biochemistry, after which the band was relaunching itself under the name All. was followed by a second live album, "" (1989), which was partly recorded at the same show but featured a completely different set of songs. The album's title derives from the band having titled some of their songs by adding the suffix "-age" to words that would not normally use it (cf. "Myage", "Tonyage", "Bikeage", and "Cameage"). was recorded July 13, 1987 at First Avenue in Minneapolis during the Descendents' 50-day Summer "FinALL" tour. The show was recorded by Metro Mobile Location Recording, and the live recording was engineered by Timothy Powell, Mark Harder, and the band's talent manager and booking agent Matt Rector. The "FinALL" tour was so-called both because it was their second tour promoting their most recent studio album, "All" (1987), and because it was to be, at the time, the Descendents' final tour; singer Milo Aukerman was quitting the band to pursue postgraduate education in biochemistry, after which the band was relaunching itself under the new name All with singer Dave Smalley (Aukerman would later reunite with the band in 1995 for further albums and tours under the Descendents name). The live recording was mastered at Third Wave Recording studio in Torrance, California by recording engineer Richard Andrews, who had worked on the band's last two albums, "Enjoy!" (1986) and "All" (1987). Descendents drummer Bill Stevenson served as record producer. The album liner featured an illustration by bassist Karl Alvarez done for the FinALL tour posters, depicting guitarist Stephen Egerton with wild eyes and a wide, toothy grin, wearing a spiked crown. ""When they go out on tour, Stephen likes to be the one that drives", said artist Chris Shary in a 2013 documentary of the band. "Well, he'd been up for a while, just pounding coffee, and Karl was in the back, and Stephen just turned back to look at him and it was this crazed [look], like almost the eyes spinning, and the big grin, and so Karl drew that out and that was the FinALL tour drawing." The illustration was later modified an adapted into All's mascot Allroy. was released in late 1987 through SST Records as an 18-track LP and a 20-track cassette and compact disc, the latter two formats including the additional songs "Sour Grapes" and "Pervert". The album featured many of the band's most popular songs, and was followed two years later by a second live album, "", composed of an entirely different set of songs recorded partly at the same show as "Liveage!" and partly at a show in Berkeley, California three months earlier. Stevenson explained: "Hallraker" will be thought of as "the other" live Descendents LP. The "Liveage!" LP served as a sort of "greatist hits" album, as well as being an accurate documentary of the band in concert. But at the request of fans telling us about all of the songs we "should have put" on "Liveage! ", we decided to release another album with a completely different set of songs, giving people the entire view of the band, with nothing held back. Mike DaRonco of Allmusic gave "Liveage!" three stars out of five, saying that "One could classify this as a best-of live album, considering that it features all the hits [...] Bratty, aggravated punk-pop at its finest, the Descendents were not only way ahead of their time, but they were also one of the most influential punk bands of the '80s." Jenny Eliscu of "Rolling Stone" commented: "Given its superior selection of songs, "Liveage!" is the better of the band's two concert recordings; but Descendents weren't the kind of band to switch things up in concert, and these albums are for completists only."

King–Kopetzky syndrome is an auditory disability characterised by difficulty in hearing speech in the presence of background noise in conjunction with the finding of normal hearing test results. It is an example of auditory processing disorder (APD) or "auditory disability with normal hearing (ADN)". King–Kopetzky syndrome patients have a worse Social Hearing Handicap index (SHHI) than others, indicating they suffer a significant degree of speech-hearing disability. The condition is named after Samuel J. Kopetzky, who first described the condition in 1948, and P. F. King, who first discussed the aetiological factors behind it in 1954. It seems that somatic anxiety and situations of stress may be determinants of speech-hearing disability. Some studies indicated an increased prevalence of a family history of hearing impairment in these patients. The pattern of results is suggestive that King-Kopetzky patients may be related to conditions of autosomal dominant inheritance. It was found that based on sensitized measures of auditory dysfunction and on psychological assessment, Subjects could be subdivided into seven subcategories: ***LIST***. Different subgroups may represent different pathogenic and aetiological factors. Thus, subcategorization provides further understanding of the basis of King–Kopetzky syndrome, and hence may guide the rehabilitative management of these patients.This was suggested by Professor Dafydd Stephens and F Zhao at the Welsh Hearing Institute, Cardiff University.

The National Youth Leadership Council, or NYLC, is a national nonprofit organization located in Saint Paul, Minnesota that promotes service-learning in schools and communities across the United States. Founded in 1983 by Dr. James Kielsmeier, NYLC is the host of the annual National Service-Learning Conference. The organization is a proponent of service-learning and national service in the United States. Founded in 1983, to "create a more just, sustainable, and peaceful world with young people, their schools, and their communities through service-learning". The National Youth Leadership Council began hosting the National Service-Learning Conference in 1989. In 1993 the organization became the main training and technical assistance for the Corporation for National Service focused on service learning. NYLC publishes an annual research publication, "Growing to Greatness" that seeks to document the scope, scale, and impacts of service-learning. Five full editions are now in print, published every year since 2004. Each edition features a series of topical research articles from leading scholars in the field as well as qualitative profiles of several U.S. states and territories and, increasingly, state-by-state data on service-learning and positive youth contributions. In 2008, NYLC released the "K-12 Service-Learning Standards for Quality Practice" that detail the eight standards of quality service-learning, with three to five accompanying indicators for each standard. The standards are the result of a national review process that began with research from the field and vetted the previously-published "Essential Elements of Service-Learning" through a series of reactor panels to arrive at the final document.

George Munro of Auchinbowie, originally of Bearcrofts was a Scottish born military officer of the late 17th century. He was the first Munro of Auchinbowie. George Munro was the eldest son of Alexander Munro of Bearcrofts. George married Margarat Bruce, the daughter of Robert Bruce of Auchinbowie, a property about four miles south of Stirling. Tradition tells us that the Munros of Bearcrofts descend from John Munro, 1st of Milntown who was a younger son of Hugh Munro, 9th Baron of Foulis (d.1425). From the 16th century onwards this line of the Munro family history is continuous and vouched by documentary evidence: Three generations after John Munro of Miltown is George Munro of Milntown who became one of the most prominent ministers in the Reformed Church in the north of Scotland. A younger son of his was also called George and followed in his footsteps. This George's third son was Sir Alexander Munro of Bearcrofts, father of the George Munro who would become the first Laird of Auchinbowie. George Munro fought for the British government at the Battle of Dunkeld in 1689 where the Jacobites were defeated. He held command as a Captain in the Cameronian 26th Regiment of Foot. The Battle of Dunkeld is said to have lasted four to five hours. The Cameronian regiment of 1200 men was outnumbered by a force of 5000 Jacobites. In the first hour of the battle the Colonel of the Cameronian regiment was killed and the Major was wounded so the command fell to Captain George Munro. It is said that they had to use lead stripped off the roofs of houses and melted in the ground for ammunition. The Jacobites were eventually defeated. After the Battle of Dunkeld, Captain George Munro was promoted to Major and was put in command of an independent company of foot in Perthshire. Later as a Major in Sir Charles Graham's Regiment of Foot he fought at the Siege of Namur in 1695. George Munro and Margarat Bruce married in 1693. Margarat was the second daughter of Robert Bruce of Auchinbowie. Margarat had no brothers, and on her father's death the property fell to her elder sister Janet Bruce. However Janet's husband, Captain William Bruce, killed another gentleman in a drunken brawl. He fled from justice, leaving Janet to cope with the debts of the property, which proved too much for her. In 1702 Janet Bruce sold the property to her brother-in-law, Major George Munro, who thus became the Laird of Auchinbowie. George Munro had two sons and one daughter. The eldest son, Alexander Munro, succeeded as the Laird of Auchinbowie. George's only daughter Margarat was born in 1707. George's younger son, George Monro, is believed to have been born in Ireland in about 1700 at Clonfin in county Longford. His younger son George Monro became famous for his resolute but ultimately unsuccessful defence of Fort William Henry in 1757 during the Seven Years' War/French and Indian War and the subsequent massacre of his garrison at the hands of France’s American Indian allies which is portrayed in the film; "The Last of the Mohicans".

Westermann began his professional career with 2. Bundesliga club Greuther Fürth. He joined the senior squad in July 2002 but did not make his first appearance until 26 January 2003 in a 1–0 win over MSV Duisburg. He played a total of 92 games in his three seasons with the club, scoring five goals. Following the 2004–05 season, Westermann signed for recently promoted Bundesliga club Arminia Bielefeld. In his first season, he played in every single game for Bielefeld, including 34 league and five DFB-Pokal matches. The following season Westermann remained an integral part of the team, missing only one match. He was transferred to Schalke in 2007 for a fee of €2.8 million. He played his first game for Schalke on 24 July in a Ligapokal fixture against 1. FC Nürnberg. Schalke won 4–2 with Westermann contributing one goal. Missing Schalke's first two league games through injury, Westermann made his Bundesliga debut for the club on 26 August 2007. He was substituted on in the 79th minute for Rafinha in a third round match against VfL Wolfsburg. For the remainder of the season, Westermann started all 31 of Schalke's Bundesliga matches. He was also instrumental in Schalke's Champions League campaign, being the only outfield player for the club to play every single minute. With new coach Fred Rutten taking charge of Schalke for the 2008–09 season, combined with his keen eye for goal, Westermann has often been positioned in midfield. The current season has been Westermann's highest scoring yet. He scored both goals in a 2–0 DFB-Pokal win over Hannover 96. He also scored a goal in three consecutive Bundesliga matches including the equalizing goal in a 1–1 draw against Werder Bremen and a game-winning goal against VfL Bochum. In July 2010, Westermann agreed to a transfer to Hamburger SV, reportedly in the region of €7.5 million. Despite being a new signing, he was named new captain by then "HSV" coach Armin Veh. On 9 April 2013, following a run of bad results, including a 9–2 drubbing by Bayern Munich, Rafael van der Vaart was announced as Westermann's successor as the club's captain, in a bid to relieve him of mounting pressure. On 25 June 2015, Hamburg confirmed Westermann's contract would not be renewed for the 2015–16 campaign. On 6 August 2015 Westermann signed a two-year deal with Real Betis, newly promoted to La Liga. He received his first ever career red card on 28 November 2015 after his second bookable offence against Levante. On 31 January 2008, Westermann was first called up by Germany's manager Joachim Löw for the friendly on 6 February 2008 at Vienna's Ernst-Happel-Stadion against Austria. Germany won the match 3–0 and Westermann was in the starting eleven and played 90 minutes. Westermann was part of the German team that finished in second place at Euro 2008. On 2 June 2009, Westermann scored the first international goal in Germany's 7–2 rout against United Arab Emirates national football team. He was part of Germany's preliminary selection for the World Cup 2010, but had to pull out because of an injury suffered in a friendly against Hungary. He has been capped 27 times by Germany and has scored four goals for them since 2008. Westermann's wife is named Irina, they married in June 2007. In May 2008, the couple had their first daughter, Lana. In October 2010, Nikita, their second daughter was born.

Dolores B. Harding (née Mantey; 1936 – 30 November 2012), known professionally as Dolores Mantez, was a British television actress of the 1960s and early 1970s, best known for her appearances in Gerry Anderson's science-fiction TV series "UFO". She was born in Liverpool to a Ghanaian father and an Irish mother. Mantez, who changed her birth surname of "Mantey" by one letter, initially followed a career as a seamstress in a dress shop. She then started to sing semi-professionally, an occupation that became a full-time job when she joined a group that appeared in cabaret. However, while she was visiting her agent, she happened to meet an actor's agent who believed that her exotic physical appearance was exactly what was needed for a role as a student in "Sapphire" (1959), a film about the emerging Afro-Caribbean community in England. At the time, Mantez had no acting experience, but her work on the film resulted in a succession of parts in television series such as "Shadow Squad" and "The Avengers". She also played a small role as a nurse in the film "The Angry Silence" (1960) starring Richard Attenborough. Mantez's acting career was boosted with a role as a nurse in the film "Life for Ruth" (1962), co-starring Patrick McGoohan. This in turn led to appearances in two episodes of the TV series "Danger Man", first as an agent working with John Drake in "Loyalty Always Pays", and then as a West Indian woman in "The Man on the Beach". She appeared as artist Rita Bell in an episode of the ABC series "The Human Jungle" ("The Twenty-Four Hour Man", 1964). Another of Mantez's roles was as Happy Lee, the girl suspected of Marty Hopkirk's murder in the pilot episode of the ITC series "Randall and Hopkirk (Deceased)" ("My Late Lamented Friend and Partner", 1969). During the 1960s, Mantez appeared in a number of stage musicals; these included "Cowardy Custard" (the Mermaid Theatre's tribute to Noël Coward), Monty Norman's "The Perils of Scobie Prilt", and the West End production of "Every Other Evening" (starring Margaret Lockwood). She toured Europe, once appearing in "Porgy And Bess" in East Berlin. She may be best known for her portrayal of Lieutenant Nina Barry (frequently sporting a purple wig, as did all female staff on Moonbase) in the science-fiction TV series "UFO", broadcast in 1970 and 1971. Her final acting role was as Indigo Jones, a mixed-race lady of means, in an episode of the BBC series "The Onedin Line" ("Fetch and Carry", 1972). In the mid-1970s, Mantez met businessman Robert Harding in a pub. They married in 1976. After their son Robert Jr. ("Robbie") was born, Mantez gave up acting. She died on 30 November 2012 following a short illness, aged 75 or 76.

Raymond Benjamin Caldwell, (April 26, 1888 – August 17, 1967), was an American major league pitcher from 1910 to 1921. He was known for throwing the spitball, and he was one of the 17 pitchers allowed to continue throwing the pitch after it was outlawed in 1920. Caldwell was notorious during his playing career for his addiction to alcohol and partying, he possessed a self-destructive streak that many of his contemporaries believed stopped him from reaching his potential. In 1924, Miller Huggins wrote: 'Caldwell was one of the best pitchers that ever lived, but he was one of those characters that keep a manager in a constant worry. If he had possessed a sense of responsibility and balance, Ray Caldwell would have gone down in history as one of the greatest of all pitchers.' Yet, despite his achievements on the field and his antics off it, Caldwell is perhaps best remembered for being struck by lightning whilst playing for the Cleveland Indians against the Philadelphia Athletics in 1919; remarkably, despite being knocked unconscious, he refused to leave the game, having pitched 8.2 innings, and went on to record the final out for the win. Caldwell was born in the (now mostly abandoned) town of Corydon, Pennsylvania, located just south of the New York state line near Cattaraugus County. He was the son of Anna (née Archer) and Walter Caldwell. The family later moved to Salamanca in the same county where Ray grew up and completed high school. He began his professional career with the McKeesport Tubers of the Ohio–Pennsylvania League in 1910 and recorded 18 wins before being signed by the New York Highlanders in September of that year. In his rookie season he went 14–14 with an ERA of 3.35, he also recorded a batting average of .272 (during the course of the season he played 11 games in the outfield, and also made numerous appearances as a pinch hitter). Persistent problems with his throwing arm meant that Caldwell pitched 8–16, with an ERA of 4.47 in 1912. He regained his form the following year with a record of 9–8 and a 2.41 ERA for a newly renamed Yankees club that finished 37 games below .500. The 1914 season was the greatest of his career, going 17–9 with a 1.94 ERA for another Yankees team that finished well below .500. During the course of the season he had numerous run-ins with manager Frank Chance, resulting in him being fined on several occasions for drunkenness and general poor conduct. Towards the end of the season, Caldwell asked team owner Frank Farrell to rescind his fines – which by that point accounted for a substantial proportion of his annual wages. Farrell, fearing that Caldwell would follow former teammates Russ Ford and Hal Chase in accepting an offer to pitch for the Buffalo Buffeds of the Federal League, agreed to let Caldwell off. As a consequence of this, Frank Chance, feeling that his authority had been irrevocably undermined, handed in his resignation as manager of the Yankees. In 1915, Caldwell once again posted a winning record – 19–16, with an ERA of 2.89 – for a Yankees team that finished 14 games below .500. He also contributed four home runs during the course of the season, enough to finish ninth in the American League in that category, despite having more than 200 fewer at bats than anyone else inside the top 10. The Yankees were a winning team in 1916, but Caldwell had major struggles, both on and off the field. His difficulties on the mound were not helped by his continuing to pitch with a broken patella. By the end of July his record was 5–12, and he had recorded an ERA of 2.99. It was at this point that Caldwell, whose alcoholism had become increasingly pronounced during the course of the season, went AWOL. Bill Donovan, the Yankees manager—who prior to this had always turned a blind eye to Caldwell's personal problems—issued a fine and suspended him for two weeks. However, Caldwell failed to return to the club after this period had elapsed and he was suspended for the rest of the season. Caldwell did not return to the Yankees until the following March, more than a week into spring training. Caldwell's whereabouts during the intervening seven months, although much speculated on, were never revealed. Donovan and the Yankees owner, Til Huston, both of whom had strongly criticized Caldwell during his absence, decided to give him another chance, largely influenced by his apparent good condition. However, once again, his performances on the field were overshadowed somewhat by his actions off it. He finished the year 13–16 with a 2.86 ERA for yet another Yankees team that finished well short of .500. During the course of the season he again served a team-imposed suspension for getting drunk and failing to report for duty. He was charged with grand larceny half-way through the season for allegedly stealing a ring, and was also taken to court by his wife, who sued for alimony after he abandoned her and their son. In 1918, Caldwell once again failed to complete a season with the Yankees. Injuries hampered him on the mound, but he still managed to compile a batting average of .291 during 151 at-bats. Prior to leaving the club, Caldwell went 9–8 with an ERA of 3.06. Caldwell left the Yankees in mid-August to join a shipbuilding firm in order to avoid military service after being picked in the draft. Joining a shipbuilding company was attractive to Caldwell, as it was for others, because it offered him the chance of playing baseball for the company rather than actually working on the assembly line. Despite this, the Yankees had not given Caldwell permission to leave the club mid-season and it was decided that he should be traded. In the winter of that year Caldwell was traded to the Boston Red Sox in a deal that also saw Duffy Lewis and Ernie Shore go the other way. Caldwell was released by the Red Sox in July 1919 after a poor start to the season, in which he compiled an ERA of 3.94 (his record, however, was 7-4). Caldwell finished the season with the Indians, whose manager, Tris Speaker, managed to get the best out of him: in six starts Caldwell went 5–1 with a 1.71 ERA. His five wins including the aforementioned game in which he was struck by lightning, and a no-hitter against his former longtime teammates, the New York Yankees, on September 10. In his first full season with the Indians, in 1920, Caldwell went 20–10, with a 3.86 ERA. The Indians went on to win the World Series that year, although Caldwell's contribution to that success proved to be negligible. He started Game 3, but only recorded one out, having given up two hits, a walk, and an earned run, before being lifted by Tris Speaker (the Indians did not come back from this, and Caldwell was charged with the loss). Caldwell's final season in the majors was in 1921, during which he primarily worked from the bullpen. His record was 6–6, with an ERA of 4.90. After leaving the Indians, Caldwell went on to spend many years playing for various clubs in the minor leagues, including the Kansas City Blues, with some degree of success, yet his long-established reputation dissuaded any major league outfit from giving him another chance. Caldwell bought a farm in Frewsburg in 1940 and worked at the train station at Ashville as a telegrapher for the Buffalo, Rochester and Pittsburgh Railway. He later worked as a steward and bartender at the Lakewood Rod & Gun Club, where his fourth wife, Estelle, was a cook. Ray Caldwell died in Salamanca on August 17, 1967, and is buried in Randolph. He was inducted into the Chautauqua Sports Hall of Fame in 2010.

Horst Paul August Ehmke (4 February 1927 – 12 March 2017) was a German lawyer, law professor and politician of the Social Democratic Party (SPD). He served as Federal Minister of Justice (1969), Chief of Staff at the German Chancellery and Federal Minister for Special Affairs (1969–1972) and Federal Minister for Research, Technology, and Post (1972–1974). Ehmke was born in the Free City of Danzig, where he passed his Abitur. In 1944, at the age of 17, Ehmke was enrolled as a member of the Nazi Party, although when this became public knowledge in 2007 as part of a media investigation of Nazi archives, he stated that he had made no application and was previously unaware of the enrollment. Following the Expulsion of Germans after World War II he came as a refugee to western Germany. He studied Law and Economics in Göttingen and Political science and History at Princeton University (U.S.) from 1949 to 1950. In 1952, he promoted as Dr. iur., and in 1956, he passed his final examinations. In these years, he was the assistant of Adolf Arndt, member of the Bundestag (SPD). From 1956 to 1960, Ehmke became a member of the Ford Foundation in Cologne and Berkeley. After passing his Habilitation in 1960, he became Professor of public law at the University of Freiburg, where he became the Dean. From 1963 on, Ehmke was ordinary Professor and held the chair of Law at this university. Since 1974, he was accredited as a lawyer. Ehmke was married and had three children. Since 1947, Ehmke has been a member of the SPD, where he was a member of the executive board from 1973 to 1991. He was a member of the Bundestag from 1969 to 1994 for the state of North Rhine-Westphalia. Here, he was deputy whip of the SPD faction from 1977 to 1990. Ehmke was Federal Minister of Justice from to March to October 1969 before becoming Chief of Staff at the German Chancellery from 1969 to 1972 under Chancellor Willy Brandt, being simultaneously the Federal Minister for Special Affairs. After the West German federal election, 1972 he moved to become Federal Minister for Research, Technology and Post, until he was replaced in May 1974 by Hans Matthöfer. Ehmke died on 12 March 2017 at the age of 90.

Kanarevo brdo (, meaning "Kanar's Hill") is an urban neighborhood of Belgrade, the capital of Serbia. It is located in Belgrade's municipality of Rakovica. Kanarevo Brdo is located in the northwestern section of the municipality, on the border of the municipality of Voždovac. It lies in the valley of the stream of "Kaljavi potok", on its mouth into the Topčiderka river. It is bordered by the neighborhoods of Banjica, Topčider and Lisičji Potok on the north, Košutnjak on the west, Rakovica on the southeast, Miljakovac I on the south and Miljakovac II on the east. The neighborhood is bounded by the streets of "Patrijarha Dimitrija" (west), "Pere Velimirovića" (north) and "Borska" (east and south). Kanarevo Brdo developed on the right bank of the Topčiderka river, in southern section of the large park-woods Košutnjak and Topčider, on the road connecting downtown Belgrade to, at that time, industrial suburb of Rakovica. It still remains mainly residential area, with two elementary schools ("Đura Jakšić" and "Ivo Andrić"), a medical centre, soccer field of the "FK Rakovica" and an open green market, with a population of 11,320 in 2011 (combined population of the local communities of Kanarevo Brdo, 6,376 and Košutnjak, 4,944). In 2011 a project of the revitalization of the "Kaljavi potok" was announced. The stream is already channeled and has a concrete bed, but it also receives waters from many local cesspits. It was envisioned as the green oasis between the trolleybus terminus in Banjica and the "Tehnogas" factory in Kanarevo Brdo, just from downtown Belgrade. The section of the stream was projected as the history and nature reserve as it was to include the remnants of the Banjicaćs paleolithic site, pedestrian and bicycle paths, trim trail, a series of small bridges over the stream, three natural springs, limestone above-the-ground formations and the habitat of 20 species of rare birds, not usually find in the urbanized areas. The entire revitalized area was projected at and should comprise the surrounding forest, rearranged forest paths, outdoor gym, children playgrounds and gazebos. The illegally built houses, fences, gardens and sewage drains along the stream were to be demolished. It was supposed to be the starting phase of the creation of the "green-blue corridors", the network of arranged forest and water sections all over the city, and the next project was already slated to be the stream of "Jelezovac potok", a tributary to the "Kaljavi potok". As of 2017, nothing from the entire project has been done.

Rosie Stancer attended Butterstone House School in Scotland, Heathfield School, Ascot. She also holds an honorary degree from the University of Essex and is a Fellow of the Royal Geographic Society. Stancer is the great-niece of Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother and the daughter of Lady Mary Clayton who died on 13 February 2014. She is married to William Stancer with whom she has one son, Jock Stancer, born in 2001. Her husband’s maternal grandfather was Sir James Wordie. He was also known as Jock Wordie when he was the Geologist with Sir Ernest Shackleton on the H.M.S. Endurance/1916 Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition. Jock Wordie was also chairman of Scott Polar Institute Cambridge and President of the Royal Geographical Society. In 1997, Stancer was one of 20 amateur women selected for a place on the first all women’s expedition to the North Pole, The 'McVities Penguin Polar Relay'. A relay of five teams hauled sleds of up to 150 lbs across of shifting pack ice in temperatures down to minus 40 °C. After 73 days, the final relay group stood on top of the world at the North Pole. In 1999, Stancer and four others from the first expedition organised and managed their own expedition to the South Pole, The 'M&G ISA Challenge'. Without guides, and with one re-supply, they completed the journey from the edge of Antarctica to the South Pole in 61 days. Meteorological data was gathered on route and submitted to the Omega Foundation. In the Austral summer of 2003-4, Stancer skied solo and without re-supply to the South Pole on the 'Snickers South Pole Solo 2004' expedition. Hauling a sledge more than twice her body weight for over , Stancer reached the Pole in 43 days 23 hours, a day longer than Fiona Thornewill who reached the South Pole a few days before Stancer. During the expedition Stancer gathered both meteorological and physiological data. In 2007, Stancer attempted to become the first woman to trek solo to the Geographic North Pole. Stancer walked alone for and 84 days over the surface of the frozen Arctic Ocean before being airlifted from the ice just short of the North Pole. The difficult decision to abandon the expedition was because of the unusually treacherous conditions that year and the fragility of the ice, preventing the pilots of the pick up aeroplane being able to land safely at the final destination of the North Pole. Although the climate forecast may negate this possibility, in future years Stancer will again attempt the last female solo expedition to the North Pole . For this expedition, she will fly from the northern tip of Canada and set off on her epic journey across the frozen Arctic Ocean starting in the Spring. The expedition is expected to last 60 days. If Stancer succeeds, she will be the first woman to reach both the South and North Poles. In spring of 2017 Stancer will lead the first female-led expedition team to cross the length of the Taklamakan Desert from west to east. The journey will take approximately 10 weeks and cover 1000 km of terrain with altitudes of 1500m and shifting dunes of 450m in height. The Taklamakan Anglo-Chinese Expedition will provide an international opportunity to further the interest and understanding of OBOR One Belt One Road initiative. Rosie is an honorary board member for the charity Special Olympics GB, which seeks to provide sports training and competition in a variety of Olympic-style events for people with learning disabilities. The charity provides continuing opportunities for people to develop their physical fitness, demonstrate courage, experience joy and participate in a sharing of skills, gifts and friendship with their families, other Special Olympics athletes and the community. In addition to helping her charity, which currently works with 5,000 children and adults in the UK, Rosie’s expeditions have relevance to the wider community as she gathers environmental data and undertakes physiological research while on the ice with the University of Essex. Stancer was awarded an honorary fellowship from the Polar exploration society. She also received the Mirror award for bravery from the Royal Geographical Society and holds an honorary degree from the University of Essex and is Honorary Vice President of the Scientific Exploration Society.

St. Florian's Gate or Florian Gate () in Kraków, Poland, is one of the best-known Polish Gothic towers, and a focal point of Kraków's Old Town. It was built about the 14th century as a rectangular Gothic tower of "wild stone", part of the city fortifications against Turkish attack. The tower, first mentioned in 1307, had been built as part of a protective rampart around Kraków after the Tatar attack of 1241 which destroyed most of the city. The permit for the construction of new city defenses featuring stone watchtowers, fortified gates and a moat was issued by Prince Leszek II the Black in 1285. The gate named after St. Florian became the main entryway to the Old Town. It was connected by a long bridge to the circular barbican (Barbakan) erected of brick on the other side of the moat. The Gate was manned by the Kraków Furriers Guild. According to records, by 1473 there were 17 towers defending the city; a century later, there were 33. At the height of its existence, the wall featured 47 watchtowers and eight gates. Also, in 1565–66 a municipal arsenal was built next to St. Florian's Gate. The Gate tower is 33.5 metres tall. The Baroque metal "helmet" that crowns the gate, constructed in 1660 and renovated in 1694, adds another metre to the height of the gate. "Brama Floriańska" is the only city gate, of the original eight built in the Middle Ages, that was not dismantled during the 19th-century "modernization" of Kraków. The adjoining city walls and two additional, smaller towers had been preserved and today host street displays of amateur art available for purchase. The south face of St. Florian's Gate is adorned with an 18th-century bas-relief of St. Florian. The tower's north face bears a stone eagle that was carved in 1882 by Zygmunt Langman, based on a design by painter Jan Matejko. Inside the gate is an altar with a late-Baroque copy of a classicist painting of the Piaskowa Madonna. Kraków's Royal Road begins at St. Florian's Gate, and the gate is a terminating vista at its north end. Through it once entered kings and princes, foreign envoys and distinguished guests, and parades and coronation processions. They travelled up "ulica Floriańska" (St. Florian's Street) to the Main Market Square, and on up "ulica Grodzka" (Castle Street) to Wawel Castle. By the beginning of the 19th century, the expanding city had largely outgrown the confines of the old city walls. The walls had been falling into disrepair for a hundred years due to lack of maintenance after the foreign Partitions of Poland. The stagnant moat fed by the Rudawa River was a dump for illegal garbage and posed health concerns for the city. Such dire circumstances inspired Emperor Franz I of Austro-Hungary to order the dismantling of the city walls. However, on January 13, 1817, Professor Feliks Radwański of Jagiellonian University managed to convince the Session of the Senate of the Republic of Kraków to legislate the partial preservation of the old fortifications—St. Florian's Gate and the adjoining barbican. Until the 19th century, Kraków had massive medieval city walls. The inner wall was some 2.4 meters wide and 6–7 meters high. Ten meters outside the inner wall was an outer, lower one. The walls were punctuated by defensive towers 10 metres high. In the 19th century — just before they were demolished by the Austrian authorities — there were 47 towers still standing. Now there are only three Gothic towers left in all Kraków: the Carpenters', Haberdashers' and Joiners' Towers, connected to St. Florian's Gate by walls several dozen meters long.

Gwenno Mererid Saunders (born 23 May 1981) is a Welsh musician and dancer. She is best known as a singer and keyboardist with The Pipettes, where she was known by the name Gwenno Pipette. She now performs as a solo artist and released the album "Y Dydd Olaf" on Heavenly Recordings in 2015. Saunders was born in Cardiff. She is the daughter of noted Cornish poet and linguist Tim Saunders and Lyn Mererid, who is an activist and member of the choir Côr Cochion Caerdydd and works as a translator. When growing up, her father spoke Cornish; her mother spoke Welsh. From the age of 5 she attended the Seán Éireann-McMahon Academy of Irish Dance and was a cast member of Michael Flatley's productions of Lord Of The Dance and Feet of Flames by the age of 17, playing a lead role in a Las Vegas production of the former. In 2001 she had a role in the Welsh language soap opera "Pobol y Cwm" on S4C, for whom she would later host her own programme "Ydy Gwenno'n Gallu...?". She is fluent in Welsh and Cornish. In the years before she joined The Pipettes, she had been a solo electropop singer, mostly in the Welsh and Cornish languages, releasing two solo EPs, "Môr Hud" (2002) and "Vodya" (2004). Saunders represented Cornwall in the Liet International song contest, 2003, and won the People's Choice Award for her performance of "Vodya". In December 2004 Gwenno filmed the song "Ysolt y'nn Gweinten" by Celtic Legend for Classic FM TV. It is claimed to be the first video produced in the Cornish language, the text having been written by her father Tim Saunders with music by Cornish composer and ex Gary Numan keyboard player Chris John Payne. Gwenno joined The Pipettes in April 2005 after founding member Julia left. She is most notable for her lead vocals on the single "Pull Shapes" and the chorus of "Your Kisses Are Wasted on Me". She has more recently posted solo material to her Myspace page, and made a free download of a mini album titled "U & I" available in October 2007. In April 2008, Gwenno's younger sister Ani joined the Pipettes, after the departure of singers Rosay and RiotBecki. Ani now also releases music with the band The Lovely Wars and solo under the name Ani Glass. Gwenno has toured as a synth player with Pnau and Elton John in 2012. In June 2012, Saunders released a 5-song Welsh language EP called "Ymbelydredd", available on hand-painted cassettes on Peski Records. Gwenno appears on The Boy Least Likely To's 2013 album "The Great Perhaps", contributing vocals to the track "It Could Have Been Me". She released her first solo full-length album, the Welsh-language "Y Dydd Olaf", in October 2014 on Peski Records. In May 2015 Gwenno was signed to Heavenly Recordings. The label re-released her debut album in July. The album won Best Welsh Album at the 2015 National Eisteddfod and in November 2015 won the 2014–2015 Welsh Music Prize. Gwenno also currently co-produces and co-hosts a Welsh radio show on Cardiff Radio titled "Cam O'r Tywyllwch" ("A Step Away from the Darkness") with her Peski Records colleagues. The team was also behind the CAM '15 music festival in Cardiff, which took place in April 2015 and featured the first live performance in over 20 years by Welsh music post-punk pioneers Datblygu.

Francisco el Hombre (Francisco the Man) is a legendary character of Colombian folklore. He is the archetype of a "juglar" (roughly translated, jester or minstrel), a traditional player of Vallenato, a traditional Colombian genre of music. It is generally acknowledged that the popularly known story of Francisco el Hombre contains elements of myth, as well as historical fact. Vallenato is a very important part of the Colombian culture as a whole, but especially its region on the Caribbean Coast. It originated in the "Valle de Upar" (Valley of Upar), which is also the origin of the genre's name (Vallenato literally translates to 'Born in the Valley' "Valle=Valley, Nato=Born"). There are a couple of integral aspects to the traditions surrounding Vallenato that are also important for the legend of Francisco el Hombre. The first is the instruments traditional to the playing of Vallenato, especially the accordion. The second is the concept of the "piqueria". A "piqueria" is a showdown between two "juglares" of Vallenato. They are freestyle competitions where the participating "juglares" battle over who has the better accordion-playing skills, as well as who can freestyle sing better verses challenging and insulting the other. The concept of a "piqueria" is somewhat comparable to the "rap battle" of American hip hop culture, except for the added component of playing the accordion while delivering verses. The famous song, "La Gota Fría" (The Cold Sweat) is a good example of a "piqueria vallenata". Legend has it that Francisco travelled throughout Colombia, going from town to town participating in "piquerias", which he always emerged victorious from. One night, as he travelled, he pulled out his accordion and began playing some notes and singing to occupy himself as he walked. Suddenly, he realized that every tune he played was answered by a better one from afar. He spent several hours searching for his opponent in the darkness, to no avail. Suddenly, a ray of moonlight burst through the clouds and shone down on his adversary, revealing his identity: it was Satan himself. Upon revealing himself, the devil played a powerful song, so powerful that the light of the moon and stars were snuffed out, leaving his burning eyes as the only source of light in the night. Understanding that this would be his greatest battle, the "juglar" fell to his knees, looked up to heaven, signed the cross, and prayed the Apostles' Creed forwards and backwards. He then got up and played the most beautiful melody ever heard. The moon and stars returned to the sky. The devil let out an ear-piercing scream, and fled into the mountains, leaving Francisco as the winner of the duel, and bestowing upon him the moniker of "el Hombre" (the Man). There is dispute over who (if anyone) the legend of Francisco el Hombre is based on, but it is generally accepted that it was either Francisco Moscote Guerra, or Francisco Rada Batista. Francisco Moscote Guerra was a famous Vallenato player from the town of Plato in the administrative department of Magdalena. He is mentioned in the novel One Hundred Years of Solitude as "an old globe-trotter of almost 200 years who frequently passed by Macondo divulging the songs composed by himself". The Colombian Ministry of Culture considers him the most probable candidate. Francisco Rada Batista, also known as "Pancho Rada," (1907-2003) is also proposed as the legendary figure. He was certainly a legendary Vallenato artist. He is credited with revolutionizing the genre throughout his life, and is also credited with inventing the Vallenato subgenre known as "son". the 2000 documentary film "The Devil's Accordion" asserts that he is the namesake of the legendary figure. Regardless of who his true identity may have been, his image has deeply permeated throughout Colombia. The world's largest Vallenato festival, held in the genre's birthplace of Valle Dupar is called "Festival de la Leyenda Vallenata" (Festival of the Vallanato Legend). Another large Colombian music Festival is simply called, Festival Francisco el Hombre. Many images, statues, and sculptures of him can also be found over the country.

Youth Service America, or YSA, is a resource center that partners with thousands of organizations committed to increasing the quality and quantity of volunteer opportunities for young people, ages 5-25, to serve locally, nationally, and globally." YSA has a reputation for supporting and promoting youth voice, youth service, and service-learning through advocacy, resource sharing, and handing out over $1 million in grants. Steve Culbertson was appointed the President & CEO in 1996. Founded in 1986 with support from the Ford Foundation, YSA’s mission is to expand the impact of the youth service movement with families, communities, schools, corporations, and governments. Founded and led by Roger Landrum and Frank Slobig for its first 10 years, YSA organized the youth service movement that led to the National and Community Service Acts of 1990 and 1993. YSA pioneered National Youth Service Day, New Generation Training Program, Working Group on National Youth Service Policy, National Service Leadership Seminar, Prudential Youth Leadership Institute, Fund for Social Entrepreneurs, and National Service SuperConference. Programs include: ***LIST***. YSA has also been a long-time partner supporting the National Service Learning Conference, co-sponsored by the National Youth Leadership Council.

The Sheffield and Lincolnshire Junction Railway was an early British railway company which opened in 1849 between Sheffield and Gainsborough and Lincoln. It amalgamated with the Sheffield, Ashton-Under-Lyne and Manchester Railway and the Great Grimsby and Sheffield Junction Railway, the three being renamed the Manchester, Sheffield and Lincolnshire Railway in 1847. It is now the Sheffield to Lincoln Line. The line originated with a plan in 1836 to connect the SA&MR at Sheffield with the proposed Midland Counties Railway at a time when the latter was planning to run to Chesterfield. This was changed to proposal for Sheffield Union Railway to connect instead with the North Midland Railway at Woodhouse Mill. This plan, in turn, was superseded by one for a connection to Chesterfield. At this point, in 1844, it was suggested that the people of Sheffield would be better served by extending the SA&MR eastwards. This was supported, not only by the SA&MR, but by the councillors of Retford and Worksop. The line received approval in 1846, along with the Sheffield and Lincolnshire extension, which was the branch to Lincoln, which would run from near Retford. Parliamentary decree meant that the way from Saxilby to Lincoln would be shared with the Great Northern. The latter built this part of the line and shared it with the S&LE with the agreement that it could have running powers from Retford to Sheffield. The first board meeting of the amalgamated Manchester, Sheffield and Lincolnshire Railway took place on 6 January 1847. Construction had begun on 15 October 1846 with the section between Sheffield and to what was by then the Midland Railway at Beighton. The final link in the line between Sheffield and Gainsborough was completed in 1849 with stations at Kiveton Park, Shireoaks, Worksop, Retford and Sturton.

The Buccinidae are a very large and diverse taxonomic family of large sea snails, often known as whelks or true whelks. "True whelk" also refers to Busyconidae, once treated as a subfamily of Buccinidae called Busyconinae. True whelks are mostly marine (with some genera freshwater) gastropod mollusks in the clade Neogastropoda. The family includes more than 1500 species. The true whelks occur worldwide in all seas from tropical oceans to the cold seas of the Arctic Ocean and the Southern Ocean. They are found from the intertidal to the bathypelagic zones. Most prefer a solid bottom, but some inhabit sandy substrates. Some genera from the Buccinidae are freshwater, for example genus "Clea". The shells of species in this family are moderate to large in size, conical to fusiform in shape. The shell often has deep sutures. The shell surface is generally smooth, sometimes with a spiral and/ or axial sculpture. The thickness of the shell is more pronounced in tropical shallow-water species, while the shell of species living in moderate and colder waters is generally thin or moderately thin. The top of the whorls are more or less shouldered. The radial ribs of the shell sometimes show shoulder knobs. The aperture is large with a well-defined siphonal canal. The rim of the aperture is sometimes used to pry open the shell of bivalves. The aperture is closed by a horny operculum. The soft body is elongated and spiral. The head has two conical, depressed tentacles which bear the eyes on a lobe or prominence at their base. The mouth contains a long, cylindrical, annulated proboscis and a small tongue. The mantle forms a thin-edged flap over the branchial cavity. On the left side, it has an elongated, open canal, that emerges by a notch or groove in the shell. The two gills are elongated, unequal and pectinate (i.e. in a comb-like arrangement). The large foot is generally broad. True whelks are carnivores and scavengers. They feed on clams, carrion, and sometimes even on detritus. Their sense of smell is very well-developed; they can sense chemical signals from their prey from a considerable distance with their osphradia. Many whelks are capable of boring through the shell of bivalves, and because of this, some species cause much harm in oyster farms. True whelks can even attack fish caught in a net by extending their probosces to twice the length of their own bodies. The female whelk lays spongy egg capsules with hundreds of eggs. These form round clusters or a tower-shaped masses. Only about 10% of these eggs hatch. The larvae then feed on the rest of the eggs that have not yet hatched. The flesh of the common northern whelk, "Buccinum undatum", is much appreciated by connoisseurs as a food item, but its consumption is currently somewhat in decline. The empty shell of a whelk is often used by the hermit crab to make its home. According to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi (2005), the family Buccinidae consists of six subfamilies: Subfamily Buccininae Rafinesque, 1815 ***LIST***. Subfamily Beringiinae Golikov & Starobogatov, 1975 Subfamily Busyconinae* Wade, 1917 (1867) : presently, Busyconinae is treated as a synonym of the Busyconidae. Subfamily Donovaniinae Casey, 1904 - synonym: Lachesinae L. Bellardi, 1877 (inv.) Subfamily Pisaniinae Gray, 1857 - synonyms: Photinae Gray, 1857; Pusiostomatidae Iredale, 1940 Subfamily Siphonaliinae Finlay, 1928 - synonym: Austrosiphonidae Cotton & Godfrey, 1938

Rack 'n Roll was the game for the 2007 FIRST Robotics Competition season, announced on January 6, 2007. In it, two alliances of three teams each compete to arrange toroidal game pieces on a central arena element known as 'The Rack'. Robots fall under three different classes restricting their maximum weight and height. These classes are: Robots also must have a maximum starting footprint of 28" x 38" regardless of class. Robots may expand once the match has begun. The game manual includes other rules restricting various aspects of the construction of the robot that have been put in place for the purpose of safety and fairness. The Rack 'n Roll field is dominated by 'The Rack', a large metal contraption with three levels of hanging metal bars, with each level having 8 arms evenly spaced in an octagonal manner. Each arm (known as a 'spider leg') has space for two game pieces. Any more pieces placed on a spider leg beyond the first two are ignored for scoring purposes. At the beginning of the match, the rack is arbitrarily translated or rotated within three feet of the center of the field in order to give some randomness and to encourage autonomous modes that do not depend on dead-reckoning. At the top of the Rack are four green-colored lights above the 1, 3, 5, and 7 legs to aid in autonomous-mode tracking. The game pieces in Rack 'n Roll are inflatable toroidal pool toys. There are 3 styles: Keepers, Ringers, and Spoilers. Keepers are tubes with lettering that are placed only during autonomous mode and, once placed, override any pieces placed later for scoring purposes. Ringers are undecorated tubes that are delivered onto the field either by human players via chutes, or are picked from the floor. Nine ringers of each color start on the field in the opposing team's start area (so the 9 blue ringers are in the red alliance's end zone, and vice versa). The other nine start behind the end wall, to be given out by human players. Spoilers are colored black, and cause the spider arm holding them to be ignored for scoring purposes. Spoilers can be removed or repositioned on the rack by robots multiple times. Each alliance starts with two spoilers, accessible by their human players. Each match of Rack 'n Roll is 2 minutes 15 seconds long, divided into three segments. The first segment is a 15 second autonomous period, where robots may attempt to place keepers onto the rack without human input. Once autonomous mode is complete, any keepers not already on the rack are no longer valid for scoring. The second segment, the teleoperated mode, is 2 minutes long, during which robots are operated by the drivers and may roam anywhere on the field. In the final 15 seconds, the end game, robots may not enter their opponent's end zone, but all other rules remain the same from the teleoperated period. Though the head referee may pause the game between the autonomous period and the teleoperated period, the end game follows directly after the teleoperated period. The primary method of scoring in Rack 'n Roll is by making rows and columns of tubes on the rack. A row or column of "n" tubes is worth 2 points to a maximum of n=8. Note that this includes rows or columns of length 1, so a single tube on the rack that does not form a row or column is worth 2 points. Teams have access to 21 scorable keepers and ringers. This means that the maximum possible score from the rack should be 596 . That is, two rows of 8 ringers, a row of 5 (2 ringers plus 3 keepers), 5 vertical columns of length 3, then 3 vertical columns of length 2. As is usual in a FIRST game, robot positions at the end of the match are worth bonus points. In Rack n' Roll, each robot in its alliance end zone that is not touching any field element and has its lowest part 4 or more inches off the ground will score 15 bonus points. A robot that is not touching any field element and has its lowest part 12 or more inches off the ground will score 30 bonus points. Since robots may not be touching any field element, this means that in order to score bonus points, teams will have to depend on their alliance partners to provide mechanisms to lift their robots or will have to have mechanisms to lift their alliance partner's robots. Since at least one robot must be touching the ground in order to lift the other two alliance robots off the ground, the maximum conceivable bonus points an alliance can score is 60 points. The kit of parts included a few new items, including a new battery and the new EasyC Pro. One substantial rule change is that batteries from previous competitions are not legal, a change that can be easily enforced since the 2007 batteries are visually different from earlier batteries.

Steve Spangler (born December 8, 1966) is a television personality, author and science teacher. Spangler founded Steve Spangler Science and its wholesale division, Be Amazing Toys. He serves as CEO of Steve Spangler Science and the creative director of Be Amazing Toys. Both companies develop science education teaching tools and toys. Spangler posted the first Diet Coke and Mentos video on YouTube in September 2005 and his 2002 televised demonstration of the eruption went viral launching a chain of several other Diet Coke and Mentos experiment viral videos. He earned two Heartland Emmy Awards and a total of five Emmy nominations. Spangler holds a Guinness World Record for the largest physics lesson and is an inductee of the National Speakers Association Speaker Hall of Fame. Spangler's career began as a science teacher in the Cherry Creek School District in Colorado. As part of a science outreach program, Spangler created a traveling science show targeted to elementary and middle school students in an effort to increase interest in science. In 1991, Spangler began traveling throughout Colorado and the surrounding states to present school assembly programs and teacher training workshops focused on using more inquiry-based science activities in the classroom. Spangler presented over 4,500 science shows for students and teachers at approximately 900 schools throughout the U.S. from 1991-2003 when the tour ended. In 1992, Spangler began working as an adjunct faculty member at the Regis University in the Department of Chemistry. He served as the Executive Director of the National Hands-on Science Institute until 2001. The institute combined professional development for elementary and middle school teachers with an authentic lab experience for teachers to test out best practices and hands-on learning strategies with Denver-area children who attended an afternoon science camp. Spangler hosts several summer science institutes as professional development science educators. Science in the Rockies offers strategies and best practices for increasing hands-on engagement in the classroom. In 2009, Spangler partnered with Holland America Cruise Line to offer an environmental science curriculum exploring the inside passage of Alaska. During his first year of teaching, a producer from the Denver, Colorado NBC affiliate offered Spangler a position as a science host on News for Kids after seeing him perform a science demonstration show at a public event. News for Kids premiered in 1991 and was picked up for national syndication in 1993, airing in 185 cities every Saturday morning. After six seasons, Spangler produced 220 segments that featured simple science experiments that viewers could easily recreate at home. Spangler received a Heartland Emmy Award for his work on News for Kids in 1997. In 2001, Spangler joined the Denver NBC affiliate, KUSA-TV 9NEWS as their Science Education Contributor. His weekly science segments feature science demonstrations and experiments that encourage viewers to learn more about science. Denver, Colorado NBC affiliate, KUSA-TV 9News. Spangler has also been featured on Food Network, Discovery Channel, HGTV, "NBC Nightly News", History Channel, "Today Show", "Good Morning America", The Weather Channel, VH1, QVC, "Modern Marvels", "The Doctors" and DIY. The Diet Coke and Mentos eruption experiment was first televised by Spangler and became popular on the internet in November 2002. More than a thousand videos appeared online replicating the experiment. Spangler was nominated for the "Time 100" in 2007 because of the experiment. He signed a licensing agreement with Perfetti Van Melle, the maker of MENTOS, in 2006 and developed a line of toys to be used with the experiment. Spangler made his first appearance on "the Ellen DeGeneres Show" in 2007. One of his show demonstrations, Walking on Water, consisted of mixing 2,500 pounds of cornstarch and 500 gallons of water into a large container to create a Non-Newtonian fluid. Spangler founded Steve Spangler Science and Be Amazing Toys, the wholesale division of Steve Spangler Science. He is the CEO of Steve Spangler Science and serves as the creative director of Be Amazing Toys. Spangler is the author of seven books: "Down to a Science", "Taming the Tornado Tube", "Bounce No Bounce", "Fizz Factor", "Secret Science", "Naked Eggs and Flying Potatoes", "Fire Bubbles and Exploding Toothpaste". Spangler is also known for the Sick Science! YouTube channel, which received 100 million views by 2013. The channel contains instructional videos on simple at home or classroom science experiments. Spangler received a Heartland Emmy Award in 1997 for his contribution the television program News for Kids. In 2010, he received a Heartland Emmy Award for Spangler Science - Weather and Science Day at Coors Field. Spangler also received a Guinness World Record for the largest physics lesson. Spangler was inducted into the National Speakers Association's Speaker Hall of Fame in 2010. In October 2011, Spangler was selected as one of 100 initial partners for the YouTube Original Channel Initiative and received funding for the production of new original programming. Spangler's YouTube show, The Spangler Effect, debuted February 1, 2012. Steve Spangler was born to Kitty and Bruce Spangler on December 8, 1966 in Denver, Colorado. Bruce Spangler was a magician and consultant to other magicians including David Copperfield, Doug Henning and Mark Wilson. Bruce Spangler's frequent live television performances influenced Steve's career. Steve Spangler graduated from the University of Colorado Boulder with a dual degree in chemistry and humanities in 1989.

Though these cards can be issued with HRAs and HSAs as well as FSAs, the FSA is the oldest and most common of these accounts; therefore, for simplicity these cards are often referred to as "FSA" debit cards. Walgreens and drugstore.com have "FSA stores" designed for use with these cards, whether tied to medical FSAs, HRAs or HSAs. An Ecommerce vendor, called FSAstore.com, founded in 2010, was created with FSA/HSA cards specifically in mind and is an "FSA Store" in and of itself. Though a few FSA debit cards are also issued for dependent care and transportation expenses, most are issued for medical expenses. (The rest of this article deals only with FSA debit cards used with medical FSAs, HRAs or HSAs.) Traditionally, to meet Internal Revenue Service (IRS) substantiation requirements, FSAs were accessed only through claims for reimbursement after incurring (and usually paying) an out-of-pocket expense, often after deductions were already made from the employee's paycheck to fund the FSA; this is commonly known as "double-dipping". This, along with the so-called "use it or lose it" rule (i.e., all funds not spent are forfeited), has long been seen as one of the problems minimizing utilization of FSAs. The FSA debit card was developed to avoid this problem by allowing users to access their FSA directly without "double-dipping", and also (where possible) to provide methods for automating the IRS substantiation requirements which often require substantial paperwork and manpower. Substantiating an FSA debit card transaction without paperwork is known as "auto-adjudication". HRAs, which were introduced later, technically don't involve "double-dipping" because they are funded by employer funds, not by employee funds; however, they are subject to the same IRS requirements as FSAs, and thus are generally accessed only by paper claims or debit cards just like FSAs. Unlike FSAs and HRAs, HSAs do not require substantiation prior to withdrawal; users need only retain their receipts with their tax papers. However, since most HSA providers came from FSA and HRA backgrounds, most offer substantiation services for HSAs that are similar to those for FSAs and HRAs. Though many HSA providers offer unrestricted debit cards and even credit cards with their accounts, some voluntarily choose to issue HSA debit cards and impose the same restrictions on their use as those required by the IRS for FSAs and HRAs. Flexible Spending Accounts (FSAs), commonly referred to as “Section 125” plans or “Cafeteria” plans, were developed as part of Internal Revenue Code Section 125 to provide employees with tax relief for their un-reimbursed medical and dependent day-care costs. FSAs enable employees to utilize pre-tax dollars and save Federal, FICA, and, in most cases, state taxes when paying for eligible expenses not covered by traditional insurance plans. Unlike other debit cards, the IRS does not allow FSA debit cards to be used at every merchant that accepts Visa or MasterCard. Rather, only the following types of merchants may accept an FSA debit card, usually enforced using "merchant category codes" or "merchant type codes" assigned by Visa and MasterCard: ***LIST***. Under IRS Revenue Ruling 2003-43, every transaction on an FSA debit card must be either substantiated or recouped from the employee. Substantiation can be through either electronic evidence (auto-adjudication) or paper receipts submitted by the user (similar to paper claims). The process of obtaining receipts or recoupment when auto-adjudication is not possible is known as "pay and chase", a term the IRS also used in its most recent ruling (Notice 2007-02). The most common method of auto-adjudication is known as "copay matching". Under Ruling 2003-43 as amplified by Notice 2006-69, the FSA or HRA provider must obtain from the employee's health plan the standard copayment amounts for that plan. If the charge is exactly equal to between one and five of those copayment amounts, it may be auto-adjudicated and approved without receipts. If the health plan has different copayment amounts for a particular type of charge, any valid combination of copayment amounts may be approved, up to five times the highest possible copayment amount. Also, charges may be auto-adjudicated if they are accompanied by electronic information substantiating that the charge is for medical purposes. This may be done through such means as including details of the transaction with the charge (Ruling 2003-43) or forwarding the health plan's explanation of benefits to the FSA or HRA provider for further processing (Notice 2006-69). Under Notice 2006-69, all charges from a merchant with an IIAS may also be auto-adjudicated; however, beginning in 2007 the merchant must make available to the employer the detailed records of all such transactions for IRS review. This may be done either automatically or in response to an IRS audit of the employer. If the charge is not substantiated by auto-adjudication or receipts, the FSA or HRA provider must recoup the charge and suspend the card until it is recouped. In addition to voluntary methods of recoupment, employers commonly use payroll deduction, as well as offsetting the recoupment against future paper claims. If all else fails, the employer may add the amount of the charge to the employee's W-2 as taxable income.

Julius Hegyi (February 2, 1923 – January 1, 2007) was an American conductor and violinist. He spent his lifetime building orchestras, founding chamber music groups and instilling a passion for music in young and old alike. His belief in contemporary music, especially American music, as conductor, violinist and mentor, brought compelling listening experiences to his audiences. Hegyi was well known for his expert grasp of European repertoire, routinely giving commanding performances of Beethoven and Brahms, for example. Hegyi was an active proponent of American music, with concerts devoted to world premieres of many composers. He performed works by contemporary European and Chinese composers, as well. ***LIST***. Hegyi, in his role as conductor/violinist, performed many world premieres, such as: ***LIST***. Hegyi performed works by an extensive number of American composers, including John Alden Carpenter, Henry Hadley, Daniel Gregory Mason, Quincy Porter, Scott Lindroth, George W. Chadwick, Ezra Laderman, Horatio Parker, Lester Trimble, Margaret Fairlie-Kennedy, Michael Schelle, Tobias Picker, Irwin Bazelon, Francis Thorne, Charles Wuorinen, Jacob Druckman, Aaron Copland, George Crumb, Robert Parris, Sydney Hodkinson, Leonardo Balada, Carson Kievman, Frederic Goossen, Walter Piston, Leonard Bernstein, Edward MacDowell, Morton Gould, Samuel Barber, William Schuman, Robert Ward, Wallingford Riegger. John Rockwell wrote in the "New York Times" "...it can be flatly said that the best performance (and the most unusually interesting piece, too) was Mr. Hegyi's account of Barber's one-movement symphony, which had its premiere in 1936, was revised in 1944 and championed by Artur Rodzinski and Bruno Walter. The score blends considerable passion with Barber's wonderfully characteristic arching lyricism. Mr. Hegyi, who has a good deal of experience with 20th-century American music, given the Albany Symphony's venturesome commitment to that cause, played it with a sure technical command that never got in the way of expressivity."

Shirley Hughes, CBE (born 16 July 1927) is an English author and illustrator. She has written more than fifty books, which have sold more than 11.5 million copies, and has illustrated more than two hundred. As of 2007 she lives in London. Hughes won the 1977 and 2003 Kate Greenaway Medals for British children's book illustration. In 2007, her 1977 winner, "Dogger", was named the public's favourite winning work of the award's first fifty years. She won the inaugural Booktrust lifetime achievement award in 2015. She is a patron of the Association of Illustrators. Shirley Hughes was born in West Kirby, then in the county of Cheshire (now in Merseyside). The daughter of Liverpool store owner Thomas Hughes, she grew up in West Kirby on the Wirral. She has recalled from childhood that was inspired by artists like Arthur Rackham and W. Heath Robinson, and later by the cinema and the Walker Art Gallery. She was educated at West Kirby Grammar School, but she says that she was not a particularly good student academically, and when she was 16, she left school to study drawing and costume design at the Liverpool School of Art. She later also attended the Ruskin School of Drawing and Fine Art in Oxford. After art school she moved to Notting Hill, London, and married John Vulliamy, an architect and etcher. They had three children together, including the journalist Ed Vulliamy and a daughter who is another children's book illustrator, Clara Vulliamy. At Oxford, Hughes was encouraged to work in the picture book format and make lithographic illustrations. She was soon commissioned by book publisher William Collins, Sons to illustrate another writer's book. During the 1950s and 1960s, she worked primarily as an illustrator for the books of other authors, including "My Naughty Little Sister" by Dorothy Edwards and "The Bell Family" by Noel Streatfeild. The first published book she both wrote and illustrated was "Lucy & Tom's Day", which was made into a series of stories. She went on to write over fifty more stories, including "Dogger" (1977), the "Alfie" series (1977), featuring a young boy named Alfie and sometimes his sister Annie-Rose, and the "Olly and Me" series (1993). The Walker Art Gallery in her hometown of Liverpool hosted an exhibition of her work in 2003, which then moved to the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford. In WorldCat participating libraries, eight of her ten most widely held works are "Alfie" books (1981 to 2002). The others are "Dogger" (rank second) and "Out and About" (1988). Hughes wrote her first novel in 2015, a young-adult book titled "Hero on a Bicycle". "Dogger" (1977), which she wrote and illustrated, was the first story by Hughes to be widely published abroad and it was recognised by the Library Association's Kate Greenaway Medal as the year's best children's book illustration by a British subject. In celebration of the 70th anniversary of the companion Carnegie Medal in 2007, it named one of the top ten Greenaway Medal-winning works by an expert panel and then named the public favourite, or "Greenaway of Greenaways". (The public voted on the panel's shortlist of ten, selected from the 53 winning works 1955 to 2005. Hughes and "Dogger" polled 26% of the vote to 25% for its successor as medalist, Janet Ahlberg and "Each Peach Pear Plum".) Hughes won a second Greenaway (no illustrator has won three) for "Ella's Big Chance" (2003), her own adaptation of Cinderella, set in the 1920s. It was published in the U.S. as "" (Simon & Schuster, 2004). She was also a three-time Greenaway commended runner up: for "Flutes and Cymbals: Poetry for the Young" (1968), a collection compiled by Leonard Clark; for "Helpers" (Bodley Head, 1975), which she wrote and illustrated; and for "The Lion and the Unicorn" (Bodley Head, 1998), which she wrote and illustrated (Highly Commended). In 1984 Hughes won the Eleanor Farjeon Award for distinguished service to children's literature, in 1999 she was awarded an OBE, and in 2000 she was made a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature. She was also granted an Honorary Fellowship by Liverpool John Moores University and Honorary Degrees by the University of Liverpool in 2004 and the University of Chester in 2012. Booktrust, the UK's largest reading charity, awarded Hughes with their first lifetime achievement award in 2015. Already Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE), Hughes was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2017 New Year Honours for services to literature.

Casey Ross Cramer (born January 5, 1982) is a former American football fullback. He was drafted by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in the seventh round of the 2004 NFL Draft. He played college football at Dartmouth. Cramer has also been a member of the New York Jets, Tennessee Titans, Carolina Panthers and Miami Dolphins. Cramer played college football at Dartmouth College, where he majored in psychology, graduating in 2004. He was a brother at Gamma Delta Chi fraternity and participated in various community service organizations. He primarily played tight end and special teams at Dartmouth. Cramer ranks second in Dartmouth history with 185 catches for 2,477 yards and 21 touchdowns as a tight end. Cramer appeared in 39 games with 33 starts and led all college tight ends with 72 receptions for 1,017 yards and seven touchdowns as junior in 2002. He also posted 11 career games with 100 yards or more of receiving. He is Dartmouth's most recent All-American, making three different All-America first teams in 2002 and also the Associated Press second team that fall. Cramer was drafted in the seventh round (228 overall) of the 2004 NFL Draft by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. Casey was later cut. In the 2006 season Casey saw his most playing time in the NFL to date, even blocking a punt and recovering a fumble against the Washington Redskins. Besides making the highlight reels, Peter King's "Monday Morning Quarterback", and Chris Berman's plays of the week, Cramer also earned NFL special teams player of the week for his performance. On August 30, 2008, Cramer was released from the Titans during final cuts. Following Week 1 of the 2008 regular season, the Miami Dolphins released starting fullback Boomer Grigsby. Cramer was signed to replace him on the roster on September 9. In nine games with the Dolphins including two starts, Cramer caught two passes for three yards and a touchdown. The Dolphins waived Cramer on December 20 when they promoted linebacker William Kershaw from the practice squad. Cramer was re-signed by the Tennessee Titans on December 31, 2008 after linebacker Josh Stamer was placed on injured reserve. He was waived on September 4.

Archduke Anton of Austria (Anton Maria Franz Leopold Blanka Karl Joseph Ignaz Raphael Michael Margareta Nicetas von Habsburg-Lorraine; Vienna, 20 March 1901 – Salzburg, 22 October 1987) was an Archduke of Austria and Prince of Tuscany. He was the seventh of ten children born to Archduke Leopold Salvator of Austria, Prince of Tuscany, and Infanta Blanca of Spain, daughter of Carlos, Duke of Madrid. After being introduced by King Carol II of Romania, he and Princess Ileana of Romania (1909-1991) were married in Sinaia on 26 July 1931. They had the following children: ***LIST***. In the Second World War, he served until late 1944 in the German Wehrmacht as a pilot. After leaving the military, he moved to Bran, where he and his family lived in the Bran Castle. After the coup d'état, and the end of Romania's alliance with Germany on 23 August 1944, the family and their servants were in danger of being interned or thrown out of the country, as German citizens. It was only when King Michael I abdicated on 30 December 1947 and was forced to leave the country that Archduke Anton's family also went into exile. The family spent some time in Switzerland, then in Argentina, then lived in the early 1950s in the United States. The marriage ended in divorce, made official on 29 May 1954. While Ileana became a nun, Archduke Anton moved to Austria, where he lived until his death in Emmerberg and in St. Lorenz am Mondsee in the Villa Minola. He died on 22 October 1987 at the age of 86. He was buried at the cemetery on the Mondsee.

Gilberto Meléndez (December 2, 1933 – June 15, 2016) was a Puerto Rican professional wrestler better known under the ring name Gypsy Joe. While attaining much of his United States success in the Tennessee area, Meléndez also gained a following in Japan. He is perhaps best known in the wrestling industry for his remarkable longevity, with a career spanning seven decades, as well as his highly physical brawling style and tough reputation which made him an early pioneer of the hardcore wrestling scene. Meléndez began his wrestling career in 1951 at age 18. During a lengthy tenure in his native Puerto Rico, he went under various monikers and learned the ropes with the likes of Pedro Morales and Carlos Colón Sr.. Meléndez made his United States debut at Sunnyside Garden in Long Island, New York in 1963. Primarily using the name Gypsy Joe by this point, he mainly worked for Nick Gulas and later Jerry Jarrett in the Southeastern region, particularly Mid-Southern Wrestling. During his Gulas run, he was often teamed with heels like Tojo Yamamoto, with whom he formed the No Pain Train, and The Cuban Assassin. He also joined forces with Frank Martinez to be collectively known as the Blue Infernos. The masked duo would attain tag team championships on numerous occasions. By the 1970s, Gypsy Joe was a local star of Chattanooga, Tennessee, regularly performing at Soldiers and Sailors Memorial Auditorium on Saturdays and appearing on local WDEF-TV. His career wasn't limited to the South, however, winning championships around the country as well as in Canada’s Stampede Wrestling. However, with the rise of national promotions like the World Wrestling Federation and World Championship Wrestling in the 1980s, the local industry that Joe had developed a career in began to dwindle. He would not be among those fortunate enough to find success in the major US promotions. Joe eventually made his way overseas into the Japanese wrestling scene, to work for All Japan Pro Wrestling where his highly physical brawling style akin to The Shiek and Abdullah the Butcher was met with success. Bloody encounters with the likes of Mr. Pogo and a penchant for taunting his opponents to attack him with weapons earned Joe a strong reputation in the death match scene and helped solidify his cult following in the region. Despite his aging body, Joe remained active in Japan throughout the '80s and '90s where he also refereed and mentored upcoming stars of the hardcore style. After many taxing years in the ring, an elderly Gypsy Joe returned to the United States in the 2000s where he performed on the independent circuit primarily in the Southeast. In 2001, he attended the International Wrestling Association's Juicio Final event held in his native Puerto Rico, where he received the recognition of the promotion. In April 2003, a 69-year-old Joe faced New Jack in an infamous hardcore match before a small crowd. Due to Joe's no-selling throughout the match and headbutting New Jack hard on the nose, New Jack legitimately attacked Joe with a chain, a baseball bat wrapped in barbed wire, and several other weapons. With audience members angrily cursing Jack, the match ended in a chaotic no-contest and became a widely circulated viral video. During this period, although mainly working in his home state of Tennessee, the haggard Gypsy Joe maintained his reputation as a resilient veteran with indie appearances throughout the US. On July 30, 2005, he was enlisted as the special guest referee for CZW Tournament of Death IV held in New Castle, Delaware. The tournament featured various performers that credit Joe for pioneering the in-ring style they now emulate. In 2007, "WWE Magazine" named Gypsy Joe the world's oldest wrestler at the age of 73. On February 13, 2010, he appeared in the corner of Eddie Kingston and Necro Butcher as Butcher's mentor for their No Rules tag team match at the Ring of Honor 8th Anniversary Show in New York City. Finally, at nearly 79 years of age, Joe wrestled his last match at the Gypsy Joe retirement show on January 7, 2011. Held in Tullahoma, Tennessee by the Southern Wrestling Federation, the bout marked an end to a career which began 60 years prior. Although he never found success in major American promotions, Gypsy Joe is known for his grueling longevity in the wrestling business, which spanned seven decades, as well as his innate toughness as a hardcore brawler. According to legend, he was the first wrestler ever to jump successfully off a steel cage onto an opponent. Joe’s extensive career in Japan and participation in death matches solidified this fierce reputation, and his highly physical in-ring approach helped popularize the hardcore style. Gypsy Joe was inducted into the Nashville Professional Hall of Fame on November 7, 2015, by WWE Hall of Famer Mick Foley at Money Mark Productions' event "A Night with Foley" at the Nashville Fairgrounds. Meléndez was born in the municipality of Villalba in Puerto Rico and then moved to Tullahoma, Tennessee where he gained much of his US career success. He was survived by a daughter named Jenee Beal and a nephew, Dan Wilson, who also served as his manager. He also has a first-born daughter by the name of Debralee Suzette Meléndez, born in New York, on November 4, 1953, and known as Debra S. Anello (her married name), and a daughter and son by another union: Jeannette Melendez and Gilberto Melendez, Jr. In August 2013, reports surfaced that, after a five-year struggle with gout, Meléndez had his right foot amputated. It was elaborated that the veteran wrestler had also been struggling with rickets and that his entire leg may need amputation. In response, Empire Pro Wrestling and Pro Wrestling Chattanooga held an inter-promotional Gypsy Joe Benefit Show in Rossville, Georgia to help Joe’s family pay his medical expenses. He died on June 15, 2016, from complications following an extended illness.

The Rural Municipality of Canwood No. 494 was firstly formed as Rural Municipality (RM) Thompson No. 494 from January 1, 1913 until April 29, 1916 before changing names to Canwood No. It is located in the north central region of the province of Saskatchewan, west of Prince Albert, and completely surrounds the First Nations Indian Reserve of Ahtahkakoop No. 104, as well as partially surrounding the First Nations Indian Reserve of Mistawasis No. 183 and the RM of Big River No. The RM is bordered to the north by Big River No. 555, to the north east by Prince Albert National Park, to the west by Spiritwood No. 496, to the south by Leask No. 464, and to the east by Shellbrook No. The largest town in the region is Canwood. Debden, Stump Lake, Victoire, Hawkeye, Wrixen, Pebble Baye, Ordale and Mont Nebo have also been part of this RM.

The Combat Methamphetamine Epidemic Act of 2005 (CMEA) is federal legislation enacted in the United States on March 9, 2006, to regulate, among other things, retail over-the-counter sales of following products because of their use in the manufacture of illegal drugs: ***LIST***. Retail provisions of the CMEA include daily sales limits and 30-day purchase limits, placement of product out of direct customer access, sales logbooks, customer ID verification, employee training, and self-certification of regulated sellers. The CMEA is found as Title VII of the USA PATRIOT Improvement and Reauthorization Act of 2005 (H.R. The last provisions of the law took effect on 30 September 2006. Ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, and phenylpropanolamine are precursor chemicals used in the illicit manufacture of methamphetamine or amphetamine. They are also common ingredients used to make cough, cold, and allergy products. It was argued that the CMEA would curtail the clandestine production of methamphetamine. The U.S. Department of Justice claims that states that have enacted similar or more restrictive retail regulations have seen a dramatic drop in small clandestine labs. "The CMEA requires record-keeping and identification of all sales and reports to law enforcement of any 'suspicious' transactions. Purchasers are limited to '3.6 grams of pseudoephedrine base' per day and 9 grams per month. (Buying more than that is a federal misdemeanor.)" The statute also includes the following requirements for merchants who sell these products: ***LIST***. In September 2006, Tim Naveau was arrested and charged with a Class-B misdemeanor for purchasing Claritin-D. Naveau takes one tablet of Claritin D each day to combat allergies, and he "had stocked up on the allergy medication because his teenage son, who was also an allergy sufferer, needed several packages because he was headed off to a church camp." Minors are not permitted to purchase pseudoephedrine under the law. Naveau had gone over the legal limit for pseudoephedrine when he purchased extra Claritin-D to give to his son before he attended church camp.

Felix Jones, Jr. (born May 8, 1987) is a former American football running back in the National Football League (NFL) for the Dallas Cowboys and Pittsburgh Steelers. He played college football at the University of Arkansas and was drafted by the Cowboys in the first round of the 2008 NFL Draft. Jones was born in Tulsa. He attended Booker T. Washington High School in Tulsa, Oklahoma, where he was a standout in football and track. As a junior, he sustained a broken ankle early in the season, but still managed to rack up 800 yards rushing and 20 touchdowns. He was named the Tulsa World Player of the Year following his senior season, after rushing for 2,282 yards and 48 touchdowns, leading his squad to a 13-1 record and a state runner-up finish. In track & field, Jones competed as a sprinter and jumper. He recorded a personal-best time of 10.87 seconds in the 100 meters, and was a member of the 4 × 100 m relay (43.30 s). In jumping events, he cleared 1.89 meters in high jump and 6.73 meters in the long jump. Regarded as a four-star recruit by "Rivals.com", he was ranked as the No. 19 athlete in the nation and the No. 4 overall player in the state of Oklahoma. He chose to attend Arkansas over scholarship offers from Tennessee, Oklahoma State and LSU. He attended the University of Arkansas, where he majored in kinesiology and played for the Arkansas Razorbacks football team. While serving primarily as the back-up for All-American and two-time Doak Walker Award winner Darren McFadden, Jones was used in a variety of ways alongside McFadden and fullback Peyton Hillis in the Arkansas backfield. In the Wildhog formation, Jones was used as a runner, receiver, blocker, or simply a decoy. Jones gained fame for his ability in returning kickoffs, returning four kicks for touchdowns during his college career. In the 2006 season, Jones rushed for 1,168 yards and scored 6 touchdowns on 154 carries, and averaged 8.7 yards per carry. He was also an all-American kickoff returner and had one touchdown on a 100-yard kickoff return against Ole Miss, and caught 15 passes for 107 yards and three touchdowns. Jones alongside McFadden and Peyton Hillis, it was the first time in University of Arkansas history that two different running backs rushed for more than 1,000 yards in the same season. Jones was a second-team All-SEC by the conference's coaches, and second-team All-SEC by the media. That team finished 10-4 and won the SEC Western Division title. Jones finished with 123 carries for 1,162 yards and 11 touchdowns, while averaging 9.1 yards per carry, leading the nation. In addition, he led the Southeastern Conference in kickoff returns with 18 for 564 yards and two touchdowns, averaging 31.3 yards per return. Jones also had 13 receptions for 111 yards. 2007 marked the second straight year that Jones and McFadden have each eclipsed the 1,000 yards rushing in a season. The 2007 Razorbacks finished 8-4 before losing to Missouri in the January 1, 2008 Cotton Bowl Classic. Jones was named to the first-team All-SEC squad as a kick returner, and the second-team All-SEC as a running back. He was also named an All-American kick returner. After being hired as the Razorbacks' head coach, Bobby Petrino stated that Jones was his "highest recruiting target" and soon met with Jones to discuss his future with Arkansas. However, Jones decided to forgo his senior season to enter the 2008 NFL Draft where numerous publications projected him to be taken in the first or second round. Looking to acquire a running back that could complement the bruising style of starter Marion Barber III, the Dallas Cowboys selected Jones in the first round of the 2008 NFL Draft (22nd overall). The decision process for his selection was captured in the fourth season (2008) of HBO's "Hard Knocks series". He signed a professional contract on July 26 for $10.53 million, with $7.67 million guaranteed, including a $3.57 million signing bonus. The expectations were high in his rookie season, on his first rushing attempt in the NFL Jones ran for an 11-yard touchdown in the third quarter of a 28–10 victory over the Cleveland Browns. On September 15, during a Monday Night Football game versus the Philadelphia Eagles, Jones returned a kickoff 98 yards for a touchdown in the first quarter of a 41–37 win, which earned him NFC Special Teams Player of the Week. In his third professional game, Jones ran for a 60-yard touchdown against the Green Bay Packers on November 21. In Week 6 against the Arizona Cardinals, Jones tore his left hamstring. During his recovery process he also suffered a torn ligament in his left toe and was placed on the injured reserve list on November 20. In his first year, he displayed an explosiveness that was difficult to defend for opposing teams. In his second season, he received more carries per game and against the New York Giants he rushed 7 times for 96 yards and a touchdown. After never rushing for more than nine carries in a professional game, he reached the double digits mark against the Carolina Panthers, where he also had his first career start in place of an injured Barber, recording 8 carries for 94 yards (11.8) and one reception for 20 yards, but also suffered a sprained PCL in his left knee during the third quarter that ended his day and would make him miss two additional games. He returned to action against the Atlanta Falcons, where he also started but wasn't very effective, registering 8 carries for 36 yards and 2 receptions for 6 yards. He began to average over 10 carries per game after the week 13 game against the New York Giants. Against the Philadelphia Eagles he rushed 15 times for 91 yards with a touchdown. In the regular season, Jones set a Cowboys franchise record in average yards per carry with 5.9 yards, the tenth most since the AFL-NFL merger. He finished the year taking the main running back role over Barber and recording 569 total yards in his last 6 games, while averaging 6.2 yards per touch. In the first Cowboys playoff win since 1996, playing against the Philadelphia Eagles in the NFC Playoff Wild-Card game, he led the team with 16 carries for 148 yards (including a 73-yard touchdown run) and a 30-yard reception. His 148 yards are the third-most rushing yards in a playoff game in team history and his 73-yard run is the longest in franchise postseason history. He also became the first NFL player with 400 rushing yards on fewer than 50 career carries since Bo Jackson did it in 1987. In 2010, he bulked up to 225 pounds in order to improve his durability and was officially moved to the top of the depth chart at running back. He rushed for 109 yards on 15 carries against the Tennessee Titans, for his first 100-yard game. He played in all 16 games for the first time in his career, starting seven games together or in place of Barber and leading the team with 800 rush yards on 185 carries (4.3 yards average) and a touchdown. Against the New York Giants he had the longest reception in his career (71 yards). In 2011 after Barber was released by the Cowboys, the expectation was that Jones would be the primary running back. He also slimmed down into the 210-215 pounds range, in order to regain some of the explosiveness he lost in the previous year. After suffering a left high ankle sprain in the fifth game of the season against the New England Patriots, the four games he missed gave rookie DeMarco Murray the opportunity to earn the starter position. Against the New York Giants, Murray was lost for the year when he broke his ankle in the first quarter, giving Jones a chance to rush for 106 yards and have 6 receptions for 31 yards. He rushed for 108 yards on 22 carries, and added 3 receptions for 23 yards against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. He finished the year with 585 rushing yards on 127 carries (4.6 average) and 33 receptions for 221 yards. Jones missed the entire 2012 offseason workouts because of shoulder surgery and failed the conditioning test at the start of training camp. Used in a change-of-pace back role, his best game came against the eventual Super Bowl champions the Baltimore Ravens, when he replaced an injured Murray and finished with 18 carries for 92 yards and one touchdown. After playing in all 16 games and having 7 starts, he battled through knee injuries to finish with 664 yards from scrimmage and a career-worst 3.5 yards average per carry. The Cowboys decided not to re-sign Jones after the season, making him a free agent. During his 5 years with the team he registered 2,728 rushing yards, with a 4.8 yards average and 11 touchdowns, while also adding 1,062 receiving yards with 3 touchdowns. On May 14, 2013, Jones signed a one-year contract with the Philadelphia Eagles who were looking for him to backup LeSean McCoy and Bryce Brown. After being passed on the depth chart by Chris Polk, he was traded to the Pittsburgh Steelers in exchange for linebacker Adrian Robinson on August 23. The Pittsburgh Steelers acquired Jones for depth purposes, while rookie Le'Veon Bell was recovering from a mid-foot sprain. He was named the starting back in week 2 against the Cincinnati Bengals rushing for 37 yards on 10 carries. He lost the starter role the next week against the Chicago Bears, where he had 7 carries for 34 yards and was benched after a costly third quarter fumble. He was not re-signed at the end of the year.

The Rural Municipality of Spiritwood No. 496, Saskatchewan, first formed as Rural Municipality on December 9, 1929 as a 3 township by 3 township R.M. One township is 6 miles by 6 miles square. On December 31, 1953, Spiritwood No. 496 expanded and absorbed Shell Lake No. 495 It is located in the north central region of the province of Saskatchewan, west of Prince Albert. Witchekan Lake First Nation Indian Reserve 117B and Pelican Lake First Nation Indian Reserve 191B both are within this Rural Municipality. The boundaries of the municipality extend north to Big River No. 555, Saskatchewan, to the west by Medstead No. 497, Saskatchewan, to the south by Meeting Lake No. 466, Saskatchewan, to the east by Canwood No. 494, Saskatchewan (was Thompson). These communities are self-governing entities that lie within the geographical borders of Spiritwood No. 496, and thus not technically a part of the rural municipality. Also within its borders are several First Nations Indian reserves, those at Chitek Lake, Pelican Lake, and Witchekan Lake, also not part of the municipality. ***LIST***. As of the census in 2001, there were 1,429 people living in the municipality of Spiritwood No. 496, Saskatchewan.

Fernand Bonnier de La Chapelle (1922 – December 26, 1942) was a member of the French resistance during World War II. He assassinated Admiral of the Fleet François Darlan, the former chief of government of Vichy France and the self-proclaimed high commissioner of French North Africa and West Africa, on December 24, 1942. Bonnier de La Chapelle's speedy trial and execution fueled theories about who may have been behind the assassination. He was born in Algiers and studied at the Lycée Stanislas in Paris after France's surrender to Nazi Germany on June 22, 1940. Bonnier de La Chapelle participated in an anti-German student demonstration at the Arc de Triomphe on Armistice Day, November 11, 1940. He secretly crossed the demarcation line between German-occupied France and Vichy France and made his way to Algiers, where his father was a journalist. He was surprised by the Allied landings in North Africa (Operation Torch) on November 8, 1942 and by the participation of many of his friends in the so-called putsch of November 8, in which the resistance seized control of several Vichy government offices and headquarters in Algiers. A monarchist and ardent anti-Vichyiste, he regretted that his friends had not asked him to take part in the putsch. After Darlan surrendered Algiers to Allied forces, General Dwight D. Eisenhower, who feared armed resistance from Vichy sympathizers among the French, agreed to allow Darlan to govern French North Africa and West Africa under Vichy policies, which caused consternation in the French population and in Washington and London. Bonnier de La Chapelle and three friends decided to eliminate the Admiral, and Bonnier de La Chapelle was chosen. On December 24, 1942, he waited with a Ruby pistol in a corridor of the Summer Palace (Palais d’Été), the admiral's headquarters in Algiers. He shot Darlan twice, once in the face and once in the chest, and then shot the admiral's aide-de-camp in the thigh. The occupants of the other offices in the Palais captured him. A military tribunal convened the next day, December 25. Bonnier de La Chapelle declared that he had acted alone and was condemned to death. He was executed by firing squad on December 26, 1942. On December 21, 1945, the Court of Appeals in Algiers overturned the conviction, stating that he had acted "in the interest of the liberation of France." Bonnier was the son of a French journalist, a monarchist and a protestor against fascism. Bonnier was involved with a royalist group that wanted to make the pretender to the French throne, the Count of Paris, the King of France. Bonnier attended a demonstration of anti-German students on 11 November 1940 at the Arc de Triomphe. He then joined the free zone by illegally crossing the border. He returned to Algiers (where his father was a journalist for The Dispatch Algerian) and visited the Youth Camps. After obtaining his degree in 1942, he was surprised by the Allied landings on 8 November 1942 during Operation Torch. He regretted that his comrades who had participated in the 8 November putsch, enabling the success of the landing, had not asked him to participate. Following the landing, Bonnier was one of the first to commit to Corps Franc African training under the initial direction of Henri d'Astier de la Vigerie, former leader of the north African resistance.This training was founded by a resistance group of 8 November. They opposed the "Admiral of the Fleet" François Darlan who was collaborating with the Nazis. They further objected to serving under generals who had attacked the Allied forces at Oran and in Morocco, including Admiral Jean Pierre Esteva, who had surrendered Tunisia to Axis forces without a fight. When d'Astier was appointed head of the police as Deputy Secretary of the Interior, the Corps African Franc maintained unofficial relations with the force. Bonnier served as the liaison. He often visited the home of Henri d'Astier, where he also met Lieutenant Father Pierre-Marie Cordier. At that time, members of the Corps Franc repeatedly covered the walls with slogans that mocked Darlan, such as "Admiral to the fleet!" Darlan was not only attacked for his past collaboration with Germany, but also for his present attitude, as he even now, after having joined the Allied camp, upheld the exclusion laws inspired by Germany, as well as other repressive Vichy policies, such as the internment in concentration camps of thousands of French resistance fighters, Spanish Republicans and Central European Democrats. Bonnier and three of his comrades, Otto Gross, Robert and Philippe Tournier Ragueneau decided to assassinate Darlan. They had participated a few weeks earlier in the putsch of 8 November 1942. The four drew straws and Bonnier drew the shortest. Following the draw, Bonnier procured an old "Ruby" 7.65 pistol. The day of 24 December 1942 was chosen. He received absolution in advance from Abbe Cordier after hearing his confession. Failing to find Darlan that morning at the Summer Palace, he lunched that day with d'Astier. They returned to the Summer Palace after eating and settled in a hallway. After some time, the Admiral appeared, accompanied by Captain of Frigate Hourcade. Bonnier shot him twice. Hourcade was wounded while trying to prevent Bonnier from escaping as people from nearby offices assisted in his arrest. Under interrogation he claimed he had acted alone and seemed unworried about the consequences. The next morning, December 25, 1942, he was convicted in less than an hour. Bonnier declared that he had acted only for reasons of moral purity. The judge signed a removal order sending Bonnier to the military tribunal of Algiers. The court sat that night and rejected requests for further investigation. My Viala and Sansonetti acted as lawyers for the accused. The rest of the procedure took place in less than a quarter of an hour. The court discounted Bonnier's motivations and age and sentenced him to death. The lawyers requested clemency. The law required the appeal to be heard by Head of State, Marshal Petain. That procedure would have had to await the end of hostilities. Nogues, dean of the Imperial Council, proclaimed himself acting High Commissioner, under an unpublished order issued by Darlan on 2 December 1942. The order was invalid according to the legal order of Vichy. Nogues immediately rejected the clemency petition. Giraud, who was then head of military justice as Commander-in-chief, refused to postpone execution, and ordered his execution the next morning at 7:30. Alarmed by his conviction, Bonnier asked to speak to a police officer and Commissioner Garidacci responded. Bonnier revealed that Abbe Cordier was aware of his intentions and implicated Henri d'Astier. Garidacci kept this confession to himself, with the apparent intention of later blackmailing d'Astier. Giraud was elected that day by members of the Vichy Imperial Council, to replace Darlan. When d'Astier and others appealed to Giraud, he told them it was too late. Bonnier de la Chapelle was executed in Hussein-Dey, the square known as "the shot".

The 2007 Kansas City Chiefs season began with the team looking to improve on their 9–7 record in 2006 and attempting to secure the franchise's first back-to-back playoff berth since 1995. The season ended with a nine-game losing streak, the team's first since 1987 and a 4–12 record. It was the Chiefs' first season with twelve losses since 1978. Considered a year of transition, the 2007 season marked the Chiefs' forty-fifth season in Kansas City, Missouri, and final before renovations began at Arrowhead Stadium. Quarterback Trent Green was traded to the Miami Dolphins, leaving the door open for second-year quarterback Brodie Croyle or back-up quarterback Damon Huard to win the starting job. Huard was named starting quarterback on August 25 for the team's first game of the season, but Croyle replaced him after Huard was injured in the game against Denver in Week 10. Five different running backs were used after Larry Johnson was injured in Week 9 against Green Bay. The team also had no stability at quarterback with Croyle and Huard, who both nursed injuries throughout the season, while their offensive line depleted following the retirement of their former Pro Bowl guard Will Shields. To honor their late team owner and founder Lamar Hunt, the Chiefs wore a special American Football League patch on their uniforms with the initials "LH" emblazoned inside the logo's football. For the first time in almost 20 years the Chiefs entered training camp with some doubt about their starting quarterback. Reserve quarterback Damon Huard was signed to a three-year contract in February and Trent Green was not only asked to restructure his contract, but also offered in trades to other teams. Quarterback Brodie Croyle, who was drafted in 2006, was in contention with Huard to succeed Green throughout the offseason. The Chiefs had said that Green would be welcome to return and compete for the job as well if he wasn’t traded, but Green refused. After the draft had passed, Trent Green was still listed on the Chiefs' roster, but Green's agent stated that Green would not return to the Chiefs for the 2007 season. On June 5, the Chiefs traded Green to the Miami Dolphins. On August 25, Damon Huard was named the starting quarterback for the season opener against the Houston Texans. Croyle was chosen to be the starter months later on November 12. As rumors spread concerning the Chiefs' quarterback situation, more emerged concerning their starting running back, Larry Johnson. The "Kansas City Star", without citing a source, reported that the team had offered Johnson up for trade in the weeks before the 2007 NFL Draft. The 27-year-old Johnson participated in all of the Chiefs' off-season program, but was entering the final year of his contract. Johnson reportedly made it clear he wanted a deal worth more than the eight-year, $60 million contract San Diego Chargers running back LaDainian Tomlinson signed in 2005. The Chiefs invited four running backs—California's Marshawn Lynch, Ohio State's Antonio Pittman, Florida State's Lorenzo Booker and Louisville's Kolby Smith—for interviews, and had said they were willing to draft a running back in the early rounds. The Chiefs later selected Kolby Smith in the fifth round of the 2007 NFL Draft. On June 21, Johnson stated that he was willing to sit out the Chiefs' training camp unless he and the Chiefs reach an agreement on a new contract. Johnson was absent at the start of training camp as contract talks were stalled. On July 25, reports surfaced of former starting running back Priest Holmes informing the team that he would arrive at training camp on the third day of practice (Saturday, July 28). Holmes was considered to be either acting as leverage to re-sign Johnson or even reclaim the starting position for himself if Johnson had decided to sit out. Holmes had not played since the middle of the 2005 season after suffering a severe neck injury against the San Diego Chargers, but remained on the team's payroll and roster. On August 21, Johnson and the Chiefs agreed to a five-year contract extension that secured Johnson's status with the Chiefs through the 2012 season. As a result of this extension, Johnson became the highest-paid running back in the NFL based on average salary per year. The contract is worth $45 million, with $19 million guaranteed. Of the guaranteed money, $12 million is the signing bonus and $7 million is guaranteed salary. On August 30, Johnson played his first pre-season game in the 2007 exhibition season, carrying the ball only 3 times in the first quarter of the Chiefs' match-up against the St. Louis Rams. On April 27, defensive end Jared Allen was suspended for the first four games of the 2007 season. Also, despite earlier stating that he would seek a trade, Allen announced that he would return to the Chiefs, and signed a one-year contract. On July 16, Allen's suspension was reduced to two games following an appeal. In January, the Chiefs agreed to terms on a two-year deal with offensive tackle Ramiro Pruneda from Monterrey Tech in Monterrey, Mexico. In March, the Chiefs signed both offensive tackle Damion McIntosh and middle linebacker Napoleon Harris to six-year contracts. The team also signed long snapper J. P. Darche. outside linebacker Donnie Edwards, defensive tackle Alfonso Boone, and strong safety Jon McGraw. In May, the Chiefs signed 16 undrafted rookie free agents for OTA's. Among those signed were Tyron Brackenridge and Dimitri Patterson, both of whom remained on the Chiefs' 53-man roster throughout the season. In August, the Chiefs signed kick returner Eddie Drummond to a one-year contract. The Chiefs also signed wide receiver Bobby Sippio to their practice squad. Throughout the season, the Chiefs used three different kickers. Rookie Justin Medlock started only one game (at Houston) before his release the following day due to his poor performance in the game, as well as the pre-season. Dave Rayner was acquired through waivers from Green Bay, but later released after a Week 12 loss to Oakland. Lastly, Kansas City acquired John Carney after his release from Jacksonville, and remained on the active roster through the end of the season. On March 21, strong safety Sammy Knight and offensive tackle Kyle Turley were released. Turley was subsequently re-signed on July 21 after contemplating retirement. On April 15, offensive guard Will Shields announced his retirement. On April 25, the Chiefs traded wide receiver/kick returner Dante Hall to the St. Louis Rams for a fifth round pick, and both teams also swapped picks in the third round (Kansas City moved up two spots). In May, the Chiefs released defensive end Eric Hicks and linebacker Kris Griffin, and traded defensive tackle Ryan Sims to the Tampa Bay Buccaneers for 2009 NFL Draft selection. Kansas City also traded kicker Lawrence Tynes to the New York Giants. In June, reports surfaced concerning safety Greg Wesley and a trade to the Denver Broncos. The teams had agreed on terms of draft-choice compensation, but the Chiefs did not finalize the trade in fear of sending him to a division rival. Wesley remained on the team throughout the entire season. In October, the Chiefs traded running back Michael Bennett to the Tampa Bay Buccaneers for two future undisclosed draft picks in 2008 and 2009. On November 21, running back Priest Holmes retired from the NFL. On March 6, Chiefs general manager Carl Peterson announced that quarterback Trent Green was asked to restructure his contract to remain with the team. Green was also granted permission to explore options of a trade to another team. The February contract agreement with Damon Huard, who would have been an unrestricted free agent, was the first public indication that Green’s job was in danger. The first team to have contacted the Chiefs' front office was the Miami Dolphins, but Miami constantly disagreed in negotiations. The Dolphins offered a seventh round draft pick to the Chiefs, but the Chiefs declined, instead seeking a second round pick in exchange for Green. The Detroit Lions, and Cleveland Browns were also interested in Green, who are both looking for a veteran quarterback. Green had told the Chiefs that Miami was his preference being that he previously worked under both head coach Cam Cameron and quarterbacks coach Terry Shea. On draft day, the Chiefs and Dolphins could not reach a deal to trade Green. The Chiefs changed their request to a fourth-round pick while the Dolphins offered a sixth round pick. As weeks passed with some believing that Green would remain with the Chiefs, Green's agent reiterated that Green would not return to play for Kansas City. On June 5, the Chiefs agreed to trade Green to the Miami Dolphins for a conditional fifth round pick in the 2008 NFL Draft, pending a physical from Green. The pick can be upgraded to a fourth-round selection if Green were to reach certain predetermined playing time and performance levels. Green was injured while playing with the Dolphins, and missed most of the season, resulting in a fifth-round selection for Kansas City for 2008. The Chiefs held their summer training camp at the University of Wisconsin–River Falls; their 17th consecutive year training at that location. The team departed for River Falls on July 26 with the first day of practice held on July 27. Kansas City held joint practice sessions with the Minnesota Vikings on August 3 in Mankato, Minnesota and on August 4 in River Falls. The Chiefs honored Greensburg, Kansas and the town's high school football team by wearing special baseball hats to practice and also help raise money to help buy equipment for the Rangers football team and cheerleading squad following a devastating EF-5 tornado that destroyed the city. The Chiefs' training camp was featured on the NFL Films–HBO joint feature "Hard Knocks: Training Camp with the Kansas City Chiefs". The series, returning for its third season, and first in over four years, premiered Wednesday, August 8. Hour-long episodes aired each week, concluding on September 5. Running back Larry Johnson and rookie wide receiver Dwayne Bowe were both absent at the beginning of training camp due to contract disputes. Bowe signed his contract on August 5 after being absent for one week, while Johnson agreed to his contract extension on August 21 after missing 25 days of practice. Priest Holmes arrived at camp on July 28 and was placed on the physically unable to perform list. Damon Huard and Brodie Croyle battled for the starting quarterback position, and Huard was chosen on August 25. The Chiefs' 2007 schedule was announced on April 11, 2007. The Chiefs' December 30 game against the Jets was originally scheduled to air on "NBC Sunday Night Football", but the game was moved to CBS in favor of a Titans-Colts matchup with playoff implications. The Cleveland Browns hosted the Chiefs on August 11 in the team's first pre-season game and defeated Kansas City 16–12. On August 16, Trent Green returned to Kansas City when the Chiefs hosted the Miami Dolphins and lost the game 11–10. The game marked the first time in NFL history that any game (regular or exhibition season) finished with that score. On August 23, the New Orleans Saints defeated the Chiefs 30–7 at Arrowhead Stadium. The Chiefs and St. Louis Rams competed for the Missouri Governor's Cup on August 30 at the Edward Jones Dome, and the Chiefs lost possession of the Cup for the first time since 2005 with a 10–3 loss. The Chiefs also finished the pre-season with an 0–4 record for the first time since the 2005 preseason. The game started out slow for both the Texans and Chiefs, but with Kansas City poised to score first, rookie placekicker Justin Medlock missed a 30-yard field goal. The Texans used their second possession to advance to the red zone, but a pass from Matt Schaub intended for Andre Johnson was intercepted by Chiefs safety Jarrad Page in the end zone. Beginning the second quarter, Chiefs center Casey Wiegmann fumbled the ball, but it was recovered by quarterback Damon Huard. After a possession by the Texans, kick returned Eddie Drummond fumbled and recovered by Houston. The Texans capitalized on the turnover and scored first through a field goal. With just over six minutes left in the half, Matt Schaub completed a 77-yard pass to Andre Johnson, and the Texans secure their lead, 10–0. Beginning the third quarter, Chiefs fullback Kris Wilson appeared to have fumbled the football, although it was disputed whether or not he had possession. The fumble was recovered by Texans defensive end Mario Williams for a touchdown. The Chiefs finally scored, through a field goal, with thirty seconds remaining in the third quarter. For the first ten minutes of play in the fourth quarter, the Texans controlled the ball and kept the Chiefs' offense off the field. When the Chiefs received their first chance to score in the fourth quarter with just over five minutes remaining, they failed to capitalize on offense. For only the second time in Texans history, the franchise won their opening day game as the Chiefs began their season at 0–1. The Chiefs' Eddie Kennison pulled his hamstring on the team's first possession, and Patrick Surtain injured his shoulder. RB Larry Johnson was limited by the Texans defense to just 43 yards on 10 carries. Following a road loss to the Texans, the Chiefs stayed on the road as they played the defending NFC champion Chicago Bears in a Week 2 interconference fight. After a scoreless first quarter, Kansas City got roasted in the second quarter with Bears QB Rex Grossman completed a 2-yard TD pass to OT John St. Clair, WR/PR Devin Hester returning a punt 73 yards for a touchdown, and kicker Robbie Gould getting a 47-yard field goal. The Chiefs got their score of the period with QB Damon Huard completing a 16-yard TD pass to rookie WR Dwayne Bowe. In the third quarter, Chicago increased its lead with Gould kicking a 38-yard field goal, while Kansas City tried to keep up with kicker Dave Rayner got a 45-yard field goal. However, with no score by any team in the fourth quarter, the score stood as it was. With the loss, the Chiefs fell to 0–2. RB Larry Johnson was only able to get 55 rushing yards on 16 carries, giving him a two-game total of only 98 rushing yards on 26 total carries. Still searching for their first win of the year, the Chiefs went home to play a Week 3 interconference duel with the Minnesota Vikings. Very much a "tale of two halves", Minnesota dominated through most of the first half. Larry Johnson of the Chiefs was ineffective against the Minnesota defense while Adrian Peterson rushed for 102 yards and a touchdown (mostly in the first half). After making changes during halftime, the Chiefs returned with a passing game and an amped up defense. The Chiefs' Jared Allen, back from suspension, led the defense with eight tackles, two sacks, and a forced fumble, shutting down the Vikings' offense. Chiefs' rookie Dwayne Bowe, with one reception coming into the game, benefited from the second half passing game with five receptions, including a touchdown. With the win, the Chiefs improved to 1–2. Coming off of a win at Arrowhead that gave Kansas City their first win of the season, they headed to San Diego to take on the Chargers and their new head coach, Norv Turner. Much like their previous game, the Chiefs began with a weak showing offensively before getting a lot of use out of their rookie wide receiver Dwayne Bowe, and a touchdown catch by Tony Gonzalez (his record-tying 62nd). The TD by Gonzalez tied him with Shannon Sharpe for the most touchdown receptions by a tight end. After another TD catch by Bowe, cornerback Tyron Brackenridge ran back a fumble by San Diego to effectively win the game for Kansas City. Late into the fourth quarter, fans at Qualcomm Stadium voiced their displeasure with Turner by chanting "Marty! in reference to former coach Marty Schottenheimer who was fired by the Chargers after their 2006 season. The win put the Chiefs 2–2 and tied them with the Denver Broncos and Oakland Raiders for first place in the AFC West. The win was also the 50th win in Herman Edwards' coaching career. Larry Johnson finally managed to get his first 100-yard game of the year with 123 yards on 25 carries. Coming off their divisional road win over the Chargers, the Chiefs went home for a Week 5 intra-conference duel with the Jacksonville Jaguars. In the first quarter, Kansas City trailed early as Jaguars kicker John Carney got a 20-yard field goal for the only score of the period. In the second quarter, the Chiefs continued to struggle as Jags RB Maurice Jones-Drew got a 52-yard TD run for the only score of the period. After a scoreless third quarter, Jacksonville sealed the game with QB David Garrard completing a 3-yard TD pass to WR Dennis Northcutt. After that, QB Damon Huard, who struggled all game (19/30 for 196 yards and 1 Interception), was benched for Brodie Croyle. He would help Kansas City avoid a shutout by completing a 13-yard TD pass to WR Samie Parker on the very last offensive play of the game. With the loss, the Chiefs fell to 2–3. The fourth-quarter touchdown was the first second-half touchdown by any Chiefs opponent since the Texans' touchdown in the third quarter of Week 1. Entering the game, the Chiefs' dominant second-half defense led the league with just an average 1.5 points allowed per game. Hoping to rebound from their loss to the Jaguars, the Chiefs stayed at home for their Week 6 game against the Cincinnati Bengals. In the first quarter, Kansas City drew first blood with kicker Dave Rayner getting a 32-yard field goal. The Bengals would take the lead with QB Carson Palmer completing a 42-yard TD pass to WR T. J. Houshmandzadeh. Fortunately, the Chiefs retook the lead with QB Damon Huard completing a 3-yard TD pass to TE Tony Gonzalez. With the touchdown, Gonzalez surpassed Shannon Sharpe's record for the most TD catches by a tight end with his 63rd career touchdown reception. In the second quarter, Kansas City increased its lead with RB Larry Johnson getting an 8-yard TD run (which was the first rushing TD by a Chiefs RB this year), along with Rayner ending the half with a 20-yard field goal. At halftime, former Chiefs safety Albert Lewis was inducted into the team's Hall of Fame. After a scoreless third quarter, Cincinnati began to fight back as kicker Shayne Graham got a 33-yard field goal. After Kansas City increased its lead with Huard hooking up with Gonzalez again on a 26-yard TD pass, the Bengals nearly managed to tie the game with Palmer hooking up with Houshmandzadeh again on a 30-yard TD pass, along with Graham kicking a 36-yard field goal. K.C. managed to recover the onside kick and get the victory. With the win, the Chiefs improved to 3–3. Coming off their home win over the Bengals, the Chiefs flew to McAfee Coliseum for a Week 7 AFC West duel with their arch-enemy, the Oakland Raiders. In the first quarter, Kansas City drew first blood with kicker Dave Rayner getting a 41-yard field goal in the first quarter and a 31-yard field goal in the second quarter. In the third quarter, the Raiders took the lead with QB Daunte Culpepper completing a 21-yard TD pass to WR Ronald Curry for the only score of the period. In the fourth quarter, K.C. regained the lead with RB Larry Johnson getting a 1-yard TD pass (with a failed 2-point conversion). Oakland managed to get within striking distance as kicker Sebastian Janikowski got a 37-yard field goal. Afterwards, the Raiders tried to get into position to win the game. Fortunately, Kansas City's defense eliminated any hope that Oakland had of winning. With the win, not only did the Chiefs improve to 4–3 heading into their bye week, but it also marked their 9th-straight win over their hated rival. Coming off of their bye week, the Chiefs were at home for a Week 9 interconference duel with the Green Bay Packers. After a scoreless first quarter, Kansas City trailed early on in the second quarter with Packers kicker Mason Crosby getting a 48-yard and a 36-yard field goal. Afterwards, the Chiefs took the lead with RB Larry Johnson getting a 1-yard TD run. In the third quarter, K.C. trailed again as Green Bay QB Brett Favre completed a 13-yard TD pass to WR Greg Jennings for the only score of the period. In the fourth quarter, Kansas City went back into the lead with QB Damon Huard completing a 30-yard TD pass to Johnson, yet the Packers went into the lead again as Crosby kicked a 32-yard field goal. Afterwards, K.C. went back to work as Huard completed a 17-yard TD pass to TE Tony Gonzalez (with RB Priest Holmes getting the 2-point conversion run). Unforutnately, Green Bay would pull away as Favre & Jennings hooked up with each other again on a 60-yard TD pass, along with Crosby nailing a 45-yard field goal, and CB Charles Woodson sealing the win by returning an interception 46 yards for a touchdown. With the loss, the Chiefs fell to 4–4. Hoping to rebound from their home loss to the Packers, the Chiefs stayed at home for an AFC West duel with the Denver Broncos. With RB Larry Johnson out with an injury, RB Priest Holmes would be making his first start in more than two seasons. In the first quarter, Kansas City trailed early as Broncos kicker Jason Elam managed to get a 44-yard field goal. Afterwards, the Chiefs managed to tie the game with kicker Dave Rayner getting a 38-yard field goal. In the second quarter, Kansas City took the lead with Safety Bernard Pollard blocking a punt from deep within Denver territory. The ball would roll the back of the endzone for a safety. However, the Broncos went back into the lead with Elam getting a 50-yard field goal. The Chiefs would take the halftime lead as Rayner kicked a 36-yard field goal. In the third quarter, K.C. trailed big as Denver RB Selvin Young got a 20-yard TD pass, while LB Nate Webster returned a fumble 17 yards for a touchdown. Even worse, starting-QB Damon Huard would leave the game on that play due to a concussion. Back-up QB Brodie Croyle took over the Chiefs offense for the remainder of the game. Later in the period, K.C. tried to rally as Rayner nailed a 39-yard field goal. Unfortunately, in the fourth quarter, the Broncos sealed the win with QB Jay Cutler completing an 18-yard TD pass to TE Daniel Graham. With the loss, not only did the Chiefs fall to 4–5, but it ended their 8-game home winning streak against division opponents. Priest Holmes, in his first start in over two years, ran 20 times for 65 yards, along with catching 2 passes for 14 yards. Trying to snap a two-game losing skid, the Chiefs flew to the RCA Dome for a Week 12 intraconference duel against the defending Super Bowl champion Indianapolis Colts, in a rematch of last year's wildcard battle. This would be the game in which second-year quarterback Brodie Croyle would be given the start. After a scoreless first quarter, Kansas City struck first with kicker Dave Rayner getting a 47-yard field goal. The Colts would tie the game before halftime as kicker Adam Vinatieri managed to get a 27-yard field goal. In the third quarter, Indianapolis took the lead as RB Joseph Addai got a 3-yard TD run. The Chiefs would respond and tie the game with Croyle completing a 19-yard TD pass to rookie WR Dwayne Bowe. Unfortunately, in the fourth quarter, the Colts sealed the win as Vinatieri nailed the game-winning 24-yard field goal. With their third-straight loss, the Chiefs fell to 4–6. The game was also the final outing of Priest Holmes, who suffered a neck injury in the fourth quarter. Holmes announced his retirement later into the week on November 21. Trying to snap a three-game skid, the Chiefs went home for a Week 12 AFC West rematch with the Oakland Raiders. In the first quarter, Kansas City trailed early as Raiders kicker Sebastian Janikowski managed to get a 25-yard field goal. Afterwards, the Chiefs regained the lead as rookie RB Kolby Smith managed to get a 10-yard TD run. In the second quarter, Oakland played catch-up as Janikowski kicked a 54-yard field goal. Kansas City improved its lead before halftime as kicker Dave Rayner nailed a 30-yard field goal. In the third quarter, the Raiders regained the lead with RB LaMont Jordan getting a 5-yard TD run. The Chiefs would respond with Smith getting a 5-yard TD run. However, in the fourth quarter, Oakland regained the lead with RB Justin Fargas getting a 14-yard TD run. Kansas City tried to come back, but the Raiders held on for the win. With their fourth-straight loss, not only did the Chiefs fall to 4–7, but it snapped their nine-game winning streak against the Raiders. This would be the first time since 2004 that Kansas City had dropped four-straight games. Kolby Smith, in his first game starting in absence of Larry Johnson, had 31 carries for 150 yards on the day. Trying to snap a four-game skid, the Chiefs stayed at home for a Week 13 AFC West rematch with the San Diego Chargers. In the first quarter, Kansas City took the early lead with newly acquired kicker John Carney getting a 38-yard field goal. Afterwards, the Chargers got on the board with kicker Nate Kaeding getting a 25-yard field goal. In the second quarter, the Chiefs regained the lead with QB Damon Huard completing a 2-yard TD pass to DE Jared Allen. Afterwards, San Diego tied the game again as QB Philip Rivers completed a 38-yard TD pass to WR Vincent Jackson. In the second quarter, the Chargers took the lead and the win with RB LaDainian Tomlinson getting a 31-yard TD run in the third quarter and a 28-yard TD run in the fourth quarter. With their fifth-straight loss, Kansas City fell to 4–8. This also marked the first time since 2001 that the Chiefs have lost four-straight home games. Trying to snap a five-game skid, the Chiefs flew to INVESCO Field at Mile High for a Week 14 AFC West rematch with the Denver Broncos. In the first quarter, Kansas City trailed early as Broncos QB Jay Cutler completed a 21-yard TD pass to WR Brandon Stokley, along with RB Travis Henry getting a 1-yard TD run. In the second quarter, the Chiefs would get their only score of the game as QB Brodie Croyle completed a 15-yard TD pass to TE Tony Gonzalez. Afterwards, Denver took over as Cutler completed an 8-yard TD pass to WR Brandon Marshall, while kicker Jason Elam managed to get a 37-yard field goal. In the third quarter, the Broncos sealed the win with Elam nailing another 37-yard field goal, while Cutler completed a 2-yard TD pass to TE Daniel Graham, along with a 13-yard TD pass to Marshall. With their sixth-straight loss (their longest losing streak since 1987), Kansas City fell to 4–9. Trying to snap a six-game slide, the Chiefs went home for a Week 15 intraconference duel with the Tennessee Titans. In the first quarter, Kansas City trailed early as Titans QB Vince Young completed a 16-yard TD pass to WR Roydell Williams for the only score of the period. In the second quarter, the Chiefs tied the game with QB Brodie Croyle completed a 10-yard TD pass to WR Samie Parker. Tennessee would respond with kicker Rob Bironas getting a 37-yard field goal, yet Kansas City regained the lead before halftime as Croyle completed a 9-yard TD pass to FB Kris Wilson. In the third quarter, the Titans crept close as Bironas kicked a 37-yard field goal, yet the Chiefs answered with kicker John Carney getting a 36-yard field goal. However, Tennessee retook the lead with Young and Williams hooking up with each other again on a 41-yard TD pass. In the fourth quarter, the Titans sealed the win as Bironas nailed a 40-yard and a 25-yard field goal. With the loss, not only did Kansas City fall to 4–10, but it also marked the first time since 1987 that the Chiefs dropped seven-straight games. Trying to halt a six-game losing streak, the Lions returned home to Ford Field for an interconference matchup with the Kansas City Chiefs, losers of seven games in a row. Detroit got on the board early with an 11-yard TD run from T. J. Duckett and a safety off a blocked Dustin Colquitt punt. In the second quarter, the Lions opened up a 19–0 lead with a Jason Hanson field goal and a Paris Lenon interception return for a touchdown. After the interception, Chiefs quarterback Brodie Croyle tried to stop Lenon in his return, but injured his wrist and sat out the remainder of the game. Damon Huard filled in, and nearly brought Kansas City back with its first win since October. A 3-yard run from RB Jackie Battle and a 1-yard pass from Huard to Jared Allen, whom made his second touchdown catch on offense this season, made the game 19–14. The Lions' Jason Hanson added two more field goals in the second half and the Chiefs could not convert a two-point conversion to Tony Gonzalez in the 3rd after a Dwayne Bowe receiving TD. Detroit held KC off, 25–20, ending their long skid. However, this would be the Lions' last win until week three of the 2009 season. With their eighth consecutive loss, the Chiefs fell to 4–11, their worst record in 20 years. Looking to end their season with a win, their first since October 21, the Chiefs played the New York Jets at Giants Stadium. Entering the game, both teams had only seven combined wins. A bigger storyline entering the game was Chiefs head coach Herman Edwards' first visit to the Meadowlands since his departure following the 2005 NFL season. This Chiefs and Jets game was also a "draft position game," with the loser moving ahead of the winner in the top ten of the 2008 NFL Draft. After a scoreless first quarter, the Jets took flight as QB Kellen Clemens completed a 15-yard TD to RB Thomas Jones. The Chiefs would get on the board with kicker John Carney getting a 40-yard field goal, followed by Jets kicker Mike Nugent getting a 27-yard field goal to end the half. After a scoreless third quarter, Kansas City would tie the game in the fourth quarter with Brodie Croyle completing a 26-yard TD pass to Jeff Webb. In overtime, New York sealed the win and the season with Nugent nailing the game-winning 43-yard field goal. The Chiefs ended their season with their twelfth loss, the franchise's first 4–12 season since 1978. Tight end Tony Gonzalez and defensive end Jared Allen were the only Chiefs players elected to the 2008 Pro Bowl in Honolulu, Hawai'i. Gonzalez will make his ninth consecutive appearance, while Allen will make his first appearance after leading the NFL in quarterback sacks (15.5). It was the fewest number of Chiefs to be selected to the Pro Bowl since former guard Will Shields was the team's only representative in 1998. Yards per game: 276.8 (#31 in NFL) Total yards in season: 4,429 (#31 in NFL) Points per game: 14.1 (T-#31 in NFL) Points in season: 226 (#31 in NFL) Quarterback rating: ***LIST***. Rushing yards in season: 1248 (#32 in NFL—last place) Rushing yards per game: 78.0 (#32 in NFL—last place) Passing yards in season: 3,181 (#20 in NFL) Passing yards per game: 198.8 (#20 in NFL) Yards allowed per game: 319.4 (T-#13 in NFL) Rushing yards allowed per game: 130.6 (#28 in NFL) Passing yards allowed per game: 188.9 (#5 in NFL) Points allowed in season: 335 (#14 in NFL) Points allowed per game: 20.9 (#14 in NFL) Quarterback sacks: DE Jared Allen – 15.5 (#1 in NFL) Tackles: LB Donnie Edwards – 87 (#7 in NFL)

Paul Bloom (born December 24, 1963) is a Canadian American psychologist. He is the Brooks and Suzanne Ragen Professor of psychology and cognitive science at Yale University. His research explores how children and adults understand the physical and social world, with special focus on language, morality, religion, fiction, and art. Bloom was born into a Jewish family in Montreal, Quebec. As an undergraduate he attended McGill University, where he earned a Bachelor of Arts in psychology (with honors first class) in 1985. He attended graduate school at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where he earned a Ph.D in cognitive psychology in 1990, under the supervision of Susan Carey. From 1990 to 1999, he taught psychology and cognitive science at the University of Arizona. Since 1999, he has been a professor of psychology and cognitive science at Yale University. Since 2003, Bloom has served as co-editor in chief of the scholarly journal "Behavioral and Brain Sciences". Bloom is married to the psychologist Karen Wynn, an infant researcher who is also a professor of psychology and cognitive science at Yale University. They have two sons. Bloom has held the Harris Visiting Professorship at the Harris Center for Developmental Studies at the University of Chicago (2002); the Nijmegen Lectureship at the Max Planck Institute at the University of Nijmegen (2006); the Templeton Lectureship at Johns Hopkins University (2007-8); and the Visiting Distinguished SAGE Fellowship at the UCSB SAGE Center for the Study of Mind (2010). In 2003, the Society for Philosophy and Psychology awarded Bloom the Stanton Prize for outstanding early-career contributions to interdisciplinary research in philosophy and psychology, and in 2005-06, he served as the society's president. In 2006, he was made a fellow of the American Psychological Society in recognition of his "sustained outstanding contributions to the science of psychology". In 2004, he received the Lex Hixon Prize for teaching excellence in the social sciences at Yale. In 2007, his Introduction to Psychology class was selected as an outstanding Yale course to be made available worldwide through the Open Yale Courses initiative. Bloom is the author of five books and editor or co-editor of three others. His research has appeared in "Nature" and "Science", and his popular writing has appeared in "The New York Times", "The Guardian", "The American Scientist", "Slate" and "The Atlantic". His article in "The Atlantic", "Is God an Accident?" was included in "The Best American Science Writing" 2006. He has had regular appearances on National Public Radio and Bloggingheads.tv.

Ruinart () is the oldest established Champagne house, exclusively producing champagne since 1729. Founded by Nicolas Ruinart in the Champagne region in the city of Reims, the house is today owned by the parent company LVMH Moët Hennessy Louis Vuitton SA. An entrepreneur, Nicolas Ruinart realized the ambitions of his uncle, Dom Thierry Ruinart: to make Ruinart an authentic Champagne House. In the period immediately following the 1728 edict of Louis XV, which authorized the transport of wine in bottles, the house was established. Prior to this edict, wine could only be transported in barrels, which made it impossible to send Champagne to distant markets, and confined consumption primarily to its area of production. Nicolas Ruinart founded the House of Ruinart on 1 September 1729. The first delivery of “wine with bubbles” went out in January, 1730. At first the sparkling wine was a business gift for cloth purchasers, as Dom Ruinart’s brother was a cloth merchant, but 6 years later Maison Ruinart terminated its cloth selling activities due to success in the Champagne business. Since then, the Maison has kept the standards of excellence of its founders. Ruinart has had a long-standing relationship with the Arts. In 1895, Andre Ruinart asked Czech artist Alphonse Mucha to illustrate a poster of Ruinart. Today the brand is still closely involved with Contemporary Art and plays a role in numerous international events such as ARCO, the Foire de Bale, the Carre Rive Gauche, London Design, and Miami Art Basel. The house utilizes talent today: India Mahdavi, created the “Champagne Spoon” bottle stopper in 2006, Christian Biecher, created the “Flower” bottle stopper in 2007, Patricia Urqiola, designed the “Fil d’Or” bottle stopper in 2010 and Maarten Baas, named “Designer of the Year” at Art Basel Miami 2009, created the “Bouquet de Champagne” in 2008 and the “Melting” ice bucket in 2010. Of the "prestige cuvées", Dom Ruinart is a blanc de blancs, i.e. made entirely of Chardonnay, was first released with the 1959 vintage. The Dom Ruinart Rosé, first released in 1962, resembles the Dom Ruinart Blanc de Blancs with the addition of 16% vinified red Pinot noir. Ruinart Blanc de Blancs is the flagship of Maison Ruinart. The "cuvées" named R de Ruinart include both Brut non-vintage and vintage wines, with the non-vintage minimum 40% Chardonnay, and 60% Pinot noir, with 25% reserve wines, while proportions vary in the vintage wine. There is also produced non-vintage Ruinart Blanc de Blancs, 100% Chardonnay, and Ruinart Brut Rosé, typically 45% Chardonnay and 55% Pinot noir. Ruinart's cellars, acquired in 1768, are amongst the largest in the region, and are Gallo-Roman in origin. Like most Champagne cellars, they are the product of ancient chalk mining, and extend 38 metres below the ground and are 8 km long. The chalk helps to keep the cellars at a constant 11 degrees Celsius. The chalk pits were classified as a historic monument in 1931. The Ruinart taste is greatly dependent on the aging in chalk pits: 3 to 4 years for non-vintages, and 9 to 10 years on average for a Dom Ruinart. The House of Ruinart only distributes its champagnes through selected outlets. The Ruinart bottle is inspired by the first champagne bottles of the 18th century.

Tony Platt is an English sound engineer and record producer, best known for his work with a diverse mix of artists, including , AC/DC, Cheap Trick, Bob Marley, Iron Maiden, Shy, Buddy Guy, Foreigner, Sparks, Jazz Jamaica All Stars, Lillian Axe and Motörhead. Platt has recently completed an album with jazz trio The Bad Plus and UK band Second Person on their second studio releases. He continues further development work with a number of artists, including Roland Perrin, Ana Silvera and Daniel Ward Murphy and 28 Costumes. Platt's career started at Trident Studios in London and eventually became an engineer at Island Studios. Working his way from assistant engineer on sessions with the likes of Traffic, The Who, Rolling Stones, Led Zeppelin he started to engineer on sessions with the Free, Sutherland Brothers, Paul McCartney, Jess Roden and Mott the Hoople. He went on to engineer the "Catch a Fire" and "Burnin"' albums for Jamaican artist Bob Marley which, it is claimed, would launch reggae music into the mainstream. This association led him to complete "Funky Kingston" for Toots & the Maytals and work with several other notable reggae artists such as ZapPow, Lorna Bennet, Harry J's All Stars, Aswad and The Cimarons. Island provided Platt with experience working on the numerous orchestral, commercial and pop sessions that came through the studio. After working with the various spin off projects from the recently disbanded Free - Sharks, Toby, Peace and Kossoff, Kirke, Tetsu and Rabbit and for Muff Winwood on the debut Sparks album "Kimono My House" he left Island and turned freelance. Having recorded demos for Thin Lizzy and the Stranglers, he became an engineer for Mutt Lange. With Lange he worked on the AC/DC albums "Highway to Hell" and "Back in Black", and the Foreigner album "4". On his own he engineered and produced the work of artists such as Iron Maiden, Krokus, Motörhead, Gary Moore, Cheap Trick, The Cult, and Marillion. He also recorded two albums for Buddy Guy - the Grammy winning "Damn Right I've Got the Blues" and the follow-up "Feels Like Rain". Platt also produced Rough Trade's very first label release, the 7" single "Paris Maquis" by French band Metal Urbain. Platt worked on an album with Soweto Kinch, and the recording of Abram Wilson's Jerwood commissioned piece "Ride - The Ferris Wheel to the Modern Delta". He has had close involvement with Soweto and Abram's label, Dune Records, working with Jazz Jamaica All Stars, Juliet Roberts, and Denys Baptiste's "Let Freedom Ring" which was voted Jazz Critics Record of the Year. Other productions have included Clare Teal's "Road Less Traveled" album for Candid Records, "Don't Talk" – her first for Sony Jazz which entered at 19 on the album chart and the debut album "Jazz Warrior" for New Orleans trumpeter Abram Wilson which was also nominated for the Mercury and MOBO prizes. Projects completed were another Dune Records album with Jazz Jamaica All Stars featuring Motown Hits, the mixing of an album for jazz pianist Andrew McCormack and an installation piece for the Tower of London with Jason Yarde.

Julii corys are peaceful fish and will do well in a community aquarium with other community fish. They need to be in groups or "shoals" of four or more of the same species as they like to swim in schools and stay together mostly all the time. A small shoal should be kept in at least a 20-gallon tank. Julii corys are one of the most commonly sought corys because of their beautifully patterned bodies. Their flesh is a whitish-gray, almost transparent color with fine black spotting all over. A julii cory can be distinguished from other similar 'spotted' corys by the fine spotting pattern and also their black mark on their dorsal fin; similar species have either larger spots or spots merged into short wavy lines. They grow to less than 2.5 inches long, making them one of the smaller members of the cory family. They are rarely available commercially; fish labelled as "julii corys" are often misidentified "C. leopardus", or three-stripe ("false julii") cory cats (C. trilineatus)). Julii corys are scavengers and omnivores that will eat food that sinks to the bottom of the tank. They should be given high quality sinking pellets to ensure proper nutrition but will also eat flake food that falls to the bottom. Frozen bloodworms and brine shrimp should be given as a treat; live bloodworms are also a favorite. Sexing corys is not very difficult provided they are in well fed and in good condition. Females are quite a bit rounder than males. Usually cory catfish are bred in groups of two males to one female. They can also be bred in a large group. The breeding tank should be well planted with live or fake plants. Put fine gravel or sand on the bottom. To bring them into breeding mode imitate their natural water chemistry and do water changes to gradually change the water temperature. Feed them well with nutritious foods such as bloodworm, tubifex worms and quality catfish wafers. Syphon out uneaten food when doing water changes to keep the water pristine. Corys are egg laying fish and will lay white, sticky eggs on all surfaces in the aquarium, often on the glass itself. Females lay many eggs at a time though, the catfish will eat most of the eggs unless removed. Move eggs to another tank for hatching and raising, or remove the parents from the tank.

Atsumori, roughly 16 years old at the time of the battle of Ichi-no-Tani (1184), was killed by the Minamoto warrior Kumagai Naozane. In the "Heike monogatari" and many works derived from it, this is focused upon as a particularly tragic episode. Atsumori is also, like many of his Taira brethren, portrayed as a courtier and poet, not truly prepared for battle. He is said to have carried a flute into battle, evidence of his peaceful, courtly nature as well as his youth and naïveté. Kumagai also notes that none of his fellow Genji (Minamoto) warriors were cultivated to a point where they would ride into battle with a flute. Royall Tyler's analysis, preceding his translation of the play, focuses on the contrasts between Atsumori, the young, peaceful courtier and flute player, and Kumagai, the older seasoned warrior. The Noh play takes place some years after the end of the Genpei War. It is an example of the dream or "mugen" genre of Noh, although it differs slightly in that the ghost is usually unrelated to the person who sees it. The ghost of Atsumori, disguised as a grass cutter, is the "shite" role, and Kumagai, having become a monk and changed his name to Renshō (or Rensei), is played by the "waki". The play begins with Renshō's arrival at Ichi-no-Tani, also known as Suma, a location which features prominently in a number of classic texts, and thus has many layers of significance within the Noh; references are made throughout the play to other events that took place there, in particular those of the "Genji monogatari" and "Ise monogatari". The monk seeks to ask forgiveness from Atsumori, and to calm his spirit. There he meets a flute-playing youth and his companions; he speaks with them briefly about fluting and about Atsumori before the youth reveals that he has a connection to Atsumori, and the first act ends. Between the two acts, there is a "kyōgen" interlude, as is quite common and traditional in Noh. A "kyōgen" performer, playing an anonymous villager, speaks with Renshō and relates to the audience the background of the story of Atsumori, Kumagai and the battle of Ichi-no-tani. The second act begins as the first one ended, with Renshō reciting prayers for Atsumori, who now makes his appearance. The actor who played the youth in the first act has now changed costume and plays Atsumori; this is a very common device in the most standard Noh plays, and it is implied that the youth earlier was Atsumori's ghost in disguise. Atsumori (along with the chorus chanting for him) relates his tragic story from his perspective, re-enacting it in dance form. The play then ends with Renshō refusing to re-enact his role in Atsumori's death; the ghost declares that Renshō is not his enemy, and asks that the monk pray for his release. (Tied to the mortal realm by the emotional power of his death, Atsumori's ghost has been unable to move on.) 思へばこの世は常の住み家にあらず In truth, this world is not eternally inhabited 草葉に置く白露、水に宿る月よりなほあやし It is more transient than dewdrops on the leave of grass, or the moon reflected in the water. 金谷に花を詠じ、榮花は先立つて無常の風に誘はるる After reciting the poetry of flower at Kanaya, all glory is now left with the wind of impermanence. 南楼の月を弄ぶ輩も　月に先立つて有為の雲にかくれり Those who leisurely play with the moon of southern tower, now hide in the cloud of Saṅkhāra. 人間五十年、化天のうちを比ぶれば、夢幻の如くなり Human life lasts only 50 years, Contrast human life with life of Geten, It is but a very dream and illusion. 一度生を享け、滅せぬもののあるべきか Once they are given life from god, there is no such thing don't perish. これを菩提の種と思ひ定めざらんは、口惜しかりき次第ぞ Unless we consider this a very seed of awakening, it is a grievous truth indeed. It is a very famous verse known to be often sung by Oda Nobunaga. Geten(化天, Gerakuten化楽天, or Nirmaannarati) is an imaginary world of greed and desire in Buddhism. According to scriptures, a day in Geten is equal to year in our world and an inhabitant of Geten lives 8000 years.

Middlebrook is a locality that spans the boundaries of Horwich and Lostock in the Metropolitan Borough of Bolton, Greater Manchester, England. Historically a part of Lancashire, the name Middlebrook is derived from the watercourse which starts at Red Moss, the mossland south of Horwich. Further downstream the Middlebrook joins with other tributaries and becomes the River Croal which runs through Bolton and eventually joins the River Irwell at Kearsley. Middlebrook is an out-of-town complex of retail, leisure and business parks and location of the Macron Stadium and Horwich Police Station. The name Middlebrook (or "Middle Brook") comes from the Old English words "mycel" and "broc" meaning "great brook". In 1292 the name was written "Mikelbrok" and over the centuries it became Middlebrook. Before the retail, leisure and business parks were built Middlebrook was the site of Sefton Fold Farm in Horwich. The old timber-framed farmhouse with sandstone flag roof as could have been seen latterly would seem to have dated from the 16th century with many intervening changes. The floor plan would indicate a 3-bay farmhouse or hall: the latter access being a 'baffle' entry facing the central chimney stack; this may have also been the original position but could have been a more traditional 'screens' entrance adjacent to the service bay. A cellar appears to have been located under the northern service bay and later GMAU investigations would infer that this used to be occupied by a small water wheel (for grinding domestic crops?) That would also infer that a stream ran under the house at this point. A well existed very nearby in the yard but any evidence of a stream latterly had become obscured. Something of a rebuild appears to have happened around 1666 and was possibly refaced or altered in 1811, as evidenced by the semi-circular datestone over the adjacent cottage which dates from 1811. However, an earlier late-Georgian brick wing was seemingly added before that date, the bricks having been locally 'clamped'. The old bay (parlour) closest to the 'new wing' as described had already had its wattle and daub removed and replaced with brick. The middle bay (housebody) and end bay (service) together with the north gable had been rebuilt in 'watershot' squared & coursed gritstone rubble, although when that happened is not clear, because the stone of the adjacent 1811 cottage was constructed from thinner, flaggy sandstone and not watershot. The rear of the range was extended, evidently in the 19th Century, from random sandstone rubble walling under a full 'catslide' stone flag roof, and this extension had a floor over creating a loft: this loft was accessed from the first floor and was lain with compressed straw and other material. Floorboards upstairs in the main range were butt-jointed and wide, of random size; some doorleaf stiles and rails were reed-moulded and mortise-framed and simply panelled, indicating 17th Century origin. The floor over the 'housebody' was a much later addition to the original, being supported off separate beams running parallel to the long walls and resting on inserted brackets or 'corbels'. The mortises and pegholes to the former arch-bracing to the central house frame could still be seen, identifying that this part of the house was possibly originally double-height, or at least, the floor was set much higher than latterly, rendering the upper floor of poor usage. There is also the presence of a vestige of a wattle and daub 'fire hood', a forerunner of a later brick chimney stack. The opening to one side of the chimney stack upstairs was blocked up economically in brick-on-edge - the bricks were machine-pressed with 'frogs' and bore the text 'Yates Plastic Horwich'. Much of the original timber framing remained within the rear 'outshut' including a former unglazed window complete with Oak stave mullions. the timber framing was set upon a high sandstone plinth - the same remained on the main frontage under the brick infill to the 'parlour' bay. The complete wallplate remained over the rebuilt main east facade and exhibited all the original mortises and peg holes from the original framing, so a reasonable guess could be made at the appearance of the building. the timbers in the 'outshut' were all re-used and exhibited peg holes, mortises and carpenters' marks. There is a case for supposing that these were taken from the timbers replaced by the later stonework, and one beam in particular hinted at coming from the old north gable truss chord, due to its size and moulding. Other evidence in the timbers points at herringbone patterning within the framing, which would reflect the regional trend for such decoration. (these detailed notes modified and expanded by Mark Head, who surveyed the house in about 1985). Before demolition in 1996 the University of Manchester's Archaeological Unit spent three weeks on the Sefton Fold Farm site. The team excavated a moated site of late medieval origins and pottery believed to date from the late 16th or early 17th centuries was found. When development started, the site was partly covered by a roundabout. The farmhouse's 1666/1811 date stone, 1860s cooking range and other items were saved and can be seen at the Heritage Centre in Horwich. Emerson Group began developing the 200-acre Middlebrook retail, leisure and business complex started in 1996 and the first businesses were operating from the site in 1998. The out-of-town retail centre, contains retail shops and stores, a twelve screen cinema, ten-pin bowling alley, cafés and restaurants, two hotels, and the Bolton Arena Sports & Leisure Complex. Horwich Police Station is located on Burnden Way at the Middlebrook site. At the centre of the site is the Macron Stadium (formerly Reebok Stadium), home of Bolton Wanderers F.C. which was inaugurated on 1 September 1997 when the first game between Bolton and Everton was played. The Middlebrook site is adjacent to Junction 6 of the M61 motorway. The A6027 connects the A6 with the motorway, the retail and business parks and the A673 road to Horwich and Bolton. There is a regular train service provided by Northern Rail at Horwich Parkway railway station where there is a Park and Ride facility with trains to Bolton, Manchester and Preston. There are also bus services which include the 505 (school mornings only) from Bolton, 516/517 from Leigh and 574/577, also from Bolton.

Zu Ting (), courtesy name Xiaozheng (孝徵), was an official of the Chinese dynasty Northern Qi (550–577). He was renowned for his literary and administrative talents. Zu Ting's father Zu Ying (祖瑩) was a general during Eastern Wei. Zu Ting himself was, in his youth, known for his quick reactions and literary talent, and he eventually became a low level official. He once wrote a beautifully written ode on behalf of the official Moqi Shouluogan (万俟受洛干) -- an ode that Eastern Wei's paramount general Gao Huan read and was impressed by, and he retained Zu to be a secretary on his staff. Once, Gao Huan dictated 36 items to Zu, and Zu was able to write all of them down later without missing any single item, earning him great praise from his colleagues. Zu was also fluent in the Xianbei language, at that time a rarity for ethnically Han officials. (Indeed, Zu was said to understand a number of non-Han languages.) However, Zu was also known for being a free spirit who did not follow the expected societal norms. Because he was in charge of regulating commerce while serving as Gao Huan's secretary, he took many bribes. He liked playing the pipa, and he wrote a number of pipa pieces and invited the young men and women to dance to the music. He spent much time seeking thrills with other junior officials Chen Yuankang (陳元康), Mu Zirong (穆子容), Ren Zhou (任冑), and Yuan Shiliang (元士亮), including gambling and luxury living. Once, when Gao Huan blamed him for embezzlement, he was able to deflect the blame to his superior Lu Zixian (陸子先) -- although he later admitted to his colleagues that he, not Lu, was responsible. Once, when he visited the house of the official Sima Shiyun (司馬世雲), he stole mirrors from Sima's house, and while others were ashamed for him, he himself did not seem ashamed. He also stole money from the general Dou Tai (竇泰), but despite Dou's discovery of the theft, Gao Huan did not punish him. Later, when Zu served on the staff of Gao Huan's heir apparent Gao Cheng, he stole volumes from the book "Hualin Pianlüe" (華林遍略) and sold them for money so that he could gamble. He also embezzled from the imperial granary. Both Gao Cheng and Gao Huan were angry, and they whipped him and sentenced him to hard labor. At that time, however, a new Buddhist temple that Gao Huan had commissioned, the Dingguo Temple (定國寺), was completed. When Gao Huan asked Chen and Wen Zisheng (溫子昇) for recommendations on someone who would be able to write an appropriate text for the dedication tablet, Chen recommended Zu. Gao Huan ordered Zu to write the dedication text, and Zu completed a beautifully written text within two days. On account of the well-written text and the speed in which it was written, Gao Huan retracted the sentence of hard labor, but still removed him from his post. After Gao Huan died in 547, Gao Cheng took over as Eastern Wei's regent, and he took Zu back on his staff. Gao Cheng himself was assassinated by his servant Lan Jing (蘭京) in 549. Chen Yuankang was severely injured while making a futile attempt to save Gao Cheng, and while he was dying, he dictated his will to Zu and asked Zu to relay it to his brothers Chen Shuchen (陳叔諶) and Chen Jiqu (陳季璩). Zu intentionally omitted some of the properties and embezzled them. When Chen Shuchen later became aware of this, he complained to the official Yang Yin, but Yang pointed out to Chen Shuchen that as those properties appeared to be themselves ill-gotten gains, making the matter public would be bad for Chen Yuankang's memory, and so the matter was dropped. After Gao Cheng's death, Gao Cheng's brother Gao Yang became regent. On one occasion, Zu was to submit a list of minor officials who were to be promoted—and he submitted a list of people who had bribed him. This was discovered, and he was sentenced to death by hanging, but Gao Yang pardoned him. Not changing his ways, he again secretly sold volumes of the "Hualin Pianlüe", and was again sentenced to death by hanging. Gao Yang, impressed by his talent and unwilling to put him to death, spared him from the death penalty but removed him from his post. Gao Yang had Emperor Xiaojing of Eastern Wei yield the throne to him in 550, ending Eastern Wei and establishing Northern Qi. As Emperor Wenxuan, he remembered Zu Ting's talent and recalled him to serve in his administration, putting him in charge of drafting edicts. However, he eventually again removed Zu from office for embezzlement. Whenever he saw Zu, he often referred to him as "the thief," for which Zu bore a grudge. It was probably during Emperor Wenxuan's reign when Zu first befriended Emperor Wenxuan's younger brother Gao Zhan, the Prince of Changguang, as one of Zu's talents was making walnut oil for paintings, and he once offered walnut oil to Gao Zhan. When he did so, he commented, "According to fortunetelling principles, Your Royal Highness' bone structure shows great honor. I have once dreamed that you rode a dragon to heaven." Gao Zhan responded, "If that happened, I will make you, my brother, rich and powerful." After Emperor Wenxuan died in 559 and was succeeded by his son Emperor Fei, Zu was recalled to the government to serve as a commandery governor—but he never actually took office, as Yang Yin, who commissioned him to that office, was killed in a coup. Instead, he again became an imperial document drafter. After Emperor Fei was deposed in 560 and replaced by his uncle Emperor Xiaozhao, Zu drew the new emperor's ire by submitting secret petitions excessively; Emperor Xiaozhao ordered his secretaries to refuse further submissions by Zu, but did not appear to remove him from his office. In 561, Emperor Xiaozhao died, and Gao Zhan became emperor (as Emperor Wucheng). He quickly promoted Zu, although this brought jealousy from Emperor Wucheng's most trusted official He Shikai, and He Shikai had him leave the capital to serve as a commandery governor, but Emperor Wucheng soon summoned Zu back to the capital to again be in charge of imperial edicts, and on one occasion Zu served as an envoy to Chen Dynasty. In 565, Zu persuaded He Shikai that his fortune was linked to that of Emperor Wucheng—that as the other officials despised him, once Emperor Wucheng died, he would be in a desperate situation. He suggested to He Shikai that the solution was to suggest that the emperor pass the throne to his crown prince Gao Wei. Both Zu and He Shikai thereafter persuaded Emperor Wucheng that, in light of astrological signs that the emperor position should change and that it would be even more honored to be an emperor's father than to be emperor, he should pass the throne to Crown Prince Wei. Emperor Wucheng agreed, and did so in summer 565. Although Emperor Wucheng passed the throne to Gao Wei and assumed the title "Taishang Huang" (retired emperor), he continued to be in charge of important decisions. As both he and Zu were still resentful of Emperor Wenxuan (because Emperor Wenxuan often battered Emperor Wucheng, and because Emperor Wenxuan often referred to Zu as "the thief"), Zu, in order to flatter Emperor Wucheng, suggested that Emperor Wenxuan's posthumous name and temple name be degraded—because Emperor Wenxuan was not "wen" (文, "civil") nor was he a founder (which his temple name "Xianzu" (顯祖) would appear to denote. (Emperor Wenxuan was in fact Northern Qi's first emperor, but Emperor Wucheng did not view him as a founder as he viewed their father Gao Huan as the true founder of the dynasty.) Around the new year 566, by Zu's suggestion, Emperor Wenxuan's posthumous name was changed to "Jinglie" (景烈), and his temple name to "Weizong", both of which were still complimentary but less so than before. Also in 566, Zu and He Shikai falsely accused Emperor Wucheng's nephew Gao Xiaowan (高孝琬), the Prince of Hejian, of using witchcraft against Emperor Wucheng and satirizing the retired emperor. Eventually, Emperor Wucheng arrested and tortured Gao Xiaowan, leading to his death. In 567, the ambitious Zu, wanting further promotion, wrote petitions accusing He Shikai, Zhao Yanshen (趙彥深), and Gao Wenyao (高文遙) of crimes and requested his friend Liu Ti (劉逖), a secretary to the emperor, to submit the petitions for him. Liu refused, but He Shikai, Zhao, and Gao Wenyao received the news and prepared to defend themselves. Emperor Wucheng arrested Zu and interrogated him—and when seeing Emperor Wucheng, Zu accused He Shikai, Zhao, and Gao Wenyao of corruption, factionalism, and favoritism. Emperor Wucheng took the accusations personally and felt that Zu was assaulting his own competence. When Zu brought up the fact that he had an excessive number of ladies-in-waiting, he became even more infuriated. His anger grew even more heated when Zu first compared him to Xiang Yu and then pointed out that his accomplishments were far less. Emperor Wucheng battered and whipped him and sentenced him to hard labor, and subsequently had him confined to a dungeon in Guang Province (光州, roughly modern Yantai, Shandong). As Chinese cabbage seed oil was used as a lighting source in the dungeon, over time, the smoke from the burning of the oil made Zu blind. In 568, Emperor Wucheng died. He Shikai continued to be the most powerful official at court, but, even though he defeated several officials who tried to have him removed in 569, he had to share power with a number of individuals, including several of the young emperor Gao Wei's favorites—his wet nurse Lu Lingxuan and her son Mu Tipo, the guard commander Han Zhangluan, and the official Gao Anagong. Also in 569, Gao Wei, remembering Zu's contribution to his becoming emperor, released Zu from the dungeon in Guang Province and made him the governor of Hai Province (海州, roughly modern Lianyungang, Jiangsu). Zu took the chance to ingratiate himself with Lu Lingxuan and her brother Lu Xida (陸悉達), suggesting that he would be willing to serve as their strategist—and at the same time, He Shikai also thought of the same idea, and therefore recalled Zu back to the capital and reconciled with him. When, subsequently, Gao Wei's uncle Hu Changren (胡長仁) the Prince of Longdong formed a failed plot to assassinate He Shikai, it was Zu who suggested citing the example of how Emperor Wen of Han forced his uncle Bo Zhao (薄昭) to commit suicide to persuade Gao Wei to force Hu to commit suicide, as Gao Wei eventually did. In 571, Gao Wei's younger brother Gao Yan the Prince of Langye, unable to stand the hold that He Shikai had on power, killed him by trickery, but subsequently failed in seizing power when the famed general Hulü Guang refused to side with him and was put under house arrest. After He Shikai's death, Zu formed a closer relationship with Lady Lu, and in winter 571, it was by her suggestion that Gao Wei removed Zhao Yanshen from his office and made him a provincial governor, replacing him with Zu. Subsequently, when Lady Lu, whom Gao Yan also targeted in his plot, suggested Gao Wei kill Gao Yan, Gao Wei took Zu into the palace and consulted him—and it was Zu, citing the example of the Duke of Zhou killing his treasonous brother the Ji Xian (姬鮮) the Lord of Guan and Ji You (姬友), a prince of Lu, poisoning his equally treasonous brother Ji Qingfu (姬慶父), who persuaded Gao Wei to have Gao Yan killed. Also in winter 571, after Gao Wei's mother Empress Dowager Hu was found to have carried on an affair with the Buddhist monk Tanxian (曇獻), Gao Wei put her under house arrest. Zu, further trying to ingratiate himself with Lady Lu, suggested that Lady Lu be made empress dowager (under the precedence that the predecessor dynasty Northern Wei's emperors often made their wet nurses nurse empress dowagers), going as far as suggesting that Lady Lu was as great as the female deity Nüwa. Lady Lu in turn praised Zu as "the Master Statesman" and "National Treasure." (However, Gao Wei never actually made Lady Lu empress dowager.) By summer 572, both Zu and Mu Tipo were in conflict with Hulü Guang. Hulü disliked Zu, and he often complained to his generals that Zu rarely consulted military generals. Once, when he was resting at a governmental building, Zu, who was blind, rode past him without realizing that Hulü was there, and never got off the horse as demanded by customs of the time. Hulü angrily stated, "Who does he think he is?" Zu, realizing that Hulü disliked him, bribed Hulü's servant and asked the servant about Hulü's opinion of him. The servant stated, "Ever since you came into power, the Minister Prince each night sighed and stated, "With a blind man in power, the empire will surely be destroyed." Meanwhile, Mu had once requested to marry Hulü's daughter by a concubine, but Hulü refused. Further, when Mu requested that Gao Wei grant him the public fields at Jinyang, Hulü publicly opposed the action as being detrimental to the grazing of the army's horses. Zu and Mu therefore both despited Hulü. They therefore fostered suspicion of Hulü in the emperor's mind, and that suspicion was exacerbated by the fact that Hulü's daughter and Gao Wei's wife Empress Hulü was not favored by Gao Wei. At the same time, the Northern Zhou general Wei Xiaokuan, wanting to try to exploit Gao Wei's suspicions, decided to try to create a sense that Hulü would rebel. He wrote two songs in couplets, one of which read: The other read: He sent spies to spread the songs near the Northern Qi capital Yecheng (鄴城, in modern Handan, Hebei), and the songs soon became popular. Zu, exploiting the situation himself, added two more lines: Both Zu and Lady Lu then reported the song to Gao Wei to further foster his suspicion of Hulü. Gao Wei consulted another favorite, Han Zhangluan, who believed that he should not suspect Hulü, so Gao Wei initially took no action. Zu, however, would not relent, and he had Hulü's subordinate Feng Shirang (封士讓) make a secret submission indicating that when Hulü had brought the army close to Yecheng in 571, he was plotting a coup. Gao Wei believed it this time, and under Zu's suggestion, he awarded Hulü a horse, and then, as Hulü arrived at the palace to thank the emperor, he had his guard commander Liu Taozhi (劉桃枝) seize Hulü and strangle him to death. Hulü's clan was slaughtered except for his youngest son Hulü Zhong (斛律鍾), and Empress Hulü was deposed. Subsequently, Lady Lu tried to have her adoptive daughter Consort Mu Sheli made empress, but was forced to compromise with Empress Dowager Hu to have Empress Dowager Hu's niece Consort Hu made empress, a proposal that she had to formally make jointly with Zu. Meanwhile, Zu, controlling the government, wanted to reorganize it to make it more efficient, reducing duplication in official responsibilities and wastefulness. He also wanted to remove incompetent and/or corrupt officials as well as reducing the ranks of eunuchs—but Lady Lu and Mu Tipo opposed. He therefore entered an alliance with Empress Hu's brothers Hu Junyu (胡君瑜) and Hu Junbi (胡君璧), promoting them and hoping that they would assist him. He also had his associate Li Bolü (麗伯律) accuse Mu Tipo's associate Wang Zichong (王子沖) of accepting bribes—knowing that if Wang were convicted, both Mu Tipo and Lady Lu would be implicated. Lady Lu, however, figured out what was happening, and found ways to have Hu Junyu and Hu Junbi demoted, and further had Empress Hu deposed in late 572 and replaced with Consort Mu. Zu began to suffer in his relations with Gao Wei, as the eunuchs were by now defaming him. When Gao Wei consulted Lady Lu and Han, both Lady Lu and Han used the opportunity to accuse Zu of crimes. Gao Wei, because he had sworn an oath to Zu earlier, spared him from death, but demoted him to the governorship of North Xu Province (北徐州, roughly modern Linyi, Shandong). When Zu initially refused to leave the palace, Han had him dragged out. Also in 572, Chen launched a major attack on Northern Qi, capturing the area between the Yangtze and Huai Rivers within a span of several months. Agrarian rebellions rose in Northern Xu Province as a response to the Chen attack, and the rebels soon approached the capital of the province. Zu made surprise attacks on the rebels—particularly surprising them because they knew that he was blind and thought it would be impossible for him to battle them. Despite the lack of reinforcements (as Mu Tipo refused to send them, hoping that the rebels would kill Zu for him), Zu, after battling some half a month, defeated the rebels. Zu subsequently died while still serving as the governor of North Xu Province, but the year is not recorded in history.

Karl Ernst (1 September 1904, Berlin – 30 June 1934, Berlin) was an SA- "Gruppenführer" who, in early 1933, was the SA leader in Berlin. Before joining the Nazi Party he had been a hotel bellboy and a bouncer at a gay nightclub. It has been suggested that it was he who, with a small party of stormtroopers, passed through a passage from the Palace of the President of the Reichstag, and set the Reichstag building on fire on the night of February 27, 1933. There is evidence indirectly to substantiate this: Gisevius at Nuremberg implicated Goebbels in planning the fire, Rudolph Diels stated that Göring knew how the fire was to be started, and General Franz Halder stated that he had heard Göring claim responsibility for the fire. However, according to Ian Kershaw, the consensus of nearly all historians is that Marinus van der Lubbe did set the "Reichstag" on fire. On 30 June 1934 Ernst had just married, and was in Bremen on his way to Madeira to honeymoon with his new wife. SA Leader Ernst Röhm had repeatedly called for a "second revolution" that would introduce socialism into the Reich and banish the old Conservative forces of business and government. Fearing the socialistic tendencies of the SA, along with Röhm's ambition to absorb the "Reichswehr" into the SA, conservative elements in the German Army and "Kriegsmarine" pressed for an elimination of SA power. Adolf Hitler undertook a purge of the SA — an event known to history as the "Night of the Long Knives". It lasted until 2 July 1934. Ernst was arrested in Bremerhaven together with his wife and his friend Martin Kirschbaum as he was about to get aboard a cruiser in order to travel to Madeira where he planned to spend his honeymoon. Later on he was handed over to an SS-commando unit led by Kurt Gildisch, flown back to Berlin and taken to the barracks of the Leibstandarte Adolf Hitler, where he was shot by a firing squad in the early evening of June 30. According to the official death list drawn up for internal-administrative use by the Gestapo he was one of fourteen people shot on the grounds of the Leibstandarte.

Taulé was one of two daughters of French immigrants. She studied in the Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture in the former Universidad de Santo Domingo (now the Universidad Autónoma de Santo Domingo) from 1940 to 1944, and was awarded her bachelor's degree in Engineering and Architecture in 1948. She was responsible for the structural design of the building that houses the Dominican National Congress. This structure was commissioned by the dictator Rafael Leónidas Trujillo in the 1960s and is still in use today. She also worked as a structural engineer alongside other great Dominican architects such as Henry Gazón, Guillermo Gonzales, Leo Pou and José A. Caro. Margot Taulé also made very significant and lasting contributions to the academic development of the engineering and architecture profession in Dominican Republic. In 1956 she earned by opposition the title of Full Professor in the University of Santo Domingo. She held the position until 1964 when the university changed its name to Universidad Autónoma de Santo Domingo. In 1966 a group of professors and distinguished intellectuals frustrated with the situation in the Universidad Autónoma de Santo Domingo founded the Universidad Nacional Pedro Henriquez Urena (UNPHU). Margot Taule was one of the founding professors and a member of the main steering committee. In UNPHU she worked as professor in the civil engineering, architecture and mathematics department. At various times she also held the position Dean of Architecture, Dean of Engineering and in 2003 was elected by the board of trustees as President of the university, a position she held until 2005. In 1985 she received the title of Distinguished Professor by UNPHU citing her contributions to education in engineering and architecture.

Portland State Vikings is the nickname of the NCAA-affiliated, intercollegiate athletic teams representing Portland State University of Portland, Oregon. The Vikings compete at the NCAA Division I level in basketball, soccer, volleyball, golf, tennis, softball, indoor and outdoor track and field, and cross country. The university has been a member of the Big Sky Conference since 1996. Along with the other Big Sky football programs, Viking football takes-part in the NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision (FCS), formerly known as NCAA Division I-AA. Prior to joining Division I, the school won NCAA National Division II Championships in women's volleyball and wrestling. The school has also placed second twice nationally in football and once in women's basketball at the Division II level. Portland State's colors are forest green and white, and its mascot is the Viking manifested as "Victor E. Viking". Among the more notable former PSU athletes are Freeman Williams and Neil Lomax. Freeman Williams was the NCAA Division I national men's basketball individual scoring leader in 1977 and 1978. Neil Lomax was a record-setting quarterback who went on to star for the then St. Louis Cardinals in the NFL. Football's "Run & Shoot" offense was first implemented at the college level at PSU by then coach Darryl "Mouse" Davis. Davis' quarterback protégées were Lomax and June Jones. Jones, the former head coach at the University of Hawaii and now at SMU, is also a proponent of the Run & Shoot. Home games for football are held at Providence Park, and home games for basketball are held on-campus at the Peter W. Stott Center. Torre Chisholm was named new Athletic Director March 26, 2007. Chisholm replaced interim AD Teri Mariani, who filled that role since February 2006 when Tom Burman left for the University of Wyoming. Washington State University AD Jim Sterk preceded Burman as PSU AD. Football began competing at the college level in 1947. PSU competed at the small college level before beginning to compete at an interstate level in the 1960s. The 1970s brokered a new level of achievement under Mouse Davis. Mouse Davis installed the "Run & Shoot" which provided prolific scoring teams led by quarterbacks June Jones and Neil Lomax. Later in the 1980s, highlights included 2nd-place finishes in NCAA Division II in 1989 and 1990 under legendary coach Pokey Allen. The 2006 season included a victory over the University of New Mexico. The team finished the season tied for second in the conference and featured PSU offensive lineman Brennan Carvalho and linebacker Adam Hayword being named All-Americans. Tim Walsh completed his 14th year at the helm in 2006 and resigned to become the offensive coordinator at Army. Walsh was the longest tenured coach in PSU history. He was succeeded by Jerry Glanville, former NFL head coach and University of Hawaii defensive coordinator. Glanville hired Mouse Davis as his new offensive coordinator who re-installed the Run & Shoot. Jerry Glanville's initial season at PSU in 2007 was a disappointing 3–8 campaign. The team recorded a 1–4 home record, worst since 1973. However, enthusiasm was reflected with an increase in attendance and included a wild 73–68 loss to Weber State. Center Brennan Carvalho finished a brilliant career by being named All-American for a second time. On December 8, 2009, Portland State announced Nevada defensive coordinator Nigel Burton as their new head coach. National scoring champion Freeman Williams starred for PSU during the 1970s under coach Ken Edwards. PSU made the NCAA College Division playoffs in 1967, and twice competed in the NAIA playoffs in the 1950s. In the Big Sky Conference: When PSU joined the Big Sky Conference, basketball returned to campus after a hiatus that lasted from 1981 to 1996. The current head coach is Tyler Geving. Portland State has qualified for the Big Sky Conference Tournament eight times in the eleven years it has been eligible. The Vikings have a 6–6 Big Sky Tournament record, including 2–0 against Montana State, 2–0 against Idaho State, 1–1 against Eastern Washington, and 1–2 against Northern Arizona and 0–3 against Weber State. PSU completed the 2006–07 season with a 19–13 overall record and a 9–7 conference record. In the conference tournament, PSU defeated Montana State and was then defeated by Weber State to finish the season. PSU rolled through the Big Sky in 2007–08, losing only two conference games on the way to a second ever conference championship since last winning in 2005. The Vikings went on to win the conference tourney by beating Idaho State in a semi-final match and Northern Arizona University in the final to secure the school's first NCAA Men's Basketball National Championship Tournament berth. The Vikings (23–9) were selected as a No. 16 seed in the 2008 NCAA Tournament in the Midwest Region, losing to No. 1 Kansas 85–61. In the 2008–09, for the second year in a row, the Portland State Vikings completed a 23–10 basketball season with a trip to the NCAA Tournament. Matched with the previous season, the two 23-win seasons tie for the most in school history. And, both seasons culminated with appearances in the NCAA Tournament. Although the Vikings did not win the Big Sky Conference regular season title (as they did in 2007–08), the second-place team did win the Big Sky Tournament for a second straight season, advancing to the NCAA Tournament. Portland State earned a number-13 seed but lost in the Tournament to fourth-seeded Xavier in a first-round game, 77–59. The regular season highlights included a victory on the road over then seventh ranked Gonzaga and a victory over Boise State in an ESPN "bracket-buster" game. PSU's wrestling program has won NCAA Division II Championships in 1969, 1989 and 1990. Rick Sanders was the first Viking to win individual national championships and was a two-time Olympic silver medalist. Portland State eliminated its wrestling program in 2009 due to state budget issues attributed to the worst recessions to hit the US since the great depression. The programs final head coach was 1987 alum Mike Haluska. The men and women's track & field teams are led by interim head coach Ronnye Harrison. The assistant track & field coaches are Jonathan Marcus and Seth Henson. Head Coach Brian Parrott leads the Vikings' tennis program starting with the 2008–09 season. After his collegiate career, Parrott played professionally for several years. He played in the U.S. Open qualifier in 1973, and was a member of the Sea-Port Cascades of the World Team Tennis league in 1977. Between 1967 and 1980, Parrott was ranked No. 1 in doubles seven times in the Pacific Northwest, and was never ranked lower than No. 8 in singles. But recently Parrott resigned from his coaching position, and is now taken over by assistant coach Jay Starling. The women's basketball tradition includes considerable success at the NCAA DII level playing for national championships prior to moving to Division I. Head Sherri Murrell, formerly the head coach of Washington State, was hired July 1, 2007 to lead the program into its second decade in the Big Sky. Murrell was preceded by Coach Charity Elliot who resigned at the end of the 2006–07 season to become the head coach at University of California-San Diego. Under first-year head coach Sherri Murrell, the 2007–08 Portland State team finished 22–9 overall and advanced to the semifinals of the Big Sky Conference Tournament. Portland State finished 11–5 in the Big Sky, tying with Montana State for third place, to post its first winning conference mark since going 8–6 in 2002–03. The Vikings were impressive in their conference victories, posting an average margin of victory of 16.7 points. The 22 wins marked the Vikings’ first 20-win season as a Division I program, and their first since going 25–5 as a member of Division II in 1995–96. In 2008–09 under Murrell's guidance, Portland State posted an impressive 14–2 conference record in the Big Sky Conference losing only to Montana State at home and Montana on the road. PSU finished second behind Montana and beat Idaho State in the conference semi-finals and then lost to Montana in the tournament final. Longtime coach Jeff Mozzochi led the Vikings to it most successful DI finish in 2006 since moving up from DII. With a .750 winning percentage (21–7, 14–2), the best in the school’s Division I era, PSU finished second in the conference’s final standings for the second straight year. In the off-season, Mozzochi relinquished the head coaching reins of the program to assistant Michael Seemann and Mozzochi moved into an associate head coaching position. Under Seemann, the Vikings ended the 2007 season with a 21–8 record and Portland State's first ever Big Sky Regular Championship but missed the NCAA tournament by losing in the conference tournament. Portland State returned most of its 2007 roster for the 2008 season and finished tied for second in the conference standings. The Vikings hosted and won the 2008 Big Sky Championship tournament at the Peter W. Stott Center for a first ever trip to the NCAA DI tournament. One of the highlights of Mozzochi’s run at PSU came during the 1992 season when the Vikings ran off one of the best NCAA Division II seasons in history. The Vikings lost their ninth match of the year to Cal State-Bakersfield and would not lose again, winning their last 28 straight (31 including foreign teams) matches. Portland State swept through the first three rounds of the NCAA DII Tournament and then defeated Northern Michigan in five games in front of a sellout crowd at the Stott Center for national title number four. A new era in Portland State women’s soccer began on February 22, 2008, when former All-American and professional player Laura Schott was named the Vikings’ new head coach. Schott is the seventh head coach in program history. The soccer team won the Big Sky Conference Championship in 2004 under then coach Tara Erickson who subsequently was hired by the University of Oregon. The Viking program has been in existence since 1996, but has already proven to be competitive at a high level under former Portland State golf coach Felicia Johnston’s guidance. Johnston led the Vikings to three Big Sky Conference Championships during her tenure (2003, 2004, 2005). After seven seasons in charge, Portland State women's golf coach Felicia Johnston announced her resignation, citing a desire to spend more time with her family. Johnston and her husband, Shane, had a son, Connor, summer of 2007. “I have been a head coach for 10 years (seven at PSU, three at Northern Arizona),” said Johnston. “Traveling and (coaching and parenting) was tough. Something was going to suffer. So, if I couldn’t do it 100%, I had to choose my family. I’ve been lucky to help this program grow, and I thank everyone for the support they have given me.” Kathleen Takaishi was named the new women’s golf coach on February 4 and took over the program immediately in preparation for the 2008 spring season. The Viking softball team has appeared in one Women's College World Series, in 1978. Tobin Echo-Hawk has been coach since the 2008–09 season and is just the third head softball coach at PSU since 1977. The team's record for her first two years is 59–33. They were 27–16 with three games left (as of 5/3 2011) in the 2010–11 season. Prior to joining the Vikings staff she was the head coach at Broomfield High School in Colorado in 2006. She also spent three years coaching at her alma mater in Colorado, Centaurus High School, and guided the team to a record of 60–15 from 2000–02. Overall as a high school head coach, she compiled a four-year record of 97–26, produced seven all-state performers, and was twice named the league coach of the year. The Vikings left the Pacific Coast Softball Conference after the 2012 season. With the Big Sky Conference adding two new members in 2012, both of which sponsor softball, that conference had enough softball-playing members to receive an automatic berth in the NCAA softball tournament. Accordingly, the Big Sky added softball as an official conference sport starting in the 2013 season. The men and women's track and field teams are led by interim head coach Ronnye Harrison. The assistant track and field coaches are John Parks and Seth Henson. Head coach Brian Parrott leads the Vikings' tennis program starting with the 2008–09 season. After his collegiate career, Parrott played professionally for several years. He played in the U.S. Open qualifier in 1973, and was a member of the Sea-Port Cascades of the World Team Tennis league in 1977. Between 1967 and 1980, Parrott was ranked No. 1 in doubles seven times in the Pacific Northwest, and was never ranked lower than No. 8 in singles.

George Stuart Keith (4 September 1931 – 13 February 2003) was an English and American ornithologist. He was a champion birder, editor of a series of books about African birds, and co-founder of the American Birding Association (ABA). Keith was born on 4 September 1931 in Clothall, Britain, near Baldock in Hertfordshire. During World War II, he moved with his mother and four siblings to Toronto, Ontario. In 1943, he returned to Britain to study classics at Marlborough College. After service during the Korean War as a lieutenant in an infantry regiment, he completed his formal education, receiving an M.A. degree in classics from Worcester College of the University of Oxford. He returned to North America in 1955. From 1958, he was a research associate in the ornithology department of the American Museum of Natural History in New York. He joined the American Ornithologists' Union in 1959; became an elective member in 1970; and was made a fellow in 1991. From 1965 to 1973, he served as secretary, then president, of the U.S Section of the International Council for Bird Preservation, now BirdLife International. In 1969, he helped found the ABA, and he served as its first president, from 1973 to 1976. In 1978, Keith joined the project that would compile the seven-volume series "The Birds of Africa" as a member of its Board of Advisors. In 1980, he became a senior editor, sharing duties with Hilary Fry and Emil K. Urban. He contributed the sections describing bulbuls and cisticolas, and had completed his work on the final volume (published in 2004) at the time of his death. With John Gooders, in 1980 he published the "Collins Bird Guide" to the birds of Britain and Europe. Keith made contributions in other media as well. In the 1960s, he produced a film about cranes in Japan; he produced a feature-length film on African birds. He made recordings of bird songs from Madagascar and continental Africa; with William Gunn, he produced "Birds of the African Rain Forests", the first recordings to specialize in the vocalizations of 90 species of African forest birds. It is for his accomplishments as a birder that Keith is most widely known. In 1956, he set a one-year record of 594 species seen in the United States and Canada. He was the first to see 4,000 species worldwide, a total which he achieved in the 1970s. At the time of his death, he had seen more than 6,500 species; however, he was surpassed by Phoebe Snetsinger, who is credited with almost 8,400 species. Keith's feats were recorded in "The Wall Street Journal", "People", "The New Yorker", and "Bird Watcher's Digest". In 1993 he was awarded the Linnaean Society of New York's Eisenmann Medal. In 1999, he received the Ludlow Griscom Award from the ABA "in appreciation of his vision and leadership in shaping ABA and tireless passion and dedication to the birds of North America." Keith became a naturalized American citizen in 1994. He died, of circulatory-related causes, on 13 February 2003 while on a birding trip to Chuuk in Micronesia, having seen a new life bird earlier in the day.