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Leisure Books was a mass market paperback publisher specializing in horror and thrillers.
They also published fantasy, science fiction, Westerns, and the Wildlife Treasury card series.
Leisure Books was an imprint of Dorchester Publishing from c. 1982–2010, when it was closed down.
Leisure horror titles have won numerous awards, including the Bram Stoker Award, and the International Horror Guild Award.
In addition, a Leisure title was given the 2002 World Fantasy Award.
As of 2000, Leisure Books was the only American publisher with a line of horror books.
Leisure Books published novels and collections by a number of horror's notable authors, such as Brian Keene, Richard Laymon, Graham Masterton, Ray Garton, Stacy Dittrich, Jack Ketchum, Sarah Pinborough and Douglas Clegg.
There was also a line of Leisure Westerns, notably featuring the work of Max Brand among others.
Beginning in 1976, Leisure Books published Gardner Fox's series fantasy featuring the barbarian Kyrik: "Warlock Warrior", "Kyrik Fights the Demon World", "Kyrik and the Wizard's Sword", and "Kyrik and the Lost Queen".
Leisure Books published the Wildlife Treasury educational animal encyclopedia for young children between 1975 and 1981.
Leisure Books offered a book sales club service.
Typically two free books were provided as an initial inducement.
After that two books were sent on a monthly basis.
Readers would have 10 days to keep or return.
If kept there would be a discount on the purchase price.
Harry Shorten founded Leisure Books in 1957.
The company was acquired by Dorchester Publishing in 1982.
Effective September 2010, Leisure Books, along with the remainder of Dorchester's mass market paperback lines, were canceled as print publications.
Future titles were slated to be available only as e-books.
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Ontario Shores Centre for Mental Health Sciences (Ontario Shores) is a public hospital located in Whitby, Ontario, Canada, providing a range of specialized assessment and treatment services to those living with complex and serious mental illness.
Interprofessional teams provide care through safe and evidence-based approaches where successful outcomes are achieved using best clinical practices and the latest advances in research.
Patients benefit from a recovery-oriented environment of care built on compassion, inspiration and hope.
In addition, through a variety of initiatives and partnerships, Ontario Shores works to raise awareness of mental illness, educate healthcare practitioners and train the next generation of mental health care specialists.
Employing almost 1,200 staff, Ontario Shores offers specialized recovery-focused interprofessional programs and services designed to provide successful treatment as interprofessional teams work with patients and families throughout their journey of recovery.
Assessment and crisis services are provided, as well as consultation and education.
Ontario Shores is accredited by Accreditation Canada.
Ontario Shores operates with the support of the Central East Local Health Integration Network (Central East LHIN) and the Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care.
The organization is regulated by the Public Hospitals Act, the Mental Health Act and other provincial and federal legislation.
In 1911, the architect, James Govan, working with a team of advisory psychiatrists, physicians and government officials, presented his design for the Whitby Hospital.
Govan worked to ensure the design would be unlike that of past hospitals, dark and damp and barred windows.
The design called for sixteen cottages where patients would live while receiving treatment.
In addition each cottage was constructed in such a manner as to allow natural sunlight through the windows.
Each cottage could hold up to 70 patients.
The patients could move freely without having to travel through underground tunnels.
One aspect of the new mental health facility was the physical site situated east of Toronto.
Purchased by the Provincial Government early in 1912, the grounds originally consisted of of treed farmland that sloped gently to Lake Ontario.
The hospital offered patients fresh air, sunshine, space to walk and an opportunity to heal.
In 1914, war broke out, and while construction on the hospital continued, progress slowed.
Over the next two years, however, as more and more buildings were completed, doctors transferred psychiatric patients from Toronto facilities.
By February 1917, large numbers of soldiers were returning from overseas.
Many were badly wounded and needed intense, long-term treatment.
Since general hospitals were not equipped to meet such needs, the Military Hospitals Commission made arrangements to lease patient cottages for the purpose of treating wounded soldiers.
On October 23, 1994, the hospital celebrated 75 years of service to patients, their families and the communities with a rapidly growing primary service area of over 2.2 million people.
The public joined in the celebrations held on the hospital grounds.
The theme of the event was "A Proud Past, A Progressive Future."
On this occasion the facility was renamed Whitby Mental Health Centre.
In 1996, a new, state-of-the-art, $90 million Whitby Mental Health Centre became the first public psychiatric hospital to be built in North America in 25 years.
The facility was designed with eight interconnected buildings, separated by accessible landscaped courtyards and linked by a 1,400 foot interior corridor.
The use of skylights, windows and glass is extensive, to let in light.
Upon completion, the structure's roof was the largest zinc installation anywhere in the world and is not expected to require maintenance for the next 100 years.
Eleven large artwork commissions are displayed throughout the facility with the aim to provide beauty and assist with orientation.
In 1997 the Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care recommended the hospital and eight other provincial psychiatric hospitals divest and operate under the Public Hospital Act.
In these recommendations, the hospital was slated to become a stand-alone corporation and the other eight hospitals were divested to existing hospital corporations.
On June 10, 2009 the hospital rebranded to better reflect its goals and vision.
The new name is Ontario Shores Centre for Mental Health Sciences (Ontario Shores).
The Communications and Public Affairs team at Ontario Shores won a Gold Quill Award of Merit in the category of Brand Communication from the International Association of Business Communicators (IABC) for the organization's rebranding project, A New Brand for a New Era.
Ontario Shores offers specialized and comprehensive care for adolescents, adults and seniors living with mental illness.
The hospital provides a broad range of inpatient and outpatient programs and services, including community-based programs and initiatives.
Ontario Shores' Gordon Street location in Whitby, Ontario is the home of its largest facility.
The facility was designed with eight interconnected buildings, separated by accessible landscaped courtyards and linked by a 1,400 foot interior corridor.
The use of skylights, windows and glass is extensive, to let in light.
Upon completion, the structure's roof was the largest zinc installation anywhere in the world and is not expected to require maintenance for the next 100 years.
Eleven large artwork commissions are displayed throughout the facility with the aim provide beauty and assist with orientation.
Ontario Shores also serves outpatients through a number of clinics across Ontario: Durham Community Clinic, Durham Assertive Community Treatment Team, Peterborough Assertive Community Treatment Team, York Region Community Clinic, Maple Memory Clinic and Kawartha Lakes Community Clinic.
Ontario Shores is a part of the community.
The hospital runs a number of community-based programs such as New Directions, in partnership with Durham Mental Health Services and United Survivors Support Centre, to provide specialized, recovery-oriented care to individuals suffering from mental illness in a central community location.
This day program runs events three times a week and includes communications, computers, art, cooking and more.
The hospital also has a number of partnerships with local businesses such as Tim Hortons, Parkwood Estate and Manufacturing and Technology Centre to provide patients with an opportunity to gain valuable work experience and develop connections with their community.
Ontario Shores regularly presents lectures and conferences, to advance mental health care among professionals and the general public, featuring both clinical experts and personal stories.
The hospital also presents a number of arts, music and film events, including Mindful Music, Imagine Film Festival and Film Series, Let's Talk Speaker Series, an art gallery and special guest speakers, such as Chantal Kreviazuk, Matthew Good and Steven Page.
Ontario Shores hosts an Ontario Shores Neighbours Blog, to further engage with the growing neighbourhood around the hospital.
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Jersey Devil is a 3D platformer developed by Behaviour Interactive located in Canada, and released worldwide for the PlayStation and PC.
Jersey Devil, the protagonist of the game, is a Jersey Devil, although he has more characteristics of a bat.
His primary mission is to stop Dr. Knarf and his army of mutated vegetables and prehistoric monsters.
Jersey Devil uses his punch, jumping, and gliding abilities to defeat his enemies.
In many areas of the game, it is necessary to collect all five letters of Knarf's name to proceed, adding a puzzle element to the gameplay.
There are six areas in the game with three levels each: two main levels, and a secret bonus level unlockable if the player's Nitro power level is high enough.
The game opens with a short, animated segment that serves as the intro to the game.
Dennis, a mutated, humanoid pumpkin, enters his master, Dr. Knarf's lab with something he found in a small cage.
He interrupts Knarf as he is about to dissect a mutant eggplant in order to show him, and the creature in the cage is shown to be the main character, Jersey Devil, as an infant.
Knarf begins plans to dissect the infant in order to study him, but realizes that when Dennis interrupted him earlier, he ruined his last scalpel blade and locks Dennis in a cage outside before leaving to fetch more.
While gone, one of his plant monsters tries to eat the infant Jersey Devil, but he eludes it and then begins to wreck the lab while Dennis watches helplessly from his cage.
Knarf returns to find his lab in ruins and the Jersey Devil holding a bottle of Nitroglycerin, which he dangles in the air before suddenly dropping it and destroying the lab almost completely, the result of which sends him flying far away into the middle of the nearby town of "Jersey".
The cutscene then flashes forward to many years later, the town has grown into a city, and mutant vegetable monsters are seen chasing after and kidnapping the residents of the city.
One of them stops while passing by a television store window, which is playing the evening news, and watches curiously as Dr. Knarf is mentioned, revealing him to be alive and the mutant vegetables his doing.
The news then goes on to mention "mysterious sightings of the legendary Jersey Devil", as a figure suddenly appears behind the mutant and pulls of the mask he is wearing, revealing him to be Dennis, who also survived the explosion.
The figure, revealed to be Jersey Devil, leans down and says "Boo!"
scaring Dennis away, when he picked up by Knarf as he drives past in his car.
The scene then pans back towards Jersey Devil, finding instead only empty streets, before revealing Jersey Devil up on the rooftops, looking down over the city as the title screen appears.
The game received mixed reviews; criticism was mainly focused on the camera and graphics.
A common praise given to the game was its orchestral score by Gilles Léveillé.
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Ho-Ho-Kus School District is a community public school district located in Ho-Ho-Kus, New Jersey, United States, that serves students in pre-kindergarten through eighth grade.
As of the 2014-15 school year, the district and its one school had an enrollment of 897 students and 51.2 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 17.5:1.
The district is classified by the New Jersey Department of Education as being in District Factor Group "J", the highest of eight groupings.
District Factor Groups organize districts statewide to allow comparison by common socioeconomic characteristics of the local districts.
From lowest socioeconomic status to highest, the categories are A, B, CD, DE, FG, GH, I and J.
Public school students in Ho-Ho-Kus for ninth through twelfth grades attend Northern Highlands Regional High School, which also serves students from Allendale, Upper Saddle River and some of Saddle River's students (who have the option of attending either Northern Highlands or Ramsey High School, as part of sending/receiving relationships with the two districts).
As of the 2014-15 school year, the high school had an enrollment of 1,373 students and 115.1 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 11.9:1.
In 2016, the Ho-Ho-Kus and Northern Highlands districts reached an agreement to extend the send / receive agreement through 2026 under a fixed-price contract by which Ho-Ho-Kus would pay $3.6 million for the 2016-17 school year, escalating by 2% a year to $4.3 million in 2025-26, regardless of the number of students from the borough sent to the high school.
The original school building was constructed in 1936.
Over the years, several additions have been made to the school.
The most recent construction added of space, primarily in the middle school wing, but the addition included the new cafeteria, two science rooms, and administrative offices.
There was also a renovation of the existing school building.
A 1973 plan to have students from Ho-Ho-Kus attend Midland Park High School in Midland Park, New Jersey as part of a combined regional district never came to fruition, despite official approval and encouragement by the New Jersey Board of Education.
Ridgewood had been hosting students in grades 9 to 12 from Ho-Ho-Kus at Ridgewood High School for 75 years as part of a sending/receiving relationship, though the Ridgewood board of education ended the arrangement in 1973 due to overcrowding and a proposed regionalization agreement between Ho-Ho-Kus and Ridgewood was rejected by voters from both communities in 1969.
The state had proposed the formation of a regional agreement between Ho-Ho-Kus and Midland Park, though the choices of funding based on either property values or on the number of students would mean that one borough would shoulder higher costs than the other, regardless of which method was selected, given the sharp differences in demographics between the two communities.
The small size of Midland Park High School and the lack of electives led to efforts in the mid-1990s to find another high school to serve students from the borough.
Since then, high school students from Ho-Ho-Kus have been attending Northern Highlands Regional High School.
The current agreement between Ho-Ho-Kus and Northern Highlands runs through 2018.
In 2012, school elections were shifted from April to the November general election as part of an effort to reduce the costs of a standalone April vote.
During the 1989-90 school year, Ho-Ho-Kus Public School was awarded the Blue Ribbon School Award of Excellence by the United States Department of Education, the highest award an American school can receive.
In 2002, John Smith of the Ho-Ho-Kus Public School was recognized with the History of Distinguished Leadership Award by the New Jersey Association for Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance.
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The 2003 USC Trojans football team represented the University of Southern California in the 2003 NCAA Division I-A football season.
They were named the Associated Press and Football Writers Association of America (FWAA) national champions but were denied a spot in the BCS National Championship Game by the BCS selections for the national championship game.
The regular season ended with three one-loss teams in BCS contention: Oklahoma, LSU and USC.
USC ended the regular season ranked #1 and LSU #2 in both the AP Poll and the Coaches' Poll.
USC lost one triple-overtime game at California, which finished 8–6; LSU had a 12-point home loss against a Florida team that went 8–5; Oklahoma, which had been ranked #1 for most of the season, fell to #3 after suffering a 35–7 defeat in the 2003 Big 12 Championship Game to Kansas State, which finished 11–4.
Controversy erupted when the BCS computers selected Oklahoma–LSU as the BCS title game.
During the bowl games, USC had a convincing 28–14 win over #4 Michigan in the Rose Bowl while LSU beat Oklahoma 21–14 in the Sugar Bowl (designated the BCS title game).
USC remained #1 in the final AP Poll with 48 of the 65 votes, and LSU was ranked, by contractual obligation, #1 in the final Coaches' Poll, though three coaches did not follow instructions and voted USC #1 in that poll as well.
Their offensive players include QB#10 Matt Cassel (JR), QB#11 Matt Leinart (SO), RB#40 Brandon Hancock (SO), RB#34 Hershel Dennis (SO), WR#7 Sandy Fletcher (SR), WR#19 Greig Carlson (SO), WR#31 William Buchanon (SO), WR#83 Keary Colbert (SR), WR#82 Chris McFoy (FR), WR#15 Jason Mitchell (SO), WR#2 Steve Smith (FR), RB#23 Chauncey Washington (FR), RB#35 Lee Webb (JR), RB#21 Lendale White (FR), WR#1 Mike Williams (SO), RB#28 Andre Woodert (FR), TE#44 Gregg Guenther (SO), and RB#37 David Kirtman (SO).
With the late arrival of highly touted quarterback John David Booty, who left high school a year early to attend USC, the Trojans' 2003 recruiting class was considered by some to be the best in the country.
Its legacy included many NFL Draft picks over several years, including five first-round picks.
2004 NFL Draft:
***LIST***.
2006 NFL Draft:
***LIST***.
2007 NFL Draft:
***LIST***.
2008 NFL Draft:
***LIST***.
USC opened the season visiting Auburn University: the Tigers were also ranked in the top 10 and had been named a pre-season favorite to be the national champion by at least one major news organization.
In his first start, quarterback Matt Leinart led the Trojans on a dominating 23–0 performance.
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The 1st Battalion (Assault Helicopter Battalion), 158th Aviation Regiment, nicknamed the "Ghostriders", is headquartered at Conroe, Texas The battalion flies UH-60 Black Hawks as part of the United States Army Reserve's 11th Theater Aviation Command.
The battalion traces its lineage to Company A, 158th Aviation Battalion, activated on 25 July 1968, for assignment to the 101st Airborne Division (airmobile) when the division, already in Vietnam, was transitioning from a parachute unit to a helicopter-transported airmobile unit.
The 2d Battalion was constituted on 25 July 1968, in the regular army as Company B, 158th Aviation Battalion, an element of the 101st Airborne Division (airmobile), and activated at Fort Carson, Colorado.
It was reorganized and redesignated on 16 September 1987, as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 2d Battalion, 158th Aviation, and relieved from assignment to the 101st Airborne Division (air assault)(organic elements concurrently constituted and activated), and on 15 September 1996 it was inactivated at Fort Hood, Texas.
Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 2d Battalion, 158th Aviation was redesignated on 16 October 1997 as Company B, 158th Aviation, and activated at Fort Hood, Texas, and then redesignated again on 1 October 2005 as Company B, 158th Aviation Regiment.
It was inactivated there on 15 January 2008.
On 17 October 2011 it was redesignated as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 2d Battalion, 158th Aviation Regiment, and activated at Joint Base Lewis-McChord, Washington (organic elements concurrently activated).
The 3d Battalion was activated on 25 July 1968 in the regular army as Company C, 158th Aviation Battalion, an element of the 101st Airborne Division (airmobile), at Fort Riley, Kansas.
It was inactivated 16 October 1986 at Fort Campbell, Kentucky and relieved from assignment to the 101st Airborne Division (air assault).
The unit was redesignated 16 September 1987 as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 3rd Battalion, 158th Aviation, but withdrawn from the regular army on 16 September 1988 and allotted to the army reserve at Glenview, Illinois, where it was inactivated and re-allotted to the regular army.
The battalion was concurrently redesignated as Company C, 158th Aviation and activated in Germany.
It was redesignated on 16 October 2000 as the 3d Battalion, 158th Aviation.
As of mid-2001, a detachment from Foxtrot Company, 159th Aviation Regiment, was deployed to Camp Able Sentry, Macedonia, in support of KFOR and Operation Joint Guardian.
Company D was activated on 25 July 1968 in the regular army as Company D, 158th Aviation Battalion, an element of the 101st Airborne Division (airmobile), and activated at Fort Carson, Colorado.
It was inactivated on 30 September 1981 at Fort Campbell, Kentucky, and relieved from assignment to the 101st Airborne Division (air assault), then redesignated on 16 September 1987 as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 4th Battalion, 158th Aviation, relieved from allotment to the regular army, allotted to the army reserve, and activated at Fort Devens, Massachusetts (organic elements concurrently constituted and activated).
It was inactivated there on 1 September 1996.
Redesignated on 16 October 1997 as Company D, 158th Aviation, it was relieved from allotment to the army reserve, allotted to the regular army, and activated in Germany, where it was again inactivated on 15 October 2000.
Nine days later it was relieved from allotment to the regular army, allotted again to the army reserve, and subsequently activated on 16 September 2002 at Victorville, California.
The 5th Battalion was reorganized and redesignated in 1987 as a parent regiment under the United States Army Regimental System.
On 18 September 1987 at Giebelstadt Army Airfield (GAAF) in Giebelstadt, Germany, the lineage of Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 158th Aviation Battalion was reflagged as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 5th Battalion, 158th Aviation, which was constituted and activated, using the assets of the 11th Aviation Battalion.
The battalion's organic elements were subsequently constituted and activated.
During the 1990s the 5th Battalion an element of the 12th Aviation Brigade, was the largest aviation battalion in the US Army.
Units of the battalion were located in Giebelstadt and Wiesbaden, Germany and Aviano, Italy, and their mission included transportation of personnel and equipment.
During combat or peacekeeping missions the 5th Battalion was also responsible for transporting V Corps leaders throughout the area of operations.
Unit aircraft were a mixture of UH-60 Blackhawks and CH-47 Chinooks.
Companies A and E of the battalion were located at Wiesbaden Air Base (WAB) in Wiesbaden, while Company B, activated on 16 October 1998, was stationed in Aviano.
The activation of Company C at WAB was, at that time, projected for January 2000.
This activation completed the army's doctrinal template of the Mission Ready Battalion.
As of early 2000 the unit consisted of eight companies flying and maintaining UH-60 Black Hawks and CH-47 Chinooks.
The battalion had a total of 70 aircraft, which was larger than the normal 24 in a then-standard aviation battalion.
A standard battalion generally flew 3,000-4,000 hours per year, while the 5th Battalion had nearly 12,000 accident-free flying hours during 1999.
The unit was also the primary organization used for transporting the US Vice President and entourage for the president when they were in the theater.
In 1999, the 5th Battalion deployed to Albania, Macedonia, Kosovo, Bosnia, Africa, Hungary, Austria, Switzerland and other areas within Europe.
The total flying hours for FY99 was over 11,000, with over 5,000 of those hours logged in support of Task Force Hawk in Albania.
Vehicle miles covered by members of the battalion were over 135,000.
The unit also dispensed over 750,000 gallons of aircraft fuel without a major incident.
Soldiers of the 5th Battalion were the first to fly US troops into Kosovo.
The 7th Battalion was constituted on 16 September 1987 with headquarters in the Army Reserve as the 7th Battalion, 158th Aviation and activated on 16 September 1988 at Scott Air Force Base, Illinois.
There it was ordered into active military service 27 December 1990 and later released on 17 June 1991, reverting to reserve status.
Except for C Company, 7th Battalion, 158th Aviation Regiment, which remained on active duty attached to 5th Battalion, 158th Aviation Regiment12th Aviation Brigade stationed in Giebelstadt AAF Germany, supporting Operation Beirut Air Bridge.
On 1 September 1995 the unit was inactivated at Scott AFB.
The lineage was resurrected on 16 October 1999 when it was reactivated at Fort Hood, Texas, and on 1 October 2005 the unit was redesignated as the 7th Battalion, 158th Aviation Regiment.
Elements ordered into active military service from 15 January 2005 to 11 October 2006 at home stations, then released from active military service from 12 February 2006 to 7 April 2008, reverting to reserve status.
Company A ordered into active military service on 10 November 2008 at Victorville, California, then released and reverting to reserve status on 14 December 2009.
Company C and other elements were ordered into active federal service on 29 January 2009 at Salem, Oregon, then released and reverting to state control on 4 March 2010.
Elements ordered into active military service on 24 January 2010 at home stations and then released and reverting to reserve status on 11 March 2010.
On 17 March 2011 elements were again ordered into active military service, this time at New Century, Kansas.
***LIST***.
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KTSN (1490 AM) "Sun Radio" is a radio station licensed to Austin, Texas, United States.
The station is currently owned by Principle Broadcasting Foundation and rebroadcasts on 100.1 FM Austin.
Sun Radio is a network of radio stations, focusing on the music of the great American traditions of Rock and Roll, Blues, R&B, the authentic genres of Country such as Honky-Tonk, Western Swing, and Rockabilly.
Sun Radio covers the Austin and Hill Country area.
Sun Radio's mission in part, is to preserve the culture of Texas music with a minimal impact on the environment.
Sun Radio creates and distributes solar-powered radio programming to non-commercial member stations with a focus on Texas artists and Americana music.
We help foster new radio broadcasting careers for the residents of the Texas Hill Country and provide 24-hour a day, free local radio for the communities we serve.
Proceeds are used to expand local programming, in the creation of local jobs, as support for other non-profit organizations, to broadcast local musicians and events, and in funding new capital projects designed to increase our coverage area.
Kevin Conner - Weekday Mornings 6am-11am; "A Hill Country Saturday" 9am-2pm <br>
Jessie Scott - Weekdays 11am-3pm <br>
Mark Murray - Weekdays 3pm-7pm <br>
Ben Bethea - "The Road to Midnight" Tuesdays - Thursdays 9pm-12am; "Rollin' Radio" Fridays 9pm-12am and Saturdays 5pm-9pm<br>
Mike Buck - "Blue Monday" Mondays 7pm-9pm <br>
John Dromgoole – “Dance Halls And Last Calls” Wednesdays 8pm and Sundays 1pm <br>
David Arnsberger – “Texas Radio Live” & “Pioneers of Texas Music” <br>
Jim Swift – “Porch Radio” Thursdays 7pm-9pm <br>
Nancy Holt – Thursdays & Fridays 7pm-9pm; Saturdays 2pm-5pm <br>
Ed Miller – “Across The Pond” Sundays at 6pm <br>
"The Men of Manchaca" - Doug Moreland, Jomo Edwards, Beau Smith, Stoney Gable – “Behind The Lines” Tuesdays at 8pm and Sundays at 12pm
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"Quark, Strangeness and Charm" is a 1977 song by the UK rock group Hawkwind, being the title track from the "Quark, Strangeness and Charm" album.
The title references quarks which are sub-atomic particles; "strangeness" and "charm" are playful terms used by physicists to refer to how many strange and charm quarks are within a particle.
The lyrics take a humorous look at certain famous physicists' romantic failures.
It was released as a single in the UK (CB305) on 29 July 1977, being a slightly different version to the one on the album.
Some European copies had a different B-side, such as Germany which featured "The Iron Dream" instead.
The single version was subsequently included on the 1980 "Repeat Performance" compilation album.
At the time Hawkwind shared the same management as Marc Bolan and so were given a slot on the "Marc" Granada Television programme to promote it.
For some reason Brock declined to appear either being unwilling to drive to Manchester for the filming or because he held a long time grudge against Bolan.
For the pre-recording of the music on this show, Shaw played guitar whilst Calvert mimed playing guitar during the filming.
The song only briefly featured in Hawkwind's live set in 1977 with one recording surviving, released on both the "Hawkwind Anthology" and "" albums.
It was briefly resurrected at the end of 1993 for the tour of the "It Is the Business of the Future to Be Dangerous" album and remained until the end of 1994.
In 1994 Hawkwind recorded a new version of the song with significant rewriting of the music.
This version was also included on the album "The Business Trip".
The Stranglers Jean-Jacques Burnel has long been an admirer of the song, stating it was "a song I'd really fucking wish I'd written.".
He has performed versions of the song with Three Men And Black.
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The Österreichische Basketball Bundesliga (ÖBL) (in English: Austrian Basketball League (ABL)) is the top men's professional basketball league in Austria.
Until the 2004–05 season, the league was known as the A-Liga (A-League) and then until the 2008–09 season it was called the Österreichische Basketball Bundesliga (ÖBL).
Since the 2008–09 season, it has been named the Admiral Basketball League, after the league's main sponsor, Admiral Sportwetten.
In the current season each team plays the other nine teams four times, creating a 36-game regular-season schedule.
After that, the top six teams move on.
The two semi-finals winners meet in a best-of-seven championship series.
The ÖBL holds an annual all-star game, pitting a team of the best Austrian players in the league against a team made up of the league's top international players.
Like the NBA All-Star Game, the ÖBL All-Star festivities include a slam dunk contest and a three-point shooting competition.
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The Royal Navy Observer School grew out of HM Naval Seaplane Training School at RNAS Lee-on-Solent as a result of a series of changes of identity and parent unit.
From 1918 until 1939 the Royal Air Force was responsible for naval aviation, including training and provision of aircrew to the Royal Navy.
With the return of naval aviation to the Royal Navy on 24 May 1939, the Observer School was established as 750 Naval Air Squadron of the Fleet Air Arm.
During World War II the squadron moved to Trinidad to continue training aircrew.
It was temporarily disbanded in October 1945.
The squadron reformed in 1952 and is currently based at RNAS Culdrose, where it trains approximately 30 Royal Navy observers every year.
The Royal Navy established HM Naval Seaplane Training School on 30 July 1917 at Lee-on-Solent; the unit was responsible for the training of seaplane pilots and observers.
When the Royal Naval Air Service and the Royal Flying Corps merged on 1 April 1918 to form the Royal Air Force, the school was renamed No.
209 Training Depot.
Throughout the early 1920s pilots and observers of seaplanes were trained at Lee-on-Solent under a variety of names; from 1921 the base was renamed the RAF Seaplane Training School, and from 1923, the RAF School of Naval Co-operation.
Although the school now concentrated on observer training, from 1925 all naval aircrew were provided by the RAF, and training of naval officers as observers ceased.
During this period the primary training aircraft was the Fairey IIID.
From 1932 Lee-on-Solent was provided with a full airfield and became the headquarters of the RAF's Coastal Command.
Observer training continued apace and the airfield was home to a wide range of naval aircraft including Fairey Seals, Hawker Ospreys, Blackburn Sharks, Supermarine Walruses, and Fairey Swordfishes.
Telegraphist air gunners were also trained at Lee-on-Solent in the years leading up to the Second World War.
750 Naval Air Squadron was formed at RNAS Ford on 24 May 1939 from the Royal Navy Observer School, but after Ford was bombed early in the war, it moved to RNAS Yeovilton.
Changing title from a school to a squadron did not change its basic purpose, which was the training of observers for the Fleet Air Arm.
The squadron initially flew Hawker Ospreys and Blackburn Sharks, but in November 1940 it moved to Piarco Savannah (HMS "Goshawk") in Trinidad and at about the same time re-equipped with Fairey Albacores.
On 15 January 1941, 21 officers and 121 ratings from 749, 750 and 752 squadrons sailed from Liverpool on bound for Trinidad.
Two days later sank "Almeda Star" in heavy seas north of Rockall.
There were no survivors.
The squadron operated in Trinidad for the duration of World War II and was disbanded on 10 October 1945.
The squadron reformed on 17 April 1952 at RNAS St Merryn.
At first it was equipped with twelve Fairey Barracudas and four Avro Ansons, but in 1953 the Fairey Firefly T7 and Percival Sea Prince T1 aircraft were introduced, and in the same year the squadron moved to RNAS Culdrose.
In 1955 the squadron changed its name to the Observer and Air Signal School.
After discontinuing the training of air telegraphists, it changed again to the Observer School in May 1959.
The squadron moved to Hal Far (HMS "Falcon"), Malta in October 1959, and in 1965 it was transferred again, this time to RNAS Lossiemouth.
The last move came in 1972, back to RNAS Culdrose,still equipped with the Sea Prince T1.
These were replaced by the Jetstream T2 in 1978 and in 1992 the squadron became the first naval air squadron to achieve 50 unbroken years in commission.
(Note in 2017 now 75!
Formerly flying the T2 & T3 versions of the BAe Jetstream, 750 NAS is tasked with providing Basic Flying Training for the Fleet Air Arm's observers.
After undergoing initial training at Britannia Royal Naval College, trainee aircrew officers join for a seven-month period of training in all aspects of airborne navigation, airmanship and other tactical skills.
This is conducted in classrooms as well as in the air and in a computer-controlled simulator.
Upon completion of this course they will be ready for advanced flying training and will be streamed for their eventual specialisation.
On completion of flying training observers can serve in Westland Sea King, AgustaWestland AW159 Wildcat or AgustaWestland Merlin helicopters.
These aircraft help extend the eyes and ears of the fleet at sea and are integral to the ASuW and ASW capabilities of the RN
In 2011, the Jetstreams were replaced by Avenger T1 aircraft, modified Hawker Beechcraft King Air 350ERs, as part of the UK Military Flying Training System.
The Squadron operates four commercially owned but military-registered aircraft, employing a mixture of military and civilian personnel to achieve the instructional task.
As well as training Fleet Air Arm observers and aircrewmen, it also carries out training for Weapon System Operators (Early Warning) for the Royal Air Force.
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Sahnewal Airport, also known as Ludhiana Airport, is the local airport serving the city of Ludhiana in Punjab.
It is located near the town of Sahnewal, southeast of Ludhiana on the Grand Trunk Road.
The Airport is spread over more than 130 acres.
The current airport arrival/departure halls can accommodate 40 passengers.
Air India Regional, which used to operate an ATR-42 aircraft to Delhi, ceased operating the service in 2014.
Under Udaan scheme, Regular flights to New Delhi are starting in july by Air Alliance.
it will be followed by Air Deccan in August
An Aerotropolis is being planned for Ludhiana.
The previous Congress government of the state had proposed an airport in the city.
Their proposal had included the suggestion of an airport first at Ladhowal and then it would be gradually expanded to the Halwara air force base for trying to accommodate passenger flights.
The Ludhiana Aerotropolis at Machhiwara is the country's second after the one at Durgapur.
The Ludhiana Aerotropolis would be spread over , and about of this area would be developed in the first phase at a cost of Rs 2,000 crore.
This would also include the process of land acquisition and construction of the airport.
Bengal Aerotropolis had earlier signed a MoU with PSIDC for setting up an airport in Punjab, which also acted as the project facilitator for them.
They have already tied up with Singapore's Changi Airports International Pvt.
Ltd for development and planning of the project.kldjADL
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A Continental tire is an upright, external, mounted spare tire behind an automobile's trunk compartment.
The term also describes a non-functional bulge that is stamped into the trunk lid or a cosmetic accessory to the rear of the car giving the impression of a spare tire mount.
The pre-mounted spare tire and wheel combination on early automobiles typically meant an external mounting.
Early European sports cars had their spare tire attached on the back of the automobile since their trunk or storage space was often very small.
The development of the enclosed trunk on automobiles meant the spare tire could be placed out of sight, but this arrangement used up valuable space for carrying luggage.
Edsel Ford had a special car built after returning from a trip to Europe that would have a "continental look" – including a spare tire mounted on the trunk.
The 1939 Lincoln Continental's short trunk with its external rear spare tire mount became a distinctive design.
While this was not the first car to either carry its spare above the rear bumper or integrated into the rear bodywork, it was the first to do it so elegantly and thus this feature became known as a "Continental tire" even if the design was found on other brands.
Similar spare tire placements added to more prosaic automobiles were also described as a "Continental kit", borrowing their name from the production Lincoln Continental.
There is a legend that Henry Ford II complained that the trunk of his personal Ford Thunderbird did not have room for a set of golf clubs without removing the spare tire.
The 1956 Thunderbird had its spare tire mounted outside.
However, adding weight behind the rear wheels was said to adversely affect steering and handling.
For 1957 the Thunderbird's trunk was stretched to allow the spare tire to migrate back inside, although the Continental mounting was still optional.
This external spare wheel mount became a customizing aftermarket appearance accessory during the 1950s.
In the United States, the external Continental tire mounting was a factory option on various types of cars during the 1950s and early 1960s.
On some models – such as on the Nash Metropolitan, Jeepster Commando, and Mercury Turnpike Cruiser – the Continental tire was a standard feature.
Most often, the car's rear bumper was extended and the tire had a fabric or metal cover.
The bracket for the spare wheel was designed to swing away for access to the trunk.
Contemporary examples of Continental kits are sometimes found on customized automobiles.
It has become an accessory that typifies "the spirit" of the 1950s.
Continental kits were also made popular by the pimpmobile craze of the 1970s, not to mention the "Pimp My Ride" show.
Continental tires are known as 'fifth wheels' in hip hop slang.
Numerous compact sport utility vehicle (SUV) models of today have an exposed rear mounted spare tire.
This is no longer described as a Continental tire.
However, the historic Jeep DJ "Surrey Gala" with the fringed top, seats and Continental tire mount are of colorful vinyl coated fabrics with 'candy stripes' of pink, green or blue to match solid body colors.
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Highway 624 is a highway in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan.
It is divided into three sections.
The western segment of Highway 624 runs from Highway 717 to Highway 715 near Spring Valley.
It is about long.
Highway 624 passes near Ormiston and the Oro Lake Regional Park.
The southeastern segment of Highway 624 runs from Highway 33 near Richardson to Highway 1 at Emerald Park.
It is about long.
The northeastern segment of Highway 624 runs from Highway 46 / Highway 362 intersection at Pilot Butte to Highway 734 near Zehner.
It is about long.
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TM and Cult Mania is a non-fiction book that examines assertions made by the Transcendental Meditation movement (TM).
The book is authored by Michael Persinger, Normand Carrey and Lynn Suess and published in 1980 by Christopher Publishing House.
Persinger is a neurophysiologist and has worked out of Laurentian University.
He trained as a psychologist and focused on the impacts of religious experience.
Carrey is a medical doctor who specialized in psychiatry.
He focused his studies into child psychiatry with research at Dalhousie University, and has taught physicians in a psychiatry residency program in the field of family therapy.
Suess assisted Persinger in researching effects of geological phenomena on unidentified flying object sightings in Washington; the two conducted similar research in Toronto and Ottawa.
"TM and Cult Mania" analyzes the efficacy or lack thereof of the TM meditation process, concluding that it is, "no more effective than many other meditation techniques".
The authors write that, "Transcendental Meditation has achieved international recognition through commercial exploitation" and "poor scientific procedures".
The book notes that physiological changes observed due to partaking in TM methodology are very small.
Persinger, Carrey, and Suess conclude in "TM and Cult Mania", "science has been used as a sham for propaganda by the TM movement."
A positive capsule review in the "Los Angeles Times" noted that the authors use logic to point out transparencies in the assertions of Transcendental Meditation.
John Horgan, in his book "Rational Mysticism", questions Persinger's neutrality and says that in his book he treats religious beliefs and spiritual practices as mental illness.
Michael Persinger is a neurophysiologist who has worked at Laurentian University in Greater Sudbury, Ontario, Canada.
He trained as a psychologist and focused on the impacts of religious experience.
Persinger is the author of the book "Neuropsychological Basis of Human Belief", and since its publication he has researched and examined the physiological and neurological causes of religious belief systems.
Normand Carrey received education as a medical doctor and specialized in psychiatry.
He became a child psychiatrist, and worked out of Dalhousie University in Halifax, Canada.
Carrey has conducted studies into psychological resilience, and has taught physicians in a psychiatry residency program in the field of family therapy.
He has worked in the field of adolescent psychiatry at IWK Health Centre.
Lynn Suess assisted Persinger in 1980, in researching geological phenomena which may have affected unidentified flying object sightings in Washington.
Suess and Persinger performed similar research in Toronto and Ottawa.
"TM and Cult Mania" takes a look at the assertions made by the Transcendental Meditation movement and analyzes them from a scientific perspective.
The book acknowledges that those who practice the Transcendental Meditation technique feel relaxed and experience an increase in creativity.
According to the book, the physiological effects reported by the scientific studies on Transcendental Meditation are relatively small from a scientific perspective and "no more effective than many other meditation techniques".
Transcendental Meditation is seen as most noteworthy due to its ability to manipulate stress and expectancy.
"Transcendental Meditation has achieved international recognition through commercial exploitation" and "poor scientific procedures", write the authors.
The book notes, "Frankly, the reported effects of TM upon human behavior are trivial.
Considering the alleged potency of the TM procedure, the changes in physiological and behavioral measures are conspicuously minute."
"TM and Cult Mania" comes to the conclusion that, "science has been used as a sham for propaganda by the TM movement."
A capsule review of the book for the "Los Angeles Times", Phil Freshman commented, "Using hard logic and crackling humor, a trio of Canadian laboratory researchers cogently deflates Transcendental Meditation; they spotlight transparencies in its claims and warn of its latent hazards to those in wobbly mental health."
In his book "Rational Mysticism", author John Horgan comments that although Persinger says he's neutral toward religious belief, he's more biased than other neurotheologians and that his two books "cast religious belief and spiritual practices in a psychopathological light".
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Lansing Municipal Airport is a public airport located south of Chicago, in Lansing, a village in Cook County, Illinois, USA.
It is owned by the Village of Lansing.
Although most U.S. airports use the same three-letter location identifier for the FAA and IATA, Lansing Municipal Airport is assigned IGQ by the FAA but has no designation from the IATA.
Lansing Municipal Airport covers an area of which contains two asphalt paved runways: 9/27 measuring 3,395 x 75 ft (1,035 x 23 m) and 18/36: 4,002 x 75 ft (1,220 x 23 m).
It also houses a blimp base which launches 1/4 of the blimps that cover Chicago sporting events.
For the 12-month period ending December 31, 2004, the airport totaled 54,000 aircraft operations, an average of 147 per day: 91% general aviation and 9% air taxi.
In November 2016, there were 143 aircraft based at this airport: 113 single engine, 15 multi-engine, 5 jet, 9 helicopter and 1 ultralight.
The Ford Hangar, located at the Lansing Municipal Airport in Lansing, Illinois, is an airplane hangar built beginning in 1926, and completed by early January 1927.
It was established as a historic building on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.
It was built under the direction of Henry Ford to serve as a facility to produce and display Ford Tri-Motor airplanes.
Ford purchased 1400 acres of land in Lansing in 1923 to build an airport to connect southland Chicago with his factories in Detroit.
Beginning June 1, 1926, work began on clearing land to build the hangar which was expected to, upon completion, hold three of Ford's Tri-Motor planes.
The noted architect, Albert Kahn, oversaw the design and construction of the building.
He was Henry Ford's chief architect and wanted to design a space that would solve a number of problems found in early hangars.
He incorporated a number of innovations into the building that had not existed in airplane hangars prior to that time.
Most hangars were often poorly designed, temporary buildings that were not well lit.
To solve this, Kahn incorporated three distinct features into the building.
He used an architectural technique known as cantilevered construction that allowed the interior of the building to be open without need for columns to support the building, as well as reduce wind pressure on the building.
In addition he designed the hangar doors on the north and south side of the building to be easily moved by just one person.
Operating on a wheeled track located on the inside of the building, the doors could be opened to any length by one person, regardless of the current wind or weather conditions.
In addition, Kahn also looked to improve the overall environment of the building by incorporating as much natural light in the building as possible.
As a result, he incorporated five large 15 by 18 foot window openings that, when combined with the open sliding doors, allowed for natural light to reach about 40 percent of the total floor area of the hangar.
Ford's dreams of Tri-Motor construction were hampered by the beginning of the Great Depression.
Ford stopped making airplanes by July 1932, and rented the airport land and the hangar to his former airport manager Elmer L. Browne, and later the Hammond aviator Guy W. Amick.
The hangar and the airport were acquired by the Village of Lansing in 1976 in order to qualify for federal funding.
The hangar was in its original use until 2011, when it was vacated for preservation purposes.
Efforts to rehabilitate the building to its original appearance are currently underway.
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Herbert received a BSc in computational science from the Leeds University in 1975, and a Ph.D. in Computer Science from Cambridge University in 1978 for his work on "A Microprogrammed Operating System Kernel".
In 1978 he started working at the University of Cambridge Computer Laboratory as assistant lecturer under Maurice Wilkes and Roger Needham in the Computer Laboratory, and worked with others on the "Cambridge Model Distributed System".
In 1985 he left Cambridge to found his own contract research company (Architecture Projects Ltd - APM Ltd), which led projects to develop ANSA, the Advanced Network Systems Architecture.
In 1996 he had founded another sister company called Digitivity to develop a product to enable the secure deployment of Java clients for business-to-business applications.
Two years later he joined Citrix Systems Inc. following their acquisition of APM and Digitivity to become Director of Advanced Technology.
In 2001 he joined Microsoft Research in Cambridge as an assistant director, and became managing director in April 2003.
In 2010 he became chairman of Microsoft Research EMEA.
He retired from Microsoft in September 2011.
Herbert is a Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering, a Fellow of the British Computer Society and a Liveryman of the City of London Worshipful Company of Information Technologists.
He is a member of ACM and IEEE.
He is a Visiting Professor at University College London, an Emeritus Fellow of Wolfson College, Cambridge and a member of St John's College, Cambridge.
Herbert was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2010 New Year Honours.
Outside of computing, Herbert's interests include flying and restoring vintage aircraft, computer conservation and building scale working models of steam railway locomotives.
Now in retirement, Herbert is the director of a project to construct a working replica of the Cambridge EDSAC computer.
The project is sponsored by Cambridge University and the Computer Conservation Society: The replica is being constructed at The National Museum of Computing at Bletchley Park and it is hoped it will be operational some time in 2017.
Herbert's research interests include computer networking, operating systems, distributed computing, programming languages and large-scale data driven systems.
His most significant research achievements were an operating system for the Cambridge CAP Computer, his contributions to the Cambridge Model Distributed System and the Advanced Networked Systems Architecture.
The Advanced Networked Systems Architecture (ANSA) was an applied research programme starting in the 1980s as part of the UK Alvey Programme.
ANSA aimed to develop a distributed systems software architecture to support applications integration in enterprise-wide systems.
The ANSA work included support for interactive multi-media services, object technology for World Wide Web applications, distributed systems management, mobile object systems and security for electronic commerce.
ANSA was an early example of what became to be known as 'middleware'.
In the 1990s "ANSAWare" software based on the ANSA architecture was used by many organizations ahead of the widespread availability of commercial, CORBA-based products for distributed computing.
Notable successes included the NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS), a European radio pager system and the online customer service system for a major UK utility.
As part of his ANSA work, Herbert played an active role in many standards and consortia for distributed computing including TINA-C, RM-ODP, OSF DCE and OMG CORBA.
Herbert created a Cambridge UK company, called Architecture Projects Management Ltd (APM), to employ the ANSA research team.
As ANSA matured APM developed a parallel software consulting business to help companies adopt ANSA ideas and exploit ANSAware, CORBA and Internet technologies.
A key development during this period was E2S, a smart card-based architecture for end-to-end secure business-to-business transactions.
In 1996 APM spun out further business called Digitivity, with offices in Cambridge UK and Palo Alto, California, USA to develop an Internet browser security product.
In 1998 APM and Digitivity were acquired by Citrix Systems of Ft Lauderdale, Florida, USA and Herbert took up the position of Director for Advanced Technologies where he remained until joining Microsoft in 2001.
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The Army Ten-Miler is the second largest (after the Philadelphia Broad Street Run) ten-mile race in the United States.
It is held every October in Arlington, VA and Washington, DC, sponsored by the U.S. Army Military District of Washington.
The annual race weekend events also include a youth run, a youth activity fair, and a pre-race pasta dinner.
The race draws a large number of civilian and military running teams.
The most recent race was held on Sunday, October 9, 2016.
The race started in 1985 by fitness officials connected with the Army Headquarters staff in the Pentagon.
In the early years, it was led by staff assigned to the Pentagon with the logistic support of the Military District of Washington.
Subsequently, the program was reassigned to the Military District, where it is headed by a year-round, full-time professional staff.
Shortly after the September 11, 2001 terrorist attack on the Pentagon, the October 2001 race was cancelled.
Subsequent races have had extensive anti-terrorist security measures.
DC Metropolitan Police identified a suspicious package under the HOV lanes of the 14th Street Bridge.
Race officials decided to re-route runners at Mile Marker 7 (Independence and 14th Street area) to cross the Memorial Bridge instead.
The DC Metro Police Explosive Ordnance Unit investigated the package and, at 8:55AM, determined that it was harmless.
Because the course was modified, the official race was declared a recreational run and was not scored.
The transponder timing mats were not relocated from the planned finish line to the end of the substitute route, which was estimated to be 11.2 miles long.
The race was held on Sunday, October 7, 2007 with 26,000 runners entered, and a record 17,000 finishing the 10 mile route.
At the 8 a.m. start time, the temperature was 70 degrees F and relative humidity was 94%, making running conditions difficult.
Because of the heat, runners consumed more liquids than expected, and the aide stations ran out of water.
Michael Banner, a 25-year-old runner from Fairfax, Virginia, collapsed near the finish line and subsequently died.
The autopsy results revealed that he had coronary artery disease and ruled that his death was from natural causes.
The 2008 race was held on Sunday, October 5, 2008.
Local women fared well, as Veena Reddy, from Centreville came from behind to win the Open Female Competition.
In addition, Alisa Harvey, from Manassas won the Female Masters.
For the men, Reginaldo Campos Jr. of Brazil took first place in the Open Competition.
He was one of four Brazilian Army finishers in the top ten.
There were a total of 18,789 finishers in the mild October weather.
The 2009 race was held on Sunday, October 4, 2009.
There were course records set for both the men and women's race.
Alene Reta, from Ethiopia, captured the men's race in 46:59 and Samia Akbar, from Herndon, Virginia, won the women's race in 55:25.
21,256 runners finished the race, making it the largest ten mile run in the United States.
On the same day, nine-hundred runners from fifteen nations participated in a "shadow" run held on Kandahar Airfield, Afghanistan.
The 2010 race was held on Sunday, October 24, 2010.
The race set Army Ten Miler registration records, with 30,000 runner slots being sold in only 35 hours.
21,636 runners finished the race, with Alene Reta, from Ethiopia, defending the men's title in 47:10 and Aziza Abate, from Ellicott City, Maryland, winning the women's race in 55:54.
During race week, deployed servicemembers and civilians participated in "shadow" runs at six bases in Afghanistan, five bases in Iraq, and one camp in Djibouti, Africa.
The 2015 race was held on Sunday, October 18, 2015.
Paul Chelimo, a citizen of Kenya living in Beaverton, OR won the race in 48:19, and Tina Muir of Lexington, KY finished first among women, 64th overall, in 55:20.
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The Gold Cup is a defunct cup competition which involved competitors from Ireland and from 1921 onwards, just for Northern Ireland.
It was initially run by the New Irish Football Association but later, and mainly, by the Irish Football Association.
The competition was first played in the 1911-12 season after seven of the eight participating clubs left the IFA (only Linfield FC remained) after a dispute over money and founded the New IFA.
This new organisation introduced the cup as the "New Irish Cup".
At the end of the season after many discussions, the dissident clubs returned to the IFA and the tournament was not held in 1912-13.
However, it was revived by the IFA in 1913-14.
In the seasons 1915-16 to 1918-19 it was played in a league format.
This involved a play-off between the two teams topping the table in the first of these seasons.
The competition was last staged in 2001.
The last season that the Gold Cup was competed for was during the 2000/01 season.
Glentoran were the victors after defeating Coleraine in the final.
It was Glentoran's third Gold cup victory in as many seasons.
The format for the Gold Cup varied throughout its history, but most commonly it was organised on a knock-out basis.
The format over the years was as follows:
In 1915-16, there was a play-off between the top two teams.
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Dinner with Friends is a play written by Donald Margulies.
It premiered at the 1998 Humana Festival of New American Plays and opened Off-Broadway in 1999.
The play received the 2000 Pulitzer Prize for Drama.
Gabe and Karen, a happily married middle-aged couple, live in Connecticut.
They have been friends with Tom and Beth, another married couple, for many years.
In fact, it was Gabe and Karen who introduced their friends in the first place.
While having dinner at Gabe and Karen's home, Beth tearfully reveals that she is getting a divorce from Tom, who has been unfaithful.
Tom, who had been away on business, finds out that Beth has told their friends about the looming divorce, and hastens to Gabe and Karen's home.
Tom and Beth had planned to tell their friends about their breakup together, but Tom now believes that Beth has unfairly presented herself as the wronged party, and feels he must present his own side of the story.
The time flashes back twelve years, to a vacation home on Martha's Vineyard, when Karen and Gabe introduce Beth to Tom.
Over the course of the play, both couples are seen at different ages and stages of their lives.
Tom and Beth's breakup affects Gabe and Karen, who first feel compelled to choose sides, and then begin to question the strength of their own seemingly tranquil marriage.
They also begin to see the real meaning behind their friendships with Tom and Beth.
The play was initially produced at the Humana Festival of New American Plays (Louisville, Kentucky) in March 1998.
The Humana production was directed by Michael Bloom and featured Adam Grupper and Linda Purl as Gabe and Karen and Devore Millman and David Byron as Beth and Tom.
A revised version was presented at South Coast Repertory in Costa Mesa, California, in October 1998.
The South Coast Rep production starred Julie White (Beth), John Carroll Lynch (Gabe), Jane Kaczmarek (Karen) and T. Scott Cunningham (Tom).
"Dinner with Friends" premiered Off-Broadway at the Variety Arts Theatre on November 4, 1999, after previews from October 22 and an out of town tryout in Stamford, Connecticut from October 12 to 17.
The director was Daniel J. Sullivan (at South Coast Rep and Off-Broadway), with sets by Neil Patel, costumes by Jess Goldstein and lighting by Rui Rita.
***LIST***.
The play was revived Off-Broadway by the Roundabout Theatre Company at the Laura Pels Theatre, running from February 2014 to April 13, 2014.
Directed by Pam MacKinnon, the cast featured Heather Burns (Beth), Marin Hinkle (Karen), Darren Pettie (Tom) and Jeremy Shamos (Gabe).
***LIST***.
The play had its UK premiere at the Hampstead Theatre, London in July 2001.
Directed by Simon Curtis, the cast featured Elizabeth McGovern and Kevin Anderson as Beth and Tom, and Rolf Saxon and Samantha Bond as Gabe and Karen.
"Dinner with Friends" is presented in London at the Park Theatre, from October 27, 2015 to November 28.
Directed by Tom Attenborough, the cast features Harry Dhillon as Tom, Finty Williams as Beth, and Shaun Dooley and Sara Stewart as Gabe and Karen.
***LIST***.
The play ran in Paris at the Comédie des Champs-Élysées in 1999, directed by Michel Fagadau and titled "Dîner Entre Amis".
The cast featured Didier Sandre (Tom), Catherine Frot, Jean-Pierre Malo and Liana Fulga.
***LIST***.
The play made its Los Angeles debut at the Geffen Playhouse in October 2000.
Directed by Daniel Sullivan, the cast starred Kevin Kilner (Tom), Dana Delany (Beth), Rita Wilson (Karen) and Daniel Stern (Gabe).
The play has had other regional productions, including the Alliance Theatre, Atlanta; Berkeley Repertory Theatre, California; the Old Globe Theatre; the Portland Stage, Maine (2005); and the Philadelphia Theatre Company (2001).
Elyse Sommer, the "CurtainUp" reviewer, in writing of the original 1999 production, wrote: "Happily the author of 'Collected Stories' and 'Sight Unseen' has once again marshaled his ability to free character and situation prototypes from their cookie cutter mold familiarity.
Just as happily, director Daniel Sullivan has given the script a handsome, smoothly orchestrated production and four actors who fuse Margulies' words with the finesse of a finely tuned string quartet."
The reviewer of the original production for "Aisle Say NY" wrote: "...when it threatens to be schematic and predictable, it is anything but; and what would seem to be a light comedy about friendship and shifting loyalties, becomes instead a surprisingly touching rumination about the changes that come with age: the changes redefining relationships, the changes within relationships, the impact new relationships have on old, and the balances and affections that shift unexpectedly, just because, despite our reluctance to want to accept it, life goes on."
The "CurtainUp" reviewer, in writing of the 2014 revival, concluded: "But for all its richly flavored dialogue and characterizations, the dinner served up at the Laura Pels doesn't resonate as quite the gourmet meal it once was.
It's a well structured, insightful play but it leaves you hungry for seeing Mr. Margulies apply his considerable gifts to more currently significant themes."
The play was adapted into a 2001 HBO TV movie starring Dennis Quaid as Gabe, Andie MacDowell as Karen, Greg Kinnear as Tom, and Toni Collette as Beth.
The movie was directed by Norman Jewison with the screenplay by Margulies.
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The News & Record is the largest newspaper serving Guilford County, North Carolina and the surrounding region.
It is based in Greensboro, North Carolina and produces local sections for Greensboro and Rockingham County, North Carolina.
As of September 30, 2011, it had an average weekday circulation of about 54,789 and an average Sunday circulation of about 81,600.
The "News & Record" is also the third largest paper in North Carolina after the "News & Observer" and "Charlotte Observer".
On January 3, 2008, it was reported that the family-owned Landmark Communications may be for sale.
On January 31, 2013, the News & Record was sold to Berkshire Hathaway, Inc., a Fortune 500 company based in Omaha, Nebraska.
The "News & Record" traces its roots to the Daily Record which was first printed in 1890 in Greensboro.
An afternoon paper, it was begun by John Benson, Joseph Reece, and Harper J. Elam.
Both Benson and Elam eventually sold their interest in the paper to Reece who operated it as sole owner for 14 years until his death in 1915.
For four years thereafter it was owned by Al Fairbrother and George Crater until it was bought by Julian Price in 1919.
The Daily News was a morning paper founded in 1909, an outgrowth of the recently defunct Daily Industrial News.
The "Daily News" and the associated company, the Greensboro News Company, grew quickly, acquiring the other morning paper, the "Greensboro Telegram" in 1911 and in 1930 acquired the "Daily Record".
The Greensboro News Company and its two papers were run by Edwin Bedford Jeffress who owned half interest in the company after 1914.
He remained President until 1961, when his son, Charles, took over the reins of the company.
In 1965 the Company was purchased by Norfolk-Portsmouth Newspapers, based in Norfolk, Virginia.
Jeffress remained publisher but the presidency was given to Frank Batten of Norfolk.
Two years later Norfolk-Portsmouth Newspapers became Landmark Communications.
In the early 1980s, the "Greensboro Daily News" and the "Greensboro Record" (formerly "Daily Record") began gradually consolidating their operations beginning with the Sunday edition in 1980 followed by Saturday in 1983.
By March 1984, both papers were combined to the "News & Record", a single paper with two editions, morning and afternoon.
The afternoon edition was eliminated two years later.
Berkshire Hathaway's BH Media Group bought the "News & Record" from Landmark in 2013.
"Go Triad" is a weekly insert in the "News & Record" each Thursday.
The section is also available in free racks on Friday.
"Go Triad" focuses on arts and entertainment, including reviews and listings of movies, concerts, theater, art exhibits and events, festivals and more, as well as restaurant reviews.
It also has features about local figures in the arts and entertainment industry, including local bands, artists and others.
In 1999, the paper broke with the trend in the medium and began a major expansion effort.
The paper expanded its coverage of High Point, challenging the smaller "High Point Enterprise" on its turf.
The news department added 33 positions.
However, the paper quickly reversed itself.
By 2006, the newsroom had been reduced by about one-fourth mostly through attrition.
"The News & Record" received national attention in the spring of 2005, including an article in "The New York Times" for its plans to try to integrate online reader participation into the reporting and news distribution process.
Online reader participation in reporting and distribution has not materialized.
Online readers can make comments on staff blogs and some online stories.
On June 7, 2007, the newspaper announced it was laying off 41 employees as part of a "business reorganization," the first layoffs in its history.
The paper's publisher cited declining advertising revenues and the "general" and "expanding use of the Internet for news, information and advertising."
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The ancient boroughs were a historic unit of lower-tier local government in England and Wales.
The ancient boroughs covered only important towns and were established by charters granted at different times by the monarchy.
Their history is largely concerned with the origin of such towns and how they gained the right of self-government.
Ancient boroughs were reformed by the Municipal Corporations Act 1835, which introduced directly elected corporations and allowed the incorporation of new industrial towns.
Municipal boroughs ceased to be used for the purposes of local government in 1974, with borough status retained as an honorific title granted by the Crown.
Throughout western Europe, the effect of the Germanic invasions which completed the decline of the Roman Empire was to destroy the Roman municipal organisation.
After the Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain, the ruins of Roman colonies and camps were used by the early English to form tribal strongholds.
Despite their location, burhs on the sites of Roman colonies show no continuity with Roman municipal organisation, and instead resemble the parallel revival of urban centres in continental Europe.
The resettlement of the Roman Durovernum under the name "burh of the men of Kent," "Cant-wara-byrig" or Canterbury, illustrates this point.
The burh of the men of West Kent was Hrofesceaster (Durobrivae), Rochester, and many other ceasters mark the existence of a Roman camp occupied by an early English burh.
The tribal burh was protected by an earthen wall, and a general obligation to build and maintain burhs at the royal command was enforced by Anglo-Saxon law.
Offences in disturbance of the peace of the burh were punished by higher fines than breaches of the peace of the "hām" or ordinary dwelling.
However, neither in the early English language nor in the contemporary Latin was there any fixed usage differentiating the various words descriptive of the several forms of human settlement, and the fortified communal refuges cannot accordingly be clearly distinguished from villages or the strongholds of individuals by any purely nomenclative test.
At the end of the 9th century and beginning of the 10th century there is evidence of a systematic "timbering" of new burhs, with the object of providing strongholds for the defence of Wessex against the Danes, and it appears that the surrounding districts were charged with their maintenance.
It is not until after the Danish invasions that it becomes easier to draw a distinction between the burhs that served as military strongholds for national defence and the royal vills which served no such purpose.
Some of the royal vills eventually entered the class of boroughs, but by another route, and for the present the private stronghold and the royal dwelling may be neglected.
It was the public stronghold and the administrative centre of a dependent district which was the source of the main features peculiar to the borough.
Many causes tended to create peculiar conditions in the boroughs built for national defence.
They were placed where artificial defence was most needed, at the junction of roads, in the plains, on the rivers, at the centres naturally marked out for trade, seldom where hills or marshes formed a sufficient natural defence.
Typically, the fortification of a burh consisted of earth ramparts faced with timber.
Palisades were sometimes used.
The concept of a network of burhs as a defence in depth is usually attributed to Alfred.
This network is described in a manuscript document which has survived in later iterations, named by scholars the Burghal Hidage, which lists thirty three burhs in Wessex and English Mercia.
Most of these survived into the post Norman Conquest era and are the core of later Parliamentary Boroughs and municipal corporations.
Following the successful reconquest from the Vikings by Alfred's descendants Edward and Æthelstan, the latter made a series of reforms in law, the Codes issued at the Council of Grately, which gave additional impetus to the urban development of the burhs which hitherto had been mainly forts.
The burhs drew commerce by every channel; the camp and the palace, the administrative centre, the ecclesiastical centre (for the mother-church of the state was placed in its chief burh), all looked to the market for their maintenance.
The burh was provided by law with a mint and royal moneyers and exchangers, with an authorised scale for weights and measures.
Mercantile transactions in the burhs or ports, as they were called when their commercial rather than their military importance was accentuated, were placed by law under special legal privileges in order no doubt to secure the king's hold upon his toll.
Over the burh or port was set a reeve, a royal officer answerable to the king for his dues from the burh, his rents for lands and houses, his customs on commerce, his share of the profits from judicial fines.
At least from the 10th century the burh had a moot or court, the relation of which to the other courts is matter of speculation.
A law of Edgar, about 960, required that it should meet three times a year, these being in all likelihood assemblies at which attendance was compulsory on all tenants of the burghal district, when pleas concerning life and liberty and land were held, and men were compelled to find pledges answerable for their good conduct.
At these great meetings the borough reeve ("gerefa") presided, declaring the law and guiding the judgments given by the suitors of the court.
The reeve was supported by a group of assistants, called in Devon the "witan", in the boroughs of the Danelaw by a group of (generally twelve) " lawmen," in other towns probably by a group of aldermen, senior burgesses, with military and police authority, whose office was in some cases hereditary.
These persons assisted the reeve at the great meetings of the full court, and sat with him as judges at the subordinate meetings which were held to settle the unfinished cases and minor causes.
There was no compulsion on those not specially summoned to attend these extra meetings.
At these subordinate jurisdictional assemblies, held in public, and acting by the same authority as the annual gathering of all the burh-wara, other business concerning borough administration was decided, at least in later days, and it is to these assemblies that the origin of the town council may in many cases be ascribed.
In the larger towns the division into wards, with a separate police system, can be traced at an early time, appearing as a unit of military organisation, answerable for the defence of a gate of the town.
The police system of London is described in detail in a record of 930–940.
Here the free people were grouped in associations of ten, each under the superintendence of a headman.
The bishops and reeves who belonged to the "court of London" appear as the directors of the system, and in them we may see the aldermen of the wards of a later time.
The use of the word "bertha" for ward at Canterbury, and the fact that the London "wardmoot" at a later time was used for the frankpledge system as well as for the organisation of the muster, point to a connexion between the military and the police systems in the towns.
In charters of the Anglo-Saxon period a "haw", or enclosed area within a burh, was often conveyed by charter as if it were an apanage of the lands in the neighbourhood with which it was conveyed; the Norman settlers who succeeded to lands in the county succeeded therewith to houses in the burhs, for a close association existed between the thegns of the shire and the "shirestow", an association partly perhaps of duty and also of privilege.
The king granted borough haws as places of refuge in Kent, and in London he gave them with commercial privileges to his bishops.
What has been called the heterogeneous tenure of the shirestow, one of the most conspicuous characteristics of that particular type of borough, was further increased by the liberty which some burgesses enjoyed to "commend" themselves to a lord of their own choosing, promising to that lord suit and service and perhaps rent in return for protection.
Over these burgesses the lords could claim jurisdictional rights, and these were in some cases increased by royal grants of special rights within certain sokes.
The great boroughs were honeycombed with sokes, or areas of seignorial jurisdiction, within which the royal reeve's authority was greatly restricted while that of the lord's reeve took precedence.
Even the haws, being "burhs" or strongholds within a stronghold, enjoyed a local "peace" which protected from official intrusion.
Besides heterogeneity of tenure and jurisdiction in the borough, there was also heterogeneity of status; there were burh-thegns and cnihts, mercatores, burgesses of various kinds, the three groups representing perhaps military, commercial and agricultural elements.
The burh generally shows signs of having been originally a village settlement, surrounded by open fields, of which the borough boundary before 1835 will suggest the outline.
This area was as a rule eventually the area of borough jurisdiction.
There is some evidence pointing to the fact that the restriction of the borough authority to this area is not ancient, but due to the Norman settlement.
The wide districts over which the boroughs had had authority were placed under the control of the Norman castle which was itself built by means of the old English levy of "burhwork".
The borough court was allowed to continue its work only within its own immediate territory, and, to prevent conflict, the castle was placed outside the borough.
Losing their place in the national scheme of defence, the burgess "cnihts" made commerce their principal object under the encouragement of the old privileges of the walled place.
Besides the great co-operative strongholds in which many lords had burgesses, there were small boroughs held by a single lord.
In many cases boroughs of this "seignorial" type were created upon the royal estates.
Out of the king's vill, as a rule the jurisdictional centre of a hundred, there was sometimes created a borough.
The lines of division before Domesday Book are obscure, but it is probable that in some cases, by a royal grant of jurisdiction, the inhabitants of a populous royal vill, where a hundred court for the district was already held, were authorised to establish a permanent court, for the settlement of their disputes, distinct from the hundred court of the district.
Boroughs of this type with a uniform tenure were created not only on the king's estates but also on those of his tenants-in-chief, and in 1086 they were probably already numerous.
A borough was usually, though perhaps not invariably, the companion of a Norman castle.
In some cases a French "bourg" was created by the side of an English borough, and the two remained for many generations distinct in their laws and customs: in other cases a French "bourg" was settled by the side of an English village.
A large number of the followers of the Norman lords had been almost certainly town-dwellers in their own country, and lost none of their burghal privileges by the migration.
Every castle needed for its maintenance a group of skilled artisans, and the lords wished to draw to the castle gates all kinds of commodities for the castle's provision.
The strength of the garrison made the neighbourhood of the castle a place of danger to men unprotected by legal privilege; and to invite to its neighbourhood desirable settlers, legal privileges similar to those enjoyed in Norman or English boroughs were guaranteed to those who would build on the plots which were offered to colonists.
A low fixed rental, release from the renders required of villeins, release from the jurisdiction of the castle, and the creation of a separate borough jurisdiction, with or without the right to choose their own officers, rules fixing the maximum of fees and fines, or promising assessment of the fines by the burgesses themselves, the cancelling of all the castellan's rights, especially the right to take a forced levy of food for the castle from all within the area of his jurisdiction, freedom from arbitrary tallage, freedom of movement, the right to alienate property and devise land, these and many other privileges named in the early seignorial charters were what constituted the Norman liber burgus of the seignorial type.
Not all these privileges were enjoyed by all boroughs; some very meagre releases of seignorial rights accompanied the lord's charter which created a borough and made burgesses out of villeins.
However liberal the grant, the lord or his reeve still remained in close personal relation with the burgesses of such places, and this character, together with the uniformity of their tenure, continued to hold them apart from the boroughs of the old English type, where all varieties of personal relationship between the lords and their groups of tenants might subsist.
The royal charters granting the right to retain old customs prevented the systematic introduction into the old boroughs of some of the incidents of feudalism.
Rights of the king took precedence of those of the lord, and devise with the king's consent was legal.
By these means the lords' position was weakened, and other seignorial claims were later evaded or contested.
The rights which the lords failed to keep were divided between the king and the municipality; in London, for instance, the king obtained all escheats, while the borough court secured the right of wardship of burgess orphans.
From Norman times the yearly profit of the royal boroughs was as a rule included in the general "farm" rendered for the county by the sheriff; sometimes it was rendered by a royal farmer apart from the county-farm.
The king generally accepted a composition for all the various items due from the borough.
The burgesses were united in their efforts to keep that composition unchanged in amount, and to secure the provision of the right amount at the right time for fear that it should be increased by way of punishment.
The levy of fines on rent arrear, and the distraints for debt due, which were obtained through the borough court, were a matter of interest to the burgesses of the court, and first taught the burgesses co-operative action.
Money was raised, possibly by order of the borough court, to buy a charter from the king giving the right to choose officers who should answer directly to the exchequer and not through the sheriff of the county.
The sheriff was in many cases also the constable of the castle, set by the Normans to overawe the English boroughs; his powers were great and dangerous enough to make him an officer specially obnoxious to the boroughs.
Henry I about 1131 gave the London citizens the right to choose their own sheriffs and a justiciar answerable for keeping the pleas of the crown.
In 1130 the Lincoln citizens paid to hold their city in chief of the king.
By the end of the 12th century many towns paid by the hand of their own reeves, and John's charters began to make rules as to the freedom of choice to be allowed in the nomination of borough officers and as to the royal power of dismissal.
In Richard I's reign London imitated the French communes in styling the chief officer a mayor; in 1208 Winchester also had a mayor, and the title soon became no rarity.
The chartered right to choose two or more citizens to keep the pleas of the crown gave to many boroughs the control of their coroners, who occupied the position of the London justiciar of earlier days, subject to those considerable modifications which Henry II's systematisation of the criminal law had introduced.
Burgesses who had gone for criminal and civil justice to their own court in disputes between themselves, or between themselves and strangers who were in their town, secured confirmation of this right by charter, not to exclude the justices in eyre, but to exempt themselves from the necessity of pleading in a distant court.
The burgess, whether plaintiff or defendant, was a privileged person, and could claim in this respect a "benefit" somewhat similar to the benefit of clergy.
In permitting the boroughs to answer through their own officers for his dues, the king handed over to the boroughs the farming of his rents and a large number of rights which would eventually prove to be sources of great profit.
No records exist showing the nature of municipal proceedings at the time of the first purchase of charters.
Certain it is that the communities in the 12th century became alive to the possibilities of their new position, that trade received a new impulse, and the vague constitutional powers of the borough court acquired a new need for definition.
At first the selection of officers who were to treat with the exchequer and to keep the royal pleas was almost certainly restricted to a few rich persons who could find the necessary securities.
Nominated probably in one of the smaller judicial assemblies, the choice was announced at the great Michaelmas assembly of the whole community, and it is not till the next century that we hear of any attempt of the "vulgus" to make a different selection from that of the magnates.
The "vulgus" were able to take effective action by means of the several craft organisations, and first found the necessity to do so when taxation was heavy or when questions of trade legislation were mooted.
The taxation of the boroughs in the reign of Henry II was assessed by the king's justices, who fixed the sums due per capita; but if the borough made an offer of a gift, the assessment was made by the burgesses.
In the first case the taxation fell on the magnates.
In the levy per communam the assessment was made through the wardmoots (in London) and the burden fell on the poorer class.
In Henry II's reign London was taxed by both methods, the barones majores by head, the barones minores through the wardmoot.
The pressure of taxation led in the 13th century to a closer definition of the burghal constitutions; the Commons sought to get an audit of accounts, and (in London) not only to hear but to treat of municipal affairs.
By the end of the century London had definitely established two councils, that of the mayor and aldermen, representing the old borough court, and a common council, representing the voice of the commonalty, as expressed through the city wards.
The choice of councillors in the wards rested probably with the aldermen and the ward jury summoned by them to make the presentments.
In some cases juries were summoned not to represent different areas but different classes; thus at Lincoln there were in 1272 juries of the rich, the middling and the poor, chosen presumably by authority from groups divided by means of the tax roll.
Elsewhere the several groups of traders and artisans made of their gilds all-powerful agencies for organising joint action among classes of commons united by a trade interest, and the history of the towns becomes the history of the struggle between the gilds which captured control of the council and the gilds which were excluded therefrom.
Many municipal revolutions took place, and a large number of constitutional experiments were tried all over the country from the 13th century onward.
Schemes which directed a gradual co-optation, two to choose four, these six to choose more, and so in widening circles from a centre of officialdom, found much favour throughout the Middle Ages.
A plan, like the London plan, of two companies, alderman and council, was widely favoured in the 14th century, perhaps in imitation of the Houses of Lords and Commons.
The mayor was sometimes styled the "sovereign" and was given many prerogatives.
Great respect was paid to the "ancients," those, namely, who had already held municipal office.
Not till the 15th century were orderly arrangements for counting "voices" arrived at in a few of the most highly developed towns, and these were used only in the small assemblies of the governingbody, not in the large electoral assemblies of the people.
In London in the 13th century there was aregular system for the admission of new members to the borough "franchise," which was at first regarded not as conferring any form of suffrage but as a means to secure a privileged position in the borough court and in the trade of the borough.
Admission could be obtained by inheritance, by purchase or gift, in some places by marriage, and in London, at least from 1275, by a municipal register of apprenticeship.
The new freeman in return for his privileges was bound to share with the other burgesses all the burdens of taxation, control, &c., which fell upon burgesses.
Personal service was not always necessary, and in some towns there were many non- resident burgesses.
When in later times admission to this freedom came to be used as means to secure the parliamentary franchise, the freedom of the borough was freely sold and given.
The elections in which the commons of the boroughs first took interest were those of the borough magistrates.
Where the commons succeeded for a time in asserting their right to take part in borough elections they were rarely able to keep it, not in all cases perhaps because their power was feared, but sometimes because of the riotous proceedings which ensued.
These led to government interference, which no party in the borough desired.
The possibility of a forfeiture of their enfranchised position made the burgesses on the whole fairly submissive.
In the 13th century London repeatedly was "taken into the king's hand," subjected to heavy fines and put under the constable of the Tower.
In the 15th century disturbances in the boroughs led to the creation of new constitutions, some of which were the outcome of royal charters, others the result of parliamentary legislation.
The development of the law of corporations also at this time compelled the boroughs to seek new charters which should satisfy the now exacting demands of the law.The charters of incorporation were issued at a time when the king's government was looking more and more to the borough authorities as part of its executive and judicial staff, and thus the government was closely interested in the manner of their selection.
The new charters were drafted in such a way as to narrow the popular control.
The boroughs were placed under the control of a corporation headed by a mayor, and in most cases there was no concept of popular control, the whole system of appointment to the corporation being one of co-option by existing members.
The absence of popular protest may be ascribed in part to the fact that the old popular control had been more nominal than real, and the new charter gave as a rule two councils of considerable size.
These councils bore a heavy burden of taxation in meeting royal loans and benevolences, paying per capita, like the magnates of the 12th century, and for a time there is on the whole little evidence of friction between the governors and the governed.
Throughout, popular opinion in the closest of corporations had a means of expression, though none of execution, in the presentments of the leet juries and sessions juries.
By means of their "verdicts" they could use threats against the governing body, express their resentment against acts of the council which benefited the governing body rather than the town, and call in the aid of the justices of the assizes where the members of the governing body were suspected of fraud.
Elizabeth repeatedly declared her dislike of incorporations "because of the abuses committed by their head rulers," but in her reign they were fairly easily controlled by the privy council, which directed their choice of members of parliament and secured supporters of the government policy to fill vacancies on the borough bench.
The practice in Tudor and Stuart charters of specifying by name the members of the governing body and holders of special offices opened the way to a "purging" of the hostile spirits when new charters were required.
There were also rather vaguely worded clauses authorising the dismissal of officers for misconduct, although as a rule the appointments were for life.
When under the Stuarts and under the Commonwealth political and religious feeling ran high in the boroughs, use was made of these clauses both by the majority on the council and by the central government to mould the character of the council by a drastic "purging".
Another means of control first used under the Commonwealth was afforded by the various acts of parliament, which subjected all holders of municipal office to the test of an oath.
Under the Commonwealth there was no improvement in the methods used by the central government to control the boroughs.
All opponents of the ruling policy were disfranchised and disqualified from office by act of parliament in 1652.
Cases arising out of the act were to be tried by commissioners, and the commissions of the major-generals gave them opportunity to control the borough policy.
Few Commonwealth charters have been preserved, although several were issued in response to the requests of the corporations.
In some cases the charters used words which appeared to point to an opportunity for popular elections in boroughs, where a usage of election to the corporation by the town council had been established.
In 1598 the judges gave an opinion that the town councils could make by-laws determining the government of the towns regardless of the terms of the charter.
In the 18th century the judges decided to the contrary.
But even where a usage of popular election was established, there were means of controlling the result of a parliamentary election.
The close corporations, though their right to choose a member of parliament might be doubtful, had the sole right to admit new burgesses, and to determine parliamentary elections they enfranchised non-residents.
Where conflicts arose over the choice of a member, and two selections were made, the matter came before the House of Commons.
On various occasions the Commons decided in favour of the popularly elected candidate against the nominee of the town council, on the general principle that neither the royal charter nor a by-law could curtail this particular franchise.
But as each case was separately determined by a body swayed by the dominant political party, no one principle was steadily adhered to in the trial of election petitions.
The royal right to create boroughs was freely used by Elizabeth and James I as a means of securing a submissive parliament.
The later Stuarts abandoned this method, and the few new boroughs made by the Georges were not made for political reasons.
The object of the later Stuarts was to control the corporations already in existence, not to make new ones.
Charles II, from the time of his restoration decided to exercise a strict control of the close corporations to secure not only submissive parliaments, but also a pliant executive among the borough justices, and pliant juries, which were impanelled at the selection of the borough officers.
In 1660 it was made a rule that all future charters should reserve expressly to the crown the first nomination of the aldermen, recorder and town-clerk, and a proviso should be entered placing with the common council the return of the member of parliament.
The Corporation Act of 1661 gave power to royal commissioners to settle the composition of the town councils, and to remove all who refused the sacraments of the Church of England or were suspected of disaffection, even though they offered to take the necessary oaths.
Even so, the difficulty of securing submissive juries was again so great in 1682 that a general attack on the borough franchises was begun by the crown.
A London jury having returned a verdict hostile to the crown, after various attempts to bend the city to his will, Charles II issued a "quo warranto" against the mayor and commonalty to charge the citizens with illegal encroachments upon their chartered rights.
The want of a sound philosophical principle in the laws which were intended to regulate the actions of organised groups of men made it easy for the crown judges to find flaws in the legality of the actions of the boroughs, and also made it possible for the Londoners to argue that no execution could be taken against the mayor, commonalty and citizens, a "body politic invisible"; that the indictment lay only against every particular member of the governing body; and that the corporation as a corporation was incapable of suffering a forfeiture or of making a surrender.
The judges gave a judgment for the king, the charters were forfeited and the government placed with a court of aldermen of the king's own choosing.
Until James II yielded, there was no common council in London.
The novelty of the proceedings of Charles II and James II lay in using the weapon of the quo warranto systematically to ensure a general revocation of charters.
The new charters which were then granted required the king's consent for the more important appointments, and gave him power to remove officers without reason given.
Under James II in 1687 six commissioners were appointed to "regulate" the corporations and remove from them all persons who were opposed to the abolition of the penal laws against Catholics.
The new appointments were made under a writ which ran, "We will and require you to elect" (a named person).
When James II sought to withdraw from his disastrous policy, he issued a proclamation restoring to the boroughs their ancient charters.
The governing charter thenceforth in many boroughs, though not in all, was the charter which had established a close corporation, and from this time on to 1835 the boroughs made no progress in constitutional growth.
The tendency for the close corporation to treat the members of the governing body as the only corporators, and to repudiate the idea that the corporation was answerable to the inhabitants of the borough if the corporate property was squandered, became more and more manifest as the history of the past slipped into oblivion.
The corporators came to regard themselves as members of a club, legally warranted in dividing the lands and goods of the same among themselves whensoever such a division should seem profitable.
Even where the constitution of the corporation was not close by charter, the franchise tended to become restricted to an ever-dwindling electorate, as the old methods for the extension of the municipal franchise by other means than inheritance died out of use.
At Ipswich in 1833 the "freemen" numbered only one fifty-fifth of the population.
If the electorate was increased, it was increased by the wholesale admission to the freedom of voters willing to vote as directed by the corporation at parliamentary elections.
The corporation of Louth for example was the governing body of the grammar school there which was the major endowed landowner in the town.
The growth of corruption in the boroughs continued unchecked until the era of the Reform Bill.
Several boroughs had by that time become insolvent, and some had recourse to their member of parliament to eke out their revenues.
In Buckingham the mayor received the whole town revenue without rendering account; sometimes, however, heavy charges fell upon the officers.
Before the Reform era dissatisfaction with the corporations was mainly shown by the number of local acts of parliament which placed under the authority of special commissioners a variety of administrative details, which if the corporation had not been suspected would certainly have been assigned to its care.
The trust offered another convenient means of escape from difficulty, and in some towns out of the trust was developed a system of municipal administration where there was no recognised corporation.
Thus at Peterborough the feoffees who had succeeded to the control of certain ancient charities constituted a form of town council with very restricted powers.
In the 17th century Sheffield was brought under the act "to redress the misemployment of lands given to charitable uses", and the municipal administration of what had been a borough passed into the hands of the trustees of the Burgery or Town Trust.
The many special authorities created under act of parliament led to much confusion, conflict and overlapping, and increased the need for a general reform.
The reform of the boroughs was treated as part of the question of parliamentary reform.
In 1832 the exclusive privileges of the corporations in parliamentary elections having been abolished and male occupiers enfranchised, the question of the municipal franchise was next dealt with.
In effect this made the borough parliamentary franchise the same as the county franchise.
In 1833 a commission inquired into the administration of the municipal corporations, the commissioners found far more corporations than parliamentary Boroughs, many of which had fallen into desuetude or were purely nominal if not moribund.
Those that were active were essentially oligarchies of a closed number of families, there were a few exceptions whereby the councils were elected by all the local residents or those born there.
The majority were not representative of the inhabitants.
The result of the inquiry was the Municipal Corporations Act 1835, which gave the municipal franchise to the ratepayers, but also allowed the freemen to remain on the Roll.
In all the municipal corporations dealt with by the act, the town council was to consist of a mayor, aldermen and councillors, and the councils were given like powers, being divided into those with and those without a commission of the peace.
The Commissions of the Peace were also an instrument of reform, those boroughs which had none had borough courts of the previous oligarchies of Mayor and Aldermen, advised by a Recorder and so these too were abolished with the magistrates being appointed as per in the counties – many indeed were supposedly 'county boroughs'.
This reform was as crucial as that of the constitution of the council itself.
The minutes were to be open to the inspection of any burgess, and an audit of accounts was required.
The exclusive rights of retail trading, which in some towns were restricted to freemen of the borough, or to specialist guilds and companies (similar to those of the London livery companies), were abolished.
The system of police, which in some places was still medieval in character as a town watch, was modernised along the lines of the Peel reforms for constabulary placed under the control of the council.
The various privileged areas within the bounds of a borough were with few exceptions made part of the borough.
The powers of the council to alienate corporate property were closely restricted.
The operations of the act were extended by later legislation, and the divers amendments and enactments which followed were consolidated in the Municipal Corporations Act 1882.
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Fjuckby () is a village in Uppsala Municipality, Uppsala County, Sweden, located about 15 km north of the central city Uppsala along European route E4.
The village has a population of 65 people (as of 2000) within an area of 18 hectares.
Known as a site for runestones, the village's name has generated worldwide interest in the village.
Prior to the 1930s, the village was known as Fjukeby.
In the 1930s, the spelling of the name of this small village was changed to Fjuckby.
With the rise of international travel by Anglophones, and the rise of global communications, English speaking tourists have traveled to Fjuckby out of amusement at the name in order to ridicule it.
Inhabitants of Fjuckby endured years of ridicule over the name, which is not only similar to the English word "fuck", but also to the Swedish "juck" ("pelvic thrust").
Over time, some residents grew weary from constantly having to take a tiresome defensive stance, and suffered from constant teasing.
In addition, the name Fjuckby made it difficult to sell property or run a successful business.
In December 2006 15 of the inhabitants of Fjuckby applied to change the name of their village.
The request was sent to the Swedish government surveyors' office, and requested that the office grant permission for the name to be changed back to Fjukeby.
The request complained of suffering from an epidemic of "weariness, embarrassment and conditioned shame."
In particular, the place name 'Fjuckby' arouses ridicule, teasing and hilarity in the general public and spontaneously and repeatedly leads to associations concerning certain carnal activities between people and between animals.
The change was not allowed as only 15 of 65 residents were in favour of the change.
Fjuckby is located north of Uppsala in central Uppsala County.
Uppsala County is located on Sweden's east coast, between the Gulf of Bothnia in the north and Lake Mälaren in the south.
One of the runestones Fjuckby contains is the Greece Runestone U 1016, which commemorates in its inscription that the location of the death of a person was at home.
A recently discovered runic section inside a main runic band on the runestone contains an inscription that commemorates a son who died in Greece.
In particular, the stone reads:
"Captain Liut erected this stone in memory of his sons.
One was called Aki, who was lost overseas.
captained a merchant ship.
He reached Greek harbours.
At home he died."
In a study by Fred Wulf, Wulf proposes that the added message emphasizes that the sponsor's other son Hafnir had died at home.
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Gumboy: Crazy Adventures is a physics-based platformer released over Steam in 2006.
It was developed by a Czech developer CINEMAX, Ltd. GameTunnel gave the game a Game of the Year 2006 award.
In "Gumboy", the player controls the rotation of a physically simulated ball.
You move around large, abstract levels by spinning, completing various goals and collecting powerups.
Powerups can modify the shape of the Gumboy (for instance, turning him into a star), change the material of Gumboy (into gum, air, or water), or give the Gumboy special powers, such as the ability to stick to level features.
In most levels, the Gumboy must acquire the magnetism powerup, which allows him to repel objects, and then guide objects to an NPC creature.
In May 2008, a sequel was released titled Gumboy Tournament.
The main addition to this game was multiplayer, both locally and online for up to nine players.
The game was generally well received by critics.
"Hyper"'s Tim Henderson commends the game for being "original, charming and incredibly atmospheric".
However, he criticised it for "some moments of frustration".
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The GEO Group, Inc. (GEO) is a Florida-based company specializing in privatized corrections, detention and mental health treatment.
It maintains facilities in North America, Australia, South Africa and the United Kingdom.
In 2015 the GEO Group's federal contracts with the United States government for operating prisons generated about 45% of its revenues.
GEO Group facilities include prisons of all three security levels, immigration detention centers, minimum-security detention centers, and mental health and residential treatment facilities.
It owns numerous facilities and, in other cases, operates state or federal facilities under contract.
The company has been the subject of civil suits in the United States by prisoners and families of prisoners for injuries due to riots and poor treatment at prisons and immigrant detention facilities which it has operated.
In addition, due to settlement of a class-action suit in 2012 for its management of Walnut Grove Youth Correctional Facility in Mississippi, the GEO Group lost its contract for this and two other Mississippi prisons (which it had been operating since 2010).
Related federal investigations of kickback and bribery schemes associated with nearly $1 billion in Mississippi state contracts for prisons and related services have resulted in the criminal prosecution of several public officials in the state.
In February 2017 the State Attorney General announced a civil suit for damages, to recover monies from contracts completed in the period of corruption.
In August 2016 the US Department of Justice announced its intention to phase out contracts with privately operated prisons.
The US Department of Homeland Security said it was reviewing its contracts with private firms, which operate several immigrant detention facilities.
In the spring of 2017, officials of the newly elected Donald Trump administration said they would be reviewing this policy.
Wackenhut Corrections Corporation (WCC) was formed as a division of The Wackenhut Corporation (now a subsidiary of G4S Secure Solutions) in 1984.
It was incorporated as a Wackenhut subsidiary in 1988.
In July 1994, WCC became a separately traded public company.
In 2003, WCC management raised funds to repurchase all common stock held by G4S, changing its name to The GEO Group, Inc.
In 2005, the GEO Group acquired Correctional Services Corporation (CSC) for US$62 million in cash, and assumed $124 million of that company's debt.
GEO sold CSC's juvenile services division in 2005 to James Slattery, CSC's former CEO, for $3.75 million.
Slattery renamed this business as Slattery's Youth Services International.
On August 12, 2010, the GEO Group acquired Cornell Companies, formerly Cornell Corrections, for $730 million in stock and cash.
GEO announced the closing of its $360 million cash purchase of Community Education Centers on April 4, 2017.
CEC owned and/or managed more than 12,000 beds in the U.S.
This included over 7,000 community reentry beds.
It provided in-prison treatment services at over 30 government-operated facilities.
In 2010, the company was reported to operate more than a dozen facilities in the state of Texas, and nearly three dozen in the rest of the United States.
In addition to prison facilities operated under contract with U.S. states, the GEO Group owns and operates the Broward Transitional Center in Pompano Beach, Florida, the Aurora Detention Facility and the Northwest Detention Center in Tacoma, Washington, all under contract with U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE).
As of the fiscal year ended December 31, 2012, GEO managed 96 facilities worldwide totaling approximately 73,000 beds, including 65,949 active beds and 6,056 idle beds.
The company had an average facility occupancy rate of 95.7% for 2012.
Other GEO Group facilities include the Reeves County Detention Complex, a three-part complex in Texas described as the largest private prison in the world.
It houses more than 3700 inmates, most immigrants held in low-level crimes before being deported after serving their sentences.
Riots here by prisoners in 2008 and 2009 because of poor conditions resulted in more than $21 million in damages.
Internationally, in 2010 GEO operated a total of another 10 facilities in Australia, England, South Africa, and Cuba.
As of 2016, subsidiary GEO Group Australia operated four prisons (Junee Correctional Centre, Arthur Gorrie Correctional Centre, Parklea Correctional Centre, and Fulham Correctional Centre), with a fifth facility expected to open in late 2017.
In the U.K., GEO Group's sole facility is the Dungavel Immigration Removal Centre, expanded in 2013 to hold 249 detainees, male and female.
In 2004 the Children's Commissioner for Scotland described conditions at the facility as "morally upsetting" and threatened to report the UK and Scottish Governments to the United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child.
GEO Group operation of the Migrant Operations Center at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, which began in 2006, ended in 2012.
GEO conducts its business through four business segments: U.S. corrections segment; International services segment; GEO Care segment; and Facility construction and design segment.
The U.S. corrections segment primarily encompasses GEO's U.S.-based privatized corrections and detention business for federal and state authorities.
The International services segment primarily consists of GEO's privatized corrections and detention operations in South Africa, Australia and the United Kingdom.
International services reviews opportunities to further diversify into related foreign-based governmental-outsourced services on an ongoing basis.
The GEO Care segment, which is operated by GEO's wholly owned subsidiary GEO Care, Inc., comprises GEO's privatized mental health and residential treatment services business.
As of 2016, it conducts this business in the US only.
GEO's Facility construction and design segment primarily consists of contracts with various state, local and federal agencies for the design and construction of prison and related facilities for which GEO has been awarded management contracts.
In February 2013, the GEO Group's private foundation pledged US$6 million to company founder George Zoley's alma mater, Florida Atlantic University.
In return, the GEO Group received naming rights to the university's football stadium.
In April, after pressure from students, faculty and alumni, GEO Group withdrew its $6 million naming rights gift to Florida Atlantic University.
In 2001, an inmate was murdered at GEO's Willacy County State Jail in Texas by two other inmates.
In 2006, GEO was sued by the man's family, and found liable for $47.5 million for destruction of evidence and negligently causing the man's death.
In 2009, GEO appealed the court's decision; the appeals court upheld a verdict and damages of $42.5 million.
On April 24, 2007, inmates rioted for two hours at the GEO Group's state-owned New Castle Correctional Facility in Indiana.
The riot resulted in fires and minor injuries to staff and inmates.
The Indiana Department of Correction concluded that its recent transfer of 600 inmates over six weeks from Arizona to a new section at New Castle increased tensions at the facility, as the inmates comprised a large group and prison staff had a lack of experience.
The Department held the inmates responsible for the riot.
Following the riot, Indiana authorities suspended further transfers of Arizona inmates, pending measures to help out-of-state inmates adjust to Indiana prison policies, and to ensure that inmates were transferred more gradually in order to be able to integrate them into the prison population at New Castle.
Between 2005 and 2009, at least eight people died at the GEO Group-operated George W. Hill Correctional Facility in Delaware County, Pennsylvania, that state's only privately run jail.
Following those deaths, family members filed lawsuits against the company and facility, saying that it did not provide adequate medical care or proper supervision for offenders.
On December 31, 2008, GEO pulled out of operations and dropped this facility, "citing underperformance and frequent litigations."
In 2007, the Texas Youth Commission (TYC) fired seven employees responsible for monitoring prison conditions after discovering that the GEO-run Coke County Juvenile Justice Center had "deplorable conditions."
Those seven employees had earlier worked directly for GEO.
The monitors had failed to report problems at the county facility, but an inspection by the TYC found the facility to be understaffed, ill-managed, and unsanitary.
The TYC ordered that all inmates be transferred elsewhere, terminated their state contract with GEO, and subsequently closed the facility.
GEO had run the facility since 1994.
In 2008 and 2009, prisoners at the Reeves County Detention Complex in Texas, the largest privately owned prison in the United States, rioted over poor conditions.
The complex houses more than 3700 prisoners, mostly immigrants serving short sentences prior to deportation.
They caused damages of $1 million and $21 million respectively, as the second riot resulted in a severe fire.
A class-action suit was filed in 2010 against state authorities and GEO over conditions at the Walnut Grove Youth Correctional Facility in Mississippi, the largest juvenile facility in the United States.
Settlement of the suit in 2012 required the state to end its contract with GEO, and put operations at the facility under a federal court monitor.
The state transferred juvenile offenders to more suitable state-run facilities that complied with standards of juvenile care.
The company also lost contracts for operating two other prisons in Mississippi.
A related federal investigation resulted in numerous indictments for mismanagement and corruption, including of the state Commissioner of Corrections and the mayor of Walnut Grove, both of whom were forced to resign.
In July 2012, two undocumented immigrants in Florida turned themselves in to police, with the expectation that they would be transported to and housed in GEO's Broward Transitional Center, a 720-bed facility in Pompano Beach, Florida that holds immigration detainees.
It is the only privately owned immigration detention center in Florida.
The pair intended to report firsthand on the conditions inside the facility, as there were many accounts in the immigrant community of substandard conditions.
The pair reported "substandard or callous medical care, including a woman taken for ovarian surgery and returned the same day, still bleeding, to her cell, and a man who urinated blood for days but wasn't taken to see a doctor."
In response to these and other serious allegations, US Congressman Ted Deutch of Pompano Beach wrote a letter in September 2012 to U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) regarding the contract under which GEO operates the facility, requesting a case-by-case investigation.
Twenty-five other congressional representatives signed on to the inquiry.
In March 2017, a class action lawsuit accused GEO Group of violating the US Constitution and federal anti-slavery laws by forcing some 60,000 current and former immigrant detainees at the Denver Contract Detention Facility based in Aurora, Colorado to work for less than a dollar a day or for nothing at all.
It evolved from a 2014 lawsuit filed on behalf of nine immigrant plaintiffs, who alleged they were forced to work without pay and were threatened with solitary confinement if they refused.
They have not been convicted of any crime, so may not be required to work with little or no pay like convicts in prison.
A federal investigation, dubbed Operation Mississippi Hustle, was initiated in 2014 or earlier by the United States Attorney and prosecuted in the United States Court for the Southern District of Mississippi.
It has examined the relationship between officials of the Mississippi Department of Corrections and local jurisdictions, and various prison contractors and subcontractors.
The investigation resulted in indictments against the Commissioner of the Department of Corrections, and the longtime mayor of Walnut Grove, both of whom resigned from office.
By 2016, indictments for corruption had been issued against eight other officials, consultants, and contractors.
Former commissioner Chris Epps and several other individuals have pleaded guilty or been convicted as of February 2017 in this continuing investigation.
As a result of this investigation, in February 2017 the Mississippi State Attorney General Jim Hood announced a civil suit against 15 contractors and several persons for damages and punitive damages, to recover the amounts of state contracts awarded under Epps during the roughly decade-long period when he has been found to have been taking bribes.
GEO Group was among the for-profit prison management companies named in this suit.
Hood said that the company had been awarded $260 million in contracts in an eight-year period.
Alabama legislators were concerned in May 2017 by an amendment that state senator Bobby Singleton added to the major $845 million prison construction bill in development.
It requires state officials to make “a good faith effort” to purchase the GEO Group prison facility in Perry County.
On August 18, 2016, Deputy U.S. Attorney General Sally Yates announced that the Justice Department intended to end its Bureau of Prisons contracts with for-profit prison operators, because it concluded "...the facilities are both less safe and less effective at providing correctional services..." than the Federal Bureau of Prisons.
In a memorandum, Yates said that for-profit "...prisons compare poorly to our own Bureau facilities.
They simply do not provide the same level of correctional services, programs, and resources; they do not save substantially on costs; and as noted in a recent report by the Department's Office of Inspector General, they do not maintain the same level of safety and security.
The rehabilitative services that the Bureau provides, such as educational programs and job training, have proved difficult to replicate and outsource and these services are essential to reducing recidivism and improving public safety."
Homeland Security Secretary Jeh C. Johnson announced his department would be reviewing its contracts with prison REITs related to detention of immigrants in their privately owned facilities.
As of 2015, GEO Groups operated 26 federal prison centers, for the departments of both Justice and Homeland Security.
These centers had a total capacity of 35,692 prisoners, representing 45% of the company's revenue.
On February 23, 2017, newly confirmed Trump administration Attorney General Jeff Sessions rescinded the August 2016 guidance.
In March 2017, Pablo Paez, GEO Group vice president, defended the legality of his company’s $225,000 donation to a pro-Trump PAC.
He said that the donation was made by a subsidiary, GEO Corrections Holdings Inc., which has no contracts with any governmental agency, rather than directly from GEO Group itself.
Democratic Congressmen Emmanuel Cleaver and Luis Gutiérrez disputed that claim in a letter to GEO and its rival, CoreCivic.
The Campaign Legal Center filed a complaint challenging the contribution with the Federal Elections Commission.
GEO and CoreCivic, each donated $250,000 supporting Trump’s inaugural festivities, according to the corporations' spokesmen.
GEO gave $275,00 to the pro-Trump super PAC Rebuilding America Now, according to FEC filings.
A $100,000 donation had been made only a day after Sally Yates, at the Department of Justice announced it would be phasing out its for-profit prison and detention contracts.
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Queen Charlotte's and Chelsea Hospital is one of the oldest maternity hospitals in Europe, dating from 1739, and until 1999 occupied a site at 339-351 Goldhawk Road, Hammersmith, London W6 0XG.
It is now located between East Acton and White City, where it shares a site with the Hammersmith Hospital.
There is some confusion over the precise date of foundation.
The hospital strictly dates its foundation to 1739 when Sir Richard Manningham founded a hospital of lying-in beds in a 17-room house in Jermyn Street.
This was called the General Lying in Hospital, and was the first of its kind in Britain.
Some sources date the foundation to 1752, the year in which the hospital relocated from Jermyn Street to St Marylebone, and first became a teaching institution.
Still other sources quote 1782 as the foundation, as this is the year in which (on 10 January) a licence was granted to the hospital charity by the Justices of the County of Middlesex (at that time a legal requirement for a maternity hospital).
The hospital appears to have arisen out of the 1739 foundation, but with varying degrees of recognition, developing over time.
The inter-relation of these different dates, and the complex supporting evidence for each of them, is fully discussed and documented in the first chapter of "The History of Queen Charlotte's Lying-in Hospital", a large volume published in 1885, and written by Thomas Ryan who was then Secretary to the hospital trustees.
In 1809 Queen Charlotte, the wife of King George III, became its patron, having been persuaded by her son to become involved.
A Royal Charter was incorporated in 1885 and when this was amended in 1924 the present name came into use.
The hospital subsequently merged with the Chelsea Hospital for Women and is now based at the Hammersmith Hospital site in West London to which it was relocated in 1998.
The hospital was originally a voluntary hospital.
At different times over the years the hospital has been located in Bayswater, on Marylebone Road and at Ravenscourt Park.
The Chelsea Hospital also moved site and used to be based in Chelsea, in the building now occupied by the Chelsea Wing at the Brompton Hospital.
Today the hospital occupies a site on Du Cane Road, East Acton, on the border with neighbouring White City, where a modern purpose built building is provided.
The hospital is located immediately beside the Hammersmith Hospital, and there is a physical connection between the two buildings, although they operate entirely independently, whilst sharing some infrastructure resources, including car parking.
The hospital is accessible by public transport; the nearest bus stops are "Wulfstan Street" and "Hammersmith Hospital"; the nearest tube station is East Acton (Central Line).
The hospital is part of Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust.
It is a postgraduate teaching hospital, as well as being a major provider of maternity services to the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham, with around 5000 births/year.
It has a particular reputation for its fœtal medicine services, based at the Centre for Fœtal Care which is now led by Mr Christoph Lees, who moved from Cambridge in 2013.
The CFC has expertise in the management of complicated and monochorionic twin pregnancies.
It also has a strong reputation for its reproductive medicines services and in particular the IVF unit which is one of the largest in the country.
The early pregnancy and acute gynaecology service is led by Professor Tom Bourne and Ms Catriona Stalder and has a national and international reputation and has a large research output.
The unit sees over 15,000 emergency gynaecology cases each year, leading to 1,500 patients being admitted to hospital.The hospital is the home of the West London gynaecological cancer centre and is a tertiary referral centre.
The team was recently joined by Professor Christina Fotopulou from the Charite Hospital in Berlin who has a major interest in radical surgery for ovarian and other gynaecological cancers.
The gynaecological cancer service at Queen Charlotte’s & Chelsea Hospital serves a population of two million people across north west London and beyond.
The unit treats approaching 500 women with gynaecological cancers each year.
In addition to sharing the Du Cane Road site with the Hammersmith Hospital, several other medical facilities are also located on the same site.
Queen Charlotte's and Chelsea Hospital is the base for the Institute of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of the former Royal Postgraduate Medical School, which became part of Imperial College London.
In the early 1980s Professor Michael de Swiet established a specialist "maternal medicine" unit for London, recognising that a need existed for specialist care to be offered to pregnant women who suffered from pre-existing medical conditions, or conditions that developed during pregnancy, whose treatment might impact upon the pregnancy.
The unit is known as the de Swiet Obstetric Medicine Centre, and is currently housed in a small suite of rooms on the second floor of the Queen Charlotte's and Chelsea Hospital.
The hospital is immediately adjacent to the Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology (IRDB), which was established by Professor Robert Winston (Lord Winston of Hammersmith) in 2001.
It is directed by Professor Phillip Bennett, and undertakes research in all aspects of reproductive biology.
The Institute is located within the purpose-built 'Wolfson and Weston Research Centre for Family Health'.
Being adjacent to the Queen Charlotte's and Chelsea Hospital, and with links to clinical academic obstetrics and gynaecology at St Mary's Hospital, it is ideally placed to facilitate the translation of research into improvements in Women’s Health, fertility, reproduction, pregnancy and childbirth.
Outstanding molecular and cell biology resources are available and supported by central core services and ‘state-of-the-art’ laboratories.
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House is a 2008 horror film directed by Robby Henson, starring Reynaldo Rosales, Heidi Dippold and Michael Madsen.
It is based on the novel of the same name by Frank E. Peretti and Ted Dekker.
It covers the events that take place one night in an old, rustic inn in Alabama, where four guests and three owners find themselves locked in by a homicidical maniac.
The maniac claims to have killed God and threatens to murder all seven of them, unless they produce the dead body of one of them by dawn.
In the prologue, the film depicts a panicky man who, for unknown reasons, murders his wife with a shotgun.
The main storyline opens with Jack and Stephanie, a bickering young couple, who are lost while driving through the backwoods.
We soon learn that they are on their way to meet a marriage counselor.
After getting bad directions from a state trooper, the couple get into a car accident when they run over some spiked metal in the road, which Jack dismisses as discarded scrap metal; they find another car which has experienced the same fate, but the occupants are missing.
Forced to proceed on foot, Jack and Stephanie find the gothic Wayside Inn, where they try to phone for help.
At the inn, they meet the occupants of the other car, the engaged couple Leslie and Randy.
Because the phones are inoperative, both couples are forced to spend the night at the inn, which is staffed only by the eccentric proprieter Betty, her creepy son Pete (who develops an instant attraction for Leslie), and the gruff caretaker Stewart.
After a tense dinner, in which personalities clash, the group is terrorized by a legendary local figure, the Tin Man.
Armed with a shotgun, the Tin Man attempts to get into the Wayside Inn.
The staff locks the Tin Man out, and he responds by giving them a message scrawled on the side of a tin can.
The message declares that he will kill everyone in the house unless they give him one dead body by sunrise.
The staff, blaming their guests for attracting the Tin Man's attention, attempts to lock them in the freezing meat locker, threatening to leave them there for weeks.
A fight ensues, and the guests realize that there is a supernatural presence in the house when Betty is injured in the struggle and bleeds black fog.
The couples escape the meat locker, but are unable to leave the house, which assaults them with terrifying visions involving their worst memories.
For Jack and Stephanie, the visions involve their daughter, who died after falling through the ice in a skating accident.
For Randy, the visions involve his abusive father.
For Leslie, the visions involve an uncle named Pete, who sexually abused her when she was a little girl; these visions are intensified by the similar lusts of Pete who lives at the Wayside Inn.
Confused by the visions, the four guests find themselves separated.
Jack meets Susan, a young girl who has been held captive by the staff.
Susan reminds Jack of his deceased daughter, especially after she claims to have been in contact with her spirit; Susan assures Jack, and later Stephanie, that their daughter is in a good place.
Emotionally tormented by the visions, stalked by the homicidal Wayside staff, and under constant threat from the Tin Man, all four guests succumb to the various pressures and start to turn on each other.
Shortly after, they discover that the staff worships the Devil, Jack is split into two identical people; both seem to think of themselves as the "real" Jack, yet both bleed black mist when injured, making it impossible for anyone to figure out which is the real Jack and which is the doppelganger.
These couples almost escape when they are aided by Officer Lawdale (the same state trooper, who had given bad directions to Jack and Stephanie), but they are recaptured when Lawdale turns out to be working with the Wayside staff.
Lawdale and the Wayside staff try to force the couples to appease the Tin Man by choosing one of themselves to kill.
Past tensions initially lead the viewer to believe that Randy will resolve the situation by killing Jack, but he instead turns the gun on Susan.
Jack deflects the gun but Susan is hit.
Desperate to appease the Tin Man, Leslie and Randy kill each other.
Lawdale reveals that he is the Tin Man, and that he and the Wayside staffers are all manifestations of pure evil.
Jack and Stephanie defeat their captors by channeling the energy of pure good that is flowing from Susan's dead body.
Finally able to escape the inn, Jack and Stephanie trek back to their car, where they discover their unconscious bodies, as well as the dead bodies of Leslie and Randy; they realize that their entire experience at the inn was nothing more than a shared out of body experience.
As Jack and Stephanie wake up and are taken away in an ambulance, they are watched over by a resurrected Susan, who observes that their love for each other has been reawakened by the events at the Wayside Inn.
As the couple ride off in an ambulance, Jack looks out the window to see Lawdale laughing at him from the front gate of the Wayside, with the caretakers watching out of an upstairs window.
The film's release date was pushed back to Fall 2008.
It has received a rating of R for some violence and terror.
The film was released to theaters on November 7, 2008, and to DVD on April 7, 2009.
Lions Gate Entertainment purchased this film, as well as the production for Ted Dekker's novel, "Adam".
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Germany's achievements in science and technology have been very significant and research and development efforts form an integral part of the country's economy.
Germany has been the home of some of the most prominent researchers in various scientific disciplines, notably physics, mathematics, chemistry and engineering.
Before World War II, Germany had generated more Nobel laureates in scientific fields than any other nation.
It compelled as best country in the natural sciences.
Scientific research in the country is supported by industry, by the network of German universities and by scientific state-institutions such as the Max Planck Society and the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft.
The raw output of scientific research from Germany consistently ranks among the world's best.
The Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize is granted to ten scientists and academics every year.
With a maximum of €2.5 million per award it is one of highest endowed research prizes in the world.
The work of Albert Einstein and Max Planck was crucial to the foundation of modern physics, which Werner Heisenberg and Erwin Schrödinger developed further.
They were preceded by such key physicists as Hermann von Helmholtz, Joseph von Fraunhofer, and Gabriel Daniel Fahrenheit, among others.
Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen discovered X-rays, an accomplishment that made him the first winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1901 and eventually earned him an element name, roentgenium.
Heinrich Rudolf Hertz's work in the domain of electromagnetic radiation were pivotal to the development of modern telecommunication.
Mathematical aerodynamics was developed in Germany, especially by Ludwig Prandtl.
Paul Forman in 1971 argued the remarkable scientific achievements in quantum physics were the cross-product of the hostile intellectual atmosphere whereby many scientists rejected Weimar Germany and Jewish scientists, revolts against causality, determinism and materialism, and the creation of the revolutionary new theory of quantum mechanics.
The scientists adjusted to the intellectual environment by dropping Newtonian causality from quantum mechanics, thereby opening up an entirely new and highly successful approach to physics.
The "Forman Thesis" has generated an intense debate among historians of science.
At the start of the 20th century, Germany garnered fourteen of the first thirty-one Nobel Prizes in Chemistry, starting with Hermann Emil Fischer in 1902 and until Carl Bosch and Friedrich Bergius in 1931.
Otto Hahn is considered a pioneer of radioactivity and radiochemistry and discovered nuclear fission, the scientific and technological basis of atomic energy.
Germany has been the home of many famous inventors and engineers, such as Johannes Gutenberg, who is credited with the invention of movable type printing in Europe; Hans Geiger, the creator of the Geiger counter; and Konrad Zuse, who built the first electronic computer.
German inventors, engineers and industrialists such as Zeppelin, Daimler, Diesel, Otto, Wankel, Von Braun and Benz helped shape modern automotive and air transportation technology including the beginnings of space travel.
The engineer Otto Lilienthal laid some of the fundamentals for the science of Aviation.
Ferdinand Cohn and Robert Koch, two key figures in microbiology, were from Germany.
Alexander von Humboldt's (1769–1859) work as a natural scientist and explorer was foundational to biogeography.
Wladimir Köppen (1846–1940) was an eclectic Russian-born botanist and climatologist who synthesized global relationships between climate, vegetation and soil types into a classification system that is used, with some modifications, to this day.
Alfred Wegener (1880–1930), a similarly interdisciplinary scientist, was one of the first people to hypothesize the theory of continental drift which was later developed into the overarching geological theory of plate tectonics.
Besides natural sciences, German researchers have added much to the development of humanities.
Contemporary examples are the philosopher Jürgen Habermas, the egyptologist Jan Assmann, the sociologist Niklas Luhmann, the historian Reinhart Koselleck and the legal historian Michael Stolleis.
In order to promote the international visibility of research in these fields a new prize, Geisteswissenschaften International, was established in 2008.
It serves the translation of studies in humanities into English.
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"Why Couldn't It Be Christmas Every Day?"
is a song by Bianca Ryan from her self-titled debut album.
Though not officially released as a single by Columbia Records, radio stations in several countries played the song in 2006 as part of their Christmas-themed programming.
During the week of December 12, "Why Couldn't It Be Christmas Every Day?"
reached #1 on Radio & Records' Netherlands Top 20 Chart.
It has also reached #15 on the official Dutch Top 40.
A longer remix was included on the promotional EP "Christmas Everyday!"
(2006) and retitled "Why Couldn't It Be Christmas Everyday?"
"Why Couldn't It Be Christmas Every Day?"
was recorded in 2006.
It was written by Jay Landers and Walter Afanasieff and produced by the latter.
The original song was released as a second single from "Bianca Ryan" and the lead single from her "Christmas Everyday!"
The song was a hit in the Netherlands, peaking at number 1 on its Top 20 chart.
The song also was released as a music video by Sony BMG.
The video mainly shows Ryan singing in the same environment throughout the whole video.
As the video progresses, Ryan is found holding or playing with various holiday props, or anything on the setting.
In addition, she simply sings into a microphone the whole time as artificial snow is sprinkled down onto her.
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The City Cup is a now-defunct cup competition which involved competitors from Northern Ireland.
It was run by the Irish Football Association.
It had previously been known as the Dunville Cup and ceased to exist in 1976.
The old City Cup trophy is now used for the Irish League Cup.
The City Cup began as a competition for Belfast clubs only (although, until 1900 the League consisted only of Belfast clubs).
From 1905-11, however, Dublin club Shelbourne also participated.
In the 1911-12 season, all eight Irish League clubs participated (Derry Celtic and Glenavon joining the five Belfast teams and Shelbourne).
In the 1912-13 season, when the League expanded to ten clubs, only seven participated (the five Belfast teams plus Glenavon and Shelbourne.
From 1913 until its demise in 1976, all clubs who were members of the Irish League competed for the City Cup (excluding the war years).
During 1915-19, the City Cup was known as the Belfast City Cup and reverted to being a Belfast-only competition and is not recognised as an "official" competition for this period; and during 1940-47, it was not played at all.
The format for the City Cup varied throughout its history, but most commonly it was organised on a league basis, by which each participating club played each other and the team with the most points won the cup.
The format over the years was as follows:
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Nastasya Filipovna Barashkova () is the principal heroine of Fyodor Dostoyevsky's novel "The Idiot".
Though of aristocratic origin, beautiful and intelligent, Nastassya Filippovna is regarded by society as a 'fallen' woman, owing to her having spent four years as the concubine of the aristocrat Totsky, a position into which she was forced at the age of sixteen.
Much of the drama of Nastassya Filippovna's character comes from the contradiction between her essential innocence, which is clearly recognized by the novel's central character Prince Myshkin, and the attitude of society that implies an irredeemable moral corruption, a view that she herself has inwardly embraced.
Nastasya Filippovna occupies a vital position in two overlapping dramas in the novel, both of which could be described as love triangles.
The first involves the characters of Prince Myshkin, Nastassya Filippovna and Parfyon Rogozhin, and the second involves Myshkin, Nastassya Filippovna and Aglaya Epanchin.
In the first triangle, the two male protagonists represent an appeal to one or other of the contradictory voices in the inner dialogue of Nastassya Filippovna's soul.
According to Mikhail Bakhtin, "Nastassya Filippovna's voice is divided between the voice that pronounces her a guilty 'fallen woman' and the voice that vindicates and accepts her."
Myshkin, himself a pure-hearted man, represents for her this second voice, and he unreservedly affirms her innocence even when she is fully immersed in her destructive role as the corrupted and condemned woman.
She herself recognizes Myshkin as the possible realization of her innocence, but convinced also of her own corruption, she is equally driven by self-destructive and vengeful urges, and she refuses to cast herself in the role of a corrupter of children like Totsky.
Thus she chooses to give herself to Rogozhin, for whom she can wholly become the 'fallen' woman.
This is not because Rogozhin himself in any way morally condemns her, but because his mad and violent obsession with her resonates with her self-destructive urge, or the voice that identifies her as guilty.
All the essentials of this drama are established in Part 1 of the novel, particularly in two crucial scenes.
The first is at the Ivolgins' apartment, where Nastasya Filippovna is visiting the household of her potential fiancé, Ganya.
Here she meets Myshkin, who is renting a room from the Ivolgins, for the first time.
Totsky has offered a large sum of money for the arranged marriage, but Nastasya Filippovna distrusts Ganya's motives and is aware that his family disapproves of her.
She deliberately increases the tension in the room by mocking them and behaving insultingly, and when Rogozhin suddenly arrives with a retinue of drunken rogues, she laughingly encourages his inebriated attempts to buy her away from Ganya.
When the scene reaches a climax, with Ganya on the point of striking his own sister for spitting in his face, Myshkin defuses the situation by diverting Ganya's violence toward himself.
In the stunned aftermath, Nastasya Filippovna maintains, somewhat less assuredly, her sarcastic tone, and Myshkin reproaches her with feeling: "Aren't you ashamed?
Surely you are not what you are pretending to be now?
It isn't possible!"
(p 108).
This produces a change, and as Nastasya Filippovna leaves she kisses the hand of Ganya's mother and whispers to her that Myshkin is right.
Rogozhin does not notice the gesture, and goes off with his retinue to raise the 100,000 rubles he has offered.
The second scene occurs later that evening at Nastasya Filipovna's birthday soirée.
In the presence of all the interested parties and a number of other guests (including Myshkin, who has turned up uninvited), she is to announce her decision on the proposed marriage.
During the course of the evening a game is played in which each person must recount the story of the worst thing they have ever done.
Totsky tells an innocuous anecdote from the distant past, and Nastasya Filippovna becomes angry.
She turns to the Prince and asks him whether she should marry Ganya.
Myshkin advises her not to, and she immediately announces that she is following this advice.
At this point, Rogozhin and his retinue arrive with the 100,000 rubles.
Nastasya Filippovna prepares to leave with them, but Myshkin advises her not to go with Rogozhin either, and offers to marry her himself.
He speaks gently and sincerely, assuring her that she is pure and not to blame, and that he will love and respect her all his life.
She is temporarily stunned as she realizes that Myshkin is the embodiment of her long dreamed-of innocence, but quickly falls back into her destructive persona.
She tells Myshkin that she will not be like Totsky and corrupt children, and, after throwing the 100,000 rubles in the fire for Ganya to retrieve if he wants them, leaves with Rogozhin.
Throughout the novel Nastasya Filippovna is torn between these two interlocked but irreconcilable drives, and all three participants in the triangle are tortured as a result.
Myshkin is tortured by the clarity of his insight into her suffering.
Rogozhin is tortured by her cruelty towards him and disdain for his love, and by jealousy of Myshkin.
Nastasya Filippovna is tortured by her inability to accept either her innocence or her guilt, while at the same time ardently believing in both, and she flees from one to the other, from Rogozhin to Myshkin and from Myshkin back to Rogozhin, being driven slowly insane by the impossibility of resolution.
According to Joseph Frank: "Facing the insurmountable contradiction of inner purity and her outward disgrace, Nastassya Filippovna as a character is irremediably doomed, and she will function to bring down 'her saviour', the Prince, in her own tragic end."
Early in Part 2 of the novel we learn that the relationship between Nastasya Filippovna and Rogozhin has broken down, and that Rogozhin thinks this has happened because Nastasya Filippovna is really in love with the Prince.
Although Rogozhin continues his tortured pursuit of Nastasya Filippovna and maintains an ambivalent friendship with Myshkin, he shows himself to be capable of doing violence to both of them.
After this the first triangle recedes somewhat into the background, although it remains as an ominous presence in all the characters' minds.
In Parts 2 and 3 the main narrative focus shifts to the second triangle, in which Nastassya Filippovna plays a secondary but essential role in the course taken by the relationship between the Prince and Aglaya Epanchin.
Aglaya is fascinated by the Prince's efforts to 'save' the 'fallen woman', misinterpreting it as a heroic and chivalrous deed like that of a medieval knight, a "serious and not comic" Don Quixote, or the Poor Knight in Pushkin's poem who performs acts of valour in the Crusades in the name of his Christian ideal.
By thus idealizing Myshkin, she fails to see the depth and sincerity of his compassionate response to Nastassya Filippovna's suffering.
Nastassya Filippovna, unable to embrace Myshkin's love or accept herself as pure, in turn idealizes Aglaya as a manifestation of true purity, and desperately tries to bring her and Myshkin together.
She seeks, largely successfully, to publicly disgrace an apparent suitor to Aglaya—the Epanchins' friend Yevgeny Pavlovich, and writes long letters to Aglaya telling her she is in love with her and pleading with her to marry Myshkin.
Aglaya interprets this as an indication that Nastassya Filippovna is in love with Myshkin herself, and is trying to keep a hold on him by playing the role of tragic victim.
As the love relationship begins to develop between Aglaya and Myshkin, Aglaya, shaken by the letters and influenced by ill-intentioned gossip, begins to see Nastassya Filippovna as her rival, and eventually forces the Prince into making a choice between them.
It is only in Part 4 that the three characters appear together for the first time in an extended scene.
Through Rogozhin and other intermediaries, Aglaya has arranged a meeting with Nastasya Filippovna.
She brings the Prince to the meeting, and Rogozhin is also present.
Nastasya Filippovna is unsure what to expect, but it quickly becomes apparent that Aglaya's purpose is to castigate and insult her.
Nastasya Filippovna is shocked, as her belief in Aglaya's purity and superiority had been sincere.
Myshkin is aware of this, and tries to dissuade Aglaya, which provokes her to greater anger.
As Aglaya becomes more and more unrestrained and vindictive, Nastasya Filippovna begins to respond in kind.
She orders Rogozhin to leave and demands that the Prince stay with her.
Overcome, not for the first time, with the pain and despair in Nastasya Filippovna's face, Myshkin turns to Aglaya and reproaches her for the attack.
Distraught and now full of hatred for him, Aglaya runs off.
Myshkin tries to go after her but Nastasya Filippovna stops him.
Following this, the relationship between Myshkin and Aglaya effectively ends, and in the book's concluding chapters the narrative focus returns to the first triangle.
Nastasya Filippovna and Myshkin become engaged, at her insistence, but on the day of the wedding she again flees to Rogozhin.
In so doing, she abandons once and for all any hope of finally accepting herself, and effectively signs her own death warrant.
According to Bakhtin, for Nastasya Filippovna "Rogozhin means the knife, and she knows it."
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David Vaughan Icke (; born 29 April 1952) is an English writer and public speaker.
A former footballer and sports broadcaster, Icke has made his name since the 1990s as a professional conspiracy theorist, calling himself a "full time investigator into who and what is really controlling the world."
He is the author of over 20 books and numerous DVDs, and has lectured in over 25 countries, speaking for up to 10 hours to audiences that cut across the political spectrum.
Icke was a BBC television sports presenter and spokesman for the Green Party, when a psychic told him, in 1990, that he had been placed on Earth for a purpose and would begin to receive messages from the spirit world.
The following year he announced that he was a "Son of the Godhead", and that the world would soon be devastated by tidal waves and earthquakes, a prediction he repeated on the BBC's primetime show "Wogan".
The show changed his life, turning him from a respected household name into someone who was laughed at whenever he appeared in public.
Over the next seven years—in "The Robots' Rebellion" (1994), "And the Truth Shall Set You Free" (1995), "The Biggest Secret" (1999), and "Children of the Matrix" (2001)—he developed his worldview of New Age conspiracism.
His endorsement of the anti-Semitic forgery "The Protocols of the Elders of Zion" in "The Robots' Rebellion", combined with Holocaust denial in "And the Truth Shall Set You Free", led his publisher to refuse to publish his books, which were self-published thereafter.
At the heart of his theories lies the idea that many prominent figures belong to the Babylonian Brotherhood, a group of shapeshifting reptilian humanoids who are propelling humanity toward a global fascist state, or New World Order.
The reptilians use the rings of Saturn and the Moon, all reptilian constructs, to broadcast our "five-sense prison": an "artificial sense of self and the world" that humans perceive as reality.
Michael Barkun has described Icke's position as New Age conspiracism, writing that Icke is the most fluent of the genre.
Richard Kahn and Tyson Lewis argue that Icke's reptilian hypothesis may be Swiftian satire, offering a narrative with which ordinary people can question what they see around them.
Icke has been described as an "anti-Semitic conspiracy theorist"; according to Political Research Associates, his politics are "a mishmash of most of the dominant themes of contemporary neofascism, mixed in with a smattering of topics culled from the U.S. militia movement."
The middle child of three boys born seven years apart, Icke was born in Leicester General Hospital to Beric Vaughan Icke and Barbara J. Icke, née Cooke, who were married in Leicester in 1951.
Beric had wanted to be a doctor, but the family had no money, so he joined the Royal Air Force as a medical orderly.
He was awarded a British Empire Medal for gallantry in 1943 after an aircraft crashed into the Chipping Warden air base in Northamptonshire.
Along with a squadron leader, Beric ran into the burning aircraft, without protective clothing, and saved the life of a crew member who was trapped inside.
After the war Beric became a clerk in the Gents clock factory.
The family lived in a terraced house on Lead Street in the centre of Leicester, an area that was demolished in the mid-1950s as part of the city's slum clearance.
When Icke was three, in around 1955, they moved to the Goodwood estate, one of the council estates the post-war Labour government built.
"To say we were skint," he wrote in 1993, "is like saying it is a little chilly at the North Pole."
He recalls having to hide under a window or chair when the council man came for the rent; after knocking, the rent man would walk around the house peering through windows.
His mother never explained that it was about the rent; she just told Icke to hide.
He wrote in 2003 that he still gets a fright when someone knocks on the door.
Always a loner, he spent hours playing with toy trains, preferring to cross the street rather than speak to anyone.
He attended Whitehall Infant School, then Whitehall Junior School, feeling nervous and shy to the point of feeling faint during morning assembly and having to leave before he passed out.
The family doctor suggested a referral to a child psychologist, but his father would have none of it.
Icke made no effort at school, but when he was nine, he was chosen for the junior school's third-year football team.
It was the first time he had succeeded at anything, and he came to see football as his way out of poverty.
He played in goal, which he wrote suited the loner in him and gave him a sense of living on the edge between hero and villain.
After failing his 11-plus exam in 1963, he was sent to the city's Crown Hills Secondary Modern (rather than the local grammar school), where he was given a trial for the Leicester Boys Under-Fourteen team.
He left school at 15 after being talent-spotted by Coventry City, who signed him up in 1967 as their youth team's goalkeeper.
He also played for Oxford United's reserve team and Northampton Town, on loan from Coventry.
Rheumatoid arthritis in his left knee, which spread to the right knee, ankles, elbows, wrists and hands, stopped him from making a career out of football.
Despite often being in agony during training, he managed to play part-time for Hereford United, including in the first team when they were in the fourth, and later in the third, division of the English Football League.
He was earning up to ₤33 a week.
But in 1973, at the age of 21, the pain in his joints became so severe that he was forced to retire.
Icke met his first wife, Linda Atherton, in May 1971 at a dance at the Chesford Grange Hotel near Leamington Spa; she was working as a van driver for a garage.
Shortly after they met, Icke had another of the huge rows he had started having with his father—always a domineering man, his father was upset that Icke's arthritis was interfering with his football career—so he packed his bags and left home.
He moved into a bedsit and worked in a travel agency, travelling to Hereford twice a week in the evenings to play football.
He and Atherton were married on 30 September that year, four months after they met.
Their daughter was born in March 1975, followed by one son in December 1981 and another in November 1992.
The couple divorced in 2001 but remained good friends, and Atherton continued to work as Icke's business manager.
The loss of Icke's position with Hereford meant that he and his wife had to sell their home, and for several weeks they lived apart, each moving in with their parents.
In 1973 Icke found a job as a reporter with the weekly "Leicester Advertiser", through a contact who was a sports editor at the "Daily Mail".
He moved on to the Leicester News Agency, and through them did some work for BBC Radio Leicester as their football reporter, then worked his way up through the "Loughborough Monitor", the "Leicester Mercury", and BRMB Radio in Birmingham.
He worked for two months in Saudi Arabia in 1976, helping with their national football team.
It was supposed to be a longer-term position, but he missed his wife and new daughter and decided not to return after his first holiday back to the UK.
BRMB gave him his job back, after which he successfully applied to "Midlands Today" at the BBC's Pebble Mill Studios in Birmingham, a job that included on-air appearances.
One of the earliest stories he covered for them was the murder of Carl Bridgewater, the paperboy who was shot during a robbery in 1978.
In 1981 Icke became a sports presenter for the BBC's national programme, "Newsnight", which had just started.
Two years later, on 17 January 1983, he appeared on the first edition of the BBC's "Breakfast Time", British television's first national breakfast show, and presented the sports news for them until 1985, which meant getting up at two o'clock in the morning five days a week.
In the summer of 1983 he achieved his ambition when he co-hosted "Grandstand", at the time the BBC's flagship national sports programme.
He also published his first book that year, "It's a Tough Game, Son!
", about how to break into football.
Icke and his family moved in 1982 to Ryde on the Isle of Wight.
His relationship with "Grandstand" was shortlived–he wrote that a new editor arrived in 1983 who appeared not to like him–but he continued working for BBC Sport until 1990, often on bowls and snooker programmes, and at the 1988 Summer Olympics.
He was by then a household name, but a career in television began to lose its appeal; he wrote that he found television workers insecure, shallow and sometimes vicious.
In August 1990 his contract with the BBC was terminated when he refused to pay his Community Charge, a controversial local tax introduced that year by Margaret Thatcher.
He ultimately paid it, but his announcement that he was willing to go to prison rather than pay prompted the BBC, by charter an impartial public-service broadcaster, to distance itself from him.
Icke had begun to flirt with alternative medicine and New Age philosophies in the 1980s, in an effort to relieve his arthritis, and this encouraged his interest in Green politics.
Within six months of joining the Green Party, he was given a position as one of its four principal speakers, positions created in lieu of a single leader.
The "Observer" called him "the Greens' Tony Blair".
His second book, "It Doesn't Have To Be Like This", an outline of his views on the environment, was published in 1989, and he was regularly invited to high-profile events.
That year he discussed animal rights during a televised debate at the Royal Institution, alongside Tom Regan, Mary Warnock and Germaine Greer, and in 1990 his name appeared on advertisements for a children's charity, along with Audrey Hepburn, Woody Allen and other celebrities.
Despite his success, Icke wrote that 1989 was a time of considerable personal despair, and it was during this period that he said he began to feel a presence around him.
He often describes how he felt it while alone in a hotel room in March 1990, and finally asked: "If there is anybody here, will you please contact me because you are driving me up the wall!"
Days later, in a newsagent's in Ryde, he felt a force pull his feet to the ground, he wrote, and heard a voice guide him toward some books.
One of them was "Mind to Mind" (1989) by Betty Shine, a psychic healer in Brighton.
He read the book, then wrote to her requesting a consultation about his arthritis.
Icke visited Shine four times.
During the third meeting, on 29 March 1990, Icke felt something like a spider's web on his face, and Shine told him she had a message from Wang Ye Lee of the spirit world.
Icke had been sent to heal the Earth, she said, and would become famous but would face opposition.
The spirit world was going to pass ideas to him, which he would speak about to others.
He would write five books in three years; in 20 years a new flying machine would allow us to go wherever we wanted and time would have no meaning; and there would be earthquakes in unusual places, because the inner earth was being destabilized by having oil taken from the seabed.
In February 1991 Icke visited a pre-Inca Sillustani burial ground near Puno, Peru, where he felt drawn to a particular circle of waist-high stones.
As he stood in the circle, he had two thoughts: that people would be talking about this in 100 years, and that it would be over when it rained.
His body shook as though plugged into an electrical socket, he wrote, and new ideas poured into him.
Then it started raining and the experience ended.
He described it as the kundalini (a term from Indian yoga) activating his chakras, or energy centres, triggering a higher level of consciousness.
There followed what Icke called his "turquoise period".
He had been channelling for some time, he wrote, and had received a message through automatic writing that he was a "Son of the Godhead", interpreting "Godhead" as the "Infinite Mind".
He began to wear only turquoise, often a turquoise shell suit, a colour he saw as a conduit for positive energy.
He also started working on his third book, and the first of his New-Age period, "The Truth Vibrations".
In August 1990, before his visit to Peru, Icke had met Deborah Shaw, an English psychic living in Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
When he returned from Peru they began a relationship, with the apparent blessing of Icke's wife.
In March 1991 Shaw began living with the couple, a short-lived arrangement that the press called the "turquoise triangle".
Shaw changed her name to Mari Shawsun, while Icke's wife became Michaela, which she said was an aspect of the Archangel Michael.
The relationship with Shaw led to the birth of a daughter in December 1991, although she and Icke had stopped seeing each other by then.
Icke wrote in 1993 that he decided not to visit his daughter and had seen her only once, at the request of Shaw.
Icke's wife gave birth to the couple's second son in November 1992.
In March 1991 Icke resigned from the Green Party during a party conference, telling them he was about to be at the centre of "tremendous and increasing controversy", and winning a standing ovation from them after the announcement.
A week later, shortly after his father died, Icke and his wife, Linda Atherton, along with their daughter and Deborah Shaw, held a press conference to announce that Icke was a son of the Godhead.
He told reporters the world was going to end in 1997.
It would be preceded by a hurricane around the Gulf of Mexico and New Orleans, eruptions in Cuba, disruption in China, a hurricane in Derry, and an earthquake on the Isle of Arran.
The information was being given to them by voices and automatic writing, he said.
Los Angeles would become an island, New Zealand would disappear, and the cliffs of Kent would be under water by Christmas.
The headlines attracted requests for interviews, including from Nicky Campbell for BBC Radio One, Terry Wogan for his prime-time Wogan show, and Fern Britton for her ITV chat show.
The Wogan interview, on 29 April 1991, was the most damaging.
Wogan interviewed Icke again in 2006, acknowledging that his comments had been "a bit sharp".
Wogan introduced the 1991 segment with "The world as we know it is about to end."
Amid laughter from the audience, Icke prevaricated when asked if he was the son of God, replying that Jesus would have been laughed at too, and repeating that Britain would soon be devastated by tidal waves and earthquakes.
Without these, "the Earth will cease to exist."
When Icke said laughter was the best way to remove negativity, Wogan replied of the audience: "But they're laughing "at" you.
They're not laughing with you."
The interview proved devastating for Icke.
The BBC was criticized for allowing it to go ahead; Des Christy of "The Guardian" called it a "media crucifixion".
Icke disappeared from public life for a time.
In May 1991 police were called to the couple's home after a crowd of over 100 youths gathered outside, chanting "We want the Messiah" and "Give us a sign, David."
Icke told Jon Ronson in 2001:
One of my very greatest fears as a child was being ridiculed in public.
And there it was coming true.
As a television presenter, I'd been respected.
People come up to you in the street and shake your hand and talk to you in a respectful way.
And suddenly, overnight, this was transformed into "Icke's a nutter."
I couldn't walk down any street in Britain without being laughed at.
It was a nightmare.
My children were devastated because their dad was a figure of ridicule.
The "Wogan" interview set every bridge to Icke's past ablaze, he wrote in 2003, although he considered it the making of him in the end, giving him the courage to develop his ideas without caring what anyone thought.
His book "The Truth Vibrations", inspired by his experience in Peru, was published in May 1991, and he continued to write, turning himself into a popular author and speaker.
Between 1992 and 1994 he wrote five books, all published by mainstream publishers, four in 1993.
"Love Changes Everything" (1992), influenced by the "channelling" work of Deborah Shaw, is a theosophical work about the origin of the planet, in which Icke writes with admiration about Jesus.
"Days of Decision" (1993) is an 86-page summary of his interviews after the 1991 press conference; it questions the historicity of Jesus but accepts the existence of the Christ spirit.
Icke's autobiography, "In the Light of Experience", was published the same year, followed by "Heal the World: A Do-It-Yourself Guide to Personal and Planetary Transformation" (1993).
Icke's fifth book of that period, "The Robots' Rebellion" (1994), published by Gateway, attracted allegations that his work was antisemitic.
According to Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke, the book contains "all the familiar beliefs and paranoid clichés" of the US conspiracists and militia.
It claims that a plan for world domination by a shadowy cabal, perhaps extraterrestrial, was laid out in a notorious antisemitic literary forgery, "The Protocols of the Elders of Zion" (c. 1897).
Barkun states that Icke's reliance on the "Protocols" in "The Robots' Rebellion" is "the first of a number of instances in which Icke moves into the dangerous terrain of anti-Semitism".
"The Protocols of the Elders of Zion" is a notorious antisemitic literary forgery, probably written under the direction of the Russian secret police in Paris, that purported to reveal a conspiracy by the Jewish people to achieve global domination.
It was exposed as a work of fiction in 1920 by Lucien Wolf and the following year by Philip Graves in "The Times".
Once exposed, it disappeared from mainstream discourse, Barkun writes, until interest in it was renewed by the American far right in the 1950s.
Its use was spread further by conspiracy groups on the internet.
Icke took both the extraterrestrial angle and the focus on the "Protocols" from "Behold a Pale Horse" (1991) by Milton William Cooper, who was associated with the American militia movement; chapter 15 of Cooper's book reproduces the "Protocols" in full.
"The Robots' Rebellion" refers repeatedly to the "Protocols", calling them the "Illuminati protocols", and defining "Illuminati" as the "Brotherhood elite at the top of the pyramid of secret societies world-wide".
Icke adds that the "Protocols" were not the work of the Jewish people, but of Zionists.
"The Robots' Rebellion" was greeted with dismay by the Green Party's executive.
Despite the controversy over the press conference and Wogan interview, they had allowed Icke to address the party's annual conference in 1992—a decision that led one of its principal speakers, Sara Parkin, to resign—but after the publication of "The Robot's Rebellion" they moved to ban him.
Icke wrote to the "Guardian" in September 1994 denying that "The Robots' Rebellion" was antisemitic, and rejecting racism, sexism and prejudice of any kind, while insisting that whoever had written the "Protocols" "knew the game plan" for the 20th century.
Icke's next manuscript, "And the Truth Shall Set You Free" (1995), contained a chapter questioning aspects of the Holocaust, which caused a rift with his publisher, Gateway.
In addition to Holocaust denial, Icke states in the book that Jews "dominated the Versailles Peace Conference and created the circumstances which made the Second World War inevitable.
They financed Hitler to power in 1933 and made the funds available for his rearmament."
After borrowing £15,000 from a friend, Icke set up Bridge of Love Publications, later called David Icke Books, and self-published that book and all his work thereafter.
He wrote in 2004 that "And the Truth" was one of his proudest achievements.
According to Lewis and Kahn, Icke set about consolidating all conspiracy theories into one project with unlimited explanatory power.
His books sold 140,000 copies between 1998 and 2011, at a value of over £2 million.
Thirty thousand copies of "The Biggest Secret" (1999) were in print months after publication, according to Icke, and it was reprinted six times between 1999 and 2006.
"Alice in Wonderland and the World Trade Center Disaster" (2002) became a long-standing top-five bestseller in South Africa.
By 2006 his website was getting 600,000 hits a week, and by 2011 his books had been translated into 11 languages.
Icke became known, in particular, for his lengthy lectures.
By 2006 he had lectured in at least 25 countries, attracting audiences of several thousand each time.
He lectured for seven hours to 2,500 people at the Brixton Academy, London, in 2008, and the same year addressed the University of Oxford's debating society, the Oxford Union.
His book tour for "Human Race Get Off Your Knees: The Lion Sleeps No More" (2010) included a sell-out talk to 2,100 in New York and £83,000 worth of ticket sales in Melbourne, Australia.
In October 2012 he delivered a 10-hour lecture to 6,000 people at London's Wembley Arena.
In 1997 Icke met his second wife, Pamela Leigh Richards, in Jamaica.
He and Linda Atherton divorced in 2001, and he and Richards were married the same year.
The couple separated in 2008 and divorced in 2011.
Icke stood for parliament in the 2008 by-election for Haltemprice and Howden (an East Yorkshire constituency), on the issue of "Big Brother—The Big Picture".
He came 12th, with 110 votes (0.46%), resulting in a lost deposit.
He explained that he was standing because "if we don't face this now we are going to have some serious explaining to do when we are asked by our children and grandchildren what we were doing when the global fascist state was installed.
'I was watching "EastEnders", dear' will not be good enough."
In November 2013 Icke launched an internet television station, The People's Voice, broadcast from London.
He founded the station after crowdsourcing over ₤300,000 and worked for it as a volunteer until March 2014.
As of that year the station appeared to have stopped broadcasting.
Icke combines New Age philosophical discussion about the universe and consciousness with conspiracy theories about public figures being reptilian humanoids and paedophiles.
He argues in favour of reincarnation; a collective consciousness that has intentionality; modal realism (that other possible worlds exist alongside ours); and the law of attraction (that good and bad thoughts can attract experiences).
In "The Biggest Secret" (1999), he introduced the idea that many prominent figures derive from the Anunnaki, a reptilian race from the Draco constellation.
In "Human Race Get Off Your Knees: The Lion Sleeps No More" (2012), he identified the Moon (and later Saturn) as the source of holographic experiences, broadcast by the reptiles, that humanity interprets as reality.
In his ancient-astronaut narrative, Icke argues that humanity has been genetically manipulated by the Babylonian Brotherhood, a hybrid race of human–extraterrestrial reptilians, also known as the Illuminati.
He briefly introduced the extraterrestrial hypothesis in "The Robot's Rebellion" (1994), citing Bill Cooper's "Behold a Pale Horse" (1991), and expanded it in "And the Truth Shall Set You Free" (1995), citing Barbara Marciniak's "Bringers of the Dawn" (1992).
In "The Biggest Secret" (1999), Icke identified the Brotherhood as descendants of reptilians from the constellation Draco, who live in caverns inside the earth.
They are the deities known as the Anunnaki in the Babylonian creation myth, "Enûma Eliš", and the fallen angels, the Watchers, who mated with human women in the Biblical apocrypha.
He said in an interview:
When you get back into the ancient world, you find this recurring theme of a union between a non-human race and humans—creating a hybrid race.
From 1998, I started coming across people who told me they had seen people change into a non-human form.
It's an age-old phenomenon known as shape-shifting.
The basic form is like a scaly humanoid, with reptilian rather than humanoid eyes.
Robertson writes that Icke's reptilian idea is adapted from Zecharia Sitchin's "The 12th Planet" (1976), combined with material from Credo Mutwa, a Zulu healer.
Sitchin suggested that the Anunnaki came to Earth for its precious metals.
Icke maintains that they came for monatomic gold, a non-existent mineral (only gases can exist in a monatomic state) that, he writes, increases the capacity of the nervous system ten thousandfold.
After ingesting it, the reptilians can process vast amounts of information, speed up trans-dimensional travel, and shapeshift from reptilian to human.
The first reptilian-human breeding programmes took place 200,000–300,000 years ago (perhaps creating Adam), and the third (and latest) 7,000 years ago.
The hybrids of the third programme, more Anunnaki than human, today control the world: "The Brotherhood which controls the world today is the modern expression of the Babylonian Brotherhood of reptile-Aryan priests and 'royalty' which came together there after the flood."
By "Aryan" he explains that he means "white"; this includes most Jews, whom he regards as having originated in the Caucasus.
At the apex of the Babylonian Brotherhood stands the Global Elite, and at the top of the Global Elite are the Prison Wardens.
The goal of the Brotherhood, their "Great Work of Ages", is a microchipped population and fascist world government.
The Brotherhood created and controls the United Nations, International Monetary Fund, Round Table, Council on Foreign Relations, Chatham House, Club of Rome, Royal Institute of International Affairs, Trilateral Commission and Bilderberg Group, as well as the media, military, CIA, Mossad, science, religion and the Internet, with witting or unwitting support from the London School of Economics.
As of 2003 the reptilian bloodline encompassed 43 American presidents, three British and two Canadian prime ministers, several Sumerian kings and Egyptian pharaohs, and a smattering of celebrities.
Key bloodlines are the Rockefellers, Rothschilds, various European aristocratic families, the establishment families of the Eastern United States, and the British House of Windsor.
Icke confirmed to Andrew Neil in May 2016 that he believes the British Royal Family are shapeshifting lizards.
He identified the Queen Mother in 2001 as "seriously reptilian", and said he had seen Ted Heath's eyes turn black while the two waited for a Sky News interview in 1989.
Lewis and Kahn argue that Icke is using allegory to depict the alien, and alienating, nature of global capitalism.
Icke has said he is not using allegory.
The reptilians not only come from another planet, but are also from another dimension, the lower level of the fourth dimension (the "lower astral dimension"), the one nearest the physical world.
Barkun argues that the introduction of different dimensions allows Icke to skip awkward questions about how the reptilians got here.
Icke writes that the universe consists of an infinite number of dimensions that share the same space, just like television and radio frequencies.
Some people can tune their consciousness to other wavelengths, and it is from one of these other dimensions that the Anunnaki control the planet, although just as fourth-dimensional reptilians control us, they in turn are controlled by a fifth dimension.
Icke writes that the Brotherhood uses human anxiety as energy.
"Thus we have the encouragement of wars," he wrote in 1999, "human genocide, the mass slaughter of animals, sexual perversions which create highly charged negative energy, and black magic ritual and sacrifice which takes place on a scale that will stagger those who have not studied the subject."
In "Tales From The Time Loop" (2003), Icke argues that the reptilians create religious, racial, ethnic and sexual division to divide and conquer humanity.
Incidents and issues he attributes to the Global Elite include the Oklahoma City bombing, Dunblane, Columbine, 9/11, 7/7, global warming, chemtrails, water fluoridation, and Agenda 21.
The incidents allow the reptilians to respond in whatever way they intended to act in the first place, a concept Icke calls "order out of chaos" or "problem–reaction–solution".
One of their methods is to create fake opposites, or "opposames", such as the Axis and Allied powers of World War II.
The movement of societies toward totalitarianism because of these conflicts he calls "totalitarian tiptoe".
In "Infinite Love is the Only Truth" (2005), Icke introduces his three categories of people.
The Brotherhood are "interactive software programs", or "Red Dresses".
They lack consciousness and free will, and their human bodies are holographic veils.
A second group, the "sheeple" (the vast majority of humanity), are conscious, but do as they are told and are the Brotherhood's main energy source.
They include the "repeaters", people in positions of influence who repeat what other people tell them; he cites doctors, teachers and journalists as examples.
The third and smallest group are those who see through the illusion; they are usually dubbed dangerous or mad.
The Red Dress genetic lines interbreed obsessively to make sure their bloodlines are not weakened by the second or third levels of consciousness, because consciousness can rewrite the software.
The Moon Matrix is introduced in "Human Race Get Off Your Knees: The Lion Sleeps No More" (2010), in which Icke suggests that the Earth and collective human mind are manipulated from the Moon, a spacecraft and inter-dimensional portal controlled by the reptilians.
The Moon Matrix is a broadcast from that spacecraft to the human body–computer, specifically to the left hemisphere of the brain, which gives us our sense of reality: "We are living in a dreamworld within a dreamworld—a Matrix within the virtual-reality universe—and it is being broadcast from the Moon."
Unless people force themselves to become fully conscious, their minds are the Moon's mind.
This idea is further explored in Icke's "Remember Who You Are: Remember 'Where' You Are and Where You 'Come' From" (2012), where he introduces the concept of the "Saturn–Moon Matrix".
In this more recent conceptualization, the rings of Saturn (which Icke believes were artificially created by reptilian spacecraft) are the ultimate source of the signal, while the Moon functions as an amplifier.
Icke has emerged as a professional conspiracy theorist within a global counter-cultural movement that combines New World Order conspiracism, the truther movement and anti-globalization, with an extraterrestrial conspiracist subculture (Roswell, alien abduction, crop circles, men in black, "The X-Files").
Thanks to Icke's prominence, public figures are regularly asked whether they are lizards.
An Official Information Act request was filed in New Zealand in 2008 to ask this of John Key, the prime minister, and Facebook's Mark Zuckerberg was asked the same during a Q&A in 2016.
(Both men said they were not lizards.
Key added that he had taken the unusual step of consulting not only a doctor but a vet.)
In a 2013 survey in the United States by Public Policy Polling, four percent believed that "'lizard people' control our societies."
Icke's audiences consist of all ages and political persuasions, from the far-right Christian Patriots to New Agers.
Barkun categorizes Icke as a New Age conspiracist, describing his work as "improvisational millennialism", with an end-of-history scenario involving a final battle between good and evil.
Barkun defines improvisional millennialism as an "act of bricolage": because everything is connected in the conspiracist world view, every source can be mined for links.
Barkun argues that Icke has actively tried to cultivate the radical right: "There is no fuller explication of [their] beliefs about ruling elites than Icke's."
In 1996 Icke spoke to a conference in Reno, Nevada, alongside opponents of the Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act, including Kirk Lyons, a lawyer who has represented the Ku Klux Klan.
Icke was dogged for years by allegations that his work is antisemitic; the focus on the "Protocols" was taken to mean that Icke's reptilians were really Jews, which Icke called "friggin' nonsense".
After complaints from the Canadian Jewish Congress in 2000, he was briefly detained by immigration officials in Canada where he was booked for a speaking tour, and his books were removed from Indigo Books, a Canadian chain.
Several stops on the tour were cancelled by the venues, as was a lecture in London.
Despite his relationships with the far right, Icke's New Age beliefs create a division between him and them, according to Barkun.
Although Icke regards Christian patriots as the only Americans who understand the New World Order, he also told a Christian patriot group: "I don't know which I dislike more, the world controlled by the Brotherhood, or the one you want to replace it with."
James Ward argues that Icke's underlying message is hopeful, and that therein lies his appeal: as Icke said at Wembley in 2012, "If we want a world of love and peace, we have to be loving and peaceful with everyone, even people we don't like."
Relying on Douglas Kellner's distinction between clinical paranoia and a "critical paranoia" that confronts power, Lewis and Kahn argue that Icke displays elements of both, and that his "postmodern metanarrative" may be allegorical, a Swiftian satire used to give ordinary people a narrative with which to question what they see around them and to alert them to the emergence of a global fascist state.
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Estância is a municipality located in the Brazilian state of Sergipe.
Its population is 68,846 (2016).
Estância covers , and has a population density of 110 inhabitants per square kilometer.
It is located from the state capital of Sergipe, Aracaju.
The city is the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Estância.
João Mendes, head of the Captaincy of Sergipe, granted Pedro Homem da Costa and his brother-in-law the land of were granted the land of Estância on September 16, 1621.
The area was home to a Mexican population which specialized in cattle raising; they were called "estancieiros" and ultimately the settlement was named for them.
Pedro Homem da Costa built the first chapel in the area, the Church of Nossa Senhora de Guadalupe.
It is dedicated to Our Lady of Guadalupe, who was not unknown in Brazil but strongly associated with Catholic Mexicans.
Estância was a district of Vila de Santa Luzia do Real, now known as Santa Luzia do Itanhy.
Santa Luzia fell into decay by the mid-18th century and the King of Portugal granted Estância independent legal status, and the city seat of Santa Luzia was transferred to Estância on October 25, 1831.
It was elevated to city status on May 4, 1848.
The Emperor Dom Pedro II visited Estância and called it "the garden of Sergipe" for its landscape and numerous tiled houses.
Estância, reflecting its past economic prestige, is home to numerous historic structures from the 18th and 19th century.
The House at Praça Rio Branco No.
35 was declared a federal historic site by National Institute of Historic and Artistic Heritage in 1962.
Eight houses on Rua Capitão Salomão and one on Rua Duque de Caxias have been declared historic sites by the State of Sergipe, as well as the Church of Our Lady of the Rosary and a painting by Horácio Hora at the Hospital Amparo de Maria.
Few historic sites in Estância are well-maintained and some, notably on Rua Capitão Salomão and Rua Pernambuquinho, have been demolished.
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The Glasgow City and District Railway was a sub-surface railway line in Glasgow, Scotland, built to connect suburban routes east and west of the city, and to relieve congestion at the Queen Street terminus.
Construction of the cut-and-cover route, only the fourth such in Great Britain, was formidably complex, but the line opened in 1886.
It was steam operated, leading to complaints about smoky conditions.
It had a four-platform low level station at Queen Street, and was heavily used.
The line was electrified in 1960 and today forms the central part of the North Clyde electric railway network.
The first railways in the west of Scotland were the "coal railways", intended primarily to bring coal to the city for consumption, and to canals and ports for onward water-borne transport.
The Garnkirk and Glasgow Railway opened in 1831 and had a terminus at Townhead, on the north-eastern margin of the city.
In 1840 more general-purpose railways were seen: the Glasgow, Paisley, Kilmarnock and Ayr Railway opened in 1840, followed by the Glasgow, Paisley and Greenock Railway in 1841, and the Edinburgh and Glasgow Railway, providing an intercity service, in 1842.
It had a passenger and goods station at Queen Street in Glasgow.
It was not until 1848 that the first long-distance line reached the city: the Caledonian Railway opened to Glasgow.
There were now four passenger terminals in Glasgow, at Bridge Street, at South Side, at Buchanan Street and at Queen Street.
Some short lines to small towns with an industrial base were opened, and these encouraged residential development: the beginning of daily travel to work by train; but there was no suburban network.
For many years passenger and goods trade between Glasgow and communities and industries west of Glasgow was carried on by boat.
The north bank of the Clyde was relatively unpopulated as far as Bowling, where the basin of the Forth and Clyde Canal entered the river; beyond that Dumbarton was a centre of industry; and beyond Dumbarton lay the towns of the Firth of Clyde.
In 1858 the Glasgow, Dumbarton and Helensburgh Railway (GD&HR) was opened, connecting the city to a purely local railway that connected Bowling and Balloch, on Loch Lomond.
Now at last the north bank of the Clyde had a through railway connection.
However the built-up area of Glasgow prevented the GD&HR from building directly west from the city, and its line made a large circuit round the north of Glasgow.
There was still no attempt at a suburban service: the first station from Glasgow was Maryhill, then an isolated village, and then Dalmuir.
The GD&HR joined with the Edinburgh and Glasgow Railway at Cowlairs, and was absorbed by that company in 1862; the E&GR was itself absorbed by the North British Railway in 1865.
On the east side, the Monklands area around Airdrie and Coatbridge had become the centre of the iron industries; it had extensive seams of good quality coal and of blackband ironstone.
The wealthy industrial district was in the area served by the Caledonian Railway and the North British Railway sought to build a direct line to Coatbridge from Glasgow, to participate in the available business.
It opened its Coatbridge branch in 1871.
The Glasgow terminus was called College, at a site vacated for the purpose by the University of Glasgow; it was not convenient for the city centre.
The NBR had collaborated with the Glasgow and South Western Railway (G&SWR) in the construction of the City of Glasgow Union Railway, which also opened to College in 1871, crossing the River Clyde and linking the G&SWR network with the NBR line.
At last the separate radiating railways around Glasgow were becoming linked, and a suburban passenger railway, and the exchange of goods traffic, could be thought of.
The NBR network now developed west of the city, driven chiefly by the expansion westwards of heavy industry and of docking facilities for steamers.
The Stobcross Railway opened in 1874 to serve the new Queen's Dock at Stobcross, but this line too made a large circuit of the city to reach the dock.
The Glasgow, Yoker and Clydebank Railway was opened in 1882 to serve a shipyard and other industrial sites that were relocating.
The passenger service on the Yoker line was not connected to the rest of the railway network.
This fractured set of lines frustrated the development of the areas served by the NBR.
Moreover, Queen Street station, which was considered cramped from the outset, was now impossibly congested with terminating trains and a goods station, and there was no possibility of increasing line capacity on the Cowlairs incline.
The NBR set about the task of connecting the lines east and west of the city.
The "Glasgow City and District Railway", an independent company sponsored by the NBR, was authorised on 10 August 1882 to make a line from the College station to Stobcross, a distance of 3 miles (5 km).
The capital was to be £550,000.
A connection at Knightswood enabling through running from Stobcross towards Dalmuir was included in the authorisation.
The main section of the GC&DR was to be sub-surface, constructed by cut and cover.
At its peak the construction had 22 tunnelling faces active.
A four-platform station was to be provided at Queen Street, partly under the existing main line station.
A new through station was to be provided at College, replacing the existing terminus.
The Stobcross line at the west end was a goods-only dead end and this was to be transformed into a through line, with a station nearby at Finnieston.
The construction was challenging in engineering terms: it was only the fourth underground line in the country.
The GC&DR line opened on 15 March 1886, and the company was amalgamated with the North British Railway.
The passenger services that had previously run to Queen Street high level terminus were diverted to run through the new line, providing immediate relief at Queen Street.
On the same day the NBR opened the short Hyndland branch from Partick Junction, providing a western terminus for some trains.
On 1 August 1886 the Knightswood spur opened, and Queen Street goods depot was closed and the goods traffic transferred temporarily to the G&SWR goods station at College.
Goods trains were not allowed to use the underground section, to minimise problems with the smoky atmosphere.
Soon 90 trains daily were being handled in the underground section.
At first the carriages were unlit, but following protests and incandescent lighting system was provided, powered from a conductor fixed to the tunnel walls.
The system was patented by H S P Carswell; it was removed in November 1901.
The smoky atmosphere in the tunnel sections was immediately a cause for serious complaint.
Proposed solutions to vent the tunnels proved to be unacceptable to local residents, and for some years the issue remained contentious.
Eventually the roof of Charing Cross station was removed.
The four platforms at Queen Street low level station were lettered, A, B, C and D.
In association with the GC&DR line, the NBR opened a short branch from College to Bridgeton Cross on 1 July 1892 with an intermediate station at Gallowgate, and the G&SWR provided a spur to that line from the City of Glasgow Union line, opening on 1 April 1893.
However that service was unsuccessful, and was withdrawn on 1 February 1913; the spur connection was closed.
Bridgeton station area was used for stabling and carriage cleaning, but the station was closed on 4 November 1979 when the Argyle Line opened; the branch continued to be used for carriage servicing for some years.
Under a modernisation scheme of 1955, the GC&DR route was to be electrified as part of a proposed enhancement of the whole of the former NBR North Clyde lines.
The four platforms at Queen Street Low Level were closed from 10 to 13 August 1959 for remodelling to a simple two-platform station as a prelude to electrification.
Full electrification was inaugurated on 7 November 1960 but a series of explosions in the new electric units resulted in restoration of the steam service, which continued from 19 December until 1 October 1960, when the full electric service was reinstated after modifications to the electrical system of the units.
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The "Almirante Lynch" class were a group of destroyers built for the Chilean Navy prior to World War I.
Initially six ships were planned, two being delivered.
The other four were purchased by and incorporated into the Royal Navy during World War I as the .
Following the war, the three surviving ships were returned to the Chilean Navy and renamed the "Almirante Williams" class.
The class of ships was named after Admiral Patricio Lynch, Chilean sailor, hero of the War of the Pacific.
The Chileans had long been customers of British shipyards and ordered six ships from J. Samuel White in 1911.
These destroyers were a private design by J. Samuel White that were significantly larger and heavier armed than their contemporary British destroyers.
They had four funnels, a tall, narrow fore funnel and three broad, short funnels behind.
Construction of these ships led to an expansion of the yard and the purchase of a large 80 ton hammerhead crane from Babcock & Wilcox of Renfrew, Scotland.
They were initially armed with six single QF 4 inch guns, unusually arranged with four on the forecastle - two sided in front of the wheelhouse and two sided abreast it - the remaining pair being sided on the quarterdeck.
These guns were of a novel Elswick design for the Chileans and when the ships were rearmed they were replaced with standard Royal Navy models.
As rearmed in 1918 they carried a BL 4.7 inch gun on the forecastle and another on a bandstand between the after pair of funnels, retained the pair of 4 inch guns abreast the wheelhouse and had two QF 2 pounder pom-poms.
Only two ships were delivered before the outbreak of war and served in the Chilean Navy until 1945.
The remaining four ships were purchased by the British in 1914 and fought in the Royal Navy during World War I as the "Faulknor"-class flotilla leaders.
The three surviving ships were returned to the friendly nation of Chile in 1920, and formed the "Almirante Williams" class - taking their name from the original name of HMS "Botha" - but being worn out were scrapped in 1933.
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"731" is the tenth episode of the third season of the American science fiction television series "The X-Files".
It premiered on the Fox network on .
It was directed by Rob Bowman, and written by Frank Spotnitz.
"731" featured guest appearances by Stephen McHattie, Steven Williams and Don S. Williams.
The episode helps explore the series' overarching mythology.
"731" earned a Nielsen household rating of 12, being watched by 17.68 million people in its initial broadcast.
The show centers on FBI special agents Fox Mulder (David Duchovny) and Dana Scully (Gillian Anderson) who work on cases linked to the paranormal, called X-Files.
In this episode, Mulder risks his life infiltrating a train carrying a human-alien hybrid.
Meanwhile, Scully tries to uncover the truth about her abduction.
"731" is a two-part episode, continuing the plot from the previous episode, "Nisei".
The production of "731" involved several stunts, including the explosion of a retired railway car.
The episode's production was successful for two members of the crew—earning director of photography John Bartley an American Society of Cinematographers award nomination for his work, and securing Bowman the job of directing the series' subsequent film adaptation, "The X-Files".
In Quinnimont, West Virginia, a team of soldiers arrives at an abandoned leprosy research compound, rounding up most of the patients.
One patient, Escalante, hides beneath a trapdoor during the arrival and follows the group to a secluded field nearby.
He watches as the soldiers shoot the other patients, including apparent alien-human hybrids, into a mass grave.
Fox Mulder loses his cell phone after jumping on top of the moving train, losing contact with Dana Scully.
When questioned by Scully, X tells her to analyze her implant, saying that it will give her answers about the train and her sister Melissa's murder.
Meanwhile, Mulder enters the train and finds that the secret railcar is quarantined and protected by a security system.
He searches for Zama, enlisting the train conductor for help.
In Zama's compartment, they find hand-written journals in Japanese.
However, elsewhere on the train, the Red-Haired Man intercepts and strangles Zama.
Scully sees Pendrell, who tells her that the implant contains highly advanced technology that can replicate the brain's memory functions and enable someone to know a person's very thoughts.
The manufacturer of the chip was Zama, who created the implant at the West Virginia compound.
Scully travels there, meeting a group of deformed patients who have eluded the "death squads."
Escalante tells her that the patients were experimented on by Zama, who departed long ago; since then, the death squads have set out to massacre them.
Escalante shows her the mass grave but is killed when soldiers arrive to capture Scully.
She is brought before the First Elder.
Mulder returns to the railcar, seeing its door ajar; an alien-human test subject is locked in a room inside.
The Red-Haired Man attacks Mulder, causing the conductor to lock them both in the car.
The Red-Haired Man claims to work for the NSA, and that a bomb in the car was triggered after he gained entry with Zama's pass code.
Mulder doesn't believe him, but he is called by Scully on the Red-Haired Man's cell phone.
Scully—who is with the First Elder in a similar railcar—tells Mulder that unwitting subjects, including herself, were operated on by Zama in the secret railway, with the alien abduction theory used as a smokescreen.
She also confirms that a bomb is in the car and believes that the quarantined patient is infected with hemorrhagic fever.
She fears that thousands will die from the disease if the car explodes.
Mulder finds the bomb in the ceiling.
After the car is disconnected from the rest of the train on a remote rail siding, Mulder questions the Red-Haired Man, who says that the patient is immune to biological warfare.
Zama had tried to sneak the patient out of the country, but the government would rather see it destroyed than let their research fall into Japanese hands; the Red-Haired Man was sent to kill them both.
Mulder, however, believes that the patient is an alien-human hybrid.
With help from Scully, Mulder successfully unlocks the door of the railcar, but he is knocked unconscious by the Red-Haired Man.
As the Red-Haired Man is about to leave, X appears and shoots him.
Realizing that the bomb is about to explode and that there is not enough time to both save Mulder and secure the patient, X decides to save Mulder.
X exits carrying the still unconscious Mulder shortly before the bomb explodes.
After recovering from his injuries, Mulder attempts to find information on the railcar, but he is unable to do so.
Scully returns the journal that he found on the car, but Mulder realizes that it is a rewritten substitute.
Meanwhile, the real journal is translated in a shadowy room as the Smoking Man watches.
Writer Frank Spotnitz has claimed that his inspiration for the episode came from having read a "New York Times" article on the war crimes committed by Unit 731 of the Imperial Japanese Army, after which the episode is named.
The unit was responsible for human subject research on both prisoners of war and civilians.
Further inspiration was drawn from the films "North by Northwest" and "The Train", which were the basis for the episode's train-car setting.
Spotnitz also noted that the episode offered the writers the opportunity to "set the counter back" for the series' premise, allowing the character of Scully to still maintain a skeptical standpoint after the events of "Paper Clip", an earlier third season episode in which the character witnesses a group of aliens.
The tagline for this episode was switched to "Apology is Policy."
The scene at the start of the episode with Duchovny's character Fox Mulder clinging to the side of the train car was filmed using a harness cabled across the top of the car that was removed digitally during post production.
Duchovny performed the stunt himself, without the use of a double.
Steven Williams and Duchovny separately recorded the scene in which Williams carries Duchovny from the car before it explodes against a blue screen.
The results of this were flipped horizontally to aid the scene's "composition", and superimposed over the explosion.
Twenty-five masked actors, mostly children, laid over prop bodies for the scene with the mass grave.
The producers built train car interiors for the quarantine car where the patient was being kept and the sleeper cars, and floated the train sets on inner tubes to create the feeling of movement.
Seven different cameras were used by director Rob Bowman when filming the train car explosion.
Forty-five gallons of gasoline and 120 black-powder bombs were used for the effect.
The car used had been obtained cheaply from a Vancouver-based rail company, and had been considered scrap due to being bent.
After the explosion was recorded, a bell from the train was recovered some distance from the site by the physical effects supervisor Dave Gauthier, who had it polished and engraved with a message for Bowman.
Bowman made use of a Steadicam for those scenes featured Mulder inside the train, and kept the character away from the centre of the screen, to accentuate his "paranoid" mindset.
This was deliberately contrasted with the concurrent scene featuring Scully, who is speaking to Mulder over a telephone.
This was shot using a camera dolly and a "graphically balanced" mise-en-scène, intended to leave the character seeming as "balanced, confident, strong" as "the Rock of Gibraltar".
Bowman, who felt that the finished episode "was really like a movie", has stated that his cut of the episode impressed series creator Chris Carter enough for Carter to offer Bowman the job of directing the series' film adaptation.
Jan Delasara, in her book '"PopLit, PopCult and The X-Files" argues that episodes such as "731" and "Nisei", or the earlier third season episode "Paper Clip", show the public's trust in science "eroding".
Delasara proposes that "arrogated" scientists who are "rework[ing] the fabric of life" are causing the public's faith in the scientific method to fade drastically, "a concern ... that is directly addressed by "X-Files" episodes".
Moreover, she notes that almost all of the scientists portrayed in "The X-Files" are depicted with a "connection to ancient evil," with the lone exception being Agent Scully.
In "731," and earlier in "Nisei," the scientists are former Japanese scientists who worked for Unit 731.
In their attempts to create a successful human-alien hybrid, they become the archetypical scientists who "[go] too far," a serious factor that Delasara argues "'alienates [the public] further from science and its practitioners".
Critical opinion has also noted that both parts of the story arc offer an alternative explanation for the events of the series so far, a "less romantic" outcome that paints the ongoing plot as an elaborate hoax to defer attention from the government's experiments, both military and medical.
Reviewer Todd VanDerWerff feels that such an explanation would "speak more to the sadness at the core of the "X-Files" to have Mulder find his answers and be forced to accept they weren't what he was looking for", comparing such a realization to the hero of "Don Quixote".
This "hoax" plot device would later be revisited in both the fourth season finale "Gethsemane" and the fifth season's opening two-part episodes "Redux and Redux II", although to a much lesser degree of effectiveness.
"731" premiered on the Fox network on , and was first broadcast in the United Kingdom on BBC Two on .
The episode earned a Nielsen household rating of 12 with a 21 share, meaning that roughly of all television-equipped households, and of households watching television, were tuned in to the episode.
A total of viewers watched this episode during its original airing.
"731" received mostly positive reviews from critics.
Writing for The A.V.
Club, reviewer Zack Handlen rated the episode an A, calling it "terrific".
However, Handlen felt that the version of events told to Scully in this episode was perhaps a better explanation for the series' mythology than its eventual resolution, noting that it might have offered "a conclusion whose emotional impact would've lived up to the intensity of early mythology episodes" such as this.
In a retrospective of the third season in "Entertainment Weekly", "731" was rated a B.
The review noted that the episode was "strangely tension-free", though it derided Scully's stubbornness to believe what the series had established as truth.
Nick De Semlyen and James White of "Empire" named it the second "greatest" episode of the series, stating it is "arguably the greatest of The X-Files' many mythology episodes" and a "high-octane mix of action and intrigue, with the production values and pacing of a Hollywood blockbuster".
Director Rob Bowman called the episode one of his all time favorites.
Actor Steven Williams felt that his portrayal of X in this episode helped endear him more to the show's viewers.
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The Florida–Florida State football rivalry (known as the "Sunshine Showdown") is an American college football rivalry between the teams of the two oldest public universities of the U.S. state of Florida: the University of Florida Gators and Florida State University Seminoles.
Although both universities participate in a range of intercollegiate sports, the competition between the Gators and the Seminoles has most often focused on football.
The Florida and Florida State football series began in 1958, and the game has usually been played on the Saturday after Thanksgiving since the 1970s.
The Gators dominated the series before coach Bobby Bowden first brought FSU to national prominence in the late 1970s, after which the Seminoles have held a slight advantage.
Florida leads the series 34–25–2.
For the past three decades, one or both squads have usually been highly ranked coming into the game, adding national championship implications to a rivalry already heavily weighted with in-state bragging rights.
From 1990 to 2000, every meeting featured both schools being ranked in the top 10 of the Associated Press rankings, with one or both schools ranked in the top 5 on multiple occasions.
The winner of the game would go on to compete in the national championship game in six of those seasons (1993, 1995, 1996, 1998, 1999, 2000).
Florida State College, one of the predecessor institutions of Florida State University, sponsored a varsity football team from 1902 to 1904 and won "state championships" in each of those seasons.
With its passage of the Buckman Act in 1905, the Florida Legislature abolished the coeducational Florida State College and rededicated its Tallahassee campus as the all-women Florida Female College for the 1905 fall term, ending the football program.
The college's name was officially changed to "Florida State College for Women" in 1909.
During the same 1905 reorganization mandated by the Buckman Act, four smaller state-supported colleges were abolished and their assets and academic programs consolidated to form the new "University of the State of Florida," a new all-male university located in Gainesville.
Florida State College's last coach, Jack Forsythe, became the first coach of the new University of the State of Florida football team in 1906.
The name of the new men's university was officially shortened to the "University of Florida" in 1909.
The university has fielded an officially recognized and sponsored varsity football team every season since 1906, with the exception of 1943, when World War II manpower shortages precluded most intercollegiate athletics.
In 1947, the Florida Legislature reorganized the state's university system again.
In order to accommodate the post-World War II surge in college enrollment, both the University of Florida and Florida State College for Women became coeducational, with the Tallahassee institution taking its present name, "Florida State University."
Florida State immediately established a football program, and its coach, players and students began calling for games against the Gators.
The University of Florida administration, however, was reluctant to treat Florida State University as an equal, less for reasons of intercollegiate sports rivalry than for reasons of limited state funding for higher education and the perception that Florida State's demands for a greater share of those funds might undercut the University of Florida's role as the state's historic flagship university.
As the impasse dragged on, a bill was proposed in the Florida Legislature in 1955 which would have mandated that the two schools compete against each other in football and other sports.
While the bill was voted down, Florida Governor LeRoy Collins personally requested president J. Wayne Reitz of the University of Florida to schedule a yearly football series between the two state universities, and the two schools' athletic directors eventually negotiated a contract that started the football series in 1958, the first available opening on the Gators' schedule.
One of the stipulations in the first contract was that all games be played in the Gators' home stadium, Florida Field in Gainesville, because the Seminoles' stadium facilities at the time were too small.
As a result, the first six games in the series were all played in Gainesville.
Florida State initiated a series of expansions to Doak Campbell Stadium, and beginning in 1964, the game site has alternated on an annual home-and-away basis between Gainesville and Tallahassee.
The Gators hold a 20–11–1 series advantage in games held in Gainesville, and have a one-game edge for those played in Tallahassee, 13–12–1.
The Gators and Seminoles have split two neutral-site games—both Sugar Bowls played in the Mercedes-Benz Superdome in New Orleans (1994 and 1997).
Since alternating the game site, the Gators hold a 29–23–1 edge over the Seminoles.
Since Bobby Bowden became the head coach at Florida State in 1976, the Seminoles hold a 21–19–1 advantage over the Gators.
After the Florida State College for Women became the co-educational Florida State University in 1947, the newly formed Florida State Seminoles football team achieved immediate success on the gridiron.
Under head coach Don Veller, the Seminoles became the first collegiate football program in the state of Florida to go unbeaten and untied, finishing 8–0 in 1950.
Under Coach Tom Nugent, the Seminoles made the move to major college status in 1955.
Just three years later, Nugent would lead the Seminoles onto Florida Field to face the Gators, with Florida winning 21–7.
With the arrival of Bill Peterson in 1960, the Seminoles began their move to national prominence.
Under Peterson's direction, the Seminoles beat the Gators for the first time in 1964 and earned their first major bowl bid.
Peterson also led the Seminoles to their first-ever top-ten ranking.
While Peterson was taking the Seminole program to new heights, Ray Graves had been hired as the Gators new head coach to improve the Florida football program.
When the two teams fought to a 3–3 tie in 1961, Graves likened the result to "a death in the family."
From that point on, the game took on new significance and the rivalry intensified.
With a strong advantage in resources, facilities and home field advantage (the first six games of the series were played in Gainesville), the Gators would dominate the rivalry in its formative years, as the Gators were 16–2–1 against the Seminoles from 1958 until 1976.
One particularly poor stretch for the Seminoles was from 1969–72 when wide receiver Barry Smith was playing for Florida State.
He didn't play in the 1969 contest since freshmen were not eligible then but recalled the 1970–72 games in a recent article in "The Tampa Tribune", "My sophomore year .
I ran a reverse .
and I remember being nailed by Jack Youngblood.
I remember watching the ball being pitched to me and thinking, when the ball was about halfway, that it was kind of race to see whether he was going to get to the ball first or me.
He was foaming at the mouth.
I still have nightmares from the hit he gave me .
My junior year, we were 5–0 and Florida was 0–5.
There is no question that we were the much better team, and they beat us .
My senior year, we're playing Florida at home and we're 4–0.
They had a decent team, but it wasn't like the year before .
Chan Gailey was their quarterback, and he had a big game.
That game was a blowout.
They torched us.
It got so bad, I had to throw a touchdown pass .
Bobby Bowden arrived at Florida State in 1976 and began to turn around the athletic program.
After losing his first game against Florida in 1976, the Seminoles would win the next four in the rivalry, their first wins in the series since 1967.
This would begin a decade and a half period in which the rivals would take turns running off winning streaks against the other.
The Gators changed leadership as well, hiring coach Charley Pell from Clemson University to replace Doug Dickey in 1979.
After a dismal 0-10-1 first season, Pell quickly turned around the Florida program, fielding championship-contending teams by the early 1980s.
Under Pell's leadership, Florida took their turn dominating the rivalry from 1981–86, including putting a series-record 53 points on the scoreboard in the 1983 contest.
However, an NCAA investigation of Florida's football program revealed multiple violations of rules in the early years of Pell's tenure.
Pell was fired and the program put on probation beginning in 1985.
For the next 3 seasons, Florida played with a reduced number of scholarship players and Gator football games could not appear on television, setting the program back considerably and allowing Florida State to sign more talented in-state high school recruits.
In 1986, the Gators extended their winning streak against FSU with a 17-13 upset in Tallahassee.
However, FSU then ran off four consecutive victories over Florida as they became a fixture in the top-10 rankings and Florida's program floundered under heavy NCAA sanctions.
From the arrival of Bowden in 1976 to the end of the 1980s, the series was tied 7-7.
The return of a familiar face to the Gators' sideline before the 1990 season would bring the rivalry to new national prominence.
Steve Spurrier, who had won a Heisman Trophy as Florida's quarterback in 1966, returned as the head coach of the Gators for the 1990 season.
During the eleven seasons that followed, the Florida–Florida State rivalry reached its peak of national importance.
Because of the Sugar Bowl rematches following the 1994 and 1996 regular seasons, Florida and Florida State met fourteen times on the football field during the twelve seasons Spurrier coached the Gators.
And each time, one or both teams were ranked in the top ten in the AP football poll.
The decade began auspiciously with the first meeting of top-10 squads in the history of the rivalry (UF No.
6, FSU No.
8) heading into FSU's 45–30 win in Tallahassee.
The stakes were even higher in 1991 in Gainesville, as both teams were ranked in the AP Poll top five (FSU No.
3, UF No.
The Gators had just clinched their first SEC Championship while the Seminoles were still feeling the sting of a defeat at the hands of the rival Miami Hurricanes.
The game was a defensive struggle that culminated in a Gator defensive stand late in the fourth quarter to preserve a 14–9 win.
3 FSU dominated the 1992 contest in Tallahassee 45-24 against then-No.
6 UF.
1993 brought about a collection of talent perhaps unequaled in the history of the rivalry.
Two future Heisman trophy winners in Charlie Ward and Danny Wuerffel were starting at quarterback.
The No.
1 Seminoles beat the No.
7 Gators 33–21, and went on to win the Bowl Alliance national championship.
In the 1994 contest in Tallahassee, Florida held a 31–3 lead at the start of the 4th quarter, but a furious FSU comeback ended in a 31–31 tie in what became known as the "Choke at Doak".
The teams were given a rematch in the Sugar Bowl ("The Fifth Quarter in the French Quarter"), which the Seminoles won 23–17.
The No.
3 Gators beat the No.
6 Seminoles 35–24 in Gainesville in 1995, capping off Florida's first undefeated regular season.
For national championship implications, 1996 was the fiercest of the series.
Both teams were undefeated and ranked No.
1 (UF) and No.
2 (FSU) coming into their regular season finale in Tallahassee, where the Seminoles won a hard-fought contest 24–21.
Florida would go on to win the SEC and earn a rematch against the No.
1 Seminoles in the Sugar Bowl, where the Gators would win 52-20 for their first national championship in their ninety-year history.
1 FSU was undefeated coming into the 1997 contest against the No.
10 Gators in Gainesville, but Florida won again 32–29 with a late touchdown run by Fred Taylor followed by a Dwayne Thomas interception of Thad Busby to seal the victory.
After these setbacks, Florida State won three straight victories over Top 4 Florida teams, winning the 1998 and 2000 games in Tallahassee and the 1999 contest in Gainesville on their way to a second national championship.
Florida State and Florida combined for fourteen conference championships and three national championships during the 1990s.
In addition, the winner of the game would play for the national championship five times in the decade.
Through those years, FSU held a 7–4–1 advantage in a rivalry that was arguably the most important in college football during that time.
The 2001 game was Steve Spurrier's twelfth and final Florida–Florida State game as the head coach of the Gators.
The 2001 Gators entered the game with national title aspirations, and easily defeated the Seminoles 37–13.
Florida finished the season 10–2 ranked third nationally in both major polls; Florida State finished 8–4 and ranked fifteenth.
The 2001 game was also the end of a twelve-year era for Florida; Spurrier would resign as the Gators head coach following the season, finishing with a 5–8–1 record in the rivalry series.
The twelve Bowden–Spurrier face-offs provided several of the most memorable games in the series history.
Ron Zook made his rivalry debut as Florida's head coach in 2002, and the game marked the first time since 1986 that neither team was ranked in the AP Poll Top 10.
Despite being a home underdog, Bowden's Seminoles won easily 31–14, starting a two-game series winning streak, which they continued in 2003 with a controversial 38–34 win in Gainesville.
Entering the 2004 game, the unranked 7–4 Gators were heavy underdogs when they arrived to face the No.
8 Seminoles in Tallahassee, where they had not won since 1986.
Zook had already been fired as the Gators' head man, but was allowed to finish the season.
But on the night in which the turf at Doak Campbell Stadium was re-christened "Bobby Bowden Field" in honor of the long-serving Florida State coach, victory belonged to Zook's Florida Gators, 20–13, and Zook was carried from the field by his players and received a standing ovation from the visiting Florida fans.
Zook's third and final Florida–Florida State game as the Gators' coach started a six-game series winning streak for the Gators.
With Florida's hiring of head coach Urban Meyer (who now coaches Ohio State) after Zook's departure, the Gators again rose to national prominence, winning the program's second and third national championships in 2006 and 2008, while Florida State struggled to regain the level of success for which the program was known during the 1990s.
The 2009 Florida–Florida State game marked Bobby Bowden's thirty-sixth against the Gators in thirty-four seasons as the Seminoles head coach; it was also his last, as he retired at the conclusion of the 2009 season.
He finished his head coaching career with a 17–18–1 record against the Gators.
Remarkably, Bowden's thirty-four years in Tallahassee spanned the tenures of seven different Gators head coaches: Doug Dickey (1970–78), Charley Pell (1979–85), Galen Hall (1985–89), Gary Darnell (1989), Steve Spurrier (1990–2001), Ron Zook (2002–04) and Urban Meyer (2005–10).
Florida State ended Florida's winning streak with an exclamation point in 2010.
Under first-year head coach Jimbo Fisher, the Seminoles defeated the Gators in dominant fashion with a 31–7 blowout in Tallahassee.
The 2010 game was also the last one for Urban Meyer as the Gators head coach, and his only loss to Florida State in six tries.
Nothing worked for the Gators, who had three turnovers in the first half and were stopped short on a fake punt.
In 2011, Fisher's Seminoles extended their winning streak to two games by defeating the Gators 21–7 in a defensive struggle despite the fact that they gained less than 100 yards of total offense.
John Brantley was intercepted three times.
The Seminoles took advantage of Florida quarterback John Brantley's three interceptions by converting two of them into Devonta Freeman rushing touchdowns.
It was their first win at Ben Hill Griffin Stadium since 2003.
The 2012 contest marked the first time since 2004 that both teams were ranked in the top ten and was the sixth-most watched televised game of the college football season.
In the contest, Florida used a ball control gameplan and forced four FSU turnovers in a 37–26 win.
In 2013, Florida State was 11–0 and ranked #1 while the Gators were 4–7 on their way to their first losing record since 1979.
The Seminoles beat the Gators 37–7, their most lopsided win in Gainesville.
FSU was again undefeated and ranked #1 in 2014 when they welcomed an unranked Florida team to Tallahassee.
Florida's coach Will Muschamp had already been fired but was coaching out the remainder of the regular season.
In what was his last game at Florida, his Gators kept it close before falling 24–19.
In 2015, both teams were once again ranked when #13 Florida State traveled to Gainesville to face #12 Florida.
Florida State's defense shut down the Gator offense, allowing only a late safety in a 27–2 rout.
It was their third straight win in Gainesville, the Seminole's longest winning streak on their rival's home turf.
Florida's offense sputtered again in the 2016 game, and the Seminoles won 31–13 for their fourth straight win overall in the series.
Florida State's upstart football program stunned the Gators on this day with a 3-3 tie.
Ray Graves, the Florida Coach, likened the result to a "death in the family," Roy Bickford was the star for the Seminoles and was named the game MVP.
Bickford blocked a punt to set up the Seminoles lone FG, intercepted a pass deep in FSU territory to avert a sure UF score, and had another interception on UF's last scoring drive.
Even though many of the early games in the series were close (and the 1961 contest ended in a 3–3 tie), Florida State had yet to beat their in-state rivals in six attempts.
The 1964 game would be the first time that the Gators would journey to Doak Campbell Stadium, and the Seminoles under coach Bill Peterson were enjoying their best season since joining the ranks of major college football programs.
However, the Gators still felt confident that another victory was in the offing, coming out onto the playing field with the boast "Never, FSU, Never!"
attached to their helmets.
Florida State quarterback Steve Tensi hit Fred Biletnikoff with a first-half touchdown, helping the Seminoles to a 13–0 lead at the half as the Gator offense fumbled four times, including once at the FSU one-yard line.
Florida, led by quarterback Steve Spurrier, finally scored in the 3rd quarter to cut the lead to 13–7, but were unable to find the endzone again.
Les Murdock kicked a 42-yard field goal to secure the win for FSU, 16–7.
After the win, the Seminoles accepted their first bid to a major bowl game, defeating Oklahoma in the Gator Bowl to finish the season 9–1–1.
In an otherwise unremarkable game coming into this eighth annual contest between the burgeoning rivals, this game established the rivalry in full due to the controversy that surrounded its outcome.
In a tight contest, the Gators led the Seminoles late in the game, 22–19.
FSU had the ball at the Gators' 45-yard-line with seventeen seconds left in the game.
On first down, little used and previously injured wide receiver Lane Fenner entered the game in place of FSU's star receiver Ron Sellers.
FSU quarterback Gary Pajcic took the snap, Fenner got behind UF defenders, and Pajcic lofted a pass to Fenner in the front corner of the end zone for what appeared to be a game-winning FSU touchdown.
However, referee Doug Moseley signaled that Fenner did not have control of the ball before rolling out of bounds and ruled the pass incomplete.
Florida held on for a 22–19 win, but the controversy heated up after the game when photos that apparently showed Fenner making the catch in the endzone were published in state newspapers.
Debate over whether or not the play should have been ruled a touchdown continues to this day.
The "2014 Florida State Football Media Guide" lists the final score as 26–22; nevertheless, third-party references list the score as 22–19.
Both Florida and Florida State were 2–0 when the teams met in 1969.
The Gators had defeated the number seven ranked University of Houston two weeks prior and FSU was off to a good start as well.
The Gators won this matchup 21–6 on the back of a defensive surge that was unparalleled in Gator history.
The Gators defense, led by junior defensive lineman Jack Youngblood and sophomore defensive lineman Robert Harrell, sacked FSU quarterback Bill Cappleman eleven times for 91 yards leaving FSU with a total of negative 18 yards rushing in the game.
In addition to the pass rush, the FSU offense fumbled the ball eight times, losing five.
Two other Gator Sophomores starred in the game as well, All-American wide out Carlos Alvarez and quarterback John Reaves.
The Gators went on to a 9–1–1 record including a victory over the University of Tennessee in the Gator Bowl.
The Florida Gators dominated Florida State for the first fifty-three minutes of the 1970 game.
FSU quarterbacks Frank Whigham and Tommy Warren failed to move the ball and with seven minutes left in the game the Gators led 38–7.
FSU coach Peterson put sophomore Gary Huff into the game and he quickly completed two long passes, the second a 43-yard touchdown pass.
The FSU defense forced John Reaves and the Gator offense into a three and out, and on the next drive Huff used four plays to score a touchdown with 2:30 left in the game.
With the score cut to 38–21 FSU tried an onside kick which failed but didn't fail to cause a both bench-clearing brawl.
The FSU defense again forced Florida to punt and as time expired, Huff led the Seminoles to another touchdown making the final score 38–27.
Gators All-American Jack Youngblood was criticized by the press for doing a "disrespectful rear-end wagging dance" on a wall near the FSU student section.
Both teams ended the season 7–4 but neither received a bowl bid.
Huff's passing caused FSU to actually out gain the Gators in the game and it set, at the time, a record for most points scored by both teams in the rivalry.
The Seminoles came into The Swamp with a 10–1 record and aspirations of playing for a national championship.
Florida State's lone defeat in 1993 was two weeks earlier at the hands of the Notre Dame Fighting Irish, 31–24, in South Bend.
The Gators entered the contest 9–1, with a loss at Auburn, but had already clinched the SEC Eastern Division.
The 'Noles took an early 13–0 lead in front of what was a state record 85,507 fans at Florida Field.
FSU would never relinquish that lead.
The Gators finally answered just before halftime when freshman Quarterback Danny Wuerffel hit his receiver Willie Jackson for an 11-yard touchdown pass to cut the Florida State lead to 13–7.
Florida State got back to work on their first drive of the second half.
Heisman Trophy winning quarterback Charlie Ward completed 5 of 7 passes for 62 yards, including a 7-yard touchdown strike to Kez McCorvey, giving the Seminoles a 20–7 lead.
From this point, FSU appeared to have the upper hand as they took an impressive 27–7 lead entering the final quarter.
Florida answered with another touchdown pass to Willie Jackson, this time from Terry Dean.
FSU stormed right back and just when it appeared the 'Noles would seal the victory, fullback William Floyd coughed up the football and the Florida defense recovered at its own 9-yard line, giving the Gators and its crowd new life.
After converting several fourth downs, Florida, behind Quarterback Terry Dean, drove all the way to the FSU 31.
Florida would cut the lead to 27–21 when Dean hit his receiver Jack Jackson for a remarkable, juggling, 31-yard touchdown pass which electrified the record crowd at The Swamp.
With the crowd roaring louder than it had all day, Ward led the Seminoles back onto the field with just under 6 minutes remaining in the game.
The Seminoles faced third down at their own 21-yard-line.
Unfazed, Charlie Ward hit freshman Warrick Dunn up the sideline for a 79-yard game-clinching touchdown run and a 33–21 FSU win.
FSU would go on to win the 1993 National Championship, and Florida would win the SEC Championship the following week.
Both teams entered the game with identical 9-1 records.
Florida, ranked fourth, and Florida State, the defending national champions, ranked seventh.
Florida, under head coach Steve Spurrier, jumped out to an early lead.
In the fourth quarter, Florida held a 31-3 lead over Bobby Bowden's Florida State squad.
In the greatest fourth-quarter comeback of the series, the Seminoles rallied and scored four unanswered touchdowns.
With 1:45 left in the game, a 4-yard touchdown run by Rock Preston made the game 31-30.
Coach Bowden had to make a decision—he chose to kick the extra point rather than attempt a 2-point conversion to tie the game at 31-31.
Florida State scored 28 unanswered points in the final fifteen minutes to cap off the biggest fourth-quarter comeback of the series.
Both teams were selected to the Sugar Bowl for a rematch and the first bowl game between the two teams.
The game became known as "The Fifth Quarter in the French Quarter.” With 1:32 left in the game and Florida State holding a 23-17 lead, Florida's comeback attempt was thwarted when Danny Wuerffel's pass was intercepted by Florida State linebacker Derrick Brooks to seal the game.
The No.
1–ranked and undefeated Gators came into Tallahassee favored against the second-ranked Seminoles.
The 'Noles got off to a quick start when Peter Boulware blocked the Gator's first punt of the game, resulting in a touchdown.
Florida's eventual Heisman Trophy winner quarterback Danny Wuerffel threw three interceptions in the first half, and FSU had a 17–0 lead after one quarter of play.
Wuerffel got on track after that, throwing for three touchdowns.
The last one (to WR Reidel Anthony) cut the Florida State lead to three points with just over a minute left to play.
The ensuing onside kick went out of bounds, however, and the Seminoles held on for the 24–21 upset win.
The stars of the game were FSU running back Warrick Dunn, who rushed for 185 yards; Wuerffel, who threw for 362 yards; and the FSU defense, which sacked Wuerffel six times and knocked him to the turf on many other occasions.
That Seminole pass rush became a source of controversy after the game when Gators' coach Steve Spurrier claimed that FSU players had deliberately tried to injure his star quarterback with late hits and "cheap shots".
The Seminoles had been flagged for roughing the passer twice during the game, and Spurrier had the UF video staff compile footage which he claimed showed FSU players tackling Wuerffel late a half-dozen additional times.
The late-hit controversy that began after the team's regular season meeting intensified when the Texas Longhorns upset third-ranked Nebraska Cornhuskers in the Big 12 Championship Game and Florida defeated Alabama in the SEC Championship Game, creating an FSU–UF rematch in the Sugar Bowl.
Spurrier continued to complain to the press about the issue while FSU coach Bobby Bowden responded that he thought the hits in question were clean while admitting that "we just hit to the echo of the whistle instead of the whistle."
The Sugar Bowl match-up gained even more importance the night before the game when the second-ranked Arizona State Sun Devils lost to the fourth-ranked Ohio State Buckeyes in the Rose Bowl, making the contest between the No.
3 Gators and the No.
1 Seminoles the de facto national championship game.
To counter FSU's pass rush, Spurrier installed the shotgun formation in an attempt to give quarterback Danny Wuerffel more time to throw.
The plan worked, as the Gators turned a close game (it was 24–20 early in the second half) into a 52–20 rout behind Wuerffel's 306 yards and three touchdown passes, earning the Gators their first national championship.
Florida State entered the game ranked No.
1 and a double-digit favorite over No.
10 Florida.
After a pregame fight, the Gators drove the ball 83 yards for a touchdown on the opening series.
Spurrier implemented a two-quarterback system with Doug Johnson and senior walk-on Noah Brindise, and rotated the two nearly every play.
Florida State led 17–6 early in the second quarter after Seminoles quarterback Thad Busby found tight end Melvin Pearsall for a five-yard touchdown.
The Gators fought back, however, as wide receiver Travis McGriff caught a touchdown from Johnson, and running back Fred Taylor scored from the 4-yard line to put Florida ahead 18–17 at halftime.
In the second half, kicker Sebastian Janikowski boomed his second of three field goals to put Florida State back on top, but Taylor responded with a 61-yard touchdown run to retake the lead, 25–20.
Seminoles running back Travis Minor scored on an 18-yard touchdown run, to give Florida State a 26–25 lead.
The first twelve minutes of the fourth quarter were scoreless, but the Seminoles drove inside the Gators' 5-yard line until the Gators defense, led by Jevon Kearse and Mike Peterson, stopped the 'Noles on three consecutive running plays and the Seminoles settled for another Janikowski field goal after which Janikowski performed a mock Gator Chomp in celebration.
On first down from the Gators' own 20-yard line, Johnson hit receiver Jacquez Green for a 62-yard pass play.
Fred Taylor completed the drive with a touchdown, and Florida took the lead after the three-play drive for good, 32–29.
Florida State's final comeback attempt ended when senior Florida linebacker Dwayne Thomas intercepted a third-down pass from Busby, sealing the victory for the Gators, and costing Florida State a chance to play for the national championship.
This 1998 battle between the in state rivals started before the whistle even blew.
A pre-game fight caused Florida's starting senior safety, Tony George, and a couple walk-on FSU players who were not dressed, to be ejected from the game.
In the midst of the fight, it is rumored that Florida quarterback Doug Johnson attempted to hit FSU coach Bobby Bowden with a football.
Johnson later apologized to Bowden for almost hitting him but said that he had thrown the ball into a group of FSU players during the scuffle with no particular target.
Florida State's defense came in the ballgame rated No.
1 in the nation, Florida's defense was rated No.
1 in the SEC, so the game was set to be a defensive battle.
Florida struck first with a 50-yard Doug Johnson touchdown pass, but Seminoles Peter Warrick and Travis Minor put the Seminoles in scoring position twice and Placekicker Sebastian Janikowski kicked two field goals to make the game 7–6.
After a Florida punt the Seminoles were at their own 5-yard-line and Florida forced a safety.
And then Doug Johnson drove Florida deep into Florida State territory after the safety kick, but Florida State's defense stiffened and forced Florida to settle for three points.
At halftime, the game was 12–6, Florida.
In the second half, Florida State's defense held Florida scoreless.
Florida State's first touchdown of the game came when quarterback Marcus Outzen threw a pass that was deflected by a Gator defender right to Peter Warrick, who ran it in for the score.. Later in the game, Peter Warrick threw a touchdown to Ron Dugans on a trick play.
The game ended 23–12, with Florida State the winner.
Florida State was ranked No.
9 and Florida No.
11 coming into the 2003 contest in Gainesville.
It turned out to be a close and high-scoring affair, but it is most remembered for several controversial referee calls by the ACC officiating crew, and was christened the "Swindle in the Swamp" by several national and Florida sportswriters for the questionable calls on multiple fumble/no-fumble plays that went against Florida.
Florida nevertheless held a slim 34–31 lead late in the fourth quarter when Seminoles quarterback Chris Rix hit wide receiver PK Sam for a 52-yard touchdown pass with under a minute to go, giving Florida State a 38–34 lead.
Before the winning score, Rix had completed a first down pass on a fourth-and-14 play deep in Seminoles territory to keep the drive alive.
The Seminoles went on to hold off the Gators, 38–34.
After the game, a fight broke out on the field between the Florida and Florida State players after some Seminole players celebrated the win by jumping on the "F" logo in the center of Florida Field.
FSU's athletic director apologized on behalf of the university for sparking the incident and both schools took steps to make sure similar incidents did not recur.
The questionable calls by the ACC officials, headed by Jack Childress, prompted Florida AD Jeremy Foley to demand the officiating crew be provided by the home team's conference.
This change took effect with the 2005 game.
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"Boogie 2nite" is an R&B–dance-pop song written by American singer-songwriter Tweet, Nisan Stewart, and John "Jubu" Smith for Tweet's debut album, "Southern Hummingbird" (2002).
No music video for the song was shot as it went for promo only.
The commercial release was originally set for December 2, 2002 in the United Kingdom, but due to lack of airplay and the fact there was no video for the song, the single was canceled.
The song was featured on the soundtrack to the 2002 film "The Transporter".
In February 2010, unseen footage of the cancelled music video leaked via internet.
"Smoking Cigarettes" is a song by American singer-songwriter Tweet for her debut album, "Southern Hummingbird" (2002).
Smoking Cigarettes official music video was never released, but a live video featuring Tweet and her daughter, Tashawna, was released ten years later.
The live video was directed by Little X.
"Boogie 2nite" was originally remixed by Seamus Haji.
A re-recorded version of this remix by the British duo Booty Luv was then recorded for their debut album "Boogie 2nite" and released as their debut single as the aforementioned remix by Tweet was never given a full commercial release, despite it being a club hit.
The song was released in the United Kingdom via the Hed Kandi label on 20 November 2006.
The single received favorable reviews and became a hit with DJs.
It peaked at number two during its third week on the UK Singles Chart, and spent eight weeks in the top ten.
It was the remix of the track by Seamus Haji that was promoted as the main version of the single while the DB Boulevard version was used for the music video.
The song is also featured in the expansion pack game "".
The popularity of "Say It" contributed to the re-entry of "Boogie 2Nite" at number thirty one on the UK Dance Charts as of September 2009, three years after its original release.
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The Association of Harrogate Apprentices, whose spiritual home is at Harrogate in England, exists to re-unite people in any way associated with the Army Apprentices School, Harrogate (AAS Harrogate) which was renamed the Army Apprentices College, Harrogate (AAC Harrogate) in 1965.
This includes people such as ex Apprentice Tradesmen (A/Ts), Permanent Staff Members, ex NAAFI employees, Civilian Instructors etc.
who served or worked on the establishment itself in such as the YMCA or Salvation Army canteens.
This Army site has been located in Penny Pot Lane, just outside Harrogate, from before World War II until its closure in 1996.
Originally built in 1939, mostly as wooden huts, the Uniacke Barracks of the site has since been reprieved and presently accommodates the young men and women who train at the Army Foundation College there.
The first British military unit known to occupy the site on Penny Pot Lane was the 9th Field Training Regiment, Royal Artillery.
They apparently used to fire their guns on the moors near Blubberhouses.
They were disbanded in 1943.
The next known use was by 116th General Hospital of the United States Army, from 28 July 1944 to 11 May 1945, for the purpose of clearing war casualties.
The Army Apprentices School was established there (probably in both Uniacke and Hildebrande barracks) in 1947.
Uniacke barracks was named after Lieutenant General Sir Herbert Uniacke KCB KCMG, who was an Artillery Officer.
He was born in 1866 and died in 1934.
Hildebrand barracks was named after Brigadier General Arthur Blois Ross Hildebrand CB CMG DSO.
He was a Signals Officer who was born in 1870 and died in 1937.
(Today's rank of Brigadier was actually titled Brigadier General in those times.)
There is a local legend as to how/why the name 'Penny Pot ' for the camp originally came about.
The camp is sited upon Penny Pot Lane and folklore has it that in the First World War, when it was a tented camp, soldiers used to march westwards up the road out of camp to purchase ale at the local farm for "a penny a pot".
The name 'Penny Pot' could be associated with the name of a house.
In the 18th-19th centuries there was a house on Penny Pot Lane called Penny Pot House and it was the home of the Burnell family of Fewston.
Martin Burnell (1708–1776) died at Penny Pot House in February 1776.
His older brother John Burnell (1705–1790) is noted as being the Lord Mayor of London in 1787-1788.
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Randall & Hopkirk (Deceased) is a British television series, produced by Working Title Television for BBC One, written and produced by Charlie Higson.
It is a remake of the 1960s television series "Randall and Hopkirk (Deceased)" and stars Vic Reeves as Marty Hopkirk and Bob Mortimer as Jeff Randall, two partner private detectives, Emilia Fox as Jeannie Hurst, Hopkirk's fiancée, and Tom Baker as Wyvern, a spirit mentor.
Two series were commissioned and were broadcast in 2000 and 2001 with the pilot episode airing 18 March 2000.
In keeping with the original series, in the initial episode Hopkirk is murdered during an investigation and returns to Earth as a ghost tied to his partner Randall.
Randall is the only living main character who is able to see him although occasionally other characters can.
The remake paid much more attention to where Hopkirk went when he wasn’t on Earth than the original and introduced Limbo, a place where he could meet other ghosts.
It also introduced the character Wyvern, a mentor who helps Hopkirk hone his powers, introduces him to other ghosts, and is terrible at poetry.
The remake also made Jeannie a more central character than the original and changed her status to Hopkirk’s fiancée, rather than widow, allowing for a love-triangle element between the three main characters to form.
Two series were made, the first in 1999 (broadcast in 2000) and the second in 2001.
The show was produced by Charlie Higson, who also directed some episodes.
Writers for the show include Gareth Roberts, Mark Gatiss and Jeremy Dyson, Paul Whitehouse, and Higson.
When the rights to the series were first obtained by WTTV, Simon Wright, the company's executive producer and president, envisaged the series as a straight thriller, but this changed after he suggested casting a comedian as Marty Hopkirk with Robbie Coltrane and Rik Mayall originally considered for the role.
After discovering that the rights had been bought by WWTV, Reeves and Mortimer showed a strong interest in the two lead roles.
After being offered the roles, the pair suggested Charlie Higson as writer.
Mortimer was initially to play Hopkirk, to echo the physical characteristics of the original actors, but this was changed as Higson felt that Reeves' "manic energy" better suited Hopkirk’s personality and situation.
Reeves and Mortimer are both fans of the original series, with Reeves citing Marty Hopkirk as the inspiration behind his all-white outfit in the pilot episode of "Vic Reeves Big Night Out".
Reeves, Mortimer and Higson’s connections helped to draw in many cameos and guest stars from the comedy world and beyond, to play bit parts or larger roles in individual episodes.
Guest stars include Hugh Laurie, Derek Jacobi, Simon Pegg, Mark Gatiss, Charles Dance, Matt Lucas, David Walliams, Reece Shearsmith, and Martin Clunes.
Higson himself cameos in every episode, twice as characters who appear in more than one: these were Gomez the Limbo barman in "A Blast from the Past" and "Marshall and Snellgrove" and civil servant Bulstrode in "Paranoia" and "Pain Killers".
Many episodes include story lines or mentions that pay homage to the original series.
In the fifth episode of series one, a clip of Mike Pratt - who played Jeff Randall in the original series and had died before the new series was created - was used, from the episode "The Smile Behind the Veil".
Kenneth Cope, who played the original Marty Hopkirk, was asked to cameo, but declined.
Place names also paid homage to the original series: Spooner Drive and Berman Street - after creator Dennis Spooner and producer Monty Berman - are used in the first episode of series one; and Cope House - after Kenneth Cope - is the name of the building where the duo's office is based.
The series was shot in widescreen.
However, the Region 2 & 4 DVD of Series 1 was released in a pan and scan format only, to the apparent disappointment of series producer Charlie Higson.
The Series 2 DVD is coded for Regions 2 - 6 and is in the original aspect ratio.
The first print of the cover of the Series 1 VHS and DVD uses lenticular printing so that when the viewing angle is changed Marty's image appears and disappears.
A soundtrack album to the series was released by Island Records in 2000.
The show's theme, which plays over the opening titles of the series, was written by David Arnold but was not included on the soundtrack album.
Incidental music for the show was written by Murray Gold who also wrote various stings and pieces based on Arnold's theme.
An original song, "My Body May Die", was written for the show by Pulp and featured The Swingle Singers.
This song became associated with Marty's character when he was onscreen.
A vocal version of the theme sung by Nina Persson of The Cardigans was also released in 2000 and featured in the episode "Revenge of the Bog People".
The vocal version was originally written as a duet, with Reeves to sing with Persson.
While not featuring on the final theme, a bonus track sung by Reeves was included on the single, a cover of "Ain't That A Kick in the Head".
The extended instrumental of Arnold's theme was also included as a B-side on the single.
A tie-in book "Randall and Hopkirk (Deceased): the files" was released after the second series, written by Andy Lane with an introduction by Charlie Higson.
Two novelisations of the series were also released, "Ghosts from the Past", written by Graeme Grant and "Ghost in the Machine" by Andy Lane.
Both were published by Macmillan Publishers.
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Army and Navy Academy is a college-preparatory boarding school for boys, grades 7–12, in Carlsbad, California.
It was founded in 1910.
The Academy was founded by Thomas A. Davis on November 23, 1910.
It was originally located in the Pacific Beach neighborhood of San Diego, California.
In 1936, the Academy moved to Carlsbad, California, where it opened as the Davis Military Academy.
Davis Military Academy was renamed San Diego Army and Navy Academy, and in 1944 "San Diego" was dropped from the name giving it its present name, Army and Navy Academy.
The Academy was most notably led by Colonel (Hon.)
William Currier Atkinson, who served as the Academy's president for fifty years.
Army and Navy Academy is a private military boarding school.
The Academy is governed by a Board of Trustees, who are made up of alumni of the school, parents, past parents and interested local business men and women.
The Academy's president is Major General Arthur M. Bartell (U.S. Army Retired).
He works alongside Colonel Russ Hanthorn (U.S.M.C.
Retired), who serves as Chief of Staff, and Colonel Kevin Batule (U.S. Army Retired) who is the Commandant of Cadets.
On the Academic side of the school, Lisa Basista is the Dean of Academics.
She works closely with Ethan Segovia, the Assistant Dean of Academics.
The Academy is organized into a Middle School (7–8) and a High School (9–12).
The High School has a college preparatory curriculum that follows the University of California A-G requirements for graduation, and all Cadets participate in JROTC leadership courses.
The JROTC program at Army and Navy Academy consists of four levels of Leadership Education Training (LET) instruction.
Cadets earn rank through their performance in LET courses and, when merited, gain promotions within the Corps of Cadets.
Top Cadet leadership positions are determined through the Leadership Candidate Course (LCC).
After LCC has ended, a Selection Committee meets to decide who best fits each position.
Committee members include the Academy President and Chief of Staff, Commandant, JROTC Instructors, Faculty Leaders, and Academic Counselors.
Leaders are selected not only based on their past performance, but also for their potential for growth.
The Corps of Cadets consists of an army-style Battalion divided into seven companies: Band; Alpha; Bravo; Charlie; Delta; Echo; and Headquarters.
Additionally, there are three separate company detachments: The Lower School Honor Guard detachment, consisting of the Stoll’s Guard Drill Team and the Lower School Color Guard, are officially a part of Echo Company.
The Upper School Honor Guard detachment, consisting of Dorman's Guard and the Upper School Color Guard is officially a part of Band Company.
The rank structure at Army and Navy Academy is similar to that of the United States Army.
Upon admittance, new Cadets (Plebes) have no rank.
New Cadets officially become Cadets after 30 days in residence.
The logical progression for rank and duty positions is as follows: (In special cases, where cadets show a high aptitude for leadership, cadets may be advanced at a quicker rate.)
***LIST***.
In order to achieve Junior duty positions and the rank associated with them, a cadet must successfully complete the Senior Non-Commissioned Officer Course held every year.
In order to achieve Senior duty positions and the rank associated with them, a cadet must successfully complete the Officer Candidate Course (OCC) held every year.
Army and Navy Academy is accredited by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges (WASC) and the California Association of Independent Schools (CAIS).
It is also a member of The Association of Boarding Schools, the Association of Military Colleges and Schools of the United States, and the National Association of Independent Schools.
A former teacher at Army Navy Academy named Jeffrey Barton was accused of molesting some of the boys at the school.
In February 2015, a few of the charges against Barton were dropped, but twenty charges, including sexual abuse, remain.
Army Navy Academy in the late 1990s and early 2000s had alleged issues with hazing, rape, a culture of abuse, and bullying issues.
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Howard Van Doren Shaw AIA (May 7, 1869 – May 7, 1926) was an American architect.
He became one of the best-known architects of his generation in the Chicago, Illinois area.
Shaw was considered a leader in the American Craftsman movement, best exemplified in his 1900 remodel of Second Presbyterian Church in Chicago.
He designed Marktown, Clayton Mark's planned worker community in Northwest Indiana.
Howard Van Doren Shaw was born in Chicago, Illinois on May 7, 1869.
His father Theodore was a successful dry goods businessman and was part of the planning committee for the World's Columbian Exposition.
His mother Sarah (née Van Doren) was a prolific painter and a member of the Bohemian Club.
Howard had one brother, Theodore, Jr. His family resided at 2124 Calumet Avenue, then a part of the Prairie Avenue district, the heart of the social fabric of the city.
Prairie Avenue was also the site of Chicago's most modern residential architecture, including Henry Hobson Richardson's John J. Glessner House.
Howard Shaw met Frances Wells, his future wife, in the district's Bounique's dancing school.
Wells was the daughter of Moses D. Wells, wholesaler of boots and shoes.
Shaw studied at the Harvard School for Boys in Hyde Park Township.
He was accepted to Yale University, graduating with a bachelor of arts in 1890.
While at Yale, Shaw was the lead editor of "The Yale Record", the world's oldest humor magazine.
He was admitted to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) later that year.
MIT was one of the few architectural schools in the country at that time, closely following the rules set forth by the École des Beaux-Arts.
Shaw completed the two-year program in one year.
Shaw would use the elements of Georgian, Tudor, and neoclassical design he learned from MIT in most of his later works.
After returning to Chicago in June 1891, he joined the Jenney & Mundie firm.
William Le Baron Jenney was emerging as an innovating designer, creating the first skyscrapers.
His firm was already gaining a reputation as a training ground for new architects, such as Daniel Burnham and Louis Sullivan.
Shaw worked directly with emerging architects James Gamble Rogers, Alfred Hoyt Granger, and D. Everett Waid.
Shaw received his first commission from his wife's parents, who desired a new house in Lakeville, Connecticut.
After the completion of the Wells house, he traveled to Europe to study the endemic architecture.
He visited Spain, southern France, Italy, Austria-Hungary, Germany, and England.
Shaw spent two months in England before returning to Chicago.
He rejoined Jenney & Mundie in early 1893, and on April 20, he married Francis Wells.
Chicago architecture was receiving new recognition thanks to the success of the "White City" at the World's Columbian Exposition.
Shaw worked on one last commission for the firm, the Snitzler house, in 1894.
In 1894, Shaw established his own practice while finishing his work for Jenney & Mundie in his father's attic on Calumet Avenue.
His first solo commissions were for his father, who wanted one house for his daughter and son-in-law, and another for the newlywed Shaws.
These two adjacent houses featured a combination of Queen Anne, Tudor, and Romanesque styles.
The incorporation of Indiana Limestone set these houses apart from their neighbors.
Shaw soon received five other requests for buildings in the Hyde Park neighborhood.
Hyde Park, recently annexed by Chicago, was the fastest-growing neighborhood, thanks to the recently opened University of Chicago.
Shaw received the commissions from individuals who were familiar with his father and family.
Shaw's first major commission was for Richard R. Donnelley, cofounder of Lakeside Press.
Donnelley's son Thomas was a classmate of Howard's at Yale and admired his architecture.
Shaw agreed to design a new printing plant for the company in 1897.
Lakeside Press published high-quality works, so it was necessary to reflect this in the building's design.
Most printing press buildings of the age built from wooden to support the machines.
However, Shaw decided to use a more fireproof design, with concrete floors and reinforcement columns.
The building was a great success for Lakeside Press, and Shaw later received several more commissions from Donnelly, including a 1902 addition to this building.
As Shaw's business grew, he moved his offices into the Montauk Building.
In 1897, Shaw bought a one-third share of a farm on Green Bay Road in Lake Forest.
Lake Forest had been a rural community to the north of Chicago, but was recently becoming a retreat site for the wealthy following the completion of the Onwentsia Club in 1895.
Shaw built a house for his family on the farm, and built houses for Dr. William E. Casselberry and Dr. Nathan Smith Davis, Jr., the other two owners of the property.
These houses exhibited Shaw's first forays into the Arts and Crafts Movement.
Shaw's house, Ragdale, is today considered one of the best examples of Arts and Crafts architecture and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
Shaw became interested in the movement after holding a joint exhibition for Chicago architecture and Arts and Crafts designers at the Art Institute of Chicago.
Although the movement is characterized by designs from all over the world, Shaw focused on American and English styles.
Shaw would meet with other Arts and Crafts architects, including Frank Lloyd Wright, in a lunch group known as The Eighteen, an early version of the Prairie School.
However, Shaw grew alienated from the Prairie School as he was a firm believer in the value of the old European architecture eschewed by the other architects.
Another early commission for Shaw was the rebuilding of the sanctuary of Second Presbyterian Church (Chicago, Illinois) following a devastating fire in March 1900.
Shaw had been baptized and raised in the church and was just 31 at the time of the commission.
The design of the sanctuary reflects Shaw's interest in the Arts and Crafts movement and today it remains as one of the most intact religious Arts and Crafts interiors in the country.
In the early 20th century, Shaw became the most recognized designer of country houses in Lake Forest.
He typically designed houses either as an elongated rectangle, or as a building surrounding a courtyard.
Shaw preferred to do the landscaping himself, but also collaborated with renowned landscape architect Jens Jensen.
As housing desirability for the wealthy waned in Hyde Park, it grew in the Gold Coast, and Shaw quickly became the prominent architect in this neighborhood.
Shaw received another major commission in 1906, this time in the Chicago Loop.
The sixteen-story Mentor Building was designed in the Chicago style, but also retained neoclassical elements.
Unlike other buildings in the style, the Mentor buildings have clear base, middle, and top sections, reminiscent of European tradition.
The building still stands today and is part of the Loop Retail Historic District.
In 1910, he designed an eight-story apartment building in the Gold Coast that would become the first cooperatively owned apartment building in Chicago.
In 1910, Shaw moved his offices into the Mentor Building.
Shortly thereafter, one of his top students, David Adler, left the firm to start his own practice.
Between 1910 and 1912, he designed and built Camp-Woods for Philadelphia banker James M. Willcox at Villanova, Pennsylvania.
Although Lake Forest had become a magnet for the wealthy, the local commercial district was unkempt.
The city sought to relieve this problem in 1912 by creating a "shopping center" where several businesses could operate out of one parcel of land.
Shaw was asked to design this center, and in 1915, he designed a U-shaped mall surrounding parking spaces and a central courtyard.
Shaw collaborated with Edward H. Bennett on the design, a local architect that rose to prominence after co-authoring the Burnham Plan for Chicago.
Shaw's design was inspired by a trip he made through Europe in 1913.
Market Square became the first planned shopping center in the United States.
City planning became an important topic for architects following the completion of the Pullman District in the 1880s.
Shaw made a foray into city planning with the construction of Marktown, Indiana for industrialist Clayton Mark, founder of Mark Manufacturing Company.
Mark recently built a steel mill on the Indiana coast and wanted a company town to support it.
Shaw designed the village and construction began in 1916.
However, only a small portion of it was ever built, preserved today as the Marktown Historic District.
In 1921, Shaw was again contracted by R. R. Donnelley to build a printing plant, this time in Crawfordsville, Indiana.
Donnelley would later commission a second Lakeside Press Building.
Shaw also began to develop apartment buildings for the Gold Coast at this time.
Shaw was a trustee at the Art Institute of Chicago and was asked to build several additions, including the central courtyard.
He designed two fraternity houses for the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and one at the University of Chicago.
In 1906, he became a member of the American Institute of Architects and was made a Fellow the following year.
He was awarded its AIA Gold Medal shortly before his death in 1926.
He is buried in Graceland Cemetery.
Howard Shaw's students David Adler, R. Harold Zook, Harry W.J.
Edbrooke, and Edward H. Bennett became notable architects in their own right.
Shaw's daughter Sylvia became a notable sculptor.
Shaw's European sojourn in the early 1890s weighed heavily on his future designs.
In the United Kingdom, Shaw admired the work of Charles Rennie Mackintosh and Edwin Lutyens, who were combining Renaissance Revival architecture with modern design ideas.
These architects eschewed mass-produced materials typical of the Industrial Revolution in favor of the decorative arts movement.
Shaw was also influenced at this time by the writings of Reginald Blomfield, who argued in favor of using pre-industrial materials to design formal gardens, and William Robinson, who pioneered the idea of a wildlife garden.
These emerging ideas would come to be known as the Arts and Crafts movement.
After his return to the United States, Shaw focused on designing single-family homes.
These dwellings were considered the basic standard of living for the Craftsman movement.
Ragdale was designed in close harmony with the movement in combination with Beaux-Arts English country house design.
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Gerald Washington (c. 1949—December 30, 2006) was the mayor-elect of Westlake, Louisiana, until he was shot and killed on December 30, 2006.
He was scheduled to take office on January 2, 2007, as the first black mayor in the city's history, elected by voters who were over 80% white.
He was scheduled to take office on January 2, 2007, as the first black mayor in the city's history, elected by voters who were over 80% white.
His death triggered accusations that he was the victim of a racially motivated murder, although the Calcasieu Parish coroner ruled the death a suicide.
He was killed by a single gunshot from his own revolver, and powder was found deep in the wound, which, according to the coroner, indicated that it was pressed against his chest at the time, a sign of suicide.
His family accused the Sheriff's office of doing a poor job, and asked the state police to step in for a more thorough investigation.
The state police report totalled more than 800 pages of documents, and included both additional physical evidence, such as the pattern of blood spatters, and investigation of possible motives.
According to the investigation, Washington had gambled away hundreds of thousands of dollars from his retirement account, owed about $50,000 to the IRS, and had been sleepless and depressed in the weeks leading up to his death.
The family acknowledged that the report was mostly accurate, but remained unconvinced, citing the fact that the fire department had been called in to wash his truck off the night his body was found as a sign of a coverup.
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"War of the Coprophages" is the twelfth episode of the third season of the science fiction television series "The X-Files".
It premiered on the Fox network on January 5, 1996.
It was written by Darin Morgan, and directed by Kim Manners.
The episode is a "Monster-of-the-Week" story, a stand-alone plot which is unconnected to the series' wider mythology.
"War of the Coprophages" earned a Nielsen household rating of 10.1, being watched by 16.32 million people in its initial broadcast.
The episode received mostly positive reviews from critics, who praised its humorous tone.
The show centers on FBI special agents Fox Mulder (David Duchovny) and Dana Scully (Gillian Anderson) who work on cases linked to the paranormal, called X-Files.
In this episode, Mulder investigates a small town plagued by deaths in which the bodies are found covered in cockroaches.
Working from home, Scully has scientific explanations for all of them, but Mulder—at the crime scene with an attractive bug expert—suspects the insects may not be organic, or earthly.
"War of the Coprophages" was Darin Morgan's third episode, after the second-season episode "Humbug" and season three's "Clyde Bruckman's Final Repose".
In order to achieve the effect of a cockroach infestation, the show used around three hundred cockroaches for the episode in addition to extremely detailed rubber cockroach props and "piles and piles" of faux-dung.
The episode's title is a reference to the famous novel "The War of the Worlds" by H.G.
Wells, as well as its 1938 radio adaptation by Orson Welles.
The character Dr. Berenbaum is named for entomologist May Berenbaum.
In Miller's Falls, Massachusetts, an exterminator inspects the basement of Dr. Jeff Eckerle, having been hired to eradicate a cockroach infestation.
The exterminator sprays a roach, knocks it down to the ground, and attempts to crush it underfoot.
However, upon doing so, he begins to succumb to anaphylaxis, clutching his heart and collapsing against a wall, while the roach crawls out from under his boot, unscathed.
When Eckerle returns, he finds the exterminator's body covered with roaches.
Fox Mulder (David Duchovny) is coincidentally nearby, investigating reported UFO sightings in Miller's Grove.
While on the phone with Dana Scully (Gillian Anderson), Mulder is approached by the local sheriff, Frass, who reveals that a series of "roach attacks" have taken place in the town.
Frass allows Mulder onto the scene at Eckerle's residence.
Elsewhere in town, a trio of teenagers drink beer and huff fumes generated from heated manure.
One of them sees a roach crawl into an open wound on his wrist, and in an attempt to extricate the insect, he begins to frantically slice his skin with a razor, leading him to sever an artery and ultimately bleed to death.
At the scene, Mulder talks over the phone with Scully, who explains that it is likely a case of drug-induced delusional parasitosis, though Mulder finds a cockroach on the underside of a piece of furniture, indicating that roaches were at least present.
When he attempts to capture it for analysis, the insect crumbles in his hand and the sharp pieces cut his fingers in the process, leading him to believe that the brittle casing was made of metal.
Sheriff Frass purports that the government, under the guise of the USDA, has been breeding killer cockroaches in a nearby facility.
Immediately afterwards, the medical examiner is found dead in a bathroom stall, initially covered with cockroaches that disappear from the scene before more than one person can witness them.
Scully attributes the medical examiner's death to a cerebral aneurysm induced by overstraining while defecating.
Mulder and Sheriff Frass find a seemingly dead cockroach on a sink in the bathroom, and Mulder again attempts to capture it (albeit more gingerly this time), but it proves to be alive and escapes down the drain.
Mulder goes to investigate the facility Sheriff Frass mentioned.
Before breaking in, he and Scully discuss the odd behavior of the roaches, with Scully hypothesizing that the roaches could be an invasive species.
Inside the facility, which resembles a typical house, Mulder sees the walls rippling and is quickly surrounded by roaches.
He is then confronted by Dr. Bambi Berenbaum (Bobbie Phillips), a researcher from the Department of Agriculture who is studying cockroaches to develop more effective methods of pest control.
Berenbaum has great interest in insects and, incidentally, believes that some UFOs are actually insect swarms flying through electrically charged airspaces.
Yet another death occurs in Mulder's hotel, with the individual being found covered in roaches that quickly flee.
At this point, Mulder believes that the individual simply died of fright, though Scully begins to wonder what is going on and decides to head up there herself.
Mulder brings a cockroach from the hotel room to Berenbaum, who thinks it may be mechanical.
Mulder then visits the nearby Dr. Ivanov, a wheelchair-bound scientist who works on insect-like robots.
The two discuss the possibility that extraterrestrial intelligences could send robotic probes to study other planets.
After inspecting the Mulder's specimen, Ivanov is rendered speechless; he informs Mulder that the specimen is, technology-wise, vastly superior to anything he's ever seen.
Scully arrives in the town at a convenience store, finding the residents succumbing to panic over the roaches.
She attempts to calm the people down, however the store-goers frantically flee after two scuffling patrons knock over a display of chocolate candies, believing them to be more roaches.
Meanwhile, Mulder, while departing Ivanov's lab, catches another roach to bring to Berenbaum, but this time, she concludes that it is a seemingly normal cockroach.
Scully finds out that Eckerle was researching dung-derived methane as an alternative fuel source, and had been importing animal dung that may have introduced the roaches to the area.
Upon hearing this, Mulder speculates that the roaches are actually extraterrestrial robotic probes that are capable of consuming dung—an abundant resource already exploited by some species of roaches—to generate methane as a source of fuel.
Mulder goes with Berenbaum to see Eckerle at his facility.
She stays in the car while he goes in the facility to find Eckerle who is in a hysterical, paranoid state, having been unable to escape the roaches that he feels are following him.
Eckerle pulls a gun on Mulder, thinking that even he may somehow be a cockroach.
Scully arrives on the scene and meets Berenbaum.
Scully then goes in the facility seeking for Mulder and then phones Mulder, and when Mulder's phone rings, Eckerle believes it to be Mulder making a tone like the rest of the unusual roaches.
Eckerle fires at Mulder, and his shots rupture and ignite pipes containing methane gas.
The agents flee, and the facility explodes with Eckerle still inside.
The next day, Dr. Ivanov arrives to talk with Mulder at the scene of the explosion and meets Berenbaum.
The two leave with one another, discussing their interests in insects and robots.
That night Mulder writes his report on the case, wondering how humanity would react if insect-like robots visited Earth.
Mulder finds a bizarre looking bug by his food, and crushes it with an X-File.
Writer Darin Morgan was inspired to write the episode when he saw a cover of a magazine featuring insect like robots created by roboticist Rodney Brooks.
Mass hysteria was also a key element to the episode, with many references to Orson Welles's famous radio play of "War of the Worlds".
Most notably, the episode's title is a reference to "The War of the Worlds" and the town this episode takes place in—Miller's Grove—is a play on Grover's Mill, the setting of Orson Welles's 1938 radio adaptation.
Originally, a scene featuring the sheriff discussing a noted case of hysteria from the 1930s was planned to be included in the final episode, but was cut due to time.
The episode, like Morgan's previous effort, the second season's "Humbug," used a great deal of humor, including an in-joke where Scully reads "Breakfast at Tiffany's", referencing David Duchovny's Final Jeopardy!
question when he appeared on "Jeopardy!".
The last part of the episode's title, coprophages, refers to a dung eater.
The show's animal trainer, Debbie Cove, used around three hundred cockroaches for this episode.
Cove later noted that only one of the cockroaches died during the filming, due to old age.
Director Kim Manners was very pleased with the way the cockroaches behaved, noting that "every shot I wanted to get, they got."
Cast and crew members later recalled that Manners began giving orders to the roaches.
Cinematographer John Bartley explained, "when I saw Kim Manners talking to a bucket of cockroaches, that was a highlight for me."
Several "incredibly detailed" rubber cockroaches were created for the episode.
These props were extremely detailed: prop master Ken Hawryliw explained that, "you could put one next to a real roach and no one would know the difference."
In addition, the "piles and piles" of faux-dung were created for the show by using an organic, feces-free substance.
The episode came under heavy criticism by the standards and practices department at parent network Fox, who took exception to the initial script's heavy use of words such as "crap" to refer to the excrement that episode's cockroaches fed upon.
Darin Morgan later attacked and parodied this approach in the twenty-first episode of the second season of the American crime-thriller television series "Millennium" called "Somehow, Satan Got Behind Me".
In the episode, a network censor again targets the use of the word "crap" and storms onto the set of a show resembling "The X-Files" being taped, featuring lookalikes of Mulder and Scully with those series' theme music playing in the background.
The episode marks a rare occasion in the series in which the fourth wall is broken: Although no character addresses the audience, a cockroach is made to appear to "walk across the viewer's screen" during one scene.
"War of the Coprophages" premiered on the Fox network on January 5, 1996.
This episode earned a Nielsen rating of 10.1, with a 16 share, meaning that roughly 10.1 percent of all television-equipped households, and 16 percent of households watching television, were tuned in to the episode.
It was viewed by 16.32 million viewers.
The episode received positive reviews from critics.
"Entertainment Weekly" gave "War of the Coprophages" an A-, and wrote, "Irreverent camp that's infested with laughs (and creepy-crawlies) but throws credibility out the window."
Reviewer Zack Handlen of "The A.V.
Club" gave the episode an A and compared it to the previously Morgan-penned "Clyde Bruckman's Final Repose", writing, "So!
This is the second Darin Morgan episode I've had to write about, and once again, I'm not sure I've done it justice.
[...] The comedy here can be broad, but there's always enough self-aware commentary buried in it that it never becomes simplistic.
While "Bruckman" dealt with the misery of knowing all the answers, "Coprophages" looks at how easy it is to convince yourself you know what's going on, even when you don't.
It'd be better to believe in a bunch of bugs from outer space coming down to earth to mess with our minds, than it would be to accept the more likely truth that bugs like shit—and around here, there's always plenty to go around."
Critical Myth's John Keegan gave the episode an 8/10 and praised the episode's self-parodying style, saying, "Overall, this episode was a rare self-contained parody, well written by Darin Morgan.
By standing on its own outside of continuity, the episode gives itself plenty of room to send-up the series premise and its early internet fandom.
There’s no real sense of resolution, but that’s really incidental to the point of the parody."
Author Phil Farrand rated the episode as his second favorite episode of the first four seasons in his book "The Nitpickers Guide to the X-Files".
The cast and the crew of the show enjoyed the episode, for the most part.
Co-producer Paul Rabwin said that the episode had some of the funniest material in "The X-Files" as well as some of the most horrific, such as the scene where a cockroach crawled into someone's arm.
Gillian Anderson rated the episode one of her favorite episodes of the third season.
On a more negative note, writer Darin Morgan ended up being unhappy with the final product, saying "The other day, my girlfriend was saying, 'I never understood that episode,' and I guess I don't either.
It was an episode that had a lot of what I thought were really good ideas and never quite got it to work.
I was really disappointed with that episode.
Some people love it."
The plot for "War of the Coprophages" was also adapted as a novel for young adults in 1997 by Les Martin, under the title "Die, Bug, Die!
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"Revelations" is the eleventh episode of the third season of the science fiction television series "The X-Files".
It premiered on the Fox network on December 15, 1995.
It was written by Kim Newton and directed by David Nutter.
The episode is a "Monster-of-the-Week" story, unconnected to the series' wider mythology.
"Revelations" earned a Nielsen household rating of 10, being watched by 15.25 million people in its initial broadcast.
The episode received mixed to positive reviews.
The show centers on FBI special agents Fox Mulder (David Duchovny) and Dana Scully (Gillian Anderson) who work on cases linked to the paranormal, called X-Files.
Mulder is a believer in the paranormal, while the skeptical Scully has been assigned to debunk his work.
In this episode, Mulder and Scully investigate a case where fake stigmatics are being murdered.
When a boy shows signs of being a real stigmatic, Mulder and Scully attempt to protect him, fearing that he will be the latest victim.
"Revelations" became a minor storyline milestone for the series with the exploration of Scully's faith as a devout Roman Catholic.
Throughout the remainder of the series, her Catholic faith served as a cornerstone, although at times a contradiction to her otherwise rigid skepticism of the paranormal.
Furthermore, while Mulder is usually the believer and Scully is usually the skeptic, "Revelations" features a role reversal with Scully becoming the believer and Mulder becoming the skeptic, a move that Duchovny called "a refreshing change of pace."
A minister in Waynesburg, Pennsylvania fakes stigmatic injuries to his hands during a sermon.
Afterwards, he is visited by a white-haired man named Simon Gates, who strangles him—his hands smoking while he does so.
Agents Fox Mulder (David Duchovny) and Dana Scully (Gillian Anderson) investigate the case.
Mulder says that the priest was the eleventh fake stigmatic who has been killed over the past three years in a series of international murders.
Meanwhile, at an elementary school in Loveland, Ohio, a boy, Kevin Kryder starts bleeding from the palms of his hands.
The agents arrive and meet with a social worker, who claims that Kevin has suffered injuries before and that his father was institutionalized, adding that Kevin was in danger from evil forces.
The agents visit Kevin's father, who claims that his son is the chosen one and that evil forces will come to kill him as part of a great war between good and evil.
Kevin is abducted by a strange-looking bald man.
Kevin's mother recognizes the man's description as that of Owen Jarvis, who had done yard work for the family in the past.
Owen claims to be Kevin's guardian angel.
As the agents arrive, Kevin mysteriously disappears.
Owen claims he was asked by God to protect Kevin and criticizes Scully for her faith not being as strong as his.
Owen jumps out the window and escapes.
Kevin arrives at his home and is pursued by Gates, who kills Owen when he arrives to protect Kevin.
Scully performs an autopsy and finds that Owen's corpse is not decaying, reminding her of "incorruptibles" that she learned about in Catechism.
Mulder tells Scully to not let her faith cloud her judgment.
Scully finds that handprints on Owen's neck belong to Simon Gates, a rich and powerful executive.
Kevin travels with his mother in a car which breaks down.
Gates arrives offering to help fix the car, and Kevin, who appears in two places at once, is able to distract him and help them escape.
However, Kevin's mother, hurt by Gates, runs the car into a ditch, dying as a result.
Scully tells Kevin she'll protect him.
They bring him to a hotel where Scully notices an additional wound on Kevin's side.
Scully becomes upset at Mulder for his unwillingness to accept the possibility of a miracle.
As they talk, Gates breaks into the bathroom, kidnapping Kevin by prying an opening in the barred window.
Scully returns to see Kevin's father but finds him heavily drugged.
Scully theorizes that Gates has brought Kevin to a recycling plant he owns in Jerusalem, Ohio.
Mulder thinks that he has headed to the airport, as a man matching Gates' description was reported headed there.
Mulder thinks Scully believes that she's been chosen to protect Kevin.
Scully arrives at the recycling plant where Gates tells Kevin that he must die for the 'New Age' to come.
Gates attempts to jump into a paper shredding machine with Kevin, but Kevin grabs onto the side as Gates falls into the shredder.
Scully is able to pull Kevin to safety.
Two days later, Scully and Kevin say goodbye.
Kevin tells Scully he'll see her again.
Scully goes to the confessional for the first time in years, wondering if God is speaking, but that no one is listening.
"Revelations" was written by Kim Newton, who would go on to write one further episode of "The X-Files": the third season's "Quagmire".
The episode was directed by David Nutter and would be his final episode of "The X-Files".
Nutter decided that, after the episode, he wished to pursue different things and that the series was in excellent hands with fellow directors Rob Bowman and Kim Manners.
Actor Kenneth Welsh appears in the episode as the demonic Simon Gates.
Welsh had previously appeared with Duchovny in the critically acclaimed 1990 serial drama "Twin Peaks".
The episode features a role reversal with Dana Scully the believer and Fox Mulder the skeptic, which David Duchovny called "a refreshing change of pace."
Nutter said that dealing with faith permitted the show's creators to further delve into Scully's character.
The episode was the first to discuss Scully's faith in-depth.
Series creator Chris Carter later emphasized that the theme of the episode was more on personal belief rather than organized religion, noting, "[The episode] deals with faith, not religion with a capital 'R' or Catholicism with a capital 'C'".
The producers for the series were cautious about presenting an overtly religious episode of the series for fear of "pissing certain people off", but, according to Carter, the show "handled it in such a way as to make it about miracle belief, or lack of belief."
According to co-producer Paul Rabwin the episode had script problems and went through several rewrites while the episode was still in production.
The producers felt it was difficult to sell the concept of religious magic and having Kevin appear in two places at once.
The episode went through a detailed editing process, which including additional tweaks to the script.
These changes required actor Kevin Zegers to be flown back to Vancouver to film additional scenes.
The producers claimed to be in awe by the way the episode turned out after all the additional work had been done.
Several of the scenes were altered or cut during post-production.
The producers were unhappy with the voice of the priest in the final scene, resulting in them using a new vocal track in post-production.
A scene with Kevin's father speaking in tongues—as well as quoting the famous "Klaatu barada nikto" line from "The Day the Earth Stood Still"—was cut in the final edit of the episode.
"Revelations" premiered on the Fox network on December 15, 1995.
This episode earned a Nielsen rating of 10, with a 17 share, meaning that roughly 10 percent of all television-equipped households, and 17 percent of households watching television, were tuned in to the episode.
This totaled 15.25 million viewers.
Critical reception to the episode was moderately positive.
Zack Handlen from "The A.V.
Club" gave the episode a B+ and wrote positively of Scully's portrayal, noting "Really, this works best as a Scully episode.
I prefer Darin Morgan's version of the character [...], but I doubt that version could support a full episode about God in the same way that this more searching, and lost, Scully does."
However, Handlen was critical of some of the religious aspects of the episode, noting that "If there's a Christian God in the X-Files universe, doesn't that trump just about everything else that Mulder and Scully have spent their time on?
There are too many implications here for the show to support, and while it doesn't destroy the episode, it does make it difficult for me to back it as fully as I'd like to."
John Keegan from Critical Myth gave the episode a 7 out of 10 rating, noting "Overall, this episode highlights Scully and her faith, and in the process, manages to presage many of the future plot developments for the series and her character.
The spiritual war at the foundation of the series mythology is reflected in a situation that speaks directly to Scully and her upbringing, and though some of the religious metaphors are heavy-handed, it works well enough."
"Entertainment Weekly" gave the episode a B+ and wrote positively of the episode's "inventiveness," which "derives from its choice of the most mainstream paranormality of all—Christianity."
The review also wrote positively of the Mulder-Scully role reversal, calling the change "always welcome".
Paula Vitaris from "Cinefantastique" gave the episode a moderately positive review and awarded it two-and-a-half stars out of four.
She noted that "Scully's search to reconcile her religious beliefs and her scientific training makes for powerful drama, and Gillian Anderson is up to the challenge."
Vitaris, however, criticized elements of the plot, most notably the "un-saintly" quality of Kevin and Kevin's lack of emotion after his mother is killed.
Furthermore, she called the ending "a real mess".
Not all reviews were positive.
Robert Shearman and Lars Pearson, in their book "Wanting to Believe: A Critical Guide to The X-Files, Millennium & The Lone Gunmen", rated the episode two stars out of five, and called it a "peculiarly bloodless episode".
The two wrote that many of the traits possessed by Kevin were only helpful in certain isolated scenes, such as the ability to bilocate.
Shearman and Pearson concluded that the show should "take a serious subject by all means, but then take the subject seriously."
Director David Nutter was pleased with the finished product.
He was most notably happy with Anderson's acting, saying that she delivered a sparkling performance, particularly in the final scene.
He also stated "I really love working with Gillian.
She's got such an ability to emote and give from the inside."
Actor Michael Berryman has said that this was his favorite role in his career and credits it for reversing typecasting that always put him in the role of the monster.
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Mervyn Edwin Warren (born February 29, 1964) is an American film composer, record producer, music conductor, music arranger, lyricist, songwriter, pianist, and vocalist.
Warren is a five-time Grammy Award winner and a 10-time Grammy Award nominee.
Warren has written the underscore and songs for many feature and television films and has written countless arrangements in a variety of musical styles for producers Quincy Jones, David Foster, Arif Mardin, and dozens of popular recording artists, including extensive work on Jones' "Back on the Block," "Q's Jook Joint," and "Q: Soul Bossa Nostra."
Warren has also produced numerous jazz, pop, R&B, contemporary Christian, and gospel artists, typically arranging those recordings, often performing on them (on piano, keyboards, or vocals), and often writing or co-writing the melodies and lyrics.
Warren is best known as an original member of the a cappella vocal group Take 6, for having composed the underscore to the number-1 film "The Wedding Planner (2001)," for producing and arranging songs for the hit film "Sister Act 2 (1993)," and for producing and arranging most of the soundtrack to the 1996 Whitney Houston film "The Preacher's Wife"—the best-selling Gospel album of all time.
Warren was born on a leap day (February 29) in Huntsville, Alabama, the son of Dr. Mervyn A. Warren, a university administrator, professor and author, and Barbara J. Warren, a university professor who specialized in early childhood education.
Warren's mother taught him to read and to do basic math when he was three years old, which enabled him later to complete the first and second grades in one year.
Upon beginning the third grade, Warren's classmates, thinking he had been "skipped" a grade, taunted and ostracized him for the next several years.
During that time, he immersed himself in playing the piano, which he had begun under his mother's tutelage at the age of five.
Warren briefly took formal, piano lessons at the ages of six and 10.
In each case, he soon lost interest in the strict memorization and regurgitation of the required pieces, preferring instead to create musical variations on the pieces or to improvise upon them.
As a result, each stint of weekly, formal lessons was short-lived.
Still, he spent hours at the piano daily, playing by ear.
As a child and teenager, Warren, whose parents are Seventh-day Adventists, was not allowed to listen to pop music or rhythm and blues.
Instead, he grew up on a steady diet of easy-listening, contemporary Christian, classical, and choral music—from the Mantovani Orchestra to Edwin Hawkins to The Swingle Singers.
Warren's family's home was adjacent to the campus of Oakwood University, which has a long and rich history of vocal and choral groups, many of which performed a cappella.
Throughout his childhood and adolescence, Warren heard such ensembles rehearse and perform frequently.
Each of these elements would later combine to inform his unique musical palette.
In 1976, at the age of 12, Warren was grounded (punished) for having purchased the Earth, Wind & Fire album "Gratitude".
But in 2006—exactly 30 years later—he was asked to produce an Earth, Wind & Fire Christmas album.
Although the project was postponed, the irony remains.
At the age of 15, Warren enrolled in a special, summer program at Alabama A&M University for high-school students with advanced proficiency in the sciences and mathematics.
As a result of his performance in the program, the university offered him a scholarship that would cover all studies required to earn a Ph.D. in physics.
However, lacking sufficient interest in the subject, Warren declined the offer.
In 1981 he was the valedictorian of his senior class at Oakwood Adventist Academy.
In the fall of the same year, he became president of the freshman class at Oakwood University.
Intending to attend medical school, Warren majored briefly in biology and mathematics.
Though he excelled at both, he dropped both, having decided to pursue his true passion, music.
Disappointed by Warren's decision, a professor of biology told him, "You're wasting your mind on music."
Undeterred, Warren graduated summa cum laude in 1985 from Oakwood University with a Bachelor of Arts degree in music with an emphasis in piano performance.
At the graduation ceremony, Warren conducted members of the senior class, performing a song he had written for the occasion, entitled "A Moment Like This."
In 1987, Warren received a Master of Music degree in Arranging from the University of Alabama, under the tutelage of noted jazz educator Steve Sample, Sr.
At the age of five, Warren began playing the piano by ear, after being taught a few songs by his mother.
For many years thereafter, he immersed himself at the piano—learning to play various styles by ear and creating new arrangements of existing pieces.
As early as the age of seven, he was accompanying vocalists at the piano, for their performances at school or church.
He soon became sought after as an accompanist in the community and continued to do so, frequently, throughout college and graduate school.
At the age of 10, Warren became the regular accompanist for a vocal group, composed of five of his female classmates, and they performed regularly at school and community events.
Within weeks of becoming their accompanist, Warren began creating original arrangements for the group.
When he was 12, he was asked by a classmate if he had ever considered composing an original song.
Though Warren had not previously considered doing so, always having created arrangements of preexisting songs, the suggestion prompted him to begin composing original songs and lyrics, which he taught to the aforementioned vocal group and which they began to perform publicly.
Warren had an innate inclination toward jazz and complex harmony, which was evident in both his original songs and arrangements of existing songs.
This inclination was met with disdain by some of the more conservative, Christian members of the Oakwood community, resulting in an ongoing struggle between figures of authority and Warren, as he attempted to express his musical ideas.
At the age of 13, Warren expanded the five-voice, female vocal group to a nine-voice, mixed vocal group.
This group, now called The Symbolic Sounds, sang his arrangements and compositions exclusively, and remained popular in the school and community through 1981.
Warren's first, professional recording session was for a new version of "The Lord's Prayer", set to an original melody, which Warren co-wrote with his friend Eric Todd.
It was recorded by "Blessed Peace", a popular gospel choir at Oakwood University, at Sound Cell Recording Studio in Huntsville, Alabama.
Warren created the vocal arrangement, played keyboards, and assisted Todd with the overall production.
During that session, studio-owner Doug Jansen Smith took note of Warren's abilities.
Soon thereafter, Warren became a regular session-performer at Sound Cell, contributing arrangements, playing keyboards, and singing on various radio and TV jingles, as well as pop, rock, country, and contemporary Christian recordings.
Many of those sessions included Warren's friend Mark Kibble, also an accomplished arranger, pianist, and vocalist (and future member of Take 6).
As early as the age of 13, Warren and Kibble, who were born five weeks apart, had performed concerts together, singing solos and duets, while taking turns providing accompaniment at the piano.
One of the duets began with Warren singing and Kibble at the piano; then, halfway through the song, Warren would leave the stage and take over at the piano, seamlessly, at which point Kibble would take the stage to sing.
In 1980, while both juniors in high school, Warren and Kibble joined a preexisting, male, a cappella vocal quartet at Oakwood University, and the resulting sextet became known as Alliance.
Alliance became known for its highly unique and complex vocal arrangements, primarily of well-known negro spirituals, but of some newer songs, as well.
Most of Alliance's dazzling arrangements were created by Mark Kibble, but later, Warren contributed a few, as well.
Alliance was very popular and performed not only on the campus of Oakwood University, but in various cities across the United States.
In 1983, Alliance recorded an album at Sound Cell Recording Studio, entitled "Something Within" for Legacy Records, a custom label founded by Henry Mosley, then-professor at Oakwood University.
Mosley also served as the group's manager.
Later, an unmarked, cassette copy of "Something Within" was given by recording artist Michael Martin Murphy to Jim Ed Norman at Warner Bros. Records in Nashville, Tennessee.
Norman loved the recording but neither he nor Murphy knew the identity of the performers.
In 1987, Norman finally discovered the group's identity and promptly signed Alliance to a recording contract with Reprise Records, a division of Warner Bros. Records.
Upon discovering that a rock music band had already recorded under the name "Alliance," the vocal group Alliance was renamed Take 6, released the album "Take 6," and went on to earn worldwide acclaim.
In 1981, Warren enrolled at Oakwood University and joined the highly regarded touring choir The Aeolians, under the direction of Professor Alma Blackmon.
Warren remained a member of The Aeolians throughout his four-year matriculation, later becoming the ensemble's stage director, assistant conductor, and alternate accompanist.
With The Aeolians, Warren toured extensively throughout the United States, Bermuda, The Bahamas, The Virgin Islands, England, Scotland, and Wales.
In 1985, Warren composed an upbeat choral piece entitled "I Ain't Got Long To Be Here" in the style of a negro spiritual.
Blackmon allowed Warren to teach the piece to The Aeolians, and it became part of their standard repertoire.
Whenever they performed it, Blackmon introduced Warren, who would then conduct the piece.
"I Ain't Got Long To Be Here" is believed to be the first student composition ever to have been performed by The Aeolians.
Blackmon was a pivotal figure in Warren's musical development.
With her he studied music theory, piano performance, and techniques of choral conducting.
By coincidence, as a teenager Warren lived in his parents' home, directly across the street from the home of Blackmon and her daughter Brenda, now Brenda Wood.
As of 2010, Wood is an NBC news anchor at WXIA-TV in Atlanta, Georgia.
Many members of The Aeolians also sang in other vocal groups and choirs at Oakwood University.
However, because of The Aeolians' rigorous rehearsal and touring schedule, conductor Alma Blackmon had instituted a rule that no members of the ensemble could participate in extracurricular groups larger than a quartet.
This was intended to limit the number of students who might collectively miss any given Aeolian performance.
As such, Warren's nine-voice vocal group, The Symbolic Sounds, was disallowed.
In response, in 1981 Warren disbanded The Symbolic Sounds and formed the vocal group A Special Blend, consisting of two women and two men, accompanied by Warren on piano or sometimes by a full rhythm section.
He created innovative vocal arrangements for A Special Blend, whose repertoire consisted of new arrangements of familiar songs, as well as original compositions by Warren.
The group's core members were Joya Foster, Lori Bryan, Mark Kibble, and Claude V. McKnight, III.
Like Alliance, A Special Blend became well-known and popular for its unique style, combining vocal jazz with contemporary Christian lyrics.
A Special Blend performed many concerts throughout the United States, primarily on weekends, during the school year.
Warren, Kibble, and McKnight were members of both A Special Blend and Alliance.
The groups' respective takes on vocal jazz complimented each other, and in fact they frequently concertized in tandem.
At different points during A Special Blend's six-year continuance, vocalists Andraetta Huff, Sheryl Bihm, and Michelle Mayne each briefly served as members or alternate members.
In reality, neither A Special Blend nor Alliance complied with Blackmon's "Rule of Four."
However, she granted an exception for A Special Blend, since they were technically a quartet that Warren accompanied at the piano.
Alliance, on the other hand, was in clear violation, but Warren, along with Mark Kibble and Claude V. McKnight, III, continued to perform with Alliance stealthily.
Although Kibble and McKnight also sang with The Aeolians, they each did so for only one year or less.
Warren remained a member of The Aeolians throughout his four-year matriculation.
In 1982, A Special Blend won the first-place trophy at the Alabama State Fair's talent competition.
In 1983, A Special Blend recorded a collection of several songs at Sound Cell Studio, to serve as a demo to help the group acquire a recording contract.
Like Alliance, A Special Blend caught the attention of Henry Mosley, who became the group's manager.
In 1984 A Special Blend recorded an album entitled "Nowhere But Up," which Warren produced.
The album was recorded at a studio in Nashville, Tennessee, for release on Moseley's Legacy Records.
To attend sessions, Warren and the group and band members made the 100-mile trip many times—often departing for Nashville after the day's classes, recording for a few hours, then returning to Huntsville after midnight, in time for the next morning's classes.
Despite Oakwood University's rich tradition of vocal groups, which had spanned decades, "Nowhere But Up" was the first student album to feature a full rhythm section plus orchestration, including a string ensemble, a big band, a pop horn section, synthesizers, and exotic percussion, all of which Warren arranged, though at the time he had received no formal training in orchestral writing.
Upon its release, "Nowhere But Up" caused quite a stir within Oakwood University's rather conservative community.
While a small number of the most conservative faculty members expressed discontent with the album's decidedly jazzy style, the project was highly celebrated by students, other faculty, and enthusiasts, both within the Oakwood community and around the United States.
Only a few thousand copies of "Nowhere But Up" were pressed, and it is today considered a collector's item.
As of 2010, there are discussions of a possible re-release of the album on the iTunes Store in 2011, the 30th anniversary of the group's formation.
A Special Blend often joined Warren at Sound Cell Studio to sing on jingles or commercials or to provide background vocals for other artists' recordings.
These recordings ran the gamut from country and pop to "easy listening" and contemporary Christian music.
The group also performed background vocals on stage for recording artist Bob Bailey, during his live concert at Oakwood.
In 1985, during a trip to California, A Special Blend performed at gospel-music legend Walter Hawkins' Love Center in Oakland, California.
Aside from Hawkins and his brother, the equally celebrated Edwin Hawkins, the concert was attended by gospel-music legend Danniebelle Hall, who had been very influential upon Warren.
In fact, A Special Blend's repertoire included a unique arrangement of a Danniebelle Hall New Orleans jazz-styled piece entitled "Theme On The Thirty-Seventh", which A Special Blend performed, to Hall's delight.
After the group's performance, Walter Hawkins took the stage and playfully expressed that he had not noticed A Special Blend performing any Walter Hawkins songs.
From the audience, Hall replied—tongue firmly in cheek—"Well, if you'd write something decent, they would."
In 1986, Warren traveled to Toronto, Ontario, to see The Manhattan Transfer in concert.
Afterward, he waited at the backstage door, and upon the group's exit presented them with copies of "Nowhere But Up".
Over the years, A Special Blend had in fact been compared to The Manhattan Transfer.
Some months later, while completing his master's degree at the University of Alabama, Warren received a surprise phone call from Janis Siegel of The Manhattan Transfer, asking if he had heard from the Recording Academy.
Siegel explained that members of The Manhattan Transfer had submitted "Nowhere But Up" for a Grammy Award nomination.
Because the album was a small, independent release, it had not reached enough members of the Recording Academy to earn a Grammy nomination.
However, Warren and A Special Blend would remain forever grateful for The Transfer's magnanimous gesture.
Years later, Warren would write several arrangements for The Manhattan Transfer.
In 1980, Warren became a member of the a cappella sextet Alliance, which in 1987 signed with Warner Bros. Records, moved to Nashville, Tennessee, changed its name to Take 6, and achieved worldwide fame in 1988.
Warren produced or co-produced most of their first two albums, "Take 6" and "So Much 2 Say"; arranged and co-wrote many of the included songs; and with the group won his first of four Grammy Awards.
Warren's years with Take 6 were characterized by a flurry of appearances, performances, recordings, and travel.
Take 6 performed many concerts and embarked upon several concert tours, typically to sold-out audiences, both in the United States and abroad.
In 1988, Take 6 toured approximately 12 U.S. cities, opening for singer Andy Williams.
In 1989, Take 6 toured 40 U.S. cities, opening for jazz legend Al Jarreau.
In subsequent years, Take 6 headlined their own concerts and tours throughout the United States, the UK, Europe, and Japan.
Take 6 also performed at a number of well-known events, venues, and jazz festivals, including Radio City Music Hall, Carnegie Hall, The Hollywood Bowl, The Special Olympics, The Monterey Jazz Festival, and The Playboy Jazz Festival.
Occasionally Take 6 shared billing with other, popular contemporary-Christian recording artists, such as Bebe & Cece Winans, The Winans, and Commissioned.
The popularity of Take 6 led to collaborations with many, established artists.
In fact, it was through Take 6 that Warren first met Quincy Jones, establishing a musical friendship that would last for decades.
Take 6 performed on several songs and interludes on Jones' album "Back on the Block."
In addition to performing with the group and contributing to their vocal arrangements, Warren is the featured voice on "Setembro (Brazilian Wedding Song)", and he penned the lyrics for "The Verb To Be (Introduction to Wee B.
Jones also invited Warren to be a featured vocalist on the song "The Secret Garden (Sweet Seduction Suite)."
At the time, for personal reasons, Warren respectfully declined the invitation.
Since then, Warren has characterized it as "one of the very few decisions in my life that I truly regret."
In the years since, Warren has arranged, produced, or co-produced numerous songs for various Jones projects.
In 1989, Take 6 recorded the song "Don't Shoot Me," for the Spike Lee film "Do The Right Thing."
Warren produced the recording and co-wrote "Don't Shoot Me" with Lee and with group-members Claude V. McKnight, III and David Thomas.
That same year, Take 6 recorded background vocals on the Don Henley album "The End of the Innocence (album)".
The collaboration had been requested, as a personal favor, by Jim Ed Norman, then-president of Warner Bros. Records in Nashville.
Norman and Henley were longtime friends, Norman having previously produced many recordings by Henley's band The Eagles.
Other, notable Take 6 collaborations during that period include recordings with k.d.
lang, Johnny Mathis, Stephanie Mills, Melba Moore, Joe Sample, Dino Kartsonakis, and composer Steve Dorff.
During Warren's tenure, Take 6 recorded music videos for three songs: "Spread Love," "I L-O-V-E U," and "Ridin' The Rails," their collaboration with k.d.
lang, for the 1990 film "Dick Tracy."
During the same period, Take 6 also recorded theme music for the television show "Murphy Brown", Oprah Winfrey's television miniseries "The Women of Brewster Place", and commercials for Burger King and Mitsubishi.
During this period, Take 6 performed live on numerous television shows, including the 31st Grammy Awards, "Good Morning America", "The Today Show", David Sanborn's "Good Evening", "The Arsenio Hall Show", "The Tonight Show", "Saturday Night Live", and "Late Show with David Letterman".
Take 6 also performed The National Anthem at the 1988 World Series.
In 1991 Warren left Take 6 to become a full-time record producer, songwriter, arranger and film composer.
In the sporadic downtime between recording sessions and tours with Take 6, Warren pursued his interest in producing and writing songs and arrangements for other artists.
As the hub of the contemporary Christian music industry, with artists recording everything from pop, rock and country to jazz, R and B, and hip-hop, Nashville provided fertile ground.
Warren also attracted the attention of producers Greg Nelson and Keith Thomas, each of whom would, over the years, hire Warren to write a number of instrumental and/or vocal arrangements for various artists they were producing.
Nelson became a mentor for Warren, and, for about a year, Nelson's personal assistant concurrently worked for Warren.
After leaving Take 6 in 1991, Warren remained in Nashville and focused on writing, arranging, and producing.
While in Nashville, both before and after leaving Take 6, Warren contributed to recordings by many artists, including Sandi Patty, James Ingram, Larnelle Harris, Bebe & Cece Winans, First Call, Thomas Whitfield, The Richard Smallwood Singers, Yolanda Adams, Babbie Mason, Cindy Morgan, and Margaret Bell.
In 1990, Warren produced two tracks on the Donna McElroy project "Bigger World."
The instrumental arrangement for one of the tracks, "Come Sunday," was a collaboration between Warren and Take 6 member Cedric Dent.
Warren and Dent eventually received a Grammy Award nomination for the arrangement.
The other Warren-produced track, "Take It Away," features background vocals by Amy Grant, with whom McElroy had toured as a backup singer for a number of years.
In 1991, Warren was asked to arrange and produce a bold reinterpretation of the 1741 oratorio "Messiah" by George Frideric Handel.
The assignment was to enlist various artists to record new arrangements of pieces from Messiah, incorporating multiple genres of historically African-American music.
The result was "," featuring a literal "who's who" of recording artists performing pieces arranged in various styles, including spirituals, blues, ragtime, big-band, jazz fusion, rhythm and blues, gospel, and hip-hop.
Although Warren had been asked to produce the entire project, the projected release date did not allow for that.
As such, Warren produced and arranged seven of the 16 tracks and delegated the remaining production duties to other producers.
The album was released to critical acclaim in 1992 on the Warner Alliance label.
Executive produced by Norman Miller, Gail Hamilton, and Mervyn Warren, the artist roster included Dwayne Adell, Vanessa Bell Armstrong, Patti Austin, The Boys Choir of Harlem, Tevin Campbell, The Clark Sisters, Daryl Coley, Commissioned, Andraé Crouch, Sandra Crouch, Clifton Davis, Cedric Dent, Charles S. Dutton, Mike E., Janice Chandler Eteme, Kim Fields, Larnelle Harris, Edwin Hawkins, Tramaine Hawkins, Howard Hewett, Joe Hogue, Linda Hopkins, Al Jarreau, Quincy Jones, Bernie K., Chaka Khan, Gladys Knight, Leaders of the New School, Lizz Lee, Dawnn Lewis, Babbie Mason, Johnny Mathis, Marilyn McCoo, Stephanie Mills, Jeffrey Osborne, David Pack, Phylicia Rashad, Dianne Reeves, The Richard Smallwood Singers, Joe Sample, Sounds of Blackness, Take 6, Darryl Tookes, Mervyn Warren, Thomas Whitfield, Vanessa Williams, Chris Willis, Stevie Wonder, and Yellowjackets.
"Handel's Messiah: A Soulful Celebration" received the 1992 Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Soul Gospel Album (Warren's 5th Grammy Award), as well as the 1992 Dove Award for Contemporary Gospel Album of the Year.
In 1993, the various artists on the project were collectively nominated for the NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Gospel Artist.
A music video was filmed for "Hallelujah!," incorporating footage from the rehearsal and recording session.
In the video, both Warren and Quincy Jones are seen conducting the all-star choir.
was recorded and filmed at Henson Recording Studios (formerly A&M Studios) -- where the original "We Are The World" was recorded and where, nearly 20 years later, Jones would produce and Warren (and others) would co-produce "We Are The World 25 for Haiti."
Despite quiet criticism from purists who believe classical music should never be reinterpreted (such as Wynton Marsalis, who declined to be a part of the project), "Handel's Messiah: A Soulful Celebration" has been officially and publicly recognized by Handel House, the official George F. Handel museum in London, England.
In 1993, after seeing Warren's performance on the 35th Grammy Awards (and winning his fifth Grammy Award), Warren was invited by The Walt Disney Company, composer Marc Shaiman, and director Bill Duke to produce and arrange songs for the film "."
Warren accepted and traveled to Los Angeles to work on the film.
During post-production, upon being invited by score composer Miles Goodman to co-compose portions of the film's underscore, Warren extended his stay in Los Angeles.
Though intending to return to Nashville after completing the film, additional offers Warren received for both film and artist-related projects convinced him to remain permanently in Los Angeles without returning to Nashville for his belongings.
As of 2010, Warren remains in Los Angeles, where he has "straddled the fence" between the film and music industries for nearly two decades.
During this time Warren has spent his time composing and conducting orchestral scores for feature and television films; producing, arranging, and writing songs (music and lyrics) for numerous films and recording artists across many genres; writing orchestral, rhythm, and vocal arrangements for other composers and producers, such as Quincy Jones, Ron Fair, and David Foster; performing live or on the soundtracks of various films and television shows, as either a keyboardist, solo vocalist, or ensemble vocalist; and occasionally serving as pianist/accompanist to other vocalists in live performance.
Warren collaborated with Jeff Marx on a song called "You Have More Friends Than You Know" for the It Gets Better organization.
The song is featured on the television program Glee on April 18, 2013.
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The 2006–07 Edmonton Oilers season began on October 5, 2006.
It was the Oilers' 35th season, 28th in the NHL.
After making it to the 2006 Stanley Cup Finals, the club had a disappointing season, finishing out of the playoffs.
Prior to the season the club experience the stunning loss of star defenceman Chris Pronger.
After helping the Oilers to the Stanley Cup final in the 2005–06 season, Pronger requested a trade due to personal reasons.
In early July, Pronger was sent to the Anaheim Ducks for Joffrey Lupul, Ladislav Smid and various draft picks.
Not only did Pronger leave, but another major acquisition from the previous season, Michael Peca, was signed by the Toronto Maple Leafs as a free agent.
Despite the losses in personnel, the Oilers had a very strong start to the season, briefly propelling them to the top of the Northwest Division standings.
The Oilers would slowly fall back of the pack however, finding themselves well out of a playoff spot by the trade deadline.
At the deadline, the Oilers again stunned the NHL by trading their leading scorer, and pending Unrestricted free agent, Ryan Smyth to the New York Islanders for two prospects and a first-round draft pick.
Reports later indicated that Smyth and the Oilers were only $100,000 apart in contract negotiations when the Oilers chose to make the trade.
On the same night as the Smyth trade, the Oilers retired former captain Mark Messier's number 11 sweater.
The celebration of Messier also included having a street named after him in Edmonton.
Oilers general manager, and Messier's former teammate, Kevin Lowe was noticeably absent from the retirement ceremony.
Messier won five Stanley Cups with the Oilers during his time in Edmonton.
The Oilers set new marks in this season for both success and failure.
Edmonton recorded its 1,000th regular season win in the NHL on January 2, 2007, while late in the season, the Oilers lost 12 consecutive games, a mark that surpassed Edmonton's previous record of 11.
However, the NHL does not now consider an overtime loss a true loss, thus the feat did not officially break the franchise record for losses.
In May 2007, Daryl Katz offered $145 million towards the purchase of the team.
Sources close to the "Edmonton Journal" state that, as part of the deal, the team will remain in Edmonton.
No negotiations took place as the owners immediately responded that the Oilers were not for sale.
The Oilers were eliminated from playoff contention for the third time in their last five seasons.
With the Carolina Hurricanes also failing to qualify for the post-season, it marked the first time in NHL history that the previous season's finalists both failed to qualify for the playoffs.
"Note: GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points; PIM = Penalty minutes" Denotes player spent time with another team before joining Edmonton.
Stats reflect time with the Oilers only.
<br>Denotes player traded mid-season
Edmonton's picks at the 2006 NHL Entry Draft in Vancouver.
The Oilers did not draft a player until the 45th pick.
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Kwaku was born in Accra, his parents had resettled in Ghana after being based in Germany for several years.
He immigrated to Canada to study at the private boarding preparatory school Columbia International College and continued on to McMaster University both in Hamilton, Ontario.
He received a degree in Multimedia and Philosophy from McMaster University.
In Accra he had attended the renowned Achimota School where he first started writing and performing music.
While attending university, Kwaku started using the stage name Kae Sun, performing at local clubs and making demo recordings.
He also started playing guitar and experimenting with different styles and sounds.
He first gained some recognition when he was awarded a local music prize.
Kae Sun recorded and released his debut "Lion on a Leash" in 2009 largely funded by a grant from the Ontario Arts Council.
He soon after re-located to Toronto.
"Lion On A Leash" was well received among critics, garnering further recognition for Kae Sun.
Kwaku followed up his debut with the EP "Outside The Barcode", a folky, pared-down collection of songs inspired by his return to Ghana after years of living in Canada.
The song Firefly Dance from this collection was a KCRW Top Tune of the day.
Kae Sun's second LP "Afriyie" was released in May 2013 and was co-produced by Kae Sun and production duo Science!
(Joshua Sadlier-Brown and Marc Koecher).
The record received favourable reviews from publications like exclaim and Afropunk.
An MTV Iggy profile of the record said, " With "Afriyie", Kae Sun has managed to emerge as one of the most promising singer-songwriters in the international scene."
The tour for "Afriyie" included a set at the inaugural CBC music festival, support for the Toronto stop of Janelle Monáe's Electric Lady Tour and solo engagements in Germany.
The song "Heart Healing Pulse" from "Afriyie" was included in the Strumbo Hundo 2013, television personality George Stroumboulopoulos's list of the top songs of that year.
The Roots affiliated site OkayAfrica also lauded "Afriyie" as one of the best releases of 2013.
In April 2014, Kae Sun made his U.S debut at the Apollo Theatre in Harlem, as part of the theatre's Africa Now Festival.
"Ship and The Globe", the lead single from "Afriyie" is featured in several episodes of "It's Okay, That's Love".
The song debuted at number 3 on the South Korea Gaon International Chart Kae Sun has released a collaborative multimedia project featuring a short film and installation with art director Emeka Alams and German filmmaker Simon Rittmeier.
The project included a 4-song E.P.
released digitally
Kae Sun worked with producers Joshua Sadlier-Brown and singer-songwriter Ariane Moffatt on an EP Canary, slated for a spring 2017 release.
The EP features the singles Canary and Flip The Rules.
Kwaku's music has been noted for its unique blend of influences owing to his background and personal history.
He typically performs his songs on guitar either solo or backed by a band.
His poetic lyrics have been noted as being both observational and personal often touching on spiritual, esoteric and socio-political themes.
His singing often leans toward the melodic and impassioned with subtle inflections drawn from Soul and Folk traditions.
According to MIT's The Tech, "Despite this unbridled exploration with sound and lyrics, Kae Sun colors his music with two virtues that seem to be of great importance to him – spirituality and honesty."
His work has at times been tagged Urban Folk, Indie Pop, World, Neo-Folk or Folk-Soul.
"Now" magazine quotes him describing it as "Music.
Pure and simple."
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"Grotesque" is the fourteenth episode of the third season of the science fiction television series "The X-Files" and the show's 63rd episode overall.
It premiered on the Fox network in the United States on February 2, 1996.
It was written by Howard Gordon and directed by Kim Manners.
The episode is a "Monster-of-the-Week" story, unconnected to the series' wider mythology.
"Grotesque" earned a Nielsen household rating of 11.6, being watched by 18.32 million people in its initial broadcast.
The episode received mostly positive reviews from television critics.
The show centers on FBI special agents Fox Mulder (David Duchovny) and Dana Scully (Gillian Anderson) who work on cases linked to the paranormal, called X-Files.
Mulder is a believer in the paranormal, while the skeptical Scully has been assigned to debunk his work.
In this episode, Mulder and Scully investigate a serial killer who claims a gargoyle spirit committed the crimes.
When Mulder joins the case, his obsession with solving it causes Scully to question his sanity.
Gordon was inspired to write the episode after walking down the streets of New York and seeing several stone gargoyles on the corner, staring at him.
Gordon developed the concept with series creator Chris Carter, who suggested the addition of more psychological aspects to the episode.
Originally, the teaser was planned to be filmed at a Catholic hospital, but the shot was relocated to the site of a historic post office after concerns were raised about attaching a fake gargoyle to the building.
At George Washington University, a group of artists sketch a nude male model.
However, one of the artists, John Mostow (Levani Outchaneichvili), draws a demonic creature in the model's place; while using a utility knife to sharpen his pencil he cuts his hand trying and smears the blood on his drawing.
When the model reaches his car after the session, he is attacked and killed by an obscured assailant.
The following morning, Mostow is arrested in his apartment by an FBI task force led by Agent Bill Patterson (Kurtwood Smith), who finds the utility knife used in the murder covered in blood.
Mostow, an immigrant from Uzbekistan with a history of involuntary commitment, is charged with killing seven men by mutilating their faces.
Agents Fox Mulder (David Duchovny) and Dana Scully (Gillian Anderson) become involved in the investigation when Mostow insists that he was possessed during the killings; his claims are given credence when another murder occurs after his arrest.
Mostow draws a gargoyle and claims it made him kill.
The agents meet with Patterson who has spent three years on the case.
Mulder knows Patterson from his time in the Investigative Support Unit at Quantico.
Their relationship is tense, and Patterson is skeptical of Mulder's theories.
Mulder and Scully go to Mostow's studio and discover a hidden room full of gargoyle sculptures, finding corpses within them.
A glassblower is attacked and hospitalized.
Nemhauser (Greg Thirloway), another agent on the case, tells Scully that Patterson was responsible for getting Mulder assigned to the case and may admire him after all.
Patterson finds Mulder in the library studying gargoyles; he tells Mulder that he's wasting his time and is a disappointment to him.
Scully goes to Mulder's apartment and finds it covered with gargoyle drawings.
Mulder, having sculpted a gargoyle himself in Mostow's studio before falling asleep, awakens to find a figure with a gargoyle-like face standing over him; he gives chase but is attacked, his face slashed with a utility knife.
Mulder refuses to explain to Scully why he was in Mostow's studio.
Scully confronts Patterson, who tells her not to try and stop Mulder from doing what he's doing, because she won't be able to.
Mulder goes to see Mostow again, but Mostow will not tell him how to find the creature that attacked him.
Scully finds a disassembled utility knife at the latest crime scene with Mulder's prints on it and discovers that the murder weapon is missing from the evidence room.
She meets with Assistant Director Walter Skinner (Mitch Pileggi), who is also worried about Mulder's behavior.
Mulder has a nightmare about being attacked by a gargoyle that is really himself.
He wakes up and goes to Mostow's studio again, finding a severed arm.
Scully gets a message to call Nemhauser, but his phone is answered by Mulder, who denies taking the knife.
Mulder searches Mostow's studio and finds Nemhauser's body inside a new sculpture.
Mulder is then confronted by Patterson, who is unaware of how he arrived at the studio.
Mulder then deduces that Patterson is the killer, based on his three-year obsession with Mostow and his request for Mulder to investigate the case.
Mulder confronts him, but Patterson flees when Scully arrives.
Mulder pursues him and they fight; Patterson is shot and apprehended.
In the last scene, Patterson is pressed against the bars of his cell, screaming and pleading that he is innocent, while the camera focuses on a gargoyle drawn in blood on the wall of his cell.
Earlier in the episode, Mulder told Scully that he and Patterson disagreed on the best way to investigate serial murders, and Patterson always tried to empathize with the suspect, imagining himself in the killer's place.
Mulder's closing narration concludes that it was this that eventually drove Patterson insane.
Writer Howard Gordon conceived the idea for the episode while he was walking down the streets of New York and noticed several stone gargoyles on the corner staring at him.
Gordon developed the idea into an X-File involving possession by a gargoyle spirit.
He wrote a draft script for the episode but had to turn to series creator Chris Carter three days before production began in order to rework it.
The two worked on the script over the weekend to add more psychological aspects to the episode.
Gordon claimed to be very proud of the final product.
Assistant Art Director Gary Allen drew the gargoyle sketches used in this episode.
The producers originally planned to film the teaser sequence at a Catholic hospital, but the hospital was reluctant to affix a faux gargoyle to the building.
Thus, the shot was relocated to Heritage Hall, a noted filming location and former post office in Vancouver.
Some last minute scrambling was required when city workmen tore up the sidewalk on the very spot where the producers planned to film the scene.
The construction crew reassured the show that the construction would be finished in time for filming.
Indeed, the work was finished two hours before shooting of the episode started.
Additional exterior shots were filmed at an alley near Bonanza Meat Market.
The walls were painted to match those of Heritage Hall, although after filming was completed, they were returned to their original state.
Kim Manners called "Grotesque" his favorite third-season episode and praised David Duchovny's performance on this episode, saying "Duchovny drove himself, and he was brilliant in that show."
Manners also said of the episode: "I think 'Grotesque' is a frightening show.
I think it is a disturbing show, and I think that's why—for me—it's such a good show.
We pulled it off making the viewer feel uneasy.
I even found it a difficult show to watch.
Yeah, it was a pretty dark hour of television and I would like to do more of those."
In order to get a proper feel for the episode, Manners listened to the music from the 1990 film "Jacob's Ladder" until his wife "finally asked, 'Do we have to listen to that (bleeping) CD again?'"
Manners also theorized that the episode may have been the template for the show "Millennium", which premiered on Fox the following television season.
"Grotesque" premiered on the Fox network in the United States on February 2, 1996.
This episode earned a Nielsen rating of 11.6, with an 18 share, meaning that roughly 11.6 percent of all television-equipped households, and 18 percent of households watching television, were tuned in to the episode.
This totaled 18.32 million viewers.
The episode had the third highest ratings of the third season.
"Grotesque" received mostly positive reviews from critics.
Reviewer Todd VanDerWerff of "The A.V.
Club" gave the episode an A− and noted that while the episode is "ponderous and pretentious", this aspect of the entry turns it into "a benefit".
VanDerWerff wrote, "here's the thing: 'Grotesque' is absolutely [...] self-serious, just as much as I feared it would be.
It also, unquestionably, works.
The reason it works is very simple: It's pretty scary".
Critical Myth's John Keegan gave the episode a largely positive review, awarding it an 8 out of 10.
He noted, "Overall, this is a solid effort by Howard Gordon.
It’s good to see some of the methods that earned Mulder his nickname, and the underlying dynamic between Mulder and Scully is very well played.
The central premise is vague enough to fall within the confines of the unusual, if not necessarily paranormal, and the supporting cinematography and score rise to the occasion."
Robert Shearman and Lars Pearson, in their book "Wanting to Believe: A Critical Guide to The X-Files, Millennium & The Lone Gunmen", rated the episode five stars out of five, and praised the themes of the episode, writing that, "Because 'Grotesque' certainly surprises, and shocks, and even appals —this is the closest "The X-Files" ever gets to staring into the face of insanity."
Furthermore, Shearman and Pearson praised Duchovny's acting, calling it "his best performance yet seen in the series".
Paula Vitaris from "Cinefantastique" gave the episode a positive review and awarded it three-and-a-half stars out of four.
She referred to the episode as "one of the [the show's] darkest ever" and called it "a triumph for director Manners, cinematographer Bartley, and "The X-Files" art department."
Vitaris, however, was critical of the episode's closing monologue, noting that "[Mulder] spells out what the camera is saying a hundred times more effectively with its finale shot of a pairing of a gargoyle."
Jonathan Dunn, writing for What Culture, described "Grotesque" as a "deep, dark, twisted psychological moment for "The X-Files" that I absolutely love" and included it in the "5 Episodes [of "The X-Files"] That Could Be Made Into Movies" list.
Not all reviews were positive.
Author Phil Farrand was critical of the episode, rating it his fourth least favorite episode of the first four seasons in his book "The Nitpickers Guide to the X-Files."
"Entertainment Weekly" gave "Grotesque" a D, labeling it as "ponderous, oblique, and featuring one of Mulder's always annoying, easy-way-out soliloquy summations".
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"Syzygy" is the thirteenth episode of the third season of the science fiction television series "The X-Files".
The episode first aired in the United States on January 26, 1996, on Fox.
It was written by series creator Chris Carter and directed by Rob Bowman.
The episode is a "Monster-of-the-Week" story, unconnected to the series' wider mythology.
"Syzygy" earned a Nielsen household rating of 10.8, being watched by 16.04 million people in its initial broadcast.
The episode received mixed reviews, with many critics and fans upset by the negative portrayal of Mulder and Scully.
The show centers on FBI special agents Fox Mulder (David Duchovny) and Dana Scully (Gillian Anderson) who work on cases linked to the paranormal, called X-Files.
In this episode, Mulder and Scully investigate the murders of high school students in a small town where everyone is acting strangely.
They discover that two teens are responsible, due to a rare planetary alignment that affects their behavior.
The episode's title refers to an astronomical alignment of three celestial objects, usually the sun, the Earth, and a moon or planet.
Mulder and Scully's behavior in the episode was written specifically by Carter to alert the show's audience that Mulder and Scully would not become a romantic partnership.
In addition, the episode contained various fan in-jokes, such as Scully getting upset because Mulder is always the driver, which was inspired by nitpicking from fans.
In Comity, New Hampshire, a group of high school students hold a eulogy for their dead friend, the purported victim of a local Satanic cult.
Two girls, Terri Roberts (Lisa Robin Kelly) and Margi Kleinjan (Wendy Benson), get a ride home from a jock, Jay "Boom" DeBoom (Ryan Reynolds).
The girls tell Boom that the cult seeks a blonde virgin as a next victim, convincing him to turn off the road.
The next day, the police find Boom hanging from a cliff.
Out of sight of the police, Terri and Margi sit at the top, laughing.
Fox Mulder (David Duchovny) and Dana Scully (Gillian Anderson) arrive in Comity after arguing over directions along the way.
They meet a local detective, Angela White (Dana Wheeler-Nicholson), and go to Boom's funeral.
Scully, in a bad mood, is skeptical of these claims.
The high school principal, Bob Spitz, interrupts the funeral by ranting Inquisitorial-style about Satanic cults murdering their children when suddenly the coffin starts smoking and catches on fire.
Mulder and Scully go into separate rooms to interview Margi and Terri, both of whom offer an identical story about a satanic ceremony where a baby was sacrificed.
Scully thinks their stories are cliché and points out the fact that the belief in a satanic conspiracy is illogical and paranoid.
Looking at the latest victim's body, Mulder and Detective White find a burn mark in the shape of a horned beast; Scully says she doesn't see anything.
Mulder goes to see White to apologize for Scully's behavior and the two visit the local astrologist Madame Zirinka who claims the town's crazy behavior is due to the rare planetary alignment of the planets Mars, Uranus, and Mercury.
Terri and Margi watch basketball practice, lusting over one of the players, Scott, whose girlfriend is fellow cheerleader Brenda (much to Terri and Margi's displeasure).
One of the other players accidentally spills a table of drinks on them, so they cause the basketball to bounce underneath the bleachers and it closes when he goes to get it, killing him.
Scully is angry at Mulder for ditching her to be with Detective White.
A town mob searches for a mass grave in the woods and finds a bag belonging to the town pediatrician filled with bones, which Spitz mistakenly assumes belonged to a child.
The angry mob goes to see the doctor, who claims the bag was sold.
The bones end up belonging to "Mr. Tippy", a dog that belonged to Terri.
Scully gets upset over a joke Mulder makes and tells him she's returning to Washington.
Margi and Terri celebrate their birthday and Brenda uses a Ouija board to know who she will marry; everyone thinks it's Scott before the planchette veers away from the C and spells out Satan.
Upset, Brenda rushes to the bathroom where Margi and Terri are chanting "Bloody Mary" and is locked in, killed by glass from a shattered mirror.
Detective White heads to Mulder's hotel room because she found a box which inside had her cat's collar, and then she attempts to seduce Mulder but they are interrupted by Scully who informs them about Brenda's death.
Terri and Margi try to console Scott, who tells them off.
Turned down, Terri is mad at him but Margi still likes him and leaves.
Mulder goes to visit Madame Zirinka again, who tells him that the planets come into alignment like this only once every 84 years, and additional alignments will cause anyone born on January 12, 1979 (Margi and Terri's birthdate) to have all the energy in the cosmos focused on them.
Margi goes to see Scott alone but an angry Terri arrives.
The two argue with each other and end up accidentally killing Scott.
Margi goes to Mulder, telling him that Terri is responsible for the murders, while Terri goes to see Scully and tells her the opposite.
The agents call each other and bring both girls to the police station, where the place starts shaking and all the guns go off on their own.
Mulder locks the girls in a room together and their power goes away once the clock ticks midnight.
When the town mob and Detective White finally see Terri and Margi as the culprits, Spitz claims it was the work of Satan, oblivious to the cosmic alignment's energy.
Mulder and Scully drive home, arguing again over directions; when Scully defiantly runs a stop sign, Mulder notifies her but she tells him to shut up, which he does.
The episode was written by series creator Chris Carter and directed by Rob Bowman.
Bowman was not a fan of the episode, saying "The show proved to be much more difficult than I anticipated, and there wasn't enough time to shoot the show properly because we were so close to the Christmas break.
I felt extremely pressured and frustrated, although there are things in it I love, particularly the banter between Mulder and Scully.
But overall, I thought the show was very oblique.
I don't feel that the characters ever knew what was going on and I don't think it is all that cool that kids are murdering people.
I didn't feel like I was shooting an episode of the X-Files, and I think I let Chris Carter down a bit."
The name of this episode, "Syzygy" refers to an astrological alignment of three celestial objects, usually the sun, the Earth, and a moon or planet.
The name of the high school in this episode, Grover Cleveland Alexander High School was a reference to a question David Duchovny got wrong during his appearance on a celebrity edition of "Jeopardy!".
The scene where Mulder sees a Keystone Kops movie playing on every channel was originally meant to include the movie "A Clockwork Orange", but the rights to the footage were too expensive so the producers settled on another choice.
Carter felt that in retrospect it ended up being a better fit.
Fox Mulder and Dana Scully's fight in the episode where Scully gets upset due to Mulder always driving grew out of nitpicking from fans about the fact that Mulder always seems to be the one driving the car.
Mulder's joke about Scully's "little feet" was a joke that Carter had made before at an X-Files convention in Pasadena, California.
Gillian Anderson stated that these have been things that fans on the internet have been nitpicking about since the beginning of the show.
David Duchovny later explained that the comedic episodes of the series were often more ludicrous than the other episodes in the show.
He noted, "There's "The X-Files" of the stand-alone, and then there's "The X-Files" of the mythology, and then there are the comedic "X-Files" as well, in which the characters are really not quite the characters that we know."
"Syzygy" premiered on the Fox network on , and was first broadcast in the United Kingdom on Sky One on .
The episode earned a Nielsen household rating of 10.8 with a 17 share, meaning that roughly of all television-equipped households, and of households watching television, were tuned in to the episode.
A total of viewers watched this episode during its original airing.
The episode received mixed reviews from critics.
"Entertainment Weekly" gave "Syzygy" an A, describing the episode as "another uproarious send-up, this time of teen venom, B-movie paranoia, and our agents' painfully restrained rapport", with praise to the villains and the discussion on why Mulder always drives, considered "one of Mulder's and Scully's funniest exchanges".
Todd VanDerWerff of "The A.V.
Club" gave a B-, describing it as "an entertaining hour that never rises to the level of those other episodes" like "Humbug" and "War of the Coprophages".
VanDerWerff argued that "Syzygy" was an attempt by Carter to try and emulate the writing style of Darin Morgan's scripts, without success; he noted "the laughs here are emptier than they were the week before in 'Coprophages'"—and adding that "every time you think the episode has figured out a way to plant its foot firmly in comedic territory, there's a horribly judged moment of 'drama,' like Mulder's final monologue."
Connie Ogle of Popmatters listed Margi and Terri among the best monster-of-the-week characters of the series, describing "Syzygy" as a "hilarious send-up of "Heathers"".
Not all reviews were positive.
Paula Vitaris from "Cinefantastique" gave the episode a moderately negative review and awarded it one-and-a-half stars out of four.
Vitaris called the outing "a lost opportunity," noting that the episode's humor "falls flat, because the humor exists in a vacuum".
Furthermore, she argued that if the episode had been played-straight, then "Syzygy" could have "been a horror classic".
Robert Shearman and Lars Pearson, in their book "Wanting to Believe: A Critical Guide to The X-Files, Millennium & The Lone Gunmen", rated the episode two stars out of five.
The two criticized the episode for following on the heels of Darin Morgan's "War of the Coprophages", which they argued was a superior episode of the series.
Shearman and Pearson further noted that the episode was "simply not very funny".
Fox Mulder and Dana Scully's odd behavior towards each other resulted in criticism from critics and fans on the Internet.
Vitaris called the relationship between Mulder and Scully in the episode "ugly".
Shearman and Pearson called the scenes featuring Mulder and Scully's bickering "hard to stomach".
Chris Carter was somewhat disappointed in the reaction that the episode received, stating that there were hints to the satiric nature of the episode strewn throughout "Syzygy" that fans simply did not understand.
Other fans understood what transpired, but disliked the episode due to their desire for Mulder and Scully to become a romantically involved couple.
"X-Files" fans in San Francisco printed up T-shirts featuring the phrase "Sure.
spoken multiple times by Scully in this episode.
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"Apocrypha" is the sixteenth episode of the third season of the American science fiction television series "The X-Files".
It premiered on the Fox network on .
It was directed by Kim Manners, and written by Frank Spotnitz and series creator Chris Carter.
"Apocrypha" included appearances by John Neville, Don S. Williams and Brendan Beiser.
The episode helped to explore the overarching mythology, or fictional history of "The X-Files".
"Apocrypha" earned a Nielsen household rating of 10.8, being watched by 16.71 million people in its initial broadcast.
The show centers on FBI special agents Fox Mulder (David Duchovny) and Dana Scully (Gillian Anderson) who work on cases linked to the paranormal, called X-Files.
In this episode, Mulder returns from Hong Kong, having found rogue agent Alex Krycek (Nicholas Lea) while investigating a mysterious mind-altering black oil.
Meanwhile, Scully pursues the man who she believes killed her sister.
"Apocrypha" is the second part of a two-part episode, continuing the plot from the previous episode, "Piper Maru".
"Apocrypha" was the first mythology-centered episode to be directed by Manners, and made use of a mixture of physical and digital effects to create the episode's antagonistic black oil.
The episode's sets were also augmented with digital effects, amplifying what could be constructed within the given budget.
On August 19, 1953, a burned crewman talks to three government agents about his experience on the submarine "Zeus Faber", completing the story told in the previous episode.
He explains that he and other crew members were locked in with their captain, who was infected by the black oil.
After being knocked out from behind, the black oil leaves the captain's body and exits via a grate into the sea.
It is revealed that Bill Mulder and the Smoking Man are two of the agents who are interviewing the crewman.
In the present, Fox Mulder and Alex Krycek return to the United States, but are run off the road by another vehicle.
The assailants attempt to apprehend Krycek, but are severely injured when he emits a flashing light.
The Smoking Man sees their bodies and orders their destruction.
Mulder, who was knocked unconscious in the crash, awakens in the hospital.
Dana Scully tells Mulder about Walter Skinner's condition, and says that an analysis of saliva has identified his shooter as the same person who killed her sister Melissa.
The Syndicate meets to discuss the events surrounding the "Piper Maru" and realize someone is leaking information.
Meanwhile, Skinner tells Scully that he recognizes his shooter as the man who was with Krycek when the digital tape was stolen from him.
Mulder believes that the oil found on the diving suit and Gauthier is a medium used by an alien to transfer from body to body, and that Krycek is currently occupied by it.
Mulder and the Lone Gunmen use Krycek's key to recover the tape from a locker at an ice rink, but Mulder finds the case empty.
Krycek returns the tape to the Smoking Man in exchange for the location of the recovered UFO.
As Luis Cardinal is identified as Skinner's shooter, the Syndicate admonishes the Smoking Man for moving the UFO to a new location.
By rubbing a pencil over the envelope containing the tape case, Mulder finds a phone number which connects him to the Syndicate's office.
Mulder speaks to the Well-Manicured Man, who offers to meet with him.
The Well-Manicured Man tells Mulder that a UFO was sunk during World War II and that a cover story of a sunken atomic bomb was used to cover up its attempted recovery.
He reveals that anyone can be gotten to, causing Mulder to ask Scully to check on Skinner.
Scully accompanies Skinner as he is being transported in an ambulance.
When Cardinal attempts to break in, she tracks him down and arrests him.
Cardinal tells her that Krycek is headed to an abandoned missile silo in Black Crow, North Dakota.
There, the agents are captured by the Smoking Man's men and are escorted away.
Deep inside, Krycek sits atop the UFO and coughs out the black oil, which seeps into the ship.
Skinner recovers and returns to work.
Mulder sees Scully at Melissa's grave, explaining that Cardinal was found dead in his cell.
Meanwhile, Krycek is trapped within the silo, banging on the door in an attempt to be let out.
Conception of the episode was based around a visual image series creator Chris Carter had wanted to include in a script "since the beginning of the show".
The image was of a black-and-white flashback taking place in a submarine.
The episode's title is a reference to Biblical apocrypha, which series creator Chris Carter felt was appropriate to the episode's thematic concerns—hidden documents and truths not brought to light.
Director Kim Manners had directed a number of stand alone "monster of the week" episodes, but this was his first mythology-centered episode.
Manners explained that "there is some individual creative contribution from the directors" in stand-alone episodes, but that with mythology episodes "what you need to as a director is to be sure that the performances are there ... and that the yarn is presented in its cleanest and most interesting fashion".
Nicholas Lea was fitted with a mask with tubes for the scene where the alien black oil leaves his body.
Lea said filming the scene was horrible, and the scene ended up having to be filmed again a few days later.
The similar scene from the start of the episode with the submarine captain was accomplished with a dummy head.
The depiction of the oil in this scene was originally filmed using a magnetic fluid pulled along with magnets, although the end result of this was deemed not be "menacing" enough, and looked "a little bit comic".
To fix this, the sound stage used to represent the submarine's interior was rebuilt so it could be rocked back and forth, with the movement being used to guide the flow of a different liquid.
This effect was then enhanced digitally in post-production.
The black oil effect over people's eyes was accomplished by inserting the footage digitally in post production.
The missile silo used for the episode's climactic scene was incomplete when the scene was filmed, as the crew did not have enough time or money left to complete the set.
The crew built the incomplete silo on a sound stage around a completed spacecraft prop, and were able to digitally extend the set with computer generated interiors to give the impression of a much larger silo.
Exterior shots of the silo building were also enhanced digitally, with various buildings and machinery created with computer generated imagery and composited into the exterior shots.
"Apocrypha" premiered on the Fox network on , and was first broadcast in the United Kingdom on BBC Two on .
The episode earned a Nielsen household rating of 10.8 with an 18 share, meaning that roughly of all television-equipped households, and of households watching television, were tuned in to the episode.
A total of viewers watched this episode during its original airing, making it the most viewed episode of the third season.
In an overview of the third season in "Entertainment Weekly", "Apocrypha" was rated an A.
The review noted that the episode offered "some interesting progressions in the grand theme" of the series, although it was also "worth it just for the awesome missile site finale" alone.
Writing for The A.V.
Club, Zack Handlen also rated the episode an A. Handlen felt the episode was impressive in its general impression, but that the details were not necessarily important; he also added that the cyclical nature of the plot of most mythology episodes was not something he felt negatively about, noting that although the series' protagonists are often defeated, they "can't be corrupted or dissuaded or undone".
Co-writer Frank Spotnitz said of the episode "I actually think you didn't learn a lot more about the conspiracy in these two episodes, but emotionally, I think they were really good episodes ...
It is really easy to go through a lot of these action things with people dying and never addressing them.
So I thought it was very interesting to do so".
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Shirdonya Chablis Mitchell (born May 16, 1982 in Dallas, Texas) is a former American football cornerback.
He was signed by the Miami Dolphins as an undrafted free agent in 2005.
He played college football at Missouri.
Mitchell has also been a member of the Detroit Lions and Tennessee Titans.
Mitchell attended Sam Houston High School in Arlington, Texas, where he was a first-team 5A All-State selection as a wide receiver.
He also lettered in basketball and track.
After being redshirted in 2000, Mitchell was a four-year letterman at Missouri from 2001 to 2004.
He played wide receiver his first two years with the Tigers before being moved to cornerback for his junior season of 2003.
He totaled eight receptions for 53 yards over his first two seasons.
In his two years as a cornerback, he registered 57 tackles, five interceptions, 10 pass breakups and a forced fumble.
As a senior, he notched 39 tackles and a team-high four interceptions.
Mitchell also served as a return man throughout his career.
He averaged 22.9 on 49 kickoffs returns, including a 24.1-yard norm as both a sophomore and junior.
He also fielded three punts for a 7.7-yard average in his career.
He played in the Gridiron Classic All-Star Game following his senior season.
Upon the conclusion of his collegiate career, Mitchell was not invited to the NFL Combine.
On March 10, 2005 Mitchell reportedly pulled up with a sprained knee during his Pro Day.
Further tests revealed he suffered a torn anterior cruciate ligament.
He had previously run the 40-yard dash in 4.29 and 4.34 times.
Due to the injury and the long rehabilitation process that follows, Mitchell was not selected in the 2005 NFL Draft.
He was signed by the Miami Dolphins as an undrafted free agent on April 26.
He spent the entire season on the Reserve/Non-Football Injury List recovering from his injury.
Mitchell was able to participate in training camp in 2006, but was waived prior to the regular season on September 2.
He spent the team's first 15 games of the regular season on the practice squad.
On December 27, Mitchell was promoted to the active roster when cornerbacks Andre' Goodman and Eddie Jackson were placed on Injured Reserve.
He appeared in the season finale against the Indianapolis Colts, registering one tackle.
On February 24, 2007 Mitchell was assigned to the Frankfurt Galaxy of NFL Europa.
In nine starts for the Galaxy, Mitchell recorded 31 tackles, two interceptions (including one returned 81 yards for a touchdown) and nine passes defensed.
He was selected to the All-NFL Europa team.
However, he was released by the team during the preseason.
Mitchell remained unsigned for the majority of the 2007 season, until he was signed to the practice squad of the Detroit Lions on December 19.
He was released just two days later.
On January 5, 2008, Mitchell was signed to a future contract by the Tennessee Titans.
He was waived by the team on July 18.
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Vidal Manuel Treviño (June 10, 1929 – December 30, 2006) was a longtime educator and a Democratic political powerhouse in Laredo, Texas, who served as the Laredo Independent School District (LISD) superintendent between 1973 and 1995.
He also served a term in the Texas House of Representatives from then District 80 from 1961-1963.
Treviño was born in Sabinas Hidalgo, Nuevo León, Mexico, to Rufino Treviño and the former Marie de Jesus Villarreal.
However, he grew up in heavily Hispanic Laredo, the seat of Webb County in south Texas, where his parents had moved when they first married.
His mother traveled to Mexico for his birth, but the couple promptly returned to Laredo.
He attended Laredo public schools and graduated from Martin High School.
He obtained bachelor's and master's degrees in education from Texas A&I University in Kingsville.
In 2001, Texas A&M International University in Laredo awarded Treviño an honorary doctorate.
Treviño served in the United States Army from 1951 to 1952 during the Korean War.
In Kingsville, Vidal Treviño met his future wife, Lucila "Chila" Treviño (September 30, 1930–February 24, 2011); her maiden name was also "Treviño".
Lucila graduated in 1948 from King High School in Kingsville and in 1952 from Texas A&I.
She began teaching the first grade in Alice, Texas, while Vidal was at war.
The couple married in 1953 and moved to Laredo, where she continued her teaching career at, first, Leyendecker Elementary School and then M.S.
Ryan, where she remained on the faculty for thirty-nine years.
She was a member of the Wednesday Lunch Club and the Society of Martha Washington.
The couple had five children: David Vidal Trevino, Sr. (wife Marissa), Nelda, Christina Dancause (husband Mike), Daniel W. (wife Lynette), and Roberto W. Treviño.
Treviño began his 46-year career in education as a teacher at Central Elementary School in downtown Laredo.
He was then named principal of L. J. Christen Middle School.
He moved to the main office to become director of federal projects.
He was thereafter the assistant to Superintendent J. W. Nixon.
When Nixon retired, Treviño began his 22-year tenure as superintendent.
Joaquin Gonzalez Cigarroa, a Laredo physician who served at one time on the LISD board, said that Laredo schools improved under Treviño's leadership.
Cigarroa told the "Laredo Morning Times" that Treviño "understood and valued the importance of education.
He did much to improve curriculum and facilities.
Childhood development and pre-kindergarten schooling were his ideas.
He was the first to recognize the educational needs of south Laredo."
Treviño started the F.S.
Lara Academy, an alternative school, to provide an outlet for those pupils who reject traditional instruction.
And he launched a magnet school specializing in the fine arts.
He also instituted a curriculum entitled "The Use, Misuse, and Abuse of Drugs and Narcotics."
The patriotic organization Freedoms Foundation of Valley Forge, Pennsylvania once awarded Treviño with its "American Educator's Medal".
He was once selected as one of the top five superintendents in the state by the Texas Association of School Boards.
After his retirement as superintendent, Treviño was named senior administrator of the D.D.
Hachar Trust, a private scholarship fund channeled through the Laredo National Bank.
During Treviño's tenure, 1995–2004, the trust gave Webb County students some $10 million in assistance.
Treviño was a cousin of another Laredo educator, Ramón H. Dovalina, the president of Laredo Community College from 1995–2007.
Treviño succeeded Laredo attorney Oscar M. Laurel in the state House.
He wanted to serve additional terms but instead returned to the LISD system for financial reasons.
He was elected to the legislature for a single term in 1960.
Treviño was an influential member of the former Independent Club, the dominant faction from the 1940s to the 1960s within the Democratic Party in Webb and surrounding counties.
Powerbrokers within the circle included Sheriff J. C. Martin, Sr. (1886–1957), Mayor Jose C. "Pepe" Martin, Jr., State Representative Honoré Ligarde (Martin, Jr.'s brother-in-law), District Attorney Philip Kazen, and former U.S. Representative Abraham "Chic" Kazen.
In time, the club weakened, as newcomers moved into the community, and members quarreled among themselves.
In 1978, an Italian American businessman, Aldo Tatangelo, finally broke the power of the Independent Club with his election as a three-term "reform" mayor.
Former Webb County Judge Mercurio J.
"Merc" Martinez, Jr., a member of the Laredo Community College board of trustees, noted that Treviño developed strong political ties because the "Old Party" through "Pepe" Martin had direct access to the White House.
Martinez told the "Laredo Morning Times" that Treviño "had the ability to listen to you, but also to convince you eventually to come over to his side."
U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson appointed Treviño to the National Advisory Committee for the Handicapped.
Treviño was involved in many civic activities: he was once named "Man of the Year" by the "Laredo Morning Times" and "Boss of the Year" by the Laredo Jaycees.
He was a member of the board of directors of Laredo Border Olympics.
He was a strong supporter of the Boy Scouts of America.
He was the first recipient of the "Lifetime Achievement Award" given by the League of United Latin American Citizens.
He was also active in the Laredo George Washington Birthday Celebration held annually in February.
He preferred spending his spare time with his family.
Treviño had been ill for several months when he died at the family home from diabetes and congestive heart failure.
Mourners packed the Blessed Sacrament Catholic Church on January 2, 2007, to pay final respects.
Monsignor Stanley Sliwiak officiated at the funeral mass.
In a eulogy, Treviño's son, David Vidal Treviño, Sr. (born 1958), said that his father taught him that "the only requirement in overcoming professional jealousy was in doing the very best you know how to do."
David Treviño added that his father "made hard decisions and embodied the true spirit of leadership.
His style pushed everyone to do more, to excel, and to do it better."
He went on to add that "when someone had something unkind or false to say about Dad, I argued with him that he needed to respond because in the absence of truth, people might believe the lies that were being said about him.
But he chose to keep quiet and explained to me that he had lived his life in such a manner so that anyone who really knew him would not believe it."
About politics, David Treviño mentioned that his father "didn’t regret political differences with those friends he respected, but he did regret that their philosophies sometimes kept them apart."
In closing, David Trevino added "the most important thing I learned from Dad is that there is absolutely nothing more important in life than loyalty to God, family, and friends .
in that order."
David Trevino also mentioned that when his sister, Nelda Trevino (born 1960), asked their father years ago how he wanted to be remembered, their father responded by showing three fingers .
"a good husband, a good father, and a good friend."
Amber Milton Yeary, II (born 1938), a Laredo businessman, civic leader, Southern Baptist layman, and a former 25-year LISD board member, described his friend Treviño as "a man of integrity and character with a passion for his life's work, totally dedicated to the children and his community.
We traveled, argued, and agreed together.
It will be a long time before we know another one like Vidal Treviño."
Treviño is interred in the Calvary Catholic Cemetery in Laredo.
He is honored through the naming of the Vidal M. Treviño School of Communications and Fine Arts magnet school on Victoria Street in downtown Laredo.
In 2015, the school moved to the campus next to J. W. Nixon High School in Laredo at the former site of the First Baptist Church.
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On 20 June 1941, the United States Navy placed an order with the Douglas Aircraft Company for two prototypes of a new two-seat dive bomber to replace both the Douglas SBD Dauntless and the new Curtiss SB2C Helldiver, designated XSB2D-1.
The resulting aircraft, designed by a team led by Ed Heinemann, was a large single-engined mid-winged monoplane.
It had a laminar flow gull-wing, and unusually for a carrier-based aircraft of the time, a tricycle undercarriage.
It was fitted with a bomb bay and underwing racks for up to 4,200 lb (1,900 kg), while defensive armament consisted of two wing-mounted 20 mm (0.79 in) cannon and two remote-controlled turrets, each with two .50 in (12.7 mm) machine guns.
The prototype first flew on 8 April 1943, demonstrating excellent performance, being much faster and carrying nearly double the bombload of the Helldiver, and orders for 358 SB2D-1s quickly followed.
The U.S. Navy changed its requirements, however, wanting single-seat carrier-based torpedo/dive bombers without defensive turrets, and Douglas reworked the SB2D by removing the turrets and second crewman, while adding more fuel and armor, producing the BTD-1 Destroyer.
The orders for SB2Ds were converted to BTD-1s, with the first BTD flying on 5 March 1944.
The first production BTD-1s were completed in June 1944.
By the time Japan surrendered in August 1945, only 28 aircraft had been delivered, and production was cancelled, along with other aircraft types that had been designed from the start as single-seaters, such as the Martin AM Mauler.
None saw combat action.
In any event, Heinemann and his team were already working on developing the single-seat BT2D that became the Douglas A-1 Skyraider.
BTD-1 Destroyer, Bureau Number "4959", is under restoration for display at the Wings of Eagles Discovery Center, Elmira-Corning Regional Airport, Elmira, New York.
This aircraft had long been in the Florence Air & Missile Museum collection until the museum's closing in 1997.
In September 2015 the aircraft was relocated to the Hixson Flight Museum in Rome, Georgia.
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Renato Bruson (born 13 January 1936) is an Italian operatic baritone.
Bruson is widely considered one of the most important Verdi baritones of the late 20th and early 21st century.
He was born in Granze near Padua, Italy.
Bruson's passion for music matured in the parish choir when he was a child.
He began his music studies at the conservatory of Padua where he was awarded a scholarship that allowed him to attend the courses in the face of economic problems.
He did not receive much support from his family, who considered him a good-for-nothing.
In his own words: "They thought that I only wanted to study music because I had no desire to work.
At that time, the general feeling where I lived was that if someone worked, they had a future, whereas those who studied, especially if they studied music, were considered failures who would never find their path in life."
However, he could continue his studies with the help of the administration of the conservatory and the support of friends.
Bruson made his operatic debut as the Conte di Luna in "Il trovatore" at the Teatro Lirico Sperimentale in Spoleto in 1960.
The following year he was Riccardo in "I puritani" at the Teatro dell'Opera di Roma in Rome.
His first Metropolitan Opera appearance was as Enrico in "Lucia di Lammermoor" in 1969.
In 1970 he started his collaboration with conductor Riccardo Muti in "Un ballo in maschera" in Florence.
He made his debut at La Scala in 1972 as Antonio in Donizetti's "Linda di Chamonix", at the Edinburgh International Festival in 1972 as Ezio in "Attila", at Covent Garden in 1975 in the role of Renato in "Un ballo in maschera", substituting with great success for Piero Cappuccilli.
He debuted at the Vienna State Opera in 1978 with "Macbeth", with such a success that the prestigious Austrian theatre awarded him with the important title of Kammersänger.
In the 1980s he turned to the 18th century with Mozart's "Don Giovanni" and to Italian verismo with Umberto Giordano's "Andrea Chénier".
He is considered by some critics the finest Rigoletto since Tito Gobbi.
They appreciate his elegant and expressive phrasing, velvety tone, musical intelligence and acting qualities.
He excels in long, lyrical lines.
He is also appreciated for not disdaining smaller roles and for not assuming a divo attitude.
Bruson once described himself in the following terms: "I am self critic enough to understand what I can get at.
Since I knew I did not have a thundering voice to make coarse effects, I sought the interpretation since I think it is more important that the public go home with something in their hearts than some sounds in their ears".
He can be seen on commercial DVD in the role of Macbeth in a performance from the "Deutsche Oper" with Mara Zampieri and James Morris.
Bruson has received numerous honors, including:
***LIST***.
He received the Orphée d'or by the French Académie du disque Lyrique in 1980 for the "Luisa Miller" on Deutsche Grammophon.
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Mackenzie, who hails from Fankerton, near Denny, Stirlingshire; won the British Superbike Championship three times from 1996 to 1998 with the Rob McElnea-run Yamaha team, and the British 250cc and 350cc titles twice earlier in his career.
He had a long career in the Grand Prix motorcycle racing circuit, debuting in 1984 in the 250cc class.
He moved up to the 500cc class in 1986 on a Suzuki before spells on Honda and Yamaha motorcycles.
He was 4th in the championship in 1990, and finished in the top 10 in the championship on six other occasions.
His final racing season was the 2000 British Superbike series, although he did a farewell one-off at Knockhill in 2001 and stood in for the injured Yukio Kagayama at Donington Park in 2003.
Mackenzie has two sons who both race motorcycles – 21-year-old Tarran, and 23-year-old Taylor.
In 2016 they won the British 600 Supersport and British Superstock 1000 Championships with Team WD40 and Buildbase BMW respectively.
Points system from 1969 to 1987:
Points system from 1988 to 1991:
Points system in 1992:
Points system from 1993 onwards:
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At the University of Colorado, Tufts was the starting middle linebacker from 2001–2003.
Including the 2001 Big 12 Championship season.
His senior year, Tufts was voted Captain and was placed on the Butkus Award watch list.
He averaged 8 tackles per game and finished the 2003 season with 95 tackles.
In 2004, Tufts was drafted in the 6th round of the 2004 NFL Draft by the Carolina Panthers.
Tufts was the 196th pick overall, taken by the Carolina Panthers, in the 2004 NFL Draft.
He was used sparingly in 2004, playing in the season's final three games.
In 2005, he backed up Pro Bowler Dan Morgan and played on special teams.
Knee injuries forced Tufts to the sidelines for the 2006 season.
Over his career Tufts played in 18 games for the Panthers and totaled 16 career tackles, with one recovered fumble.
After retiring from the NFL in 2006, Tufts returned to the University of Colorado at Boulder to pursue his Master of Business Administration at the university's Leeds School of Business.
There, Tufts majored in Energy and Finance, and was voted class president and was the Director of the Net Impact Case Competition.
While pursuing his MBA, Tufts joined the Ralphie Handlers, a group responsible for leading Ralphie the Buffalo, the Colorado Buffaloes' mascot onto the field before every Colorado home football game.
Tufts was the first and only former CU football player to run Ralphie.
Currently, Tufts is working in the wind industry as a development manager for RES Americas, based in Broomfield, Colorado.
In late 2011, Tufts, along with former Colorado teammate Jeremy Bloom, was selected to "Forbes"' inaugural "30 Under 30" Energy List, a list of 30 entrepreneurs in the energy sector under age 30.
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Neumont University is a for-profit unaccredited technical institute located in Salt Lake City, Utah.
It was founded in 2003 by Graham Doxey, Scott McKinley, and Marlow Einelund.
The school focuses on applied computer science and was formerly accredited by the ACICS, but is not currently accredited by ABET or any regional accreditation agency in the United States.
Neumont's degree programs focus on "the digital sciences" offering three-year degrees in Computer Science, Technology Management, Software and Game Development, Web Design and Development, and Information Systems.
These degrees were accredited by the Accrediting Council for Independent Colleges and Schools (ACICS), but it was derecognized by the Department of Education on December 12, 2016.
From July through September 2007, Neumont briefly expanded to Virginia, leasing a suite in the Dulles Town Center mall.
The expansion was cancelled after one academic quarter.
Graham Doxey stepped down as Neumont's president in 2007, replaced by Edward H. Levine.
In August 2012, Neumont University announced plans to relocate its academic facilities and student housing to 143 South Main Street, Salt Lake City, an 11-story art deco building which formerly housed The Salt Lake Tribune.
The school officially relocated to its downtown Salt Lake City location in June 2013, with the first new cohort of students beginning classes in October.
On July 1, 2015, president Edward H. Levine stepped down and was replaced by Shaun McAlmont.
McAlmont came to Neumont after working as CEO of Lincoln Educational Services, a New Jersey-based chain of for-profit colleges.
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White v White is an English family law decision by the House of Lords, and a landmark case in redistribution of finances as well as property on divorce.
This case involved a couple with assets exceeding £4.5m which was deemed more than either needs for their reasonable requirements.
It was held that the absence of financial need did not mean departing from a more generous settlement for an applicant in big money cases.
This, therefore, enables the courts to make settlements reflecting the wealth of the parties, and not just their needs and requirements.
However, it seems clear from Lord Nicholls' leading speech that he intended much of what he said to apply to all ancillary relief cases, and not just big money ones.
Lord Nicholls said that in all cases, regardless of division of assets, a judge would always be well advised to check his tentative views (on distribution of assets) against the "yardstick of equality of division".
This was not to introduce a presumption of equality in all cases, but "to ensure the absence of discrimination", for instance, between a wage earner, and a child-carer, thereby recognising the non-financial contribution of the parent caring for children.
White v White [2001] (House of Lords) is a divorce (ancillary relief) case with regard to the court's wide discretion of lump sum award between Martin White and Pamela White who are both farmers and married in 1961.
They were independent farmers prior to marriage and continued farming in equal partnership thereafter.
Their farming business at Blagroves Farm was a tremendous success and they purchased more assets, including Rexton Farm, which were held by the two of them jointly.
Following the breakdown of their marriage, the wife petitioned for divorce in 1994 and was advised to apply for ancillary relief.
The judge found that the net assets were £4.6m, of which £1.5m belonged to the wife.
In fact, all the assets were jointly-owned.
The simplest solution, as proposed by the wife, would have been to share the assets to enable them to continue to farm but as sole traders not in partnership.
The judge did not find this acceptable: he ordered the wife to sign away her property rights.
The judge then capitalized the wife's income needs and assessed the cost of buying a home for her, awarded her a lump sum of £ 800,000 on a "clean break" basis, leaving the farms and business with the husband.
The wife's legal instructions were to appeal to restore her position and share the two farms.
Her instructions were reversed by counsel who preferred to contend "inter alia", that the judge had failed to give sufficient weight to the duration, extent, diversity and value of her contribution to the partnership and to recognize that her contributions were the dominant factor in the balancing act required by section 25 of the Matrimonial Causes Act 1973, and that an award of approximately 40% of the total available net assets unfair and plainly wrong.
The Court of Appeal held, allowing her appeal, that an approach based on the wife's future needs or reasonable requirements was inappropriate and that, having regard to all the circumstances of the case in accordance with section 25 of the 1973 Act as substituted, she was entitled to a lump sum of £1.5m reflecting her contribution both to the business and to the family.
All consecutive appeals and cross appeals made by the husband and wife hereafter were dismissed.
A clean break is an arrangement whereby the wife abandoned her right to claim monetary maintenance in return for a transfer by the husband of a capital asset, usually but not always, the matrimonial home, thus encouraging the parties to the marriage to put the past behind them.
However, in the case of "Minton v Minton [1979]", Lord Scarman's definition of a 'clean break' is such as "to begin a new life which is not overshadowed by the relationship which has broken down."
It is usually not possible to come to terms with clean break on divorce when there are children under the age of 18.
Much of the legislation's and statutes of this case involves the Matrimonial Causes Act 1973 especially the interpretation of section 23, 24, and 25.
The Matrimonial Causes Act 1973 section 23 & 24 empower the court to make financial and property (assets) provision orders when a decree of divorce is granted.
Financial provision orders under section 23 include that one party to the marriage shall make payment to the other party, and the payments may be in secured (securities, bonds, shares) or unsecured, or in lump sums.
Section 24 empowers the court to order the sale of property for the purpose of ancillary relief.
According to a 2012 Law Commission consultation report on marital property agreements, this case led to a perception of English law as being more generous than other jurisdictions when it came to divorce.
With several high-profile divorces involving record-setting settlements that followed, London (where many such cases are heard) earned a reputation as the "Divorce Capital of the World".
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Nea Poteidaia (, also Νέα Ποτίδαια) is a small town in the Moudania municipal unit, in Chalkidiki, Greece.
Built on the site of the ancient city of Potidaea, 33 kilometers south-west of Polygyros, it was founded in 1922 and today has a population of 1,559 (2011).
The history of Potidea, which existed on the spot, goes back to the early 7th century B.C.
when it was a Corinthian colony.
The place held a strategic position in ancient times.
The village of Nea Poteidaia (New Potidea) as it exists was founded in 1922 by refugees from Eastern Thrace and Kololimnos.
In 1960, archeologists discovered the bones of a young girl believed to have died almost 700,000 years ago.
These are the oldest skeletal remains ever found in Greece.
Notable locations in the area include the remains of the castle in which the rebellious Greeks barricaded themselves in 1821.
Another important tourist destination is the church of the Taxiarches founded in 1591.
The church is dependent on Mount Athos and the Dochiariou monastery.
Others come to see the marble statue of Aristotle, built in memory of the philosopher born in the nearby town of Stageira.
Ancient Potidea was founded in 600 BC on the saddle of the Pallini Peninsula.
As the name of the city denotes, its patron was Poseidon.
During the expedition of Xerxes against Greece in 480 BC, the city was defeated following a siege.
However, a year later it had gathered its forces and resisted the siege of Artavazos.
In the same year, it was the only city of Macedonia which, along with other Greek cities, took part in the battle of Plataea.
Its history goes back a long way in the depths of the centuries.
Potidea was a member of the first Athenian Alliance.
It seceded from the alliance in 432/1 BC with the support of the Corinthians and King Perdikas II.
In 431 BC, after the siege by the Athenian general Kallias (in which Socrates fought bravely as Alcibiades recounts at the end of Plato's 'The Symposium'), it was subjugated and subsequently forced to take in settlers from Athens.
When the Peloponnesian war was over, Potidea was freed from the domination of Athens but received a second wave of Athenian settlers in 362/1 BC.
In 356 BC, it was destroyed by the king of Macedonia, Philip II and was turned over to the Olynthians.
In 349/8 BC the city along with the rest of the cities of Chalkidiki became part of the Macedonian Kingdom.
After a period of desertion of about 40 years, in 316 BC, Kassandros built a new city on the site of Potidea, which was named after him, Kassandria (this may indicate that he intended to make it his capital, or at least an important naval base).
In the following period until Macedonia was conquered by the Romans (168 BC), Kassandria developed into one of the most powerful cities of Macedonia.
It was almost certainly during this time that the canal was opened, which facilitated navigation and boosted trade and economic development.
In 168 BC, the city came under Roman rule and flourished anew.
Potidea's decay is linked to the invasions of the Huns, who invaded Macedonia in 540 AD.
Consequently, despite Justinian's efforts in the 6th century AD, the city was completely deserted, according to historical sources.
Its castle, being of great importance for the security of the whole peninsula, was repaired by John VII Paleologos in 1407 and later by the Venetians when they were given the city of Thessalonica in 1423 in an attempt to keep it from the Ottomans.
In 1430 it came under Turkish domination.
During the Greek Revolution of 1821, the people of Chalkidiki entrenched themselves in the castle.
They fought hard until the ”turmoil of Kassandra“, the well-known "holocaust", when the canal 'ran with blood', which is commemorated with official celebrations every year on its anniversary, November 14.
After the revolution, the old fortification was repaired and re-used, and a new cutting of the canal was made.
Nea Potidea is an attractive place for holidays with many hotels and an important harbor.
There are many hotels, rooms and apartments for the visitor's accommodation as well as many restaurants, bars, super markets, and several stores.
The village is home to around 900 inhabitants and it is only 33 km south-west of Poligiros.
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Miss Julie () is a 1951 Swedish drama film directed by Alf Sjöberg and starring Anita Björk and Ulf Palme, based on the play of the same name by August Strindberg.
The film deals with class, sex and power as the title character, the daughter of a Count in 19th century Sweden, begins a relationship with one of the estate's servants.
The film won the Grand Prize at the 1951 Cannes Film Festival.
In spite of being the daughter of a count, Julie had an unhappy childhood.
She is haunted by according memories.
When her engagement fails, she's even more depressed than usual.
A servant offers solace and takes advantage of her.
She succumbs to his seductive manners, yet right after this incident she takes her own life.
Sjöberg had directed a stage adaption of August Strindberg's "Miss Julie" in 1949, starring Ulf Palme as Jean and Inga Tidblad in the title role.
For the film adaptation, not only Palme was kept but also many of the set designs.
Tidblad however, at the age of almost 50, was replaced by the 27-year-old Anita Björk.
Tidblad's interpretation was held as an ideal by the director and only during the exterior sequences, which had not been part of the stage version, did Björk feel that the part actually belonged to her.
Filming took place between 28 April and 18 July 1950 in Sandrew's studios and various locations in the Stockholm area, including Dalarö, Stora Wäsby Castle, and the Drottningholm Palace Park.
In the book-length interview "Hitchcock/Truffaut" (Simon and Schuster, 1967), Alfred Hitchcock said he had hired Björk as the female lead for "I Confess" in 1952, after seeing her in "Miss Julie".
However, when Björk arrived in Hollywood with her lover Stig Dagerman and their baby, Jack L. Warner, head of Warner Brothers.
insisted that Hitchcock find another actress.
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Akinlolu Akinayi Akingbala (born 25 March 1983) is a Nigerian professional basketball player who last played for Sáenz Horeca Araberri of the LEB Oro.
He played college basketball for the Clemson University.
He is 2.09m (6 ft 10) tall and he can play both power forward and center positions.
After playing high school basketball at Brunswick School in Greenwich, Connecticut, Akingbala played college basketball at Clemson University, with the Clemson Tigers.
A highlight of his college career was a 21-point, 16-rebound performance, in an 86–81 win over Virginia Tech, on 1 March 2006.
Akingbala went undrafted in the 2006 NBA draft.
In July 2006, he joined the Boston Celtics for the 2006 NBA Summer League.
He later signed with the Celtics, but they waived him in October 2006.
He then joined the Los Angeles D-Fenders of the NBA D-League.
In December 2006, he moved to Spain and signed with Plus Pujol Lleida of the LEB Gold for the rest of the season.
In October 2007, he signed a one-year deal with Ventspils of Latvia.
In September 2008, he signed with Universitet Yugra Surgut of Russia.
He left them on 10 December 2008.
On 15 December 2008, he moved to France and signed with SLUC Nancy Basket for the remainder of the season.
In June 2009, he extend his contract with two more years.
In July 2011, he extended his contract for one more year.
In August 2012, he signed a one-year deal with BC Azovmash of Ukraine.
In July 2013, he signed with Enel Brindisi of Italy.
He left them before the start of the season.
In December 2013, he signed a one-year deal with VOO Wolves Verviers-Pepinster of Belgium.
In July 2014, he signed a one-year deal with SPO Rouen Basket of the French LNB Pro A.
In February 2015, Rouen released him.
On January 6, 2017, Akingbala signed with Spanish club Sáenz Horeca Araberri for the rest of the 2016–17 LEB Oro season.
One month later, he parted ways with Araberri.
Akingbala has also been a member of the senior men's Nigerian national basketball team.
He played at the 2009 FIBA African Championship.
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Dahlem is a locality of the Steglitz-Zehlendorf borough in southwestern Berlin.
Until Berlin's 2001 administrative reform it was a part of the former borough of Zehlendorf.
Dahlem is one of the most affluent parts of the city and an important historical center for academic research.
Dahlem is home to the renowned Freie Universität Berlin with its Philological Library "("The Brain")" by Norman Foster as an important local landmark.
Several other research institutions, the Berlin Botanical Garden (officially on the ground of neighbouring Lichterfelde) and many museums are located there.
Although Dahlem has a reputation of an idyllic and quiet area, it is very busy with students arriving by U-Bahn on weekdays.
The western part of the locality includes parts of the Grunewald forest, including the Renaissance Grunewald hunting lodge built in 1543.
The first written account of Dahlem dates to the year 1275.
The history of the village is connected to the Dahlem Demesne ("Domäne Dahlem") first mentioned in 1450.
Its estates were sold to the state of Prussia in 1841 and developed by dividing it into lots for building villas and mansions.
The Demesne buildings today house a working farm and an agricultural open-air museum.
In 1920 the village was amalgamated into Greater Berlin.
From 1931 on Martin Niemöller, a leader of the Confessing Church, was pastor of the United Protestant "Sankt-Annen-Kirche" until he was arrested by the Nazis in 1937.
During the Cold War Dahlem belonged to the American Sector of West Berlin.
From 1945 to 1991 the seat of the Allied Kommandatura of Berlin was in Dahlem on "Kaiserswerther Straße".
Today it serves as the office for the president of the local university.
Until 1994, the headquarters of the United States Army Berlin command and the Berlin Brigade were located on "Clayallee" street.
Parts of the building are still used by the Embassy of the United States in Berlin.
The former library and "Outpost" theater across the street today house the (West-)Allied Museum.
Because many of Berlin's artistic, cultural, and educational institutions were located in the city's historical center in the former eastern part of Berlin, West Berlin authorities established many duplicates in Dahlem - above all the Freie Universität Berlin (literally the "Free University Berlin") in 1948, which was established by students and scholars as an antipole to the increasingly communist "Universität Unter den Linden".
The newly founded university should uphold the traditional values of academic freedom and the educational ideal proposed by Wilhelm von Humboldt.
Rudi Dutschke, spokesman of the German student movement in the 1960s, is buried at the cemetery of the "Sankt-Annen-Kirche".
Dahlem is served by the U3 line on the Berlin U-Bahn system.
Stations in Dahlem include Breitenbachplatz, Podbielskiallee, Dahlem-Dorf, Thielplatz and Oskar-Helene-Heim.
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The climate of Houston is classified as humid subtropical.
August normally ranks as the warmest month at and January the coldest month at .
The normal annual precipitation measures .
Occasional severe weather of Houston mostly takes the form of flooding.
Supercell thunderstorms sometimes bring tornadoes to the area, most commonly during spring.
Houston sometimes experiences tropical cyclones during the Atlantic hurricane season, which can bring heavy rain and significant damage to the city.
The last hurricane to hit was Hurricane Ike in 2008.
June through August in Houston is very hot and humid, often with scattered afternoon showers and thunderstorms.
At George Bush Intercontinental Airport, the normal daily high temperature peaks at on 5–12 August, with a normal of 102.4 days per year at or above and 3.5 days per year at or above .
The average relative humidity ranges from over 90 percent in the morning to around 60 percent in the afternoon.
Summer temperatures in Houston are very similar to average temperatures seen in tropical climates, such as in the Philippines and Central America.
The value of relative humidity results in a heat index higher than the actual temperature.
The highest temperature ever recorded at George Bush Intercontinental Airport was on September 4, 2000 and on August 27, 2011.
On June 29, 2013, the temperature at George Bush Intercontinental Airport reached , the highest ever recorded in June.
Heat stroke can strike people who stay outdoors for long periods of time during the summer, making hydration essential for outdoor work and recreational activity.
The 2014 summer season did not yield 100+ degree weather in response to the monsoon-esque rainfall during late June to August during a period where the Pacific Coast off Central America was heating up which evolved into the 2014-16 El Nino event - this cycle one existed between 1971-76 during post-El Nino cycles.
Heat and humidity of Houston make air conditioning important in day-to-day life.
Most indoor workers spend the hottest part of the day in air conditioning.
After World War II, air conditioning stimulated the growth of Houston, called the most air-conditioned city in the world in 1950.
For construction workers, landscapers, and others who must work outdoors, there is little relief from the summer heat and humidity.
Industrial workers, automobile mechanics and others who usually work in non-air conditioned indoor spaces often rely on large electric fans to provide some relief.
Autumn in Houston is warm, with temperatures averaging in the upper 60s to lower 80s °F (20-28 °C) during the day and in the 50s to lower 60s °F (10-17 °C) at night.
Cool fronts that move through the region during the fall can bring rain.
Hurricanes can move into the area from the Gulf of Mexico, bringing heavy rains and high winds.
However, most years see little or no significant hurricane activity.
Flooding most frequently occurs in October and November.
Most of these flood events result from remnants of Eastern Pacific cyclones interacting with upper-level boundaries; October 2015 was the latest example of such an occurrence, wherein the remnants of Hurricane Patricia brought over 9 inches of rain to the city.
The latest hurricane to reach Texas was Hurricane Ike (2008).
Winters in Houston are relatively mild and temperate compared to most areas of the United States, though Houston does get much colder than places like South Florida and South Texas.
Houston is more prone to extreme variation in the winter months than cities like San Diego, California or Tampa, Florida.
The average high in January, the coldest month, is and the low , George Bush Intercontinental Airport sees an average of 9.6 days per year of freezing temperatures.
Cold fronts during the winter drop nighttime lows into the 30s but usually above freezing.
The coldest weather of the season often includes a period about three weeks with temperatures in the low 30s to mid-40s at night.
Hard freezes occur only uncommonly; however, George Bush Intercontinental Airport has recorded a freeze every winter since it opened in 1969.
The coldest temperature ever recorded at George Bush Intercontinental Airport was on December 23, 1989.
Elsewhere, the temperature in Houston dropped to on January 18, 1930.
In December, southward-moving cold fronts can bring cold rain, low wind chills, and, rarely, frozen precipitation.
Early January is the coldest time of the year, with temperatures moderating slightly by February.
Spring comes with a gradual warm up from winter, lasting from March 20 through May.
Temperatures are generally not hot yet, averaging from in the day and at night.
Spring thunderstorms are common, often with spectacular lightning shows.
This rainfall prompts Houston's 10-month-long "growing season" to begin.
April sees the return of many types of insects, including butterflies and mosquitoes, to Houston's warm climate.
Rainfall is the most common form of precipitation in Houston.
The wettest month is June, with an average of of rain.
Houston normally receives of precipitation on 104.0 days annually.
The most precipitation to fall in one year was which occurred in 1979.
Houston has received less than of rain only once: 17.66 inches in 1917.
Flash flood warnings are common all year, and due to the flat landscape, heavy rains often threaten life and property in the city.
Sea breeze showers which are monsoon-like (especially during the summer months from a mesoscale convective cycle where the polar jet stream usually forms an omega block) are common throughout the Texas Gulf Coast area (from Brownsville to the Florida Peninsula) which has a similar climate to areas like Mumbai and Kolkata - locals refer to the sea breeze showers as the Gulf Coast Monsoon (also called the Gulf of Mexico or the Texas Monsoon), despite Houston being 50 feet above sea level.
The sea breeze showers are also a contributor to the North American Monsoon.
Sleet, snow, and ice rarely occur during most winters.
Hail can accumulate, but only in small quantities.
Houston has occasional severe weather, mostly flooding.
Hurricanes that have the potential to landfall bring severe damage to the area.
Seven major hurricanes have hit the Galveston and Houston areas in the past 100 years.
Four have done significant damage to Houston.
Because Houston is on the Gulf of Mexico, the city has a small chance of being hit by hurricanes or tropical storms every hurricane season (June through November).
In 1837 the Racer's Storm passed just to the south of the town, raising water levels four feet.
The Great Hurricane of 1900 destroyed the nearby (and then much bigger) city of Galveston, which is situated on a barrier island southeast of downtown Houston.
That hurricane weakened to a tropical storm by the time it reached Houston.
The periphery of Hurricane Carla hit the city in 1961, causing major damage to Houston.
At the time of landfall, Carla was the most powerful tropical system to hit the Texas coast in over 40 years.
In 1983, the city was struck squarely by Hurricane Alicia, causing one billion dollars of damage to the city during a down period in the city's economy.
The most destructive and costly natural disaster in Houston history was Tropical Storm Allison of 2001, which dumped up to of rain on parts of the city over a five-day period.
Area flooding was catastrophic and widespread.
The storm completely overwhelmed the flood control system and caused 22 deaths in Houston and $6.05 billion (2006 USD) in damage.
It is the only tropical storm in history to have its name retired.
Tropical Storm Erin made landfall in August 2007 with strong rains.
A total of of rain fell elsewhere than George Bush Intercontinental Airport on August 16, and many roads and neighborhoods were flooded.
Metropolitan Transit Authority of Harris County, Texas, halted its light rail and bus services in view of the effects.
Four deaths in the city were attributed to the storm.
The Houston Fire Department reported 72 rescue operations.
Hurricane Ike made landfall near Galveston, Texas in September 2008.
Although only a category 2 storm (out of 5), Ike brought moderate rain but high winds for an unusually long duration (upwards of nine hours).
The roof of Reliant Stadium (home of the Houston Texans NFL team) was damaged and windows were blown out of several high-rise buildings in downtown Houston.
Storm surge affected areas around Galveston Bay, stripping some coastal islands of homes.
Devastated Galveston Island much resembled a war zone.
Authorities prohibited non-emergency access to the island for many weeks.
Hurricane Ike left ninety percent of people in the Houston Area without power.
Never before had the city experienced such widespread or long-term power outage: no air conditioning, no refrigeration, no lights, and no phones.
Day-to-day business slowed immensely.
Area grocery stores were stripped bare and sold water and ice for cash by flashlight.
Trucks from around the country brought in emergency supplies, especially water and ice.
Most of the city was without power for a week — some for 2 to 3 weeks.
Flooding is a recurring problem in Houston.
It is especially severe in low-lying areas on the far east end of town along the San Jacinto River.
The flat wetlands and paved-over coastal prairie around Houston drain slowly and easily flood.
The area is drained by a network of bayous (small, slow-moving rivers, often dredged and enlarged to increase volume) and man-made drainage ditches, which are usually dry most of the year.
Due to the ubiquity of overdevelopment and the huge amounts of concrete in the city, drainage is insufficient during times of especially heavy rainfall.
In fall, cool fronts bring in rainstorms and flooding is not uncommon.
This might flood certain low-lying intersections, but doesn't generally affect citizens or the business of the city.
However, occasionally very heavy thunderstorms dump so much water on the city that widespread congestion and even property damage in low-lying areas result.
Tropical Storm Allison in 2001 was so severe that many parts of town that had never flooded before were flooded seriously.
Interstate 10 near downtown, which is below grade, was covered by over of water.
Another storm happened in June 2015 (Tropical Storm Bill) that had a similar impact on Houston, causing several highways to be closed due to the bayou overflowing.
Yet another similar storm impacted the region in April 2016 as well, causing many streets and some properties to become affected by high waters in an event later known as the "Tax Day Floods".
Unlike Dallas, Houston is not in Tornado Alley.
Smaller tornadoes can occur during severe weather.
They are most likely to be found along frontal boundaries of an air mass during the spring months.
Tornadoes in Houston usually measure a weak F1 on the old Fujita scale, and cause light to moderate damage to well-constructed buildings.
The strongest recorded tornado in Houston history was an F4 on November 21, 1992, part of a large outbreak of tornadoes in Harris County.
There are usually a few days of freezing (< ) temperatures each year, though the average low in January, the coldest month, is still only or .
Snow falls infrequently in the Magnolia City.
When it does occur, it almost invariably melts immediately on the ground with light accumulation on roofs and raised surfaces.
Since 1895, it has only snowed 35 times in Houston at an average of about once every 10 years, though some decades have several instances of recorded snowfall while others have only one each (e.g., the 1930s and 1950s).
There were more incidences of snow in the 1980s on average than any other decade recorded, but the 2000s also witnessed more frequent and record-breaking snows:
***LIST***.
The December 21–24, 2004 North American winter storm brought a white Christmas to the region.
The average has the lowest recorded temperature for that month, .
The 2004 Christmas Eve snowstorm brought a never-before-seen white Christmas to the region.
Average annual snowfall is very, very little above zero, being less than the measurable amount of .
In descending order of frequency, the most snow has fallen in January, followed by February, December, and finally a single occurrence on March 10, 1932, which was also the lowest recorded temperature for that month, .
Occurrences of freezing rain, also known as ice storms, are slightly less rare than snow in Houston.
Some of the most recent ice storms occurred in 1997, 2007, and on February 4, 2011.
An overnight event occurred from January 23, 2014 to January 24, another significant icing occurred a few days later on January 28, and a third event took place on March 4.
These storms can be very disruptive since road crews are not equipped to handle such rare events over the city's expansive size.
When ice occurs, roads and schools are usually closed.
The city's Office of Emergency Management encourages driver's to "avoid driving unless absolutely necessary... if roadways are at risk of icing."
Typically, such ice storms affect mainly the northern/western areas of the metro, while the southern/eastern areas are left with just cold rain.
During El Niño, Houston winters are cooler and wetter than normal due to a stronger southern jet stream.
Increased clouds during El Nino winters are what keep the temperatures from warming up.
La Niña is where the jet stream is further north resulting in a warmer and drier winter.
The chance of damage from tropical storms and hurricanes also goes up during La Niña events due to decreased Atlantic wind shear.
Post-El Niño weather during the spring usually result in increased rainfall, as demonstrated with the Memorial Day 2015 and Tax Day/Memorial Day/early June 2016 flood events where the Houston Metro area (and the rest of the state) experienced a climate similar to the South Asian summer monsoon (in this case with the state of Texas where a stalled low pressure system [usually from an upper level low from the northeast Pacific Ocean which migrates east where the northern polar jet stream form the usual omega blocks] originates over the Four Corners region or the Sierra Madre Occidental/Sierra Madre Oriental mountain ranges in northern Mexico).
Houston has had a troubled past with pollution of many types.
This is due to the fact that Houston has been the home for the oil and gas industry since its inception in the early 1900s when there was little environmental regulation.
Harris County, where the bulk of the city has been historically located, is home to 15 Environmental Protection Agency Superfund sites, more than any other area in Texas.
The list contains numerous companies, streets and waterways that have been considered hazardous to humans in various ways.
Houston is well known for its oil and petrochemical industries, which are leading contributors to the city's economy.
The industries located along the ship channel, coupled with a growing population, have caused a considerable increase in air pollution for the city each year.
Houston has excessive ozone levels and is ranked among the most ozone-polluted cities in the United States.
Ground-level ozone, or smog, is Houston's predominant air pollution problem.
In 2011, Houston was ranked as the 17th most polluted city in the US, according to the American Lung Association.
A 2007 assessment found the following twelve air pollutants to be definite risks to health in Houston:
***LIST***.
The State of Texas concluded that, since 2000, the Manchester neighborhood in eastern Houston had the highest annual averages of 1,3-Butadiene of any area in Texas.
Houston's air quality has often been compared to Los Angeles and Beijing.
Houston has introduced many programs since the 2000 federal order to reduce air pollution in the city.
The most notable project was the METRORail light rail system constructed in 2004.
The light rail system was designed to encourage Houstonians to utilize public transportation instead of their automobiles.
To date it has had limited success and been a source of controversy and cost overruns.
Houston has also seen recent improvements to the city's waterways.
The banks of Buffalo Bayou have been cleaned of garbage and have been turned into jogging trails and parks.
Since the mid-1990s, Houston has seen a great increase in wildlife along the bayou due to many successful cleaning attempts.
The Port of Houston has not seen any major cleaning attempts.
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Police Support Unit training in the United Kingdom is voluntary tactical training undertaken by selected candidates that provides students with the skills required to safely and effectively deal with a variety of public order situations outside the remit or capability of regular divisional officers.
From a divisional perspective PSUs perform many of the functions performed by local SWAT teams in the United States where divisional officers are provided with additional tactical training so as to deal with scenarios beyond that of the regular patrolman.
PSU trained officers in the UK are commonly referred to as Level 2, Mutual Aid Support Trained (MAST), or PSU officers.
The majority of UK Police Forces use Mercedes Sprinter vans, commonly referred to as 'Carriers', as standard transport for PSUs.
These vehicles are equipped with mesh window shields and outfitted with storage compartments for officers' riot, method of entry, tactical and CBRN kit.
Carrier drivers must undergo specialist driver training in 'riot conditions' before qualifying as a carrier driver.
Standard kit for PSU officers consists of a transparent acrylic riot shield, a baton, a visored 'NATO' helmet, shin and elbow guards, along with fireproof coveralls when required.
Taser is a recent addition to the PSU officer's armoury.
This level of protection allows officers to deal with a variety of violent situations, including riots, football violence and suspects armed with a variety of weapons.
Some PSU teams are also dual-trained as first-line responders for CBRN incidents and carry relevant detection kit as well as major incident equipment.
PSU officers are trained to a higher standard of operational readiness than their divisional counterparts.
Training exercises undertaken encompass a variety of public order scenarios; officers will undergo extensive riot training including being petrol bombed in large scale engagements, prison clearance tactics, football stadium scenarios, night club scenarios, aircraft, rail and various 'angry-man' scenarios, as well as additional specialist training including use of stun grenades and distraction devices.
PSU units spend considerable time training with other specialist police teams as well as certain military units.
All officers will be trained to the common minimum standards as defined in the ACPO Public Order Tactical Trainers Manual.
The grades are dependent on the training that the officer has received.
***LIST***.
Most police forces maintain full-time PSU sections whose role is to provide a wide range of specialist services in addition to high visibility core policing.
Forces that do not maintain a full-time PSU section will have PSU trained officers in other roles (such as standard response roles) who can be called upon by a rota system.
As well as PSU they (full-time units) may be called, dependent on the police force:
***LIST***.
As with their full-time counterparts, some Special Constables are trained in public order duties, including policing of football matches and demonstrations.
In West Yorkshire Police, 24 specials have received Level 2 PSU - Police Support Unit training, and have become part of the 'Operation Target' team.
PSU Level 2 training is also available to Special Constables of Police Scotland, where SC's are deployed as an integral part of regular PSUs.
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The 2009 FedEx BCS National Championship Game was an American football game played at Dolphin Stadium in Miami Gardens, Florida, on January 8, 2009.
It was the national championship game for the 2008 NCAA Division I FBS football season, and featured the second-ranked Florida Gators against the top-ranked Oklahoma Sooners.
The two participants were determined by the BCS Rankings to decide the BCS National Championship.
Television coverage in the United States was provided by Fox, and radio coverage by ESPN Radio.
The game was the last BCS Championship to air on Fox; starting with the 2010 game, ABC or ESPN televised the championship.
Tim Tebow's two touchdown passes and Percy Harvin's two-yard touchdown run led the Florida Gators to their second BCS National Championship in three seasons.
The Gators defeated the Oklahoma Sooners, 24–14, in front of a Dolphin Stadium record crowd of 78,468.
The Sooners, coached by Bob Stoops, lost one game during their regular season to Texas in the annual Red River Rivalry contest, 45–35 on October 11.
During the regular season, quarterback Sam Bradford, winner of the 2008 Heisman Trophy, led the Sooners on offense to become the highest-scoring team in NCAA history (702 points) and the first team to score 60 or more points in five consecutive games.
The game was Oklahoma's fourth BCS Championship appearance.
Meanwhile, the Gators, coached by Urban Meyer, were looking to win their second BCS championship in three years.
They were led by 2007 Heisman winner Tim Tebow.
The only blemish on their schedule was a loss to Mississippi (Ole Miss) at home, 31–30 on September 27.
By prevailing, Meyer became the first coach to win two BCS championship games, and one of only five coaches in NCAA history to win two titles in his first four years at a college.
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WorldVenture, formerly CBInternational, is an evangelical Christian mission agency established in 1943 as the Conservative Baptist Foreign Mission Society (CBFMS).
It was the first organization of Conservative Baptists in existence.
In 1994, it formally adopted the name CBInternational and then in 2005 changed its name to WorldVenture.
WorldVenture has more than 500 missionaries and their families in more than 60 countries.
The international headquarters is in Littleton, Colorado.
In the late 1930s, there was significant debate regarding the accuracy of the Bible and the historic beliefs of the Christian faith.
As a result, criticism of Christianity began to grow.
From this conflict, a group of churches split to form a mission organization which would send missionaries that adhered to conservative beliefs based on the Bible’s teachings and accuracy.
The Conservative Baptist Foreign Mission Society was created in Chicago, Illinois in 1943 by a group of Baptist pastors and other concerned conservatives.
The new organization’s mission was to assist Biblically-based churches in the sending, funding and care of Christian missionaries.
The organization now has over 500 missionaries serving in more than 60 countries.
Although traditionally rooted in the Conservative Baptist belief, WorldVenture now includes personnel from a variety of Christian backgrounds.
The stated purpose of WorldVenture includes facilitating global missions and partnering with local churches around the world.
Its five global objectives are:
• Evangelizing the People of the World • Extending Grace • Establishing Churches • Equipping Leaders • Encouraging Mission Movements
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Anna Sten (; December 3, 1908November 12, 1993) was a Ukrainian-born American actress.
She began her career in stage plays and films in Russia before travelling to Germany, where she starred in several films.
Her performances were noticed by film producer Samuel Goldwyn, who brought her to the United States with the aim of creating a new screen personality to rival the popular Greta Garbo.
After a few unsuccessful films, Goldwyn released her from her contract.
She continued to act occasionally until her final film appearance in 1962.
Anna Petrovna Fesak was born December 3, 1908 in Kiev.
There are other conflicting dates of birth: 1910 and 1906 from self-written dates in application forms from college.
Also Anna's mother, Alexandra Fesak (Fissakova), listed Anna's birthdate as October 29, 1906 on her arrival in the United States.
According to the official biography, her father was born into a Cossack family, worked as a theater artist and producer.
Her mother was a Swede by birth and was a ballerina.
In Kiev in the middle of the 1920s she married entertainer and variety actor Boris Sten (Bernstein), and took his stage name as her own.
In most foreign sources her maiden names are Stenska and Sudakevich, or a combination thereof (such as a common variant Anel (Anyushka) Stenska-Sudakevich, Annel (Anjuschka) Stenskaja Sudakewitsch), which is why Anna Sten is often mistakenly identified with the Russian actress Anel Sudakevich who starred in Soviet cinema at the same time and with some of the same directors as Anna Sten.
The actresses have often been confused for one another.
Sten received her education at Kyiv State Theatre College, worked as a reporter and simultaneously played in Kiev Maly Theater, attended classes at the studio theater where she worked within the Stanislavsky System.
In 1926 Sten successfully passed exams in the first working Proletcult theater in Moscow.
In 1926, after completing her studies at Kyiv theater school, Sten was invited by Ukrainian film director Viktor Turin to appear in his film "Provokator", based on the book by Ukrainian writer Oles Dosvitnyi.
Sten was discovered by influential Russian stage director and instructor Konstantin Stanislavsky, who arranged an audition for her at the Moscow Film Academy.
Sten went on to act in other plays and films in Ukraine and Russia, including Boris Barnet's 1927 comedy "The Girl with a Hatbox".
She and her husband, Russian film director Fedor Ozep, traveled to Germany to appear in a film co-produced by German and Soviet studios, "The Yellow Ticket".
After the film was completed, Anna Sten and her husband decided not to return to the Soviet Union.
Making a smooth transition to talking pictures, Sten appeared in such German films as "Trapeze" (1931) and "The Murderer Dimitri Karamazov" (1931) until she came to the attention of American movie mogul Samuel Goldwyn.
Goldwyn was looking for a foreign-born actress that he could build up as the rival of Greta Garbo, and possible successor to Vilma Bánky, with whom Goldwyn had great success in the silent era.
For two years after bringing Sten to America, Goldwyn had his new star tutored in English and taught Hollywood screen acting methods.
He poured a great deal of time and money into Sten's first American film, "Nana" (1934), a somewhat homogenized version of Émile Zola's scandalous 19th century novel.
But the film was not successful at the box office, nor were her two subsequent Goldwyn films, "We Live Again" (1934) and "The Wedding Night" (1935), playing opposite Gary Cooper.
Reluctantly, Goldwyn dissolved his contract with his "new Garbo."
Goldwyn's tutoring of Sten is mentioned in Cole Porter's 1934 song "Anything Goes" from the musical of the same name: "When Sam Goldwyn can with great conviction / Instruct Anna Sten in diction / Then Anna shows / Anything goes."
In the 1940s, Sten appeared in several films, including "The Man I Love" (1940), "So Ends Our Night" (1941), "Chetniks!
The Fighting Guerrillas" (1943), "They Came to Blow Up America" (1943), "Three Russian Girls" (1943), and "Let's Live a Little" (1948).
Sten continued making films in the United States and England, but none of them were successful.
Attempting to rectify this situation by studying at The Actors Studio, Sten appeared in several television series during the 1950s, including "The Red Skelton Show" (1956), "The Walter Winchell File" (1957), and "Adventures in Paradise" (1959).
Most of Sten's later film appearances were favors to her husband.
She had an uncredited bit in the Frenke-produced "Heaven Knows, Mr. Allison" (1957), and a full lead in her final film (also produced by Frenke), "The Nun and the Sergeant" (1962).
Sten died on November 12, 1993 in New York City at the age of 84.
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Tacit Software was a company that provided expertise and knowledge search software for enterprises and consumers.
It was acquired by Oracle Corp in November 2008, and its assets were rolled into the Oracle Beehive collaboration platform.,
Tacit was founded in 1997 as Tacit Knowledge Systems by David Gilmour, the founder of Giga Information Group (now owned by Forrester Research) and was headquartered in Palo Alto, CA.
The company was funded by Draper Fisher Jurvetson (Steve Jurvetson was a company director), Woodside Fund, Alta Partners and the Royal Bank of Canada (RBC).
In-Q-Tel was also an early investor in the company.
The firm was acquired by Oracle in November 2008.
Tacit’s first product, KnowledgeMail, was released in late 1999.
KnowledgeMail was an expertise location system that automatically read email and other documents to form profiles of user interests and expertise.
In 2003, Tacit introduced ActiveNet, a browser-based version of KnowledgeMail.
In 2003–2004, several companies trialed ActiveNet and Tacit’s underlying technologies, including GlaxoSmithKline, Northrop Grumman and Lockheed Martin.
Lockheed Martin, for example, piloted Tacit over five other expertise location vendors and later rolled the product out in its Space Systems Division.
Ron Remy, the Deputy CIO for Space Systems, said, “We had a beryllium-welding problem solved by linking up two people who worked down the hall from each other, and they didn't realize that one had the answer the other one needed to solve this very serious technical problem that was holding up the entire project.
We deemed the pilot to be very successful.” In 2006, Tacit introduced a new product called illumio.
illumio made Tacit’s expertise location technology available to everyday Internet users.
Tacit was acquired by Oracle in 2008.
Oracle shut down the product in 2010.
Tacit holds 13 patents.
These patents pertain to the following:
***LIST***.
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The Labor Council for Latin American Advancement (LCLAA) is a nonprofit, nonpartisan Latino organization affiliated with the AFL-CIO and the Change to Win federation.
It was formed in 1973 to provide Latino trade union members in the United States with a more effective voice within the AFL-CIO, to encourage Latino participation on the democratic process, and to encourage the organization of Latino workers into labor unions.
LCLAA is the official "voice" of Latinos within the AFL-CIO, and one of six official "constituency groups".
It is based in the headquarters of the AFL-CIO in Washington, D.C.
In 2006, it had 65 chapters in the United States and Puerto Rico, and claimed to represent 1.7 million Latino trade unionists.
LCLAA was founded in 1973 as part of a wave of constituency group organizing within the AFL-CIO.
The AFL-CIO had chartered its first retiree organization, the National Council of Senior Citizens (NCSC), in 1962 and its first civil rights organization, the A. Philip Randolph Institute, in 1965.
The Coalition of Black Trade Unionists followed in 1972 to give a broader, more effective voice within the AFL-CIO to black workers, and the Coalition of Labor Union Women was chartered in 1974.
But it was the large influx of Latino workers brought about by the chartering of the United Farm Workers in 1966 that led to a push by Latino labor union activists for a separate organization of their own.
Several years passed, however, before the growing militancy and political muscle of the emerging Latino movement moved AFL-CIO president George Meany to agree to a Latino constituency group.
In 1972 the AFL-CIO brought together hundreds of Latino labor activists and members of local Latino labor committees to form LCLAA.
The organization's founding conference was held in Washington, D.C., on November 16, 1973.
LCLAA's first president was Ray Mendoza, a member of the Laborers' International Union of North America.
LCLAA has three primary goals.
The first is to work with unions and community groups to organize Latino workers into unions.
The second is to advance the social, economic, political, and civil rights of Latinos by building coalitions with and among other unions and other national groups.
The third goal is to promote Latinos' participation in the American democratic process.
LCLAA engages in a wide variety of projects in the furtherance of these goals.
It has a significant lobbying and legislative presence in Washington, D.C., and coordinates the work of state-level legislative work on certain issues such as immigrant rights and access to social services.
LCLAA also conducts research on a number of policy issues affecting Latinos and non-citizen immigrant workers (whether Latino or not).
It is currently very active in the U.S. immigration policy debate.
LCLAA also conducts voter registration, education, and mobilization efforts throughout each election cycle.
LCLAA is governed by its members in accordance with the constitutions of the LCLAA and AFL-CIO.
Membership is open to any union member, active or retired.
The membership meets biannually in even-numbered years (a policy and education conference is held in even-numbered years.)
representatives to the national meeting are elected by local LCLAA chapters, international unions, AFL-CIO state federations, certain large AFL-CIO central labor councils and certain qualifying local AFL-CIO unions on the basis of a complex yet proportional representation formula.
The membership elects nine national officers.
The officers include a president, secretary-treasurer, executive vice president, and six vice presidents to four-year terms.
The membership also elects an executive board of 36 members to four-year terms as well.
In addition to the elected members, the nine officers of the organization also automatically sit on the board.
All past-presidents (as of 2006, there are five living past-presidents) and the executive director of LCLAA are ex-officio members of the board as well.
The board governs the affairs of LCLAA between membership meetings.
It meets at least once a year, although it may meet more often than that, and may also make organizational or structural changes in the organization during the period between membership meetings.
The officers recommend, and the executive board approves, the appointment of an Advisory Board.
The duties of the Advisory Board, however, are not spelled out in the LCLAA constitution.
LCLAA may establish, at its discretion, state and local councils.
These councils are required to affiliate with their respective state and local AFL-CIO bodies.
State and local councils do not exist in all areas, however, and the LCLAA constitution provides for at-large membership where they do not.
In 2006 the following were elected officers of LCLAA: Milton Rosado, a member of the United Auto Workers, President; Aida Garcia, a member of the Service Employees International Union, Executive Vice President; and Maria Portalatin, a member of the American Federation of Teachers, Secretary-Treasurer.
In 2010 Hector E. Sanchez became LCLAA's Executive Director.
In 2013, LCLAA held its 20th National Membership Convention in Houston, TX, the following were elected officers of LCLAA:
***LIST***.
National Vice Presidents elected:
***LIST***.
Unions Represented on LCLAA's National Executive Board:
AFL–CIO
American Federation of Government Employees
American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees
American Federation of Teachers
Amalgamated Transit Union
Communications Workers of America
International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers
International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers
International Union of Bricklayers and Allied Craftworkers
International Union of Operating Engineers
International Union of Painters and Allied Trades
Laborers' International Union of North America
National Education Association
Office and Professional Employees International Union
Service Employees International Union
Transport Workers Union of America
United Association
United Auto Workers
United Food and Commercial Workers
United Mine Workers
United Steelworkers
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Fashion in 15th-century Europe was characterized by a series of extremes and extravagances, from the voluminous gowns called houppelandes with their sweeping floor-length sleeves to the revealing doublets and hose of Renaissance Italy.
Hats, hoods, and other headdresses assumed increasing importance, and were swagged, draped, jewelled, and feathered.
As Europe continued to grow more prosperous, the urban middle classes, skilled workers, began to wear more complex clothes that followed, at a distance, the fashions set by the elites.
It is in this time period that we begin to see fashion take on a temporal aspect.
People could now be dated by their clothes, and being in "out of date" clothing became a new social concern.
National variations in clothing seem on the whole to have increased over the 15th century.
With England and France mired in the Hundred Years War and its aftermath and then the English Wars of the Roses through most of the 15th century, European fashion north of the Alps was dominated by the glittering court of the Duchy of Burgundy, especially under the fashion-conscious power-broker Philip the Good (ruled 1419–1469).
Having added Holland and Flanders to their dominion, the Dukes of Burgundy had access to the latest fabrics of Italy and the East and to English wool exports through the great trading cities of Bruges and Antwerp.
Purchases of fabrics through Italian merchants like the two cousins Giovanni Arnolfini amounted to a noticeable proportion of all government expenditure.
Especially in Florence, where sumptuary laws prevented the citizens from wearing the most luxurious cloths on which the city's fortunes were built, the materials of men's clothing in particular often appear plain in paintings, but contemporaries who understood the difference in grades of cloth very well would have appreciated the beauty and great expense of a very fine grade.
Wool was the most popular fabric for all classes by far, followed by linen and hemp.
Wool fabrics were available in a wide range of qualities, from rough undyed cloth to fine, dense broadcloth with a velvety nap.
High-value broadcloth was a backbone of the English economy and was exported throughout Europe.
Wool fabrics were dyed in rich colours, notably reds, greens, golds, and blues, although the actual blue colour achievable with dyeing with woad (and less frequently indigo) could not match the characteristic rich lapis lazuli pigment blues depicted in contemporary illuminated manuscripts such as the "Très Riches Heures du duc de Berry".
Silk-weaving was well established around the Mediterranean by the beginning of the 15th century, and figured silks, often silk velvets with silver-gilt wefts, are increasingly seen in Italian dress and in the dress of the wealthy throughout Europe.
Stately floral designs featuring a pomegranate or artichoke motif had reached Europe from China in the 14th century and became a dominant design in the Ottoman silk-producing cities of Istanbul and Bursa, and spread to silk weavers in Florence, Genoa, Venice, Valencia and Seville in this period.
Fur was worn, mostly as a lining layer, by those who could afford it.
The grey and white squirrel furs of the Middle Ages, vair and miniver, went out of style except at court, first for men and then for women; the new fashionable furs were dark brown sable and marten.
Toward the end of the 15th century, wild animal furs such as lynx became popular.
Ermine remained the prerogative and hallmark of royalty.
Slashing is a decorative technique that involved making small cuts on the outer fabric of a garment in order to reveal the sometimes brightly colored inner garment or lining.
It was performed on all varieties of clothing both men's and women's.
Contemporary chroniclers identify the source of the fashion for slashing garments to the actions of Swiss soldiers in the aftermath of the Battle of Grandson in 1476.
Supposedly the Swiss plundered the rich fabrics of the Burgundian nobles and used the scraps to patch their tattered clothes.
In reality, images appear of sleeves with a single slashed opening as early as mid-15th century, although the German fashion for "many small all-over slits" may have begun here.
Whatever its origin, the fad for multiple slashings spread to German Landsknechts and thence to France, Italy, and England, where it was to remain a potent current in fashionable attire into the mid-17th century.
A second result of the defeat at Grandson was the decline of Burgundy as a fount of culture and fashion.
The heiress Mary of Burgundy married Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor but died young.
In the last decade of the 15th century, Charles VIII of France invaded Italy and was briefly declared King of Naples.
As a result, the French nobility were introduced to the fabrics and styles of Italy, which would combine with German influence to dominate fashion in France (and later, England) in the first half of the 16th century.
Women's fashions of the 15th century consisted of a long gown, usually with sleeves, worn over a kirtle or undergown, with a linen chemise or smock worn next to the skin.
The sleeves were made detachable and were heavily ornamented.
The long-waisted silhouette of the previous period was replaced by a high-waisted style with fullness over the belly, often confined by a belt.
The wide, shallow scooped neckline was replaced by a V-neck, often cut low enough to reveal the decorated front of the kirtle beneath.
Various styles of overgowns were worn.
The "" fitted smoothly from the shoulders to the hips and then flared by means of inserted triangular gores.
It featured sleeves tight to the elbow with hanging streamers or "tippets".
The tight fit was achieved with lacing or buttons.
This style faded rapidly from fashion in favor of the houppelande, a full robe with a high collar and wide sleeves that had become fashionable around 1380 and remained so to mid-15th century.
The later houppelande had sleeves that were snug at the wrist, making a full "bag" sleeve.
The bag sleeve was sometimes slashed in the front to allow the lower arm to reach through.
Around 1450, the dress of northern Europe developed a low V-neck that showed a glimpse of the square-necked kirtle.
The neckline could be filled in with a sheer linen partlet.
Wide turn-backs like revers displayed a contrasting lining, frequently of fur or black velvet, and the sleeves might be cuffed to match.
Sleeves were very long, covering half of the hand, and often highly decorated with embroidery.
Fine sleeves were often transferred from one dress to another.
The term "robe déguisée" was coined in the mid-1400s to describe garments reflecting the very latest fashions, a term which endured into the 16th century.
In Italy, the low scoop-neck of the early decades gave way to a neckline that was high in front with a lower V-neck at the back at mid-15th century.
This was followed by a V-neckline that displayed the kirtle or "gamurra" (sometimes spelled "camorra").
Sleeveless overgowns such as the "cioppa" were popular, and the gamurra sleeves displayed were often of rich figured silks.
A lighter-weight undergown for summer wear was the "cotta".
A sideless overgown called the "giornea" was worn with the gamurra or cotta.
Toward the end of the period, sleeves were made in sections or panels and slashed, allowing the full chemise sleeves below to be pulled through in puffs along the arm, at the shoulder, and at the elbow.
This was the beginning of the fashion for puffed and slashed sleeves that would last for two centuries.
The "partlet", a separate item to fill in a low neckline, appeared in this period, usually of sheer fabric (linen or possibly silk) with an open V-neckline.
Some partlets have a collar and a back similar to the upper part of a shirt.
Burgundian partlets are usually depicted worn under the dress (but over the kirtle); in Italy the partlet seems to have been worn over the gown and could be pointed or cut straight across at the lower front.
Two uniquely Spanish fashions appear from the 1470s.
The "verdugada" or "verdugado" was a gown with a bell-shaped hoop skirt with visible casings stiffened with reeds, which would become the farthingale.
The earliest depictions of this garment come from Catalonia, where it is worn with pieced or slashed sleeves and the second new style, a chemise with trumpet sleeves, open and very wide at the wrist.
The sideless surcoat of the 14th century became fossilized as a ceremonial costume for royalty, usually with an ermine front panel (called a "plackard" or "placket") and a mantle draped from the shoulders; it can be seen in variety of royal portraits and as "shorthand" to identify queens in illuminated manuscripts of the period.
A variety of hats and headdresses were worn in Europe in the 15th century.
The "crespine" of Northern Europe, originally a thick hairnet or snood, had evolved into a mesh of jeweler's work that confined the hair on the sides of the head by the end of the 14th century.
Gradually the fullness at the sides of head was pulled up to the temples and became pointed, like horns ("à corné").
By mid-15th century, the hair was pulled back from the forehead, and the crespine, now usually called a "caul", sat on the back of the head.
Very fashionable women shaved their foreheads and eyebrows.
Any of these styles could be topped by a padded roll, sometimes arranged in a heart-shape, or a veil, or both.
Veils were supported by wire frames that exaggerated the shape and were variously draped from the back of the headdress or covered the forehead.
Women also wore the chaperon, a draped hat based on the hood and liripipe, and a variety of related draped and wrapped turbans.
The most extravagant headdress of Burgundian fashion is the hennin, a cone or truncated-cone shaped cap with a wire frame covered in fabric and topped by a floating veil.
Later hennins feature a turned-back brim, or are worn over a hood with a turned-back brim.
Towards the end of the 15th century women's head-dresses became smaller, more convenient, and less picturesque.
The gable hood, a stiff and elaborate head-dress, emerged around 1480 and was popular among elder ladies up until the mid 16th century.
Women of the merchant classes in Northern Europe wore modified versions of courtly hairstyles, with coifs or caps, veils, and wimples of crisp linen (often with visible creases from ironing and folding).
A brief fashion added rows of gathered frills to the coif or veil; this style is sometimes known by the German name "kruseler".
The general European convention of completely covering married women's hair was not accepted in warmer Italy.
Italian women wore their hair very long, wound with ribbons or braided, and twisted up into knots of various shapes with the ends hanging free.
The hair was then covered with sheer veils or small caps.
Toward the 1480s women wore chin-length sections of hair in loose waves or ripples over the ears (a style that would inspire "vintage" hair fashions in the 1620s and '30s and again in the 1840s and 1850s).
Blond hair was considered desirable (by Botticelli for one), and visitors to Venice reported that ladies sat out in the sun on their terraces with their hair spread out around large circular disks worn like hats, attempting to bleach it in the sun.
Chemical methods were also used.
Women from the 14th century wore laced ankle-boots, which were often lined with fur.
Later in the 15th century, women also wore "poulaines".
They used pattens to protect their tight shoes.
The basic costume of men in this period consisted of a shirt, doublet, and hose, with some sort of overgown (robe worn over clothing).
Linen shirts were worn next to the skin.
Toward the end of the period, shirts (French "chemise", Italian "camicia", Spanish "camisa") began to be full through the body and sleeves with wide, low necklines; the sleeves were pulled through the slashings or piecing of the doublet sleeves to make puffs, especially at the elbow and the back of the arm.
As the cut of doublets revealed more fabric, wealthy men's shirts were often decorated with embroidery or applied braid.
Over the shirt was worn a doublet.
From around the mid-15th century very tight-fitting doublets, belted or tailored to be tight at the waist, giving in effect a short skirt below, were fashionable, at least for the young.
Sleeves were generally full, even puffy, and when worn with a large chaperon, the look was extremely stylish, but very top-heavy.
Very tight hose, and long pointed shoes or thigh-boots gave a long attenuated appearance below the waist, and a chunky, solid one above.
The doublet was often elaborately pleated, especially at the back, the pleats being achieved by various means.
In Italy both shirt and doublet were often high, tight and collarless at the front of the neck; sometimes they are shown higher at the front than the back.
Men of all classes wore short "braies" or breeches, a loose undergarment, usually made of linen, which was held up by a belt.
Hose or chausses made out of wool were used to cover the legs, and were generally brightly colored.
Early hose sometimes had leather soles and were worn without shoes or boots.
Hose were generally tied to the breech belt, or to the breeches themselves, or to a doublet.
As doublets became shorter, hose reached to the waist rather than the hips, and were sewn together into a single garment with a pouch or flap to cover the front opening; this evolved into the codpiece.
The hose exposed by short tops were, especially in Italy late in the 15th century, often strikingly patterned, parti-coloured (different colours for each leg, or vertically divided), or embroidered.
Hose were cut on the cross-grain or bias for stretch.
The Houppelande, in Italy called the "cioppa", is the characteristic overgarment of the wealthy in the first half of the 15th century.
It was essentially a robe with fullness falling from the shoulders in organ pleats and very full sleeves often reaching to the floor with, at the start of the 16th century, a high collar.
The houppelande could be lined in fur, and the hem and sleeves might be dagged or cut into scallops.
It was initially often worn belted, but later mostly hanging straight.
The length of the garment shortened from around the ankle to above the knee over this period.
The floor-length sleeves were later wrist-length but very full, forming a bag or sack sleeve, or were worn off the arm, hanging ornamentally behind.
A sideless overgown or tabard, called a "giornea" in Italy and a "journade" in France, was popular.
It was usually pleated and was worn hanging loose or belted.
Young men wore them short and older men wore them calf- or ankle-length.
The middle of the 15th century in Burgundy saw what seems to have been the earliest occurrence of the male fashion for dressing all in black, which was to reappear so strongly in the "Spanish" style of the mid-16th–17th century and again in the 19th–20th centuries.
This was apparently begun by Duke Philip the Good.
In Venice, the patrician class, after the age of joining the Great Council, wore their long red robes as a uniform virtually unchanged throughout the 15th century.
In contrast, the young men and the famous courtesans of the city dressed very extravagantly.
In the last decades of the 15th century, a new style of overgown appeared; this was of various lengths, generally worn unbelted, and featured wide turned back revers and collar.
Short or long cloaks or mantles were worn overall for ceremonial occasions and in bad weather; these typically fastened on one shoulder.
Early in the 15th century, the hood remained a common component of dress for all classes, although it was frequently worn around the neck as a cowl or twisted into the fantastical shapes of the chaperon.
Hats of various styles—tall-crowned with small brims or no brims at all, hats with brims turned up on one side for variations of the coif, or low-crowned with wider brims pulled to a point in front—began to compete with the draped chaperon, especially in Italy.
A brimless scarlet cap became nearly universal for young Florentines in particular, and was widely worn by older men and those in other cities.
In mid-15th century, a bowl haircut with the hair shaved at the back of the neck was stylish.
In Germany, and briefly in Venice, a wide shock of frizzy blond hair was often seen on images of lovers (and angels) in the later part of the 15th century—less often in portraits.
By the end of the 15th century, shoulder-length hair became fashionable, a trend that would continue into the early 16th century.
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United Rugby is a Canadian rugby union club that is based in the Lower Mainland of British Columbia, representing the cities of Coquitlam, Port Coquitlam, Port Moody, and New Westminster.
It was formed in 2005 with the joining of Pocomo RFC and Douglas RFC.
United Rugby fields men's teams in Divisions 1 and 2, and Under-20 and Under-18 academy teams.
a Women’s team is fielded in Division 1, and they are the current reigning Champions for the 2016/2017 season.
United Rugby is also host to a mini-rugby program consisting of players age 3-14.
Home Venues
***LIST***.
Clubhouse - 921 Sherwood Avenue, Coquitlam, B.C.
Over forty years ago a group of enthusiasts led by Gordon Eddy and Jack Cole met at the Port Arms Hotel and decided to establish a rugby club outside of the traditional Vancouver area.
The idea was to foster the development of the game in the Port Moody, Coquitlam and Port Coquitlam; thus the creation of the Pocomo Rugby Club.
Vic Coulter (1917–2001) was chosen to be the first President and the Club has experienced a relatively health existence ever since its 1963 inception.
Although the Club has never had access to significant finances, industrious members have done what was necessary to persevere.
Under the Direction of Coulter the Club continued to grow and set as a goal the dissemination of the gospel of rugby throughout the Fraser Valley.
In order to do this the Club contacted all the Secondary Schools form Port Moody to Chilliwack and team members organized clinics in order to get recent graduates interested in club rugby.
The Club established the annual Outriders Trophy with Richmond Rugby Club, who at the time was the only other club beyond Vancouver city.
All the hard work proved to be successful and in 1973 Coulter and Pocomo helped organize the Fraser Valley Rugby Union.
The Fraser Valley Rugby Union launched with thirteen clubs, which included no less than five from the U.S. A few fledgling clubs such as Port Coquitlam, Pitt River, Maple Ridge and the U.S. sides have come and gone, only to occasionally resurface.
Pocomo continued to grow as one of the pillars of the Fraser Valley and by 1983 they would field four senior men’s teams.
The Club has won numerous league championships as well as various members were given the Vic Coulter Service Award, for their contribution to rugby in the Fraser Valley.
In 1985, Pocomo introduced their first Women’s side and defeated S.F.U., who hadn’t lost a match in three years.
This first Women’s program didn’t last long and by 1988 the program was temporarily shut down.
Sticking with their roots, Pocomo has continued to foster rugby in the high schools of the Tri-Cities for both boys and girls.
Club members volunteer in both middle school and high school as coaches, referees and managers.
The Club has also donated a trophy and organized an annual tournament for the top senior team in the Tri-Cities.
This hard work has continued to prove successful and in 2000 Pocomo restarted a Women’s side who earned the 2nd division provincial championship.
With this success, the women’s side moved up into the 1st division league, in 2005 they added a second women’s team and managed to win the 1st division Provincial Cup and the opportunity for promotion into the BC Provincial Premier League.
The Club heralds a strong tradition of players and alumni who are hard, dedicated workers.
Club honours began when Bill Christie received the Stroess Trophy in 1966, since then members such as Gordon Eddy, Bill Turpin, Ken Yates and Ian (Onion) Robertson have gone on to win this award.
The 2nd division earned the player’s first honours winning Dunbar Trophy in 1968.
With the introduction of the Premier league in 1997, Pocomo and several other clubs faced new strains and challenges.
Pocomo saw over 20 players retire or defect to Premier clubs, this forced the club to be reduced to two senior men’s teams.
However, they still fought hard and in 1999, Pocomo returned to the Vancouver Rugby Union where it made it to the 2nd division finals.
The continued growth in Premier clubs and premier rugby forced Pocomo to make some difficult decisions and in 1998 Pocomo entered into amalgamation talks with S.F.U.
and later Douglas but were unsuccessful at working out the particulars.
Over the next few seasons Pocomo fought hard, but to limited success and in 2005, Pocomo once again was talking with S.F.U.
about merging clubs.
At the same time a delegation of Douglas members were quietly talking with some of the Pocomo Executive regarding a similar merger.
At the end of the season the Pocomo and S.F.U.
voted but both were shy of the required majority.
Formal talks with Douglas began and a vote was held shortly after.
The clubs voted with large positive majority from both sides.
"History provided courtesy of United Rugby Club executive member"
The Douglas Rugby Club was established in the spring of 1971 when a group of Douglas College students, organized by Gert Van Niekerk, took part in a 7-a-side tournament hosted by Malaspina College of Nanaimo.
That fall, the Douglas College team joined the Pacific Intercollegiate League and finished second with a record of 5-5-1.
The team was captained by Howie Martfelt, In 1972, the team won the Totem Conference Championship, playing against the other community colleges in the province.
That year’s captain was Dave Jagger.
Without suffering one defeat, the team continued as Totem Conference champions for the next two years.
By this time, the alumni team had formed and took part in a series of exhibition games against local clubs.
In 1975, the Douglas College Rugby Club entered two teams in the Fraser Valley Rugby Union 2nd Division.
In their first year, the A-Side won the championship and was promoted to the 1st Division for the 1976-1977 season.
By the fall of 1977, the club had teams in all three divisions of the FVRU and the 1st Division side won both the league and playoff titles.
At the end of that season, the club voted to change its name to simply become the Douglas Rugby Club.
The college team had ceased to exist, but the club continued to recruit players from the college.
Douglas had enjoyed continued success since its inception, particularly with its 1st Division team.
The squad won numerous FVRU league titles and playoff championships in 1981, 1983 and 1992.
On more than one occasion, the 2nd and 3rd XV have each been champions.
The collegiate team was revived in 1990 and won the Northwest Intercollegiate Rugby Union (NIRU) Championship in 1993.
Douglas first tested the waters in women’s rugby in 1974.
The team beat Capilano College 36-4 in the Totem Conference Collegiate 7-a-side Tournament.
The first serious attempt at women’s rugby occurred in the spring of 1977 when a team was formed under the tutelage of Burt Kirby, Mark Andrews and Mark Ovenden.
The team was called the Loose Ruckers.
They played in the first ever women’s 15-a-side match in the Lower Mainland, on March 6, 1977 against UBC at Jericho Park, losing 8-0.
There was very little competition at this time and, after a couple of years of exhibition games, the team dissolved.
Some of the original members included Elanie Benson, Sara Lee Liner, Rita Boon, Barb Kirby, Diana Nygaard, Edie Naylor, and Marge Naylor.
Douglas revived its women’s program in the fall of 1991 when a team was entered in the recently formed West Coast Women’s Rugby Association (WCWRA).
Other teams in the league were Vancouver Rowing Club, Ex-Britannia Lions, and the University of Victoria.
Simon Fraser University and the University of British Columbia also had teams playing a series of exhibition matches.
During the first year, the Douglas women were probationary club members.
They were accepted for full membership by the 1993-1994 season.
The women’s program continued to grow stronger, especially with the support of Lou Rene Legge and the Douglas College Athletic Department.
In the fall of 1995 the first ever Douglas College Women’s Scholarships were awarded to Anne Carnochan and Stephanie Biggar.
With expansion of the WCWRA to twelve teams in 1995, Douglas began the year in 2nd Division.
After going undefeated for the first half of that season, the team beat UBC Old Boys 10-8 to gain promotion to the 1st Division.
The women enjoyed their most successful season in 1996 with a record of 13-3-1, losing to eventual champions Ex-Britannia Lions in the BC semi-final.
In the fall of 1996, Douglas expanded its women’s program to include two teams.
The 1st Division squad enjoyed continued success and the 2nd XV won the BC Championship in 1998.
The 1st XV, in the re-dubbed Premiere Division, won championships in 2001 and 2002, while the 2nd Division team won a title in 2003 along with the Under-19 Girls.
Perhaps the most successful female player to come out of the Douglas program was Kelly McCallum.
Her rugby career began almost by accident.
McCallum, still dressed in her soccer gear, showed up early to watch the Douglas men play.
Finding only a women's match in progress, she decided to stick around and watch.
As the team was short one player, McCallum was asked to fill-in on the wing.
Quickly taking to the game, she made her way up the ranks to the National Senior Women’s Team.
McCallum went on to captain Canada in Edmonton during the 2006 Women's Rugby World Cup, before her retirement.
"History provided courtesy of United Rugby Club executive member"
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Fr.Thiruchchelvam Nihal Jim Brown (1972 – 2006) was a minority Sri Lankan Tamil, Roman Catholic parish priest who disappeared during the Sri Lankan civil war.
He was active helping his parishioners during the bombing of his church in northern Sri Lanka.
He went missing with Wenceslaus Vinces Vimalathas on April 20, 2006 and is presumed dead.
Allaipiddy village falls within the government-controlled territory in northern Sri Lanka.
It is a prominent minority Sri Lankan Tamil but Roman Catholic dominant village in the Jaffna peninsula.
The Sri Lankan Navy has security jurisdiction in the surrounding area.
Thiruchchelvam Nihal Jim Brown was ordained in 2004.
In July 2006, he was appointed parish priest of St. Philip Neri Church in the Jaffna district.
Father Brown took over the role of parish priest after his predecessor, Father Amal Raj, requested a transfer from St. Philip Neri after having allegedly received death threats from a local Sri Lankan Navy officer.
As part of ongoing military operations, the Sri Lankan Army shelled the St. Philip Neri's Church in Allaipiddy on August 13, 2006 killing 15 refugees sheltering there.
Father Brown was publicly rebuked by navy officials for having moved all 300, mostly Catholic, Allaipiddy families to a safer Catholic church at Kayts eight miles away during military operations.
Brown was also accused by the Sri Lankan Navy commanding officer of Allaipiddy of helping the rebel group Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) to dig bunkers.
According to an Amnesty International report, on the day they went missing, Father Brown and Wenceslaus Vinces Vimalathas were travelling by motorbike to Allaipiddy village, when they met a friend who accompanied them to the Allaipiddy Sri Lankan Navy checkpoint.
The friend left the two men standing at the checkpoint at approximately 2.10pm.
An eyewitness confirmed that they saw the two men shortly after this, travelling through Allaipiddy on a motorbike.
The eyewitness then saw two motorbikes each carrying three armed men wearing bulletproof vests, following Father Brown and Vimalathas along the road.
The six armed men then stopped outside St. Mary’s Church in Allaipiddy and following some discussion, one of the motorbikes turned back in the direction of the SLN Allaipiddy checkpoint.
When the eyewitness reached the SLN Navy checkpoint in order to leave Allaipiddy, they saw the same three armed men who had turned back from St. Mary’s Church talking to the SLN personnel and pointing in the direction of Allaipiddy.
The armed men then allegedly rode back to Allaipiddy village, taking a different route than they had before.
Inquiries about the whereabouts of Father Brown and Vimalathas were made at a number of churches across the Jaffna peninsula and in surrounding areas.
Rear Admiral Upali Ranaweera, Commander of the SLN's Northern Region, denied that the two men were arrested.
Navy personnel at the Allaipiddy checkpoint stated that Father Brown and Vimalathas passed through the Allaipiddy checkpoint and returned soon after, travelling in the direction of Jaffna town.
However, local police have been unable to process their request to the Navy to produce the evidence of their return to the Jaffna city.
A complaint was lodged with local police as well as the Human Rights Commission regarding their disappearance and investigations took place into their whereabouts.
According to local newspapers a "mutilated torso" packed in a sand bag found off the coast of the Jaffna peninsula, near Pungudutheevu, on March 14, 2007 was identified as the dead priest.
However, the Sri Lankan government announced in June 2007 that subsequent DNA analyses had proved that the remains were not those of either man.
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Strain engineering refers to a general strategy employed in semiconductor manufacturing to enhance device performance.
Performance benefits are achieved by modulating strain in the transistor channel, which enhances electron mobility (or hole mobility) and thereby conductivity through the channel.
The use of various strain engineering techniques has been reported by many prominent microprocessor manufacturers, including AMD, IBM, and Intel, primarily with regards to sub-130 nm technologies.
One key consideration in using strain engineering in CMOS technologies is that PMOS and NMOS respond differently to different types of strain.
Specifically, PMOS performance is best served by applying compressive strain to the channel, whereas NMOS receives benefit from tensile strain.
Many approaches to strain engineering induce strain locally, allowing both n-channel and p-channel strain to be modulated independently.
One prominent approach involves the use of a strain-inducing capping layer.
CVD silicon nitride is a common choice for a strained capping layer, in that the magnitude and type of strain (e.g.
tensile vs compressive) may be adjusted by modulating the deposition conditions, especially temperature.
Standard lithography patterning techniques can be used to selectively deposit strain-inducing capping layers, to deposit a compressive film over only the PMOS, for example.
Capping layers are key to the "Dual Stress Liner" (DSL) approach reported by IBM-AMD.
In the DSL process, standard patterning and lithography techniques are used to selectively deposit a tensile silicon nitride film over the NMOS and a compressive silicon nitride film over the PMOS.
A second prominent approach involves the use of a silicon-rich solid solution, especially silicon-germanium, to modulate channel strain.
One manufacturing method involves epitaxial growth of silicon on top of a relaxed silicon-germanium underlayer.
Tensile strain is induced in the silicon as the lattice of the silicon layer is stretched to mimic the larger lattice constant of the underlying silicon-germanium.
Conversely, compressive strain could be induced by using a solid solution with a smaller lattice constant, such as silicon-carbon.
See, e.g., U.S. Patent No.
7,023,018.
Another closely related method involves replacing the source and drain region of a MOSFET with silicon-germanium.
Epitaxial strain is a critical factor in determining physical properties of thin films.
The strain is usually stemmed from the lattice mismatch between film and substrate during epitaxial growth.
Epitaxial strain in complex oxide has been widely studied to control functional properties when the film is within the “critical thickness”.
In films beyond critical thickness, the strain is relaxed and functionality tuning by strain is not accessible.
Researchers recently achieved very large strain in thick oxide films by incorporating nanowires/nanopillars in film matrix .
Tuning functional via strain is achieved beyond conventional “critical thickness”, which is usually few tens of nanometers.
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Sir Peter Leahy Bonfield, CBE, FREng(born 3 June 1944 ) is a business executive who has led a number of companies in the fields of electronics, computers and communications.
Currently a director of several companies in the USA, Europe and the Far East, he was formerly chief executive of ICL and more recently of BT Group.
He is a Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering, the Institution of Engineering and Technology, the British Computer Society, the Chartered Institute of Marketing, the Marketing Society and the Royal Society of Arts.
He is a Liveryman of The Worshipful Company of Information Technologists, Freeman of the City of London, Honorary Citizen of Dallas, Texas and Member of The Pilgrims of Great Britain.
The third son of an engineer and his Welsh wife, Bonfield was brought up in Baldock in Hertfordshire and educated at Hitchin Boys Grammar School.
Bonfield graduated from Loughborough University with an engineering degree.
Peter Bonfield began his career with the United States company Texas Instruments, in their Bedford (England) semiconductor plant, where he held various design, manufacturing and management roles.
In 1984, on its takeover by STC plc, Bonfield was appointed Chairman and Managing Director of ICL plc.
He remained as chief executive of International Computers Limited until the end of 1995, seeing the company through a period when STC sold most of its stake in the company to Fujitsu.
In 1996 he was appointed CEO and Chairman of the Executive Committee of British Telecommunications plc, where he served until early 2002.
Promising a "rollercoaster ride", during Bonfield's tenure the share price went from £4 to £15, and back again to £5.
Bonfield's salary to 31 March 2001, was a basic of £780,000 (increasing to £820,000) plus a £481,000 bonus and £50,000 of other benefits including pension.
He also received a deferred bonus, payable in shares in three years' time, of £481,000, and additional bonuses of £3.3 million.
Bonfield is presently Chairman of NXP Semiconductors (The Netherlands), Chair of Council and Senior Pro-Chancellor, Loughborough University, UK, a director of: L.M.
Ericsson (Sweden), TSMC (Taiwan), Mentor Graphics (USA), a member of The Longreach Group Advisory Board (Japan), Senior Advisor Rothschild (London) and Board Mentor CMI (Brussels), Chairman of the Board East West Institute, UK, Chairman Small Business Charter, Director Global Logic Inc, USA, Member of Silent Circle Advisory Board, USA.
Previous positions include Director of Sony Corporation, Tokyo, Japan, member of New Venture Partners Advisory Board, USA, Advisor Apax Partners LLP, London, Citi International Advisory Board (USA), director of Dubai International Capital (Dubai), a senior non-executive director of AstraZeneca Group PLC, London, directorships at BICC plc, DESC Ltd, mm02plc, The Department of Constitutional Affairs and The Ministry of Justice, member of the Trilateral Commission, member of the Civil Service College Advisory Board, member of the High Level Working Group of the European Information Society, member of the Steering Group of the European Round Table and member of the EU-Japan Business Dialogue Round Table.
Bonfield was honoured as a Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1988, and subsequently dubbed a Knight Bachelor by Queen Elizabeth II in 1996.
In 1995 he was awarded the Mountbatten Medal.
In July 1997 he was awarded an Honorary Degree from the Open University and holds 11 Honorary Doctorates in total.
In 2001 he was awarded the first Internet Villain Award at the third annual Internet Industry Awards.
Other Recognition Awards include the Order of the Lion of Finland, the Gold Medal from The Institute of Management and Outstanding Executive from Texas Tech University, USA.
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John Tilley (c.1571- winter of 1620/21) and his family were passengers on the historic 1620 voyage of the "Mayflower".
He was a signatory to the Mayflower Compact, and died with his wife in the first Pilgrim winter in the New World.
John Tilley was baptized on December 19, 1571 at Henlow, co. Bedford, England.
He was the eldest child of Robert Tilley and his wife Elizabeth.
John had a younger brother, Edward, who also came on the "Mayflower" with his wife.
John Tilley, his brother Edward and their wives all perished that first winter in the New World.
There are few records of John Tilley’s life in England.
His name appears in the will of George Clarke of Henlow, dated September 22, 1607, which notes that Thomas Kirke, then residing with Tilley, owed money to him.
There is a record of a John Tilley, yeoman, residing at Wooton, Bedfordshire, who made a disposition on April 7, 1613 with his age stated as 40 years, which would probably make him the "Mayflower" passenger of that name.
There is little information about the lives of John Tilley and his wife Joan.
John Tilley was documented as a member of the Leiden Separatist congregation as well as his brother Edward.
Edward’s ward Henry Samson may also have been a member.
Per William Bradford’s later recollection of this family on the "Mayflower": “John Tillie, and his wife; and Elizabeth, their daughter.” The "Mayflower" departed Plymouth, England on September 6/16, 1620.
The small, 100-foot ship had 102 passengers and a crew of about 30-40 in extremely cramped conditions.
By the second month out, the ship was being buffeted by strong westerly gales, causing the ship‘s timbers to be badly shaken with caulking failing to keep out sea water, and with passengers, even in their berths, lying wet and ill.
This, combined with a lack of proper rations and unsanitary conditions for several months, attributed to what would be fatal for many, especially the majority of women and children.
On the way there were two deaths, a crew member and a passenger, but the worst was yet to come after arriving at their destination when, in the space of several months, almost half the passengers perished in cold, harsh, unfamiliar New England winter.
On November 9/19, 1620, after about three months at sea, including a month of delays in England, they spotted land, which was the Cape Cod Hook, now called Provincetown Harbor.
After several days of trying to get south to their planned destination of the Colony of Virginia, strong winter seas forced them to return to the harbor at Cape Cod hook, where they anchored on November 11/21.
The Mayflower Compact was signed that day.
John Tilley was a signatory to the Mayflower Compact, as was his brother, Edward.
Both John Tilley and his brother Edward were involved in the early exploring expeditions of the Cape Cod area in November and December 1620, with both suffering the effects of being ill-clad and wet in freezing temperatures.
It may be that they died from the effects of the exploration weather.
One such extensive exploration in which the John and Edward Tilley are named as having taken part began on Wednesday, December 6, 1620 in freezing weather using the ship’s shallop – a light, shallow-water boat with oars and sails navigated by two pilots and crewed by a master gunner and two sailors.
The Pilgrims on board for this expedition, in addition to the Tilleys, were John Howland, Stephen Hopkins and his servant Edward Doty.
Senior members on the expedition included John Carver, William Bradford, militia captain Myles Standish and Edward Winslow.
The number of persons on this exploration was less than half of a prior expedition due to many having been felled by illness.
As was recorded: "...very cold and hard weather... in which time two were sick... the gunner also sick unto death..” This exploration would not turn out well for the English in their first encounter with Indians as they found that slow-firing muskets were no match for rapid-fire arrows.
This Indian challenge to the Pilgrims was later known as the "First Encounter."
John Tilley and his wife Joan both died the first winter, as did his brother Edward and his wife Ann.
The only Tilley surviving from the "Mayflower" was John’s thirteen-year-old daughter, Elizabeth, who went on to marry John Howland and raise a large family.
John Tilley married Joan (Hurst) Rogers, widow of Thomas Rogers (no relation to the Mayflower passenger of that name) on September 20, 1596 at Henlow in Bedfordshire.
Joan Hurst was the younger daughter of William Hurst, and was baptized on March 13, 1567/8 at Henlow making her a little older than John.
Joan came to the marriage with a daughter Joan, born of her marriage to Thomas Rogers, whom she married on June 18, 1593.
Joan was baptized May 26, 1594, and Rogers seems to have died shortly afterwards.
Child of Joan (Hurst) and Thomas Rogers
***LIST***.
Children of John and Joan Tilley – all baptized in Henlow, Bedfordshire They had five children baptized in the parish of Henlow between 1597 and 1607.
Of their children, only Elizabeth, baptized August 30, 1607, and who accompanied them on the "Mayflower", is a known survivor.
The fate of the others is unknown.
***LIST***.
Elizabeth (Tilley) Howland's family is described in a later recollection of William Bradford: (Gov.
Carver’s) "..servant John Howland, married the doughter of John Tillie, Elizabeth, and they are both now living, and have *10* children, now all living; and their eldest daughter hath *4* children.
And ther *2* daughter, one, all living; and other of their children mariagable.
So *15* are come of them."
William Bradford described the demise of John and Joan Tilley: “John Tillie and his wife both dyed a little after they came ashore; and their daughter Elizabeth married with John Howland, and had issue as is before noted.”
John and Joan Tilley died sometime in the winter of 1620/1621, possibly after coming ashore, per Bradford, to the new Plymouth settlement.
They were buried in Coles Hill Burial Ground in Plymouth, most likely in unmarked graves as with so many who died in that first winter.
Their names, along with others who perished that winter, are memorialized on the Pilgrim Memorial Tomb on Coles Hill as “John Tilley and his wife.”
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John Chapman "Chap" Petersen (born March 27, 1968, Fairfax, Virginia) is an American politician.
A Democrat, he served in the Virginia House of Delegates 2002–06, was elected to the Virginia State Senate in November 2007, and was reelected in 2011.
He the state's 34th district, made up of the city of Fairfax and large parts of Fairfax County.
Petersen graduated from Fairfax High School in 1986.
He received a B.A.
degree from Williams College in 1990 and a J.D.
from the University of Virginia School of Law in 1994, when he began practicing law.
He a partner with the law firm of Surovell, Markle, Isaacs & Levy, PLC.
Petersen's wife Sharon Kim (born September 10, 1970, Daegu, South Korea), is a practicing attorney; the couple have four children.
Petersen served on the Fairfax city council 1998–2001.
He was elected to two terms in the House of Delegates, both times (2001 and 2003) defeating his predecessor, Republican Jack Rust.
In 2005, Petersen ran for Lieutenant Governor of Virginia.
He was defeated in the Democratic primary, finishing third with 22% of the vote in a four-way race, behind State Senator Leslie L. Byrne and State Delegate Viola Baskerville, but ahead of State Senator Phil Puckett.
In 2006, Petersen was a senior advisor to Democratic Senate candidate Jim Webb, who defeated incumbent Republican Senator George Allen.
Petersen announced his candidacy for the 34th district seat in the State Senate, Wednesday, January 3, 2007.
He defeated incumbent Republican Jeannemarie Devolites-Davis, wife of Congressman Thomas M. Davis, in the November 2007 election, taking 55% of the vote.
The district had been the most Democratic state senate district held by a Republican.
During the week of October 22, 2007, the Devolites-Davis campaign sent out 60,000 campaign flyers accusing Petersen of not disclosing that his former law firm was working on issues that Petersen voted on while in the House of Delegates.
The flyer included a copy of a section of Petersen's Statement of Economic Interest, which he filed while serving in the House.
It includes Petersen's home address, telephone number, and the names of his wife and children, which were not redacted.
Petersen held a press conference on October 26 in front of Devolites-Davis' headquarters in Fairfax.
He said that "words cannot describe the anger I feel" about the flyer, and called it "shocking" that Devolites-Davis would use his personal information in such a manner.
Petersen said that advertising his personal information was not in and of itself a problem, but using it in an attack ad went too far.
Such tactics, Petersen said, endangered his family.
Devolites-Davis said in her own press conference that Petersen himself published the names and pictures of his family, and showed a mailer from the Petersen campaign showing pictures of his children.
The mailer identifies the children by name.
She claimed the Petersen campaign uploaded a video to YouTube which brought up her daughter's armed robbery conviction of several years ago.
According to WUSA, there is no evidence that anyone from the Petersen camp uploaded the video.
In mid-October 2007, Devolites-Davis, Petersen's opponent, began running television ads showing a photo of her opponent Chap Petersen with text stating "Supports Increasing the Estate Tax", "Supports a 38 cent gas tax increase", and "Voted for Concealed Weapons on School Property" superimposed.
The voiceover attributed these allegations to Petersen's prior votes in the Virginia House of Delegates.
Davis's website contains references to past Petersen votes.
He responded that he never voted to increase the Virginia estate tax.
Petersen co-sponsored bills, including SB 1309, intending to preserve the tax for Virginians in higher income brackets.
Petersen also denied ever supporting a 38 cent gas tax increase.
He recently explained that he supported the current law which makes it a felony to possess a gun on school grounds, but voted for a bipartisan bill, HB 2535, which gave a limited exception to parents with licensed concealed carry permits who pick up their children at school, for just school driveways.
That bill was signed into law in 2005.
As controversy has grown over the name of the Washington Redskins, Peterson has become a vocal defender of the sports team.
In 2014, he initiated a "Redskins Pride Caucus" in the Virginia Legislature.
Although Petersen's position is unconventional for his political party, he has said that several other Virginia Democrats have privately supported him on this issue.
Citing support that he has received from individual Native Americans, Petersen has said, "I get it from all points.
And listen - if somebody is offended, I'm not going to deny that that's a sincere feeling.
But you can't just take that and scrub out the feelings of 100,000 other people."
When the "Daily Show" produced an episode that aired September 25, 2014 featuring local Redskins fans confronted by Native Americans, Petersen contacted the producers in an attempt to withdraw the fans' consent to appear.
According Petersen, these fans had been misled about the nature of the segment, prior to signing their releases.
Although the segment was not pulled, Jon Stewart, host of "The Daily Show", acknowledged on air that the fans were upset with the situation.
Petersen has also represents a group opposed to other efforts to change mascots deemed offensive by Native Americans.
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52 Squadron of the Royal Flying Corps was formed as a Corps Reconnaissance squadron at Hounslow Heath Aerodrome on 15 May 1916.
It moved to France in November that year, being the first squadron equipped with the Royal Aircraft Factory R.E.8.
At first the squadron had little success with its R.E.8s, suffering many spinning accidents, and these losses affected morale so much that in January 1917 the squadron swapped its R.E.8s for the Royal Aircraft Factory B.E.2s of 34 Squadron.
It re-equipped again with R.E.8s in May, flying in support of the allied offensives at Ypres that summer.
In March 1918 it suffered heavy losses flying ground attack sorties against the German Spring Offensive in March 1918.
The squadron became part of the Royal Air Force when the Royal Flying Corps merged with the Royal Naval Air Service on 1 April 1918, continuing in the Corps Reconnaissance role, for the rest of the war.
It returned to the United Kingdom in February 1919, disbanding at Lopcombe Corner on 23 October 1919.
No 52 Squadron reformed at RAF Abingdon on 18 January 1937 from a nucleus provided by 15 Squadron.
It was initially equipped with Hawker Hind biplane light bombers, these being replaced by Fairey Battle monoplanes from November 1937.
In February 1939, the squadron became was assigned the task of training crews for the other squadrons in its group, with its Battles being supplemented by Avro Anson to aid the training task.
Following the outbreak of the Second World War it continued in the training role, supporting the Battle equipped Advanced Air Striking Force before being absorbed into No 12 Operational Training Unit on 8 April 1940.
The squadron reformed on 1 July 1941 at RAF Habbaniya in Iraq as a maintenance unit.
Although it had no aircrew, it did have 21 Hawker Audaxes on charge, which were occasionally flown by members of other units based at Habbaniya on reconnaissance missions.
In December that year the Audaxes were disposed of, while the Squadron moved to Mosul in August 1942.
52 became a flying squadron again in October 1942, when it received Bristol Blenheims, which were used for survey work over Iraq.
Its Blenheims were supplemented with Martin Baltimores in January 1943.
It moved to Egypt in February 1943, when it discarded its Blenheims to become a solely Batimore equipped Squadron.
24 Squadron moved to Tunisia in June 1943, where it became operational, flying maritime reconnaissance and Air-Sea-Rescue searches.
The squadron moved to Italy in November that year, with detachments at Malta, and then moved again to Gibraltar in February 1944, disbanding on 31 March 1944.
On 1 July 1944, 353 Squadron, a transport squadron equipped with a mix of Lockheed Hudsons and Douglas Dakotas based at Dum Dum near Calcutta, India, was split into two, with the Dakota equipped 'C' and 'D' Flights becoming 52 Squadron.
A major role of the new squadron was flying air mail over the Himalaya Mountains to China, the so-called "Hump route".
It was also used to operate a mail and general transport service throughout India and Ceylon.
The Squadron received a number of Liberators in December 1944 for Hump operations, with a few Beechcraft Expeditor light transports and de Havilland Tiger Moths modified as air ambulances in 1945.
It continued its transport routes to China and throughout India following the end of the War, extending them to Malaya.
By the time flights over the Hump route to China finished in December 1945, the Squadron had flown 830 crossings of the Himalayas, carrying 3,277 passengers, 1,916,443 lb (871,100 kg) of cargo and 454,834 lb (20,380 kg) of mail for the loss of one aircraft.
The squadron moved to Mingladon in Burma in October 1946, but transferred to Singapore in July 1947 following a coup.
From here it was soon involved in 'Operation Firedog'.
Dakotas were replaced by Valettas in 1951 and based at RAAF Butterworth these continued to be used on a regular passenger run between Singapore and Butterworth until unreliability forced cessation of passenger carrying.
The squadron continued to operate, notably from Kuching dropping supplies to the jungle troops, mainly Gurkhas, fighting the Indonesian troops in the confrontation war until disbanded on 25 April 1966.
The squadron reformed, for the final time so far, on 1 December 1966 at Seletar.
It was still employed on general transport duties but was now equipped with Andover aircraft, which it used until disbanding on 31 December 1969.
Tasks were found for the squadron with regular flights to RAAF Butterworth, a twice weekly flight to RAF Kuching, Seria (Anduki) and RAF Labuan, with the aircraft returning after a night stop.
The latter flight was also utilised to ferry Gurkha troops to Singapore for onward flights to Nepal.
Training and liaison flight were undertaken around the region including Hong Kong, Saigon and Bangkok.
In 1968, the squadron was relocated to RAF Changi and was disbanded in January 1970.
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The criticism of Linux focuses on issues concerning use of operating systems which use the Linux kernel.
While the Linux-based Android operating system dominates the smartphone market in many countries, and Linux is used on the New York Stock Exchange and most supercomputers, it is used in few desktop and laptop computers.
Much of the criticism of Linux is related to the lack of desktop and laptop adoption, although as of 2015 there has been growing unease with the project's perspective on security and its adoption of systemd has been controversial.
A group of security patches for the Linux kernel, called grsecurity, have been proposed to add features like address space layout randomization into the official release of the kernel.
Some security professionals say that the rise in prominence of operating system-level virtualization using Linux has raised the profile of attacks against the kernel, and that Linus Torvalds is reticent to add mitigations against kernel-level attacks in official releases.
Con Kolivas, a former kernel developer, tried to optimize the kernel scheduler for interactive desktop use.
He finally dropped the support for his patches due to the lack of appreciation for his development.
In the 2007 interview "Why I quit: kernel developer Con Kolivas" he stated:
At LinuxCon 2009, Linux creator Linus Torvalds said that the Linux kernel has become "bloated and huge":
At LinuxCon 2014, Linux creator Linus Torvalds said he thinks the bloat situation is better because modern PCs are a lot faster:
In an interview with German newspaper Zeit Online in November 2011, Linus Torvalds stated that Linux has become "too complex" and he was concerned that developers would not be able to find their way through the software anymore.
He complained that even subsystems have become very complex and he told the publication that he is "afraid of the day" when there will be an error that "cannot be evaluated anymore."
Andrew Morton, one of Linux kernel lead developers, explains that many bugs identified in Linux are never fixed: Con Kolivas, a former Linux kernel developer, compared some OpenSolaris kernel code to Linux code and was surprised at the difference in code quality:
Theo de Raadt, founder of OpenBSD, compares OpenBSD development process to Linux:
Critics of Linux on the desktop have frequently argued that a lack of top-selling video games on the platform holds adoption back.
As of September 2015, the Steam gaming service has 1,500 games available on Linux, compared to 2,323 games for Mac and 6,500 Windows games.
As a desktop operating system, Linux has been criticized on a number of fronts, including:
***LIST***.
Another common complaint levelled against Linux is the abundance of distributions available.
As of August, 2014, DistroWatch lists 285 major distributions.
While Linux advocates have defended the number as an example of freedom of choice, other critics cite the large number as cause for confusion and lack of standardization in Linux operating systems.
Alexander Wolfe wrote in InformationWeek:
Caitlyn Martin from LinuxDevCenter has been critical of the number of Linux distributions:
Hardware developers have often been reluctant to provide full technical documentation for their products to allow drivers to be written.
This has meant that a Linux user had to carefully hand pick the hardware that made up the system to ensure functionality and compatibility.
These problems have largely been addressed:
At one time, Linux systems required removable media, such as floppy discs and CD-ROMs, to be manually mounted before they could be accessed.
Mounting media is now automatic in nearly all distributions, with the development of the udev.
Some companies, such as EmperorLinux, have addressed the problems of laptop hardware compatibility by mating modified Linux distributions with specially selected hardware to ensure compatibility from delivery.
The traditional directory structure, which is a heritage from Linux's Unix roots in the 1970s, has been criticized as inappropriate for desktop end users.
Some Linux distributions like GoboLinux and moonOS have proposed alternative hierarchies that were argued to be easier for end users, though they achieved little acceptance.
In 2004, Microsoft initiated its "Get the Facts" campaign, which specifically criticized Linux server usage.
In particular, it claimed that the vulnerabilities of Windows are fewer in number than those of Linux distributions, that Windows is more reliable and secure than Linux, that the total cost of ownership of Linux is higher (due to complexity, acquisition costs, and support costs), that use of Linux places a burden of liability on businesses, and that "Linux vendors provide little, if any indemnification coverage."
In addition, the corporation published various studies in an attempt to prove this – the factuality of which has been heavily disputed by different authors who claim that Microsoft's comparisons are flawed.
Many Linux distributors now offer indemnification to customers.
Internal Microsoft reports from the Halloween documents leak have presented conflicting views.
Particularly documents from 1998 and 1999 ceded that "Linux ... is trusted in mission critical applications, and – due to its open source code – has a long term credibility which exceeds many other competitive OSs", "An advanced Win32 GUI user would have a short learning cycle to become productive [under Linux]", "Long term, my simple experiments do indicate that Linux has a chance at the desktop market ...", and "Overall respondents felt the most compelling reason to support OSS was that it 'Offers a low total cost of ownership (TCO)'."
The Linux community has had mixed responses to these and other criticisms.
As mentioned above, while some criticism has led to new features and better user-friendliness, the Linux community as a whole has a reputation for being resistant to criticism.
Writing for "PC World", Keir Thomas, noted that, "Most of the time the world of Linux tends to be anti-critical.
If anybody in the community dares be critical, they get stomped upon."
In a 2015 interview, Linus Torvalds also mentioned the tendency of Linux desktop environment projects to blame their users instead of themselves in case of criticism.
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The Free Association of German Trade Unions (; abbreviated FVdG; sometimes also translated as Free Association of German Unions or Free Alliance of German Trade Unions) was a trade union federation in Imperial and early Weimar Germany.
It was founded in 1897 in Halle under the name "Representatives' Centralization of Germany" as the national umbrella organization of the localist current of the German labor movement.
The localists rejected the centralization in the labor movement following the sunset of the Anti-Socialist Laws in 1890 and preferred grassroots democratic structures.
The lack of a strike code soon led to conflict within the organization.
Various ways of providing financial support for strikes were tested before a system of voluntary solidarity was agreed upon in 1903, the same year that the name "Free Association of German Trade Unions" was adopted.
During the years following its formation, the FVdG began to adopt increasingly radical positions.
During the German socialist movement's debate over the use of mass strikes, the FVdG advanced the view that the general strike must be a weapon in the hands of the working class.
The federation believed the mass strike was the last step before a socialist revolution and became increasingly critical of parliamentary action.
Disputes with the mainstream labor movement finally led to the expulsion of FVdG members from the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) in 1908 and the complete severing of relations between the two organizations.
Anarchist and especially syndicalist positions became increasingly popular within the FVdG.
During World War I, the FVdG rejected the SPD's and mainstream labor movement's cooperation with the German state—known as the "Burgfrieden"—but was unable to organize any significant resistance to or continue its regular activities during the war.
Immediately after the November Revolution, the FVdG very quickly became a mass organization.
It was particularly attractive to miners from the Ruhr area opposed to the mainstream unions' reformist policies.
In December 1919, the federation merged with several minor left communist unions to become the Free Workers' Union of Germany (FAUD).
According to Angela Vogel and Hartmut Rübner, Carl Hillmann, a typesetter and prominent trade unionist in the 1870s, was the "intellectual father" of the localist and anarcho-syndicalist movement.
Vogel's and Rübner's claim is based on the fact that Hillmann was the first in Germany to consider unions' primary role to be the creation of the conditions for a socialist revolution, not simply to improve workers' living conditions.
He also advocated a de-centralized trade union federation structure.
Many of the later anarcho-syndicalists including Rudolf Rocker agree with this notion.
Hans Manfred Bock, on the other hand, sees no evidence for Hillmann's influence on the FVdG.
From 1878 to 1890, the Anti-Socialist Laws forbade all socialist trade unions.
Only small local organizations, which communicated via intermediaries such as stewards, who worked illegally or semi-legally, survived.
This form of organization was easier to protect against state repression.
After the laws were sunset in 1890, the General Commission of the Trade Unions of Germany was founded on November 17 at a conference in Berlin to centralize the socialist labor movement.
In 1892, the Trade Union Congress of Halberstadt was held to organize the many local unions under the committee.
The localists, 31,000 of whom were represented at the congress, wanted to retain many of the changes that had been adopted during the repressive period.
For example, they opposed separate organizations for political and economic matters, such as the party and the trade union.
They especially wanted to keep their grassroots democratic structures.
They also advocated local trade unions being networked by delegates rather than ruled centrally, and were wary of bureaucratic structures.
The localists' proposals were rejected at the Halberstadt congress, so they refused to join the centralized trade unions, which became known as the Free Trade Unions.
They did not renounce social democracy, but rather considered themselves to be an avant-garde within the social democratic movement in Germany.
The localists' main stronghold was in Berlin, although localist unions existed in the rest of the Empire as well.
Masons, carpenters, and some metal-working professions—especially those requiring a higher degree of qualification like coppersmiths or gold and silver workers—were represented in large numbers.
By 1891, there were at least 20,000 metal workers in localist trade unions, just as many as in the centralized German Metal Workers' Union.
At a congress in 1897 in Halle, the localists founded a national organization of their own, the Representatives' Centralization of Germany ("Vertrauensmänner-Zentralisation Deutschlands").
The congress was originally supposed to take place a year earlier, but a lack of interest forced it to be postponed.
There were 37 delegates at the congress representing 6,803 union members.
Nearly two-thirds of the delegates came from Berlin or Halle.
Almost half the delegates worked in the construction industry, while 14 delegates came from highly specialized professions.
The congress decided to establish a five-person Business Commission seated in Berlin to organize political actions, aid in communication between local organizations, and raise financial support for strikes.
Fritz Kater became the chairman of the commission.
A newspaper, "Solidarität" ("Solidarity"), was founded, but the name was changed to "Die Einigkeit" ("Unity") the following year.
It initially appeared fortnightly, but was published on a weekly basis beginning in 1898.
The decision to found a national organization was likely the result of several factors.
First, the mainstream trade unions were increasingly reformist and centralized.
Second, the localists gained confidence from their involvement in the dock workers' strike in Hamburg in late 1896 and early 1897.
Third, loss of membership (for example, the Berlin metal workers rejoined the DMV in 1897) convinced the localists of the need for action.
The Representatives' Centralization's relationship to the SPD was ambivalent.
The organization was allied with the SPD and supported the Erfurt Program.
At the same time, the party mostly opposed the founding of the Representatives' Centralization and called upon its members to rejoin the centralized trade unions.
The FVdG remained affiliated with the SPD, which in turn tolerated it because the SPD was afraid a split would lead to a large loss of members.
The FVdG stated it would rejoin the centralized trade unions like the SPD leadership desired only if the centralized unions accepted the FVdG's organizational principles.
The early years of the Representatives' Centralization of Germany were dominated by a discussion on how to finance strikes by individual local trade unions.
The issue was how local unions could retain their autonomy when receiving financial assistance.
Originally, all support between local organizations had been voluntary.
But this system became more and more impractical, especially after the turn of the 20th century saw numerous large strikes in which employers reacted more aggressively — often by locking out workers.
In 1899, the Business Committee felt it had to support a strike in Braunschweig.
It took out a loan, which was paid off with dues income and from donations by Berlin unions.
The following year, the Business Committee incurred 8,000 Marks in debt by supporting strikes.
Part of the debt was paid off by the SPD, while the rest was apportioned among the local unions.
This practice was replaced in 1900 by a far more complex system of assessments and donations designed to raise the money to support strikes.
This system was replaced in 1901 because it was impractical.
The 1901 system required every local union and the central committee to create strike funds.
Local unions would receive support for strikes from Berlin under certain circumstances, and the central Business Committee's fund would be replenished by all member organizations in amounts proportional to their membership and the average wage of their members.
This system, too, proved problematic because it penalized the larger, wealthier unions — especially the construction workers in Berlin who had higher wages but also higher costs of living.
From 1901 to 1903, many small organizations joined the federation, yet the FVdG's membership fell as the punitive strike support system drove some larger unions out.
In 1903, the federation not only changed its name to the "Free Association of German Trade Unions" but also decided to return to the old system of voluntary contributions.
This system remained in place until 1914.
The Business Committee worked to ensure that unions contributed as much as they could.
Often the committee resorted to threatening unions with expulsion in order to raise funds for a strike.
Fritz Kater called this a dictatorship necessary for the movement, but local organizations still had far more autonomy than their counterparts in other German labor federations.
During the first decade of the 20th century, the FVdG was transformed from a localist union federation into a syndicalist labor organization with anarchist tendencies.
The process was initiated by the death of Gustav Keßler, the most important ideologue in the FVdG, in 1903.
His role was largely assumed by the physician Raphael Friedeberg.
In 1903, a dispute between the FVdG and the Free Trade Unions in Berlin led the party commission to intervene and to sponsor talks aimed at re-unification of the two wings of the German labor movement.
At the meeting, the FVdG made a number of compromises, which led to member protests.
Soon, over one-third of the members left the union.
The 1903 FVdG congress elected a panel to continue negotiations with the Free Trade Unions.
This panel demanded that the Free Trade Unions adopt localist organizational principles as a prerequisite for re-unification.
The FVdG panel realized this demand was unrealistic, but hoped the expulsion of revisionists from the SPD during the debate on Eduard Bernstein's theses would strengthen their position.
The impossibility of a reconciliation between the two became obvious by March 1904, since the re-unification envisioned by both the leadership of the SPD and the Free Trade Unions was more along the lines of an integration of the FVdG into the Free Trade Unions.
The FVdG's disillusionment with the social democratic movement deepened during the mass strike debate.
The role of the general strike for the socialist movement was first discussed within the FVdG in 1901.
At the SPD's 1903 congress in Dresden, Raphael Friedeberg proposed discussing the topic, but his proposal was rejected by the congress.
The following year, a proposal by Wilhelm Liebknecht and Eduard Bernstein to initiate debate on the topic was accepted, since they had distanced themselves from Friedeberg's positions.
Liebknecht and Bernstein, like the left wing of the party, felt the general strike should not be used to provoke the state but rather to defend political rights (especially the right to vote) should the state seek to abolish them.
The more conservative faction in the party was opposed to this concept.
In 1904, Friedeberg, speaking for the FVdG, advanced the view that the general strike must be a weapon in the hands of the proletariat and would be the last step before the socialist revolution.
In 1905, his speech on the topic was even more radical.
He claimed that historical materialism, a pillar of Marxism, was to blame for social democracy's alleged powerlessness, and introduced the alternative concept of "historical psychism"—which held that human psychology was more significant for social development than material conditions.
He also recommended the anarchist literature especially Kropotkin's writings rather than Marx's works, which were most influential in the SPD.
The position that the general strike could be used, but only as a last resort, became dominant in the party during the mass strike debate.
This caused much concern among the conservatives in the party, especially among many trade unionists.
At a meeting in February 1906, the trade unionists were placated by party leaders, who said they would attempt to prevent a general strike at all costs.
The FVdG reacted by publishing the secret protocols from the meeting in "Die Einigkeit," greatly angering the party leadership.
At the 1905 party convention, August Bebel, who had always favored a stronger role for the SPD-affiliated unions, proposed a resolution requiring all members of the party to join the centralized trade unions for their respective professions.
This would have forced all FVdG members to either leave the party or the trade union.
The resolution was adopted, and implemented in 1907.
An FVdG survey returned a vote of twenty-two to eight opposing rejoining the centralized unions.
This led some of the masons, carpenters, and construction workers in the union to leave the FVdG in 1907 to avoid being expelled from the SPD, saying the organization was "taking a path, which would certainly lead to strife with the SPD and to syndicalism and anarchism."
In 1908, the SPD's Nuremberg congress finally voted to make SPD and FVdG membership incompatible.
In addition to causing about two-thirds of its members to quit between 1906 and 1910, the radicalization of the FVdG also correlates to a slight change in the milieu, industries, and regions from which the organization drew its members.
Many metal and construction workers, who had a localist tradition, left as a result of the syndicalist and anarchist tendencies in the FVdG.
Miners, who worked mostly in the Ruhr area, did not have this tradition but developed a certain skepticism of bureaucratic structures.
About 450 of them joined the FVdG before World War I, a sign of what was to come after the war.
Following the split from the SPD, the FVdG was increasingly influenced by French syndicalism and anarchism.
In 1908, Kater called the Charter of Amiens, the platform of the French General Confederation of Labor (CGT), the earliest and largest syndicalist union worldwide, "a new revelation".
Although there was no contact between German "intellectual anarchists" (like Gustav Landauer and Erich Mühsam) and the FVdG, it did have influential anarchist members, most notably Andreas Kleinlein and Fritz Köster.
Kleinlein and Köster increasingly influenced the federation from 1908 on, and this led to the founding of "Der Pionier" in 1911.
This newspaper, which was edited by Köster, had a much more aggressive tone than "Die Einigkeit".
Despite these developments, the influence of the anarchists in the pre-World War I FVdG remained quantitatively minute, especially as leading members like Kater were at the time very skeptical of the anarchist ideology.
After both the British Industrial Syndicalist Education League (ISEL), a short-lived syndicalist organization heavily involved in the strike wave in Britain from 1910, and the Dutch syndicalist union National Labor Secretariat (NAS) published proposals for an international syndicalist congress in 1913, the FVdG was the first to express support.
There were difficulties in organizing the congress, and the largest syndicalist union worldwide — the CGT — refused to participate because it was already affiliated with the social democratic International Federation of Trade Unions.
Despite these challenges, the First International Syndicalist Congress took place at Holborn Town Hall in London from September 27 to October 2.
British, Swedish, Danish, Dutch, Belgian, French, Spanish, Italian, Cuban, Brazilian, and Argentine organizations—both labor unions and political groups — had delegates in London in addition to the FVdG, which was represented by Karl Roche, Carl Windhoff, and Fritz Kater.
There were also links with Norwegian, Polish, and American groups.
Kater was elected co-president of the congress alongside Jack Wills.
After Wills was forced to resign, Kater served as co-president with Jack Tanner.
The congress had difficulty agreeing on many issues, the main source of conflict being whether further schisms in the European labor movement (as had occurred in Germany and the Netherlands) should be risked.
The FVdG generally agreed with their Dutch comrades in calling on other unions to decide between syndicalism and socialism, while their Italian, French, and Spanish counterparts, most notably Alceste De Ambris of the Italian USI, were more intent on preventing further division.
Accordingly, the congress was divided on the question of whether its purpose was to simply pave the way for deeper relations between the syndicalist unions or whether a Syndicalist International was to be founded.
The opponents of a new organization prevailed, but the congress agreed to establish an Information Bureau.
The Information Bureau was based in Amsterdam and published the "Bulletin international du mouvement syndicaliste."
The congress was considered a success by most who attended, with the notable exception of De Ambris.
A second congress was scheduled to take place in two years' time in Amsterdam.
Due to the outbreak of World War I, the congress did not take place.
The "Bulletin" only published for eighteen issues before the war caused it to cease publication.
During the buildup to World War I, the FVdG denounced the SPD's anti-war rhetoric as "complete humbug".
With the start of war, the SPD and the mainstream labor movement entered into the "Burgfrieden" (or civil truce) with the German state.
Under this agreement, the unions' structures remained intact and the government did not cut wages during the war.
For their part, the unions did not support new strikes, ended current ones, and mobilized support for the war effort.
The 1916 Auxiliary War Service Law established further cooperation between employers, unions, and the state by creating workers' committees in the factories and joint management-union arbitration courts.
The FVdG, on the other hand, was the only labor organization in the country which refused to participate in the "Burgfrieden."
The union held that war-time patriotism was incompatible with proletarian internationalism and that war could only bring greater exploitation of labor.
(Indeed, the average real wage fell by 55 percent during the war.)
While the mainstream labor movement was quick to agree with the state that Russia and the United Kingdom were to blame for igniting the war, the FVdG held that the cause for the war was imperialism and that no blame could be assigned until after the conflict ended.
The federation strongly criticized hostility towards foreigners working in Germany, especially Poles and Italians.
It also rejected the concepts of the "nation" and national identity invoked in support of the war, claiming that common language, origin and culture (the foundations of a nation) did not exist in Germany.
The FVdG's newspapers also declared that the war refuted historical materialism, since the masses had gone to war against their own material interests.
After Fritz Kater and Max Winkler reaffirmed syndicalist antimilitarism in the August 5, 1914 "Der Pionier" edition, the newspaper was banned.
Three days later, "Die Einigkeit" criticized the SPD's stance on the war.
It was then suppressed as well.
The FVdG promptly responded by founding the weekly "Mitteilungsblatt."
After it was banned in June 1915, the federation founded the bi-weekly "Rundschreiben," which survived until May 1917.
Social Democratic publications on the other hand were allowed by Prussian War Minister Erich von Falkenhayn to be distributed even in the army.
In the first days of the war, about 30 FVdG activists in Cologne, Elberfeld, Düsseldorf, Krefeld and other cities were arrested—some remaining under house arrest for two years.
The government repression against the FVdG was heavy.
While bans were often placed on the union's regular meetings, authorities in Düsseldorf even banned meetings of the syndicalist choir.
Another problem for the union was that many of its members were conscripted.
Half of the Berlin construction workers, the federation's largest union, were forced to serve in the army.
In some places, all FVdG members were called into service.
Although the FVdG insisted that the "goal is everything and ... must be everything" (a play on Bernstein's formula that "the final goal, whatever it may be, is nothing to me: the movement is everything"), it was unable to do much more than keep its own structures alive during World War I.
Immediately after the declaration of war, FVdG tried to continue its antiwar demonstrations to no avail.
Although it constantly criticized the "Burgfrieden" and militarism in general, industrial action was not possible except for a few minor cases (most notably resistance by the carpenters' union to Sunday work).
The FVdG also received support from abroad.
The faction in the Italian USI led by Armando Borghi, an antimilitarist minority in the French CGT, the Dutch NAS, as well as Spanish, Swedish, and Danish syndicalists were all united with the FVdG in their opposition to the war.
As the Great War progressed, war exhaustion in Germany grew.
The first strikes in the country since the start of the war broke out in 1915, steadily increasing in frequency and magnitude.
The unions' role as troubleshooter between the employers and the workers soon led to conflict between the membership and union officials, and the Free Trade Unions steadily lost members.
Correspondingly, the Reichstag faction of the SPD split over continued support for the war.
The 1917 February Revolution in Russia was seen by the FVdG as an expression of the people's desire for peace.
The syndicalists paid special attention to the role the general strike (which they had been advocating for years) played in the revolution.
They were unable to comment on the October Revolution as the "Rundschreiben" had been banned by the time it broke out.
Some claim that the FVdG influenced strikes in the arms industry as early as February or March 1918, but the organization was not re-established on a national level until December 1918.
On December 14, Fritz Kater started publishing "Der Syndikalist" ("The Syndicalist") in Berlin as a replacement for "Die Einigkeit."
On December 26 and 27, a conference organized by Kater and attended by 33 delegates from 43 local unions took place in Berlin.
The delegates reflected upon the difficult times during the war and proudly noted that the FVdG was the only trade union which did not have to adjust its program to the new political conditions because it had remained loyal to its anti-state and internationalist principles.
The delegates reaffirmed their rejection of parliamentarianism and refused to participate in the National Assembly.
In Spring 1919, Karl Roche wrote a new platform for the FVdG entitled "Was wollen die Syndikalisten?
Programm, Ziele und Wege der 'Freien Vereinigung deutscher Gewerkschaften'" ("What Do the Syndicalists Want?
The Program, Goals, and Means of the 'Free Association of German Trade Unions'").
In addition to reiterating pre-war ideas and slogans, it went further by criticizing participation in electoral democracy, claiming that this handicapped and confused proletarian class struggle.
The platform also called for the establishment of the dictatorship of the proletariat, a position which was designed to reach out to the newly formed Communist Party (KPD) and International Communists of Germany.
In late 1918 and early 1919, the FVdG became an important player in the strike movement in the Ruhr region (which mostly involved miners).
Its organizers, most notably Carl Windhoff, became regular speakers at workers' demonstrations.
On April 1, a general strike supported by the FVdG, the KPD and the Independent Social Democratic Party (USPD) began.
The strike eventually involved up to 75 percent of the region's miners until it was violently suppressed in late April by the SPD-led government.
After the strike and the ensuing collapse of the General Miners' Union, the FVdG expanded its unions rapidly and independently of the aforementioned political parties, especially in the Ruhr region.
This led to a massive expansion in FVdG membership.
The FVdG's criticism of the bureaucratic centralized trade unions, its advocation of direct action, and its low membership dues were received well by the workers in the Ruhr region.
By August 1919, the federation had around 60,000 members throughout Germany.
However, its Ruhr miners' unions left the craft unionist scheme the FVdG had traditionally been organized by behind, preferring simpler industrial structures.
The end of cooperation between the FVdG and the political parties in the Ruhr region was part of a nationwide trend after Paul Levi, an anti-syndicalist, became chairman of the KPD in March.
Moreover, Rudolf Rocker, a communist anarchist and follower of Kropotkin, joined the FVdG in March 1919.
He returned via The Netherlands in November 1918 after living in exile in London, where he had been active in the Jewish anarchist scene.
Augustin Souchy, more of a Landauer-esque anarchist, also joined the federation in 1919.
Both rapidly gained influence in the organization and—as anti-Marxists—were opposed to close collaboration with communists.
Nevertheless, the FVdG's Rhineland and Westphalia section merged with left communist unions to form the Free Workers' Union (FAU) in September 1919.
Syndicalists from the FVdG were the biggest and most dominant faction in the FAU.
The FAU's statutes mostly reflected compromises by the federation's member unions, but also reflected the FVdG's significant influence.
Soon it was decided to complete the merger in Rhineland and Westphalia on a national level.
The FVdG's 12th congress, held December 27 to 30, became the Free Workers' Union of Germany's (FAUD) founding congress.
Most left communists (including the influential veteran member Karl Roche) had already quit or were in the process of leaving the FAU in Rhineland and Westphalia by this point.
The majority of them would join the General Workers' Union of Germany (AAUD), which was founded in February 1920.
Without the left communists to oppose its adoption, Rocker's thoroughly anarchist "Prinzipienerklärung des Syndikalismus" ("Declaration of Syndicalist Principles"), which the Business Commission had charged him with drafting, became the FAUD's platform without much controversy.
The FAUD also rejected the dictatorship of the proletariat and other Marxist terms and ideas.
According to the Business Commission, the congress was attended by 109 delegates representing 111,675 workers, twice as many as were claimed just four and a half months earlier.
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Ken Wilson is an American sportscaster (born October 20, 1947), known primarily for his many years as a play-by-play announcer of National Hockey League and Major League Baseball games.
For twenty seasons Wilson called St. Louis Blues hockey on FoxSports Net Midwest, KPLR-TV, and KMOX radio.
His famous catch phrase when calling Blues games was 'Oh Baby!
', which he injected during moments of extreme excitement.
Wilson called NHL games for 22 seasons, including games for ESPN and SportsChannel America, and spent 24 seasons broadcasting for several Major League Baseball teams.
Born in Detroit, Michigan, Wilson earned a degree in journalism from the University of Michigan, then attended business school at the University of Hawaii in Honolulu, Hawaii.
During this seven year stretch living in Hawaii (1970-1976), he did play-by-play for the Triple A baseball Hawaii Islanders, became sports director of the NBC affiliate in Honolulu, called University of Hawaii basketball games on radio and TV, and developed the second-ever sports talk radio show in the United States, "Hawaii Sports Huddle" Wilson also called Cincinnati Swords (American Hockey League) games from 1972-1974.
In 1976 he received acclaim as Hawaii Sportscaster of the Year.
Wilson went on to become the first announcer for the Seattle Mariners, along with Dave Niehaus, from 1977-1982.
Moving on from Seattle, Wilson did television games for the Chicago Blackhawks from 1982-1984, served as a part-time broadcaster for the Chicago White Sox in 1983, and called play-by-play for the Cincinnati Reds TV Network from 1983-1985.
In 1984, Wilson was approached by Anheuser-Busch, then part owner of the Sports Time Cable Network, to not only announce the Reds games, but move from covering the Blackhawks during the hockey season to the St. Louis Blues.
Wilson called his first St. Louis Blues game on October 11, 1984, a 4-2 win for the Blues in Calgary.
During his time at Sports Time, he called the U.S. Olympic Basketball Team game against a team of NBA stars, played at the Hoosier Dome in Indianapolis, Indiana on July 9, 1984.
The crowd of 67,678 was the largest crowd to see a basketball game in the U.S. at the time.
During the 1985 baseball season, Ken Wilson, working with Joe Morgan, called Pete Rose's 4192nd hit that broke Ty Cobb's all-time record.
Wilson then called one of the greatest games in St. Louis Blues history, known as the Monday Night Miracle, the following year.
Wilson's association as announcer for the Blues continued to grow stronger after that.
He became the Voice of the "NHL on ESPN", working primarily with Bill Clement, and did play-by-play of the 1986 Stanley Cup Finals.
In 1987, on ESPN, Wilson broadcast Rendez-vous '87 in Quebec City, an international hockey series between the Soviet National Team and the NHL All-Stars.
From 1988-1992 he partnered with Herb Brooks on SportsChannel America's NHL coverage.
Wilson also did hockey play-by-play for the 2000 Goodwill Games on TBS, working with John Davidson.
In addition to his hockey work, he continued his work in baseball, announcing St. Louis Cardinals games between 1985 and 1990, California Angels' games from 1991-1995, Oakland A’s games from 1996-1998, and Seattle Mariners games in 2011 and 2012.
Wilson is one of a handful of broadcasters to call three perfect games during his big league career (Kenny Rogers, Texas Rangers, 1994; Phillip Humber, Chicago White Sox, 2012; and, Felix Hernandez, Seattle Mariners, 2012), as well as two no-hitters, George Brett's 3,000th hit and Gaylord Perry's 300th victory.
In 1997, Wilson purchased the Zanesville (Ohio) Baseball Club of the independent Frontier League and moved the club to the western suburbs of St. Louis.
He formed an investor group and served as managing partner of the River City Rascals, until selling his interest in 2004.
He helped form a second group that purchased a Frontier League expansion team in 2000.
That club began play in 2001 in the eastern suburbs of St. Louis as the Gateway Grizzlies.
Wilson sold his ownership interest in that club in 2013.
Wilson continued announcing for the St. Louis Blues earning the Missouri Sportscaster of the Year award in 2001 along with four Mid-America Emmy Awards for play-by-play.
After the 2003–04 NHL season, when his contract was not renewed by the Blues, he moved back to Honolulu, where he spent a year as a reporter on KHON-TV, prior to opening Mama's Island Pizza in 2005.
Along with his wife, Wilson operated the restaurant until February 2008.
During this time, Wilson also did play-by-play for the Hawaii Winter Baseball League in 2006 and 2007.
In 2008, Wilson became president of the West Coast League, a top summer collegiate wood-bat baseball league, serving in that position until 2013.
The following year he became president of the Great West League, a summer collegiate wood-bat baseball league that began play in 2016.
In 2015 Wilson became owner and operator of the Portland Pickles, a team in the Great West League.
The Pickles had 16 sellouts and played to 99% of capacity at Portland's Walker Stadium in their inaugural 2016 season.
Following the season, Wilson divested himself of his ownership interest in the team to serve full-time as the commissioner of the Great West League.
Wilson returned to the Seattle Mariners' television booth on July 27, 2008 to fill in for his former partner Dave Niehaus, who was being inducted to the Hall of Fame on the same day.
Wilson returned to the Mariners again for the 2011 and 2012 seasons, providing radio and TV play-by-play as part of a rotating committee of announcers replacing Niehaus, who died on November 10, 2010.
During his career Wilson broadcast 2,230 Major League Baseball games and 1,556 National Hockey League games.
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Larry E. Birkhead (born January 22, 1973) is a former partner of American "Playboy" model Anna Nicole Smith, also known as Vickie Lynn Marshall.
He is the father of her daughter Dannielynn Hope Marshall Birkhead.
He obtained full custody of his daughter after DNA results proved his paternity in April 2007.
Birkhead, the son of Larry L. Birkhead and Nancy Birkhead, is a native of Louisville, Kentucky.
Birkhead has a twin brother Lewis, as well as a sister, Angela Heuser, and a half-sister, Judy Birkhead.
He graduated in 1991 from Louisville's Doss High School.
He holds a 1999 degree from the University of Louisville.
Birkhead and Smith initially met in May 2004 at the Trish Barnstable Brown Gala, one of the major Louisville-area Kentucky Derby parties that attracts many celebrities.
On April 10, 2007, a Bahamian court ruled that DNA testing proved that Larry Birkhead is the father of Dannielynn, the daughter of Anna Nicole Smith.
Birkhead resided in Los Angeles, but as of 2015, he has been living with Dannielynn in Louisville, Kentucky.
Larry and Dannielynn participated in several TV shows: "Life after Anna" on E!
Network, "Wife Swap", "The Millionaire Matchmaker", "Entertainment Tonight", "Access Hollywood", "Inside Edition", "Hollywood Medium with Tyler Henry", "Wendy Williams Show", "Steve Harvey", "RTL Television".
Although several men also claimed paternity, including Howard K. Stern, Mark Hatten, Frédéric Prinz von Anhalt, and Smith's former bodyguard, Alexander Denk, a DNA test provided by Michael L. Baird proved that Birkhead had fathered Smith's infant daughter, then named Dannielynn Hope Marshall Stern.
Smith had claimed that her attorney and partner, Stern, was the father.
In April 2007, a Bahamian court ordered custody of Dannielynn to be transferred from Stern to Birkhead, who corrected her birth certificate to show him as father and renamed her Dannielynn Hope Marshall Birkhead.
Smith's mother Virgie Arthur filed for the custody of Dannielynn and tried to block Birkhead from leaving the country with the baby.
Bahamas judge in the Court of Appeals in Nassau tossed out Virgie Arthur's appeal and ordered her to pay $3000 in attorney's fees.
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In mathematics and probability theory, Skorokhod's embedding theorem is either or both of two theorems that allow one to regard any suitable collection of random variables as a Wiener process (Brownian motion) evaluated at a collection of stopping times.
Both results are named for the Ukrainian mathematician A.V.
Let "X" be a real-valued random variable with expected value 0 and variance; let "W" denote a canonical real-valued Wiener process.
Then there is a stopping time (with respect to the natural filtration of "W"), "τ", such that "W" has the same distribution as "X", and
Let "X", "X", ... be a sequence of independent and identically distributed random variables, each with expected value 0 and finite variance, and let
Then there is a sequence of stopping times "τ" ≤ "τ" ≤ ... such that the ***formula*** have the same joint distributions as the partial sums "S" and "τ", "τ" − "τ", "τ" − "τ", ... are independent and identically distributed random variables satisfying
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Michael Peca was a major addition to the team for 2006–07, signed from the defending Western Conference champion Edmonton Oilers.
Peca went down with a broken leg in December, however, after recording just four goals in 35 games.
Goaltender Andrew Raycroft was acquired in a trade from the Boston Bruins, to take over the starting job vacated by Ed Belfour's departure to the Florida Panthers.
On January 4, 2007, the Maple Leafs defeated the Boston Bruins on the road by a score of 10–2.
Alexander Steen had a hat trick in the victory.
It was the first time that an NHL team had scored 10 goals in a regular-season game since January 14, 2006, when the Buffalo Sabres defeated the Los Angeles Kings at home by a score of 10–1.
It was also the first time that the Maple Leafs had scored 10 goals in a regular-season game since November 12, 1998, when they defeated the Chicago Blackhawks on the road by a score of 10–3.
Although they finished in third place in the Northeast Division, the Maple Leafs ultimately failed to qualify for the playoffs after the New York Islanders clinched the 8th playoff spot after a 3–2 victory in a shootout to the New Jersey Devils, finishing just one point out of the final playoff spot in the Eastern Conference.
The Maple Leafs tied the Dallas Stars for fewest shorthanded goals scored during the regular season, with three.
On April 8, 2007, the New York Islanders defeated the New Jersey Devils in a shootout 3-2, thus clinching an eighth and final playoff spot and eliminating the Leafs from playoff contention.
Following the Islanders win, it meant that the Leafs missed the playoffs for the second consecutive year.
Toronto's picks at the 2006 NHL Entry Draft in Vancouver, British Columbia.
The Leafs had the 13th overall draft pick in the 2005–06 NHL season.
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Arthur Morrell was born in 1788 in Stoke Damerel, Devon, the second son of a Royal Navy lieutenant, John Morrell.
His father had been an able seaman, rising to the warrant officer's rank of gunner by the time his sons entered the Royal Navy.
Morrell's brother was John Arthur Morrell, who became a commander and served aboard HMS "Eagle" during an 1806 attack on Naples, then held by Napoleon's brother, Joseph Bonaparte.
Morrell joined the Royal Navy at the age of about twelve or thirteen as a first class volunteer.
He served first on HMS "Doris", a 38-gun fifth rate ship in the Channel fleet that took several French ships as prizes during the years Morrell served on her.
He then moved to the Caribbean on board HMS "Pique", and was by now a Master's mate.
It was aboard "Pique", a captured French ship formerly named "Pallas", that he would take part in the 1803 blockade of Saint-Domingue, serving off Cape Francois, at what is now Haiti.
A boat from the "Pique", commanded by Lieutenant Nesbit Josiah Willoughby, was dispatched to capture the French frigate "Clorinde" as she fled the rebellious Haitians led by Jean-Jacques Dessalines.
Morrell was part of the crew that brought "Clorinde" under a British flag to Jamaica.
"Pique" later took part in an abortive attempt to capture Curaçao, which in 1804 had been retaken from Britain by a Dutch-French force.
After nine years in the Caribbean, Morrell found himself in the Mediterranean, in a succession of ships including HMS "Termagant", from which he beheld the fall of Genoa in 1814, one of his last naval actions during the Napoleonic Wars.
At the end of hostilities, Britain turned to Arctic exploration to employ its navy and to attempt to discover a shorter route to the resource-rich Pacific.
In 1818, Morrell took part in a "perilous voyage of discovery" to Spitzbergen, in search of the Northwest Passage, in what was one of the earliest voyages of Arctic discovery.
The voyage was unsuccessful, but Morrell would later be awarded the Arctic Medal (1818–1855).
Captain David Buchan commanded HMS "Dorothea", while Morrell served as first lieutenant.
The "Dorothea" was accompanied by HMS "Trent", commanded by John Franklin.
As first lieutenant, Morrell kept a detailed log book which provided meteorological observations and navigational notes.
The expedition eventually failed to penetrate thick pack ice.
The expedition returned to England without having achieved its goal.
It would be nearly 40 years before Arctic exploration would be recognized, and in 1856 the Arctic Medal was struck and issued retroactively for various polar voyages starting with 1818, the year of Buchan's expedition.
In 1820, Morrell married Elizabeth Reid, daughter of the "first pay clerk of wages" at Devonport, William Reid.
Morrell was promoted to the rank of commander in 1821, but with peace, much of the Royal Navy was on half-pay.
In between periods at sea, it seems that Morrell and Elizabeth lived in or near Devonport.
But by 1830, the family had moved to Dinan, in France, where two of his sons were born, George Truman Morrell and another Arthur Morrell, both of whom would also serve in the Royal Navy.
Elizabeth later died aged 61 on 29 September 1862, by which time the family had settled in Dartford, Erith, Kent.
They had eight children together, of whom six would survive into adulthood.
***LIST***.
Finally, Morrell returned to sea service in 1843, on being given command of HMS "Espoir".
After a brief period commanding HMS "Espoir", which included successfully interdicting slave ships off the west coast of Africa, Morrell, now a commander, was in 1844 appointed governor of Ascension Island, an island in the Atlantic that held strategic value to Britain, due to its proximity to both Africa and South America.
He served as the island's 16th administrator for nearly three years, during which time the Royal Navy continued to engage the slave trade, and would have used the island as a base of operations and victualling stop.
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Steve Comer is a former leader of the Liberal Democrats on Bristol City Council in Bristol, England.
He was Councillor for Eastville ward from 2005 to 2013, having previously served as Councillor for the adjacent Easton ward (1983-7).
He lost by a single vote to a Labour candidate in 2013.
Comer was born in Bristol, but has lived in a number of places, mostly in the south west of the UK.
He is employed as a civil servant, and first became active in politics as a teenager, joining the Liberal Party at 18.
Comer is an active trade unionist, and is a member of the PCS Democrats group, formerly on the national executive of the PCS Union, to which he was first elected in 2000.
He has been a union representative at local, regional and national level since 1989 in a variety of negotiating posts.
At the 2005 elections the Liberal Democrat party became the largest party and took minority control of the Council.
Comer joined the new cabinet team on the council, and was elected deputy leader in 2006.
In May 2007 he replaced Barbara Janke as leader of the party, and was expected to become leader of the Council but was blocked by a combined Conservative and Labour vote, who installed a Labour leader instead.
At a Council meeting in May 2007 Comer proposed the establishment of a select committee on prostitution.
Labour and the Conservatives blocked the proposal, saying the council lacked the funding or the staff who could be dedicated solely to such a specific problem.
In 2013 Comer lost by a single vote in a very close election that saw the Labour Party complain that he was being racist in pointing out that the Labour candidate was from Scotland and had no connection with Eastville.
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Beycesultan () is an archaeological site in western Anatolia, located about 5 km southwest of the modern-day city of Çivril in the Denizli Province of Turkey.
It lies in a bend of an old tributary of Büyük Menderes River (Maeander River),
Beycesultan was occupied beginning in the Late Chalcolithic period.
This large mound is almost 1 km in diameter and 25 m high.
The settlement increased in size and prominence through the 3rd millennium, with notable religious and civil buildings.
Development peaked early in the 2nd millennium with the construction of a massive palace and associated structures.
The palace was abandoned and then destroyed circa 1700 BC.
To this point, the orientation of Beycesultan was strongly influenced from the west, mainly the Aegean and Crete.
After a few centuries of semi-abandonment, Beycesultan began to rise again, this time more influenced by the Hittite regions of Anatolia.
Though smaller than the earlier city, the site was of impressive size.
This second flowering of Beycesultan was completely destroyed circa 1200 BC as were many locations in Anatolia at that time.
The site was also the occupied, to a lesser scale, in the Byzantine, Seljuk and Ottoman period.
It has been hypothesized that is the Byzantine town and bishopry "Ilouza" (Ιλούζα), and possibly the Hittite Wilusa.
The site of Beycesultan consists of two mounds, divided by the old trading road.
The maximum height of 25 meters is at the western mound and the entire site is around a kilometer in diameter.
In early 1950s James Mellaart discovered specimens of "champagne-glass" style pottery in a Late Bronze Age context near the site.
A search identified the höyük (mound) of Beycesultan upstream of the Menderes river.
Seton Lloyd, along with James Mellaart, excavated Beycesultan on behalf of the British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara for six seasons from 1954 to 1959 with each dig lasting around two months.
A renewed survey of the site and its region was conducted from 2002 to 2007 by Eşref Abay of the Ege University and new excavations at the site conducted under his direction beginning in 2007.
Work continues to the present in conjunction with Adnan Menderes University.
While no epigraphic material has been found as yet, a few seals have been recovered.
The early excavators reported "a row of small houses that had been destroyed by fire", with the champagne-glass pottery.
There was also a palace "whose plan suggested ... Knossos", which was cleared out before its destruction:
Outside the palace,
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Stephen Gendin (February 20, 1966 – July 19, 2000) was a prominent AIDS activists in the late 1980s and throughout the 1990s, whose advocacy is credited for having promoted constructive changes in government policy that would improve the lives of HIV-positive people.
Gendin was involved with ACT UP, ActUp/RI, "Sex Panic!
", Community Prescription Service, POZ Magazine, and the Radical Faeries.
Gendin, whom himself was HIV-positive, dedicated the last fifteen years of his life to help care for those also living with HIV/AIDS.
He was a founder and the chief executive of the Community Prescription Service, a mail-order pharmacy service that also distributes information designed to help people with HIV and AIDS.
Gendin was raised in Ypsilanti, Michigan.
He attended Brown University in Providence, Rhode Island, where he learned that he was HIV positive as a first-year student in 1985.
He aggressively experimented with new medications for HIV and maintained a healthy and active lifestyle for many years until his death.
Gendin, despite not having a medical degree, had already been recognized as a genius and was offered membership into Mensa.
After learning at age 19 that he was infected with HIV, Gendin quickly became at least as well informed about the latest HIV medical research as many leading HIV specialists, and remained so until his death.
Gendin understood (as few others do to this day) that HIV diagnostic tests detect not the HIV virus but HIV's human antibodies, which do not exist in sufficient quantity for a "positive" HIV test result until between two and twenty-four weeks after HIV infection.
During this immensely variable "window period," people infected with HIV test "negative" because they have very few antibodies fighting the virus, as a direct consequence of which they also have very high levels of HIV in their bodies.
These recently infected persons are usually unaware that they are infected at all, and firmly though wrongly believe that recent "HIV-negative" test results "prove" that they are not infected and cannot infect others.
During his lifetime, Gendin was largely ignored in warning about the high risk of transmission from persons testing negative during this time period which researchers have dubbed the "window period".
Medical science has since confirmed that those recently infected with HIV, who still test "HIV-negative," are most highly contagious for HIV, because of their much higher HIV viral levels compared to persons outside the "window period," The latter group's "positive" HIV test results indicate that HIV antibodies are suppressing (though never eliminating) HIV levels in their bodies, therefore reducing their infectiousness, reduced still further when patients commence antiretroviral treatment.
Gendin also became regular columnist for the magazine "POZ".
In the column, he discussed in graphic detail the toll AIDS took on his body, his fantasies of political assassination and his deeply conflicted feelings of guilt and pleasure from having unprotected sex.
Although the latter article incited outrage among many gay men at the time, after his death, many recognized that his controversial disclosures provoked life-saving awareness among gay men of the risks involved in increasingly widespread but rarely discussed practices of unprotected intercourse, especially among persons who incorrectly presumed (as many still do) that a "negative" HIV test result demonstrated the absence of infection when tested.
Gendin died July 19, 2000, from AIDS-induced lymphoma at the age of 34.
In the summer of 2000, Gendin's death was eulogized in a widely-reprinted speech by Larry Kramer.
The chemotherapy he was receiving to treat the disease put him into cardiac arrest.
His activism was pivotal in reforming the FDA drug approval process to expedite HIV and AIDS patients' access to more effective anti-retroviral treatments.
Because of his efforts, some people living with HIV today believe Gendin was a "superhero".
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The Rose Art Museum, founded in 1961, is a part of Brandeis University in Waltham, Massachusetts, US.
Named after benefactors Edward and Bertha Rose, it offers temporary exhibitions, and it displays and houses works of art from the Brandeis University art collections.
The museum's collection includes about 6,000 works, including paintings by such artists as Jasper Johns, Roy Lichtenstein, Robert Rauschenberg, and Andy Warhol.
Sam Hunter, the first director of the Rose Art Museum, came to Brandeis from the Museum of Modern Art, and with a grant of $50,000 from collectors Leon Mnuchin and his wife, Harriet Gevirtz-Mnuchin, launched a collection with iconic works by Johns, Rauschenberg, Warhol, Willem de Kooning and several others—21 works with a ceiling of $5,000 for any one piece bought with the grant.
The museum’s exhibition and cultural programming have centered on leading contemporary artists, often giving these artists their first museum exhibitions: Frank Stella, Kiki Smith, Nam June Paik, and Dana Schutz among them.
The Rose Art Museum has the leading collection of modern and contemporary art in New England.
With approximately of exhibition space in three galleries, the Rose Art Museum offers 9-12 exhibitions a year, most of which are organized by the Rose Art Museum curatorial team.
"The New York Times" has taken notice of important exhibitions at the museum, praising an "eminently worthwhile" David von Schlegell retrospective in 1968; calling a 1969 exhibit of sculpture by James Rosatti "an event of some importance"; and devoting a full-length article to a 1981 Helen Frankenthaler exhibition.
Thirteen thousand annual Rose Art Museum visitors represent the Brandeis community, the greater Boston area, and both national and international museum-goers.
In 1991, Brandeis announced a plan to sell fourteen works of art from the Rose, including three by Renoir, two by Daumier, two by Vuillard, and one by Toulouse-Lautrec.
The announcement drew sharp criticism.
Arnold L. Lehman, President of the Association of Art Museum Directors called it "like selling one of your children to feed the others," and the Association issued an official criticism of the plan.
Mary Gardner Neill of the Yale University Art Gallery said "We still oppose what they're doing, because it's wrong to convert collections into cash...
If a museum sells art, the proceeds must go to replenish the collection with other works of art".
Nevertheless, on November 6, 1991, eleven works were auctioned off at Christie's, bringing in $3.65 million which Brandeis said would be used for "an endowment that will pay for acquisitions, education and conservation".
On January 26, 2009, Brandeis president Jehuda Reinharz announced in an email to staff and students plans to close the museum by the end of the summer in response to the global financial crisis of 2008–2009.
University spokesman Dennis Nealon called the surprise announcement a "hard decision", but said, "The bottom line is that the students, the faculty and core academic mission come first.
Trustees had to look at the college's assets and came to a decision to maintain that fundamental commitment to teaching."
The move was criticized by the museum's director and board, numerous art-world figures and some donors to the museum.
The Massachusetts attorney general's office has approval powers over certain actions of nonprofit institutions located in the state, and Attorney General Martha Coakley said she planned to conduct a detailed review of the decision relative to wills and agreements made with donors.
Nealon claimed that the attorney general had "approved the legality of closing the Rose and selling its art", but the attorney general's office claimed they were only informed about the decision, not consulted beforehand.
An early estimate of the total value of the collection was in the $350–400 million range, though values may have been less due to a flagging art market.
The university's endowment was $700 million before being hit by the drop in financial markets.
Several of the university's large donors were reportedly particularly hard hit due to investment with Bernard Madoff.
On July 27, 2009, three of the museum's overseers filed a lawsuit in Massachusetts to halt the closing and sale of works.
The three, including a member of the Rose family, contended that the planned closing contradicts the museum's "charitable intentions", violates the trust of those who donated art to the institution, and reneges on "Brandeis's promises that the Rose would be maintained in perpetuity".
Ironically, a major new book was to be published in 2009 by Abrams, anticipating the upcoming 50th anniversary of the Rose Museum.
The lead contributor to the book was the museum's director, Michael Rush, who initially was "shell-shocked" by the surprise announcement.
Rush later helped to organize opposition to the proposed closing.
His contract with Brandeis was not renewed in June 2009, effectively forcing him out.
In December 2010, Rush secured a position as director of the new Eli and Edythe Broad Art Museum at Michigan State University.
By June 30, 2011, under the new leadership of Brandeis University President Frederick M. Lawrence, the lawsuit that had been brought against the university to prevent the closing of the Rose was settled.
The museum remains open, and no works of art were sold to support university operations.
The controversy became the subject of a book by Francine Koslow Miller: "Cashing in on Culture: Betraying the Trust at the Rose Art Museum".
After a brief closing period to undergo major renovations, the Rose Art Museum reopened October 25, 2011.
This coincided with the 50th anniversary of the museum, which was also celebrated, including speeches by President Frederick M. Lawrence and artist James Rosenquist.
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In mathematics, the multiplication theorem is a certain type of identity obeyed by many special functions related to the gamma function.
For the explicit case of the gamma function, the identity is a product of values; thus the name.
The various relations all stem from the same underlying principle; that is, the relation for one special function can be derived from that for the others, and is simply a manifestation of the same identity in different guises.
The multiplication theorem takes two common forms.
In the first case, a finite number of terms are added or multiplied to give the relation.
In the second case, an infinite number of terms are added or multiplied.
The finite form typically occurs only for the gamma and related functions, for which the identity follows from a p-adic relation over a finite field.
For example, the multiplication theorem for the gamma function follows from the Chowla–Selberg formula, which follows from the theory of complex multiplication.
The infinite sums are much more common, and follow from characteristic zero relations on the hypergeometric series.
The following tabulates the various appearances of the multiplication theorem for finite characteristic; the characteristic zero relations are given further down.
In all cases, "n" and "k" are non-negative integers.
For the special case of "n" = 2, the theorem is commonly referred to as the duplication formula.
The duplication formula and the multiplication theorem for the gamma function are the prototypical examples.
The duplication formula for the gamma function is It is also called the Legendre duplication formula or Legendre relation, in honor of Adrien-Marie Legendre.
The multiplication theorem is for integer "k" ≥ 1, and is sometimes called Gauss's multiplication formula, in honour of Carl Friedrich Gauss.
The multiplication theorem for the gamma functions can be understood to be a special case, for the trivial character, of the Chowla–Selberg formula.
The polygamma function is the logarithmic derivative of the gamma function, and thus, the multiplication theorem becomes additive, instead of multiplicative:
for ***formula***, and, for ***formula***, one has the digamma function:
The polygamma identities can be used to obtain a multiplication theorem for harmonic numbers.
For the Hurwitz zeta function generalizes the polygamma function to non-integer orders, and thus obeys a very similar multiplication theorem:
where ***formula*** is the Riemann zeta function.
This is a special case of and Multiplication formulas for the non-principal characters may be given in the form of Dirichlet L-functions.
The periodic zeta function is sometimes defined as where Li("z") is the polylogarithm.
It obeys the duplication formula As such, it is an eigenvector of the Bernoulli operator with eigenvalue 2.
The multiplication theorem is The periodic zeta function occurs in the reflection formula for the Hurwitz zeta function, which is why the relation that it obeys, and the Hurwitz zeta relation, differ by the interchange of "s" → −"s".
The Bernoulli polynomials may be obtained as a limiting case of the periodic zeta function, taking "s" to be an integer, and thus the multiplication theorem there can be derived from the above.
Similarly, substituting "q" = log "z" leads to the multiplication theorem for the polylogarithm.
The duplication formula takes the form The general multiplication formula is in the form of a Gauss sum or discrete Fourier transform:
These identities follow from that on the periodic zeta function, taking "z" = log "q".
For the Bernoulli polynomials, the multiplication theorems were given by Joseph Ludwig Raabe in 1851:
and for the Euler polynomials, and The Bernoulli polynomials may be obtained as a special case of the Hurwitz zeta function, and thus the identities follow from there.
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Santa Claus, also known as Saint Nicholas, Saint Nick, Kris Kringle, Father Christmas, or simply Santa (Santy in Hiberno-English), is a legendary figure of Western Christian culture who is said to bring gifts to the homes of well-behaved ("good" or "nice") children on Christmas Eve (24 December) and the early morning hours of Christmas Day (25 December).
The modern Santa Claus grew out of traditions surrounding the historical Saint Nicholas, a fourth-century Greek bishop and gift-giver of Myra, the British figure of Father Christmas and the Dutch figure of "Sinterklaas" (himself also based on Saint Nicholas).
Some maintain Santa Claus also absorbed elements of the Germanic god Wodan, who was associated with the pagan midwinter event of Yule and led the Wild Hunt, a ghostly procession through the sky.
Santa Claus is generally depicted as a portly, joyous, white-bearded man—sometimes with spectacles—wearing a red coat with white fur collar and cuffs, white-fur-cuffed red trousers, and black leather belt and boots and who carries a bag full of gifts for children.
This image became popular in the United States and Canada in the 19th century due to the significant influence of the 1823 poem "A Visit from St. Nicholas" and of caricaturist and political cartoonist Thomas Nast.
This image has been maintained and reinforced through song, radio, television, children's books, films, and advertising.
Santa Claus is said to make lists of children throughout the world, categorizing them according to their behavior ("good" and "bad", or "naughty" and "nice") and to deliver presents, including toys, and candy to all of the well-behaved children in the world, and coal to all the misbehaved children, on the single night of Christmas Eve.
He accomplishes this feat with the aid of his elves, who make the toys in his workshop at the North Pole, and his flying reindeer, who pull his sleigh.
He is commonly portrayed as living at the North Pole and saying "ho ho ho" often.
Saint Nicholas of Myra was a 4th-century Greek Christian bishop of Myra (now Demre) in Lycia, a province of the Byzantine Empire, now in Turkey.
Nicholas was famous for his generous gifts to the poor, in particular presenting the three impoverished daughters of a pious Christian with dowries so that they would not have to become prostitutes.
He was very religious from an early age and devoted his life entirely to Christianity.
In continental Europe (more precisely the Netherlands, Belgium, Austria and Germany) he is usually portrayed as a bearded bishop in canonical robes.
The remains of Saint Nicholas are in Italy.
In 1087, the Italian city of Bari mounted an expedition to locate the tomb of the Saint.
The reliquary of St. Nicholas was conquered by Italian sailors and his relics were taken to Bari where they are kept to this day.
A basilica was constructed the same year to store the loot and the area became a pilgrimage site for the devout.
Sailors from Bari collected just half of Nicholas' skeleton, leaving all the minor fragments in the grave.
These were collected by Venetian sailors during the First Crusade and taken to Venice, where a church to St. Nicholas, the patron of sailors, was built on the San Nicolò al Lido.
This tradition was confirmed in two important scientific investigations of the relics in Bari and Venice, which revealed that the relics in the two Italian cities belong to the same skeleton.
Saint Nicholas was later claimed as a patron saint of many diverse groups, from archers, sailors, and children to pawnbrokers.
He is also the patron saint of both Amsterdam and Moscow.
During the Middle Ages, often on the evening before his name day of 6 December, children were bestowed gifts in his honour.
This date was earlier than the original day of gifts for the children, which moved in the course of the Reformation and its opposition to the veneration of saints in many countries on the 24 and 25 December.
So Saint Nicholas changed to Santa Claus.
The custom of gifting to children at Christmas has been propagated by Martin Luther as an alternative to the previous very popular gift custom on St. Nicholas, to focus the interest of the children to Christ instead of the veneration of saints.
Martin Luther first suggested the Christkind as the bringer of gifts.
But Nicholas remained popular as gifts bearer for the people.
Father Christmas dates back as far as 16th century in England during the reign of Henry VIII, when he was pictured as a large man in green or scarlet robes lined with fur.
He typified the spirit of good cheer at Christmas, bringing peace, joy, good food and wine and revelry.
As England no longer kept the feast day of Saint Nicholas on 6 December, the Father Christmas celebration was moved to 25 December to coincide with Christmas Day.
The Victorian revival of Christmas included Father Christmas as the emblem of 'good cheer'.
His physical appearance was variable, with one famous image being John Leech's illustration of the "Ghost of Christmas Present" in Charles Dickens's festive classic "A Christmas Carol" (1843), as a great genial man in a green coat lined with fur who takes Scrooge through the bustling streets of London on the current Christmas morning, sprinkling the essence of Christmas onto the happy populace.
In the Netherlands and Belgium the character of Santa Claus has to compete with that of Sinterklaas, Santa's presumed progenitor.
Santa Claus is known as "de Kerstman" in Dutch ("the Christmas man") and "Père Noël" ("Father Christmas") in French.
But for children in the Netherlands Sinterklaas remains the predominant gift-giver in December; 36% of the Dutch only give presents on Sinterklaas day, whereas Christmas is used by another 21% to give presents.
Some 26% of the Dutch population gives presents on both days.
In Belgium, Sinterklaas day presents are offered exclusively to children, whereas on Christmas Day, all ages may receive presents.
Sinterklaas' assistants are called "Zwarte Pieten" (in Dutch, "Pères Fouettard" in French), so they are not elves.
Prior to Christianization, the Germanic peoples (including the English) celebrated a midwinter event called Yule (Old English "geola" or "giuli").
With the Christianization of Germanic Europe, numerous traditions were absorbed from Yuletide celebrations into modern Christmas.
During this period, supernatural and ghostly occurrences were said to increase in frequency, such as the Wild Hunt, a ghostly procession through the sky.
The leader of the wild hunt is frequently attested as the god Wodan (Norse Odin), bearing (among many names) the names "Jólnir", meaning "Yule figure", and "Langbarðr", meaning "long-beard", in Old Norse.
Wodan's role during the Yuletide period has been theorized as having influenced concepts of St. Nicholas in a variety of facets, including his long white beard and his gray horse for nightly rides (compare Odin's horse Sleipnir) or his reindeer in North American tradition.
Folklorist Margaret Baker maintains that "the appearance of Santa Claus or Father Christmas, whose day is 25th of December, owes much to Odin, the old blue-hooded, cloaked, white-bearded Giftbringer of the north, who rode the midwinter sky on his eight-footed steed Sleipnir, visiting his people with gifts.
[…] Odin, transformed into Father Christmas, then Santa Claus, prospered with St Nicholas and the Christchild, became a leading player on the Christmas stage."
In Finland they still use Joulupukki or the Christmas Goat.
Pre-modern representations of the gift-giver from Church history and folklore, notably St Nicholas (known in Dutch as Sinterklaas), merged with the English character Father Christmas to create the character known to Americans and the rest of the English-speaking world as "Santa Claus" (a phonetic derivation of "Sinterklaas").
In the English and later British colonies of North America, and later in the United States, British and Dutch versions of the gift-giver merged further.
For example, in Washington Irving's "History of New York" (1809), "Sinterklaas" was Americanized into "Santa Claus" (a name first used in the American press in 1773) but lost his bishop's apparel, and was at first pictured as a thick-bellied Dutch sailor with a pipe in a green winter coat.
Irving's book was a lampoon of the Dutch culture of New York, and much of this portrait is his joking invention.
In 1821, the book "A New-year's present, to the little ones from five to twelve" was published in New York.
It contained "Old Santeclaus with Much Delight", an anonymous poem describing Santeclaus on a reindeer sleigh, bringing presents to children.
Some modern ideas of Santa Claus seemingly became canon after the anonymous publication of the poem "A Visit From St. Nicholas" (better known today as "The Night Before Christmas") in the Troy, New York, "Sentinel" on 23 December 1823; Clement Clarke Moore later claimed authorship, though some scholars contest persuasively that Henry Livingston, Jr. (who died nine years before Moore's claim) was the author.
St. Nick is described as being "chubby and plump, a right jolly old elf" with "a little round belly", that "shook when he laughed like a bowlful of jelly", in spite of which the "miniature sleigh" and "tiny reindeer" still indicate that he is physically diminutive.
The reindeer were also named: Dasher, Dancer, Prancer, Vixen, Comet, Cupid, Dunder and Blixem (Dunder and Blixem came from the old Dutch words for thunder and lightning, which were later changed to the more German sounding Donner and Blitzen).
By 1845 'Kris Kringle' was a common variant of Santa in parts of the U.S. A magazine article from 1853, describing American Christmas customs to British readers, refers to children hanging up their stockings on Christmas Eve for 'a fabulous personage' whose name varies: in Pennsylvania he is usually called 'Krishkinkle' but in New York he is 'St.
Nicholas' or 'Santa Claus'.
The author quotes Moore's poem in its entirety, saying that its descriptions apply to Krishkinkle too.
As the years passed, Santa Claus evolved in popular culture into a large, heavyset person.
One of the first artists to define Santa Claus's modern image was Thomas Nast, an American cartoonist of the 19th century.
In 1863, a picture of Santa illustrated by Nast appeared in "Harper's Weekly".
Thomas Nast immortalized Santa Claus with an illustration for the 3 January 1863 issue of "Harper's Weekly".
Santa was dressed in an American flag, and had a puppet with the name "Jeff" written on it, reflecting its Civil War context.
The story that Santa Claus lives at the North Pole may also have been a Nast creation.
His Christmas image in the "Harper's" issue dated 29 December 1866 was a collage of engravings titled "Santa Claus and His Works", which included the caption "Santa Claussville, N.P."
A color collection of Nast's pictures, published in 1869, had a poem also titled "Santa Claus and His Works" by George P. Webster, who wrote that Santa Claus's home was "near the North Pole, in the ice and snow".
The tale had become well known by the 1870s.
A boy from Colorado writing to the children's magazine "The Nursery" in late 1874 said, "If we did not live so very far from the North Pole, I should ask Santa Claus to bring me a donkey."
The idea of a wife for Santa Claus may have been the creation of American authors, beginning in the mid-19th century.
In 1889, the poet Katharine Lee Bates popularized Mrs. Claus in the poem "Goody Santa Claus on a Sleigh Ride".
"Is There a Santa Claus?"
was the title of an editorial appearing in the 21 September 1897 edition of "The New York Sun".
The editorial, which included the famous reply "Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus", has become an indelible part of popular Christmas lore in the United States and Canada.
L. Frank Baum's "The Life and Adventures of Santa Claus", a 1902 children's book, further popularized Santa Claus.
Much of Santa Claus's mythos was not set in stone at the time, leaving Baum to give his "Neclaus" (Necile's Little One) a wide variety of immortal support, a home in the Laughing Valley of Hohaho, and "ten" reindeer—who could not fly, but leapt in enormous, flight-like bounds.
Claus's immortality was earned, much like his title ("Santa"), decided by a vote of those naturally immortal.
This work also established Claus's motives: a happy childhood among immortals.
When Ak, Master Woodsman of the World, exposes him to the misery and poverty of children in the outside world, Santa strives to find a way to bring joy into the lives of all children, and eventually invents toys as a principal means.
Santa later appears in "The Road to Oz" as a honored guest at Ozma's birthday party, stated to be famous and beloved enough for everyone to bow even before he is announced as "The most Mighty and Loyal Friend of Children, His Supreme Highness - Santa Claus".
Images of Santa Claus were further popularized through Haddon Sundblom's depiction of him for The Coca-Cola Company's Christmas advertising in the 1930s.
The popularity of the image spawned urban legends that Santa Claus was invented by The Coca-Cola Company or that Santa wears red and white because they are the colors used to promote the Coca-Cola brand.
Historically, Coca-Cola was not the first soft drink company to utilize the modern image of Santa Claus in its advertising—White Rock Beverages had already used a red and white Santa to sell mineral water in 1915 and then in advertisements for its ginger ale in 1923.
Earlier still, Santa Claus had appeared dressed in red and white and essentially in his current form on several covers of "Puck" magazine in the first few years of the 20th century.
The image of Santa Claus as a benevolent character became reinforced with its association with charity and philanthropy, particularly by organizations such as the Salvation Army.
Volunteers dressed as Santa Claus typically became part of fundraising drives to aid needy families at Christmas time.
In 1937, Charles W. Howard, who played Santa Claus in department stores and parades, established the Charles W. Howard Santa School, the oldest continuously-run such school in the world.
In some images from the early 20th century, Santa was depicted as personally making his toys by hand in a small workshop like a craftsman.
Eventually, the idea emerged that he had numerous elves responsible for making the toys, but the toys were still handmade by each individual elf working in the traditional manner.
The 1956 popular song by George Melachrino, "Mrs. Santa Claus", and the 1963 children's book "How Mrs. Santa Claus Saved Christmas", by Phyllis McGinley, helped standardize and establish the character and role of Mrs. Claus in the popular imagination.
Seabury Quinn's 1948 novel "Roads" draws from historical legends to tell the story of Santa and the origins of Christmas.
Other modern additions to the "story" of Santa include Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer, the 9th and lead reindeer immortalized in a Gene Autry song, written by a Montgomery Ward copywriter.
By the end of the 20th century, the reality of mass mechanized production became more fully accepted by the Western public.
Elves had been portrayed as using assembly lines to produce toys early in the 20th century.
That shift was reflected in the modern depiction of Santa's residence—now often humorously portrayed as a fully mechanized production and distribution facility, equipped with the latest manufacturing technology, and overseen by the elves with Santa and Mrs. Claus as executives and/or managers.
An excerpt from a 2004 article, from a supply chain managers' trade magazine, aptly illustrates this depiction:
In the cartoon base, Santa has been voiced by several people, including Stan Francis, Mickey Rooney, Ed Asner, John Goodman, and Keith Wickham.
Santa has been described as a positive male cultural icon:
Many television commercials, comic strips and other media depict this as a sort of humorous business, with Santa's elves acting as a sometimes mischievously disgruntled workforce, cracking jokes and pulling pranks on their boss.
For instance, a "Bloom County" story from 15 December 1981 through 24 December 1981 has Santa rejecting the demands of PETCO (Professional Elves Toy-Making and Craft Organization) for higher wages, a hot tub in the locker room, and "short broads,” with the elves then going on strike.
President Reagan steps in, fires all of Santa's helpers, and replaces them with out-of-work air traffic controllers (an obvious reference to the 1981 air traffic controllers' strike), resulting in a riot before Santa vindictively rehires them in humiliating new positions such as his reindeer.
In "The Sopranos" episode, "...To Save Us All from Satan's Power", Paulie Gualtieri says he "Used to think Santa and Mrs. Claus were running a sweatshop over there...
The original elves were ugly, traveled with Santa to throw bad kids a beatin', and gave the good ones toys."
In Kyrgyzstan, a mountain peak was named after Santa Claus, after a Swedish company had suggested the location be a more efficient starting place for present-delivering journeys all over the world, than Lapland.
In the Kyrgyz capital, Bishkek, a Santa Claus Festival was held on 30 December 2007, with government officials attending.
2008 was officially declared the Year of Santa Claus in the country.
The events are seen as moves to boost tourism in Kyrgyzstan.
The Guinness World Record for the largest gathering of Santa Clauses is held by Thrissur, Kerala, India where on 27 December 2014, 18,112 Santas came overtaking the current record of Derry City, Northern Ireland.
On 9 September 2007 where a total of 12,965 people dressed up as Santa or Santa's helper which previously brought down the record of 3,921, which was set during the Santa Dash event in Liverpool City Centre in 2005.
A gathering of Santas in 2009 in Bucharest, Romania attempted to top the world record, but failed with only 3,939 Santas.
The tradition of Santa Claus entering dwellings through the chimney is shared by many European seasonal gift-givers.
In pre-Christian Norse tradition, Odin would often enter through chimneys and fire holes on the solstice.
In the Italian Befana tradition, the gift-giving witch is perpetually covered with soot from her trips down the chimneys of children's homes.
In the tale of Saint Nicholas, the saint tossed coins through a window, and, in a later version of the tale, down a chimney when he finds the window locked.
In Dutch artist Jan Steen's painting, "The Feast of Saint Nicholas", adults and toddlers are glancing up a chimney with amazement on their faces while other children play with their toys.
The hearth was held sacred in primitive belief as a source of beneficence, and popular belief had elves and fairies bringing gifts to the house through this portal.
Santa's entrance into homes on Christmas Eve via the chimney was made part of American tradition through the poem "A Visit from St. Nicholas" where the author described him as an elf.
In the United States and Canada, children traditionally leave Santa a glass of milk and a plate of cookies; in Britain and Australia, he is sometimes given sherry or beer, and mince pies instead.
In Denmark, Norway and Sweden, it is common for children to leave him rice porridge with cinnamon sugar instead.
In Ireland it is popular to give him Guinness or milk, along with Christmas pudding or mince pies.
In Hungary, St. Nicolaus (Mikulás) comes on the night of 5 December and the children get their gifts the next morning.
They get sweets in a bag if they were good, and a golden colored birch switch if not.
On Christmas Eve "Little Jesus" comes and gives gifts for everyone.
In Slovenia, Saint Nicholas (Miklavž) also brings small gifts for good children on the eve of 6 December.
Božiček (Christmas Man) brings gifts on the eve of 25 December, and Dedek Mraz (Grandfather Frost) brings gifts in the evening of 31 December to be opened on New Years Day.
New Zealander, British, Australian, Irish, Canadian, and American children also leave a carrot for Santa's reindeer, and were traditionally told that if they are not good all year round, that they will receive a lump of coal in their stockings, although this practice is now considered archaic.
Children following the Dutch custom for "sinterklaas" will "put out their shoe" (leave hay and a carrot for his horse in a shoe before going to bed, sometimes weeks before the "sinterklaas avond").
The next morning they will find the hay and carrot replaced by a gift; often, this is a marzipan figurine.
Naughty children were once told that they would be left a "roe" (a bundle of sticks) instead of sweets, but this practice has been discontinued.
Other Christmas Eve Santa Claus rituals in the United States include reading "A Visit from St. Nicholas" or other tale about Santa Claus, watching a Santa or Christmas-related animated program on television (such as the aforementioned "Santa Claus Is Comin' to Town" and similar specials, such as "Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer", among many others), and the singing of Santa Claus songs such as "Santa Claus Is Coming to Town", "Here Comes Santa Claus", and "Up on the House Top".
Last minute rituals for children before going to bed include aligning stockings at the mantelpiece or other place where Santa cannot fail to see them, peeking up the chimney (in homes with a fireplace), glancing out a window and scanning the heavens for Santa's sleigh, and (in homes without a fireplace) unlocking an exterior door so Santa can easily enter the house.
Tags on gifts for children are sometimes signed by their parents "From Santa Claus" before the gifts are laid beneath the tree.
Ho ho ho is the way that many languages write out how Santa Claus laughs.
"Ho, ho, ho!
Merry Christmas!"
It is the textual rendition of a particular type of deep-throated laugh or chuckle, most associated today with Santa Claus and Father Christmas.
The laughter of Santa Claus has long been an important attribute by which the character is identified, but it also does not appear in many non-English-speaking countries.
The traditional Christmas poem "A Visit from St. Nicholas" relates that Santa has:
Santa Claus's home traditionally includes a residence and a workshop where he creates—often with the aid of elves or other supernatural beings—the gifts he delivers to good children at Christmas.
Some stories and legends include a village, inhabited by his helpers, surrounding his home and shop.
In North American tradition (in the United States and Canada), Santa lives on the North Pole, which according to Canada Post lies within Canadian jurisdiction in postal code H0H 0H0 (a reference to "ho ho ho", Santa's notable saying, although postal codes starting with H are usually reserved for the island of Montreal in Québec).
On 23 December 2008, Jason Kenney, Canada's minister of Citizenship, Immigration and Multiculturalism, formally awarded Canadian citizenship status to Santa Claus.
"The Government of Canada wishes Santa the very best in his Christmas Eve duties and wants to let him know that, as a Canadian citizen, he has the automatic right to re-enter Canada once his trip around the world is complete," Kenney said in an official statement.
There is also a city named North Pole in Alaska where a tourist attraction known as the "Santa Claus House" has been established.
The US postal service uses the city's zip code of 99705 as their advertised postal code for Santa Claus.
A Wendy's in North Pole, AK has also claimed to have a "sleigh fly through".
Each Nordic country claims Santa's residence to be within their territory.
Norway claims he lives in Drøbak.
In Denmark, he is said to live in Greenland (near Uummannaq).
In Sweden, the town of Mora has a theme park named Tomteland.
The national postal terminal in Tomteboda in Stockholm receives children's letters for Santa.
In Finland, Korvatunturi has long been known as Santa's home, and two theme parks, Santa Claus Village and Santa Park are located near Rovaniemi.
In Belarus there is a home of Ded Moroz in Belovezhskaya Pushcha National Park.
Santa Claus appears in the weeks before Christmas in department stores or shopping malls, or at parties.
The practice of this has been credited to James Edgar, as he started doing this in 1890 in his Brockton, Massachusetts department store.
He is played by an actor, usually helped by other actors (often mall employees) dressed as elves or other creatures of folklore associated with Santa.
Santa's function is either to promote the store's image by distributing small gifts to children, or to provide a seasonal experience to children by listening to their wishlist while having them sit on his knee (a practice now under review by some organisations in Britain, and Switzerland).
Sometimes a photograph of the child and Santa are taken.
Having a Santa set up to take pictures with children is a ritual that dates back at least to 1918.
The area set up for this purpose is festively decorated, usually with a large throne, and is called variously "Santa's Grotto", "Santa's Workshop" or a similar term.
In the United States, the most notable of these is the Santa at the flagship Macy's store in New York City—he arrives at the store by sleigh in the Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade on the last float, and his court takes over a large portion of one floor in the store.
This was popularized by the 1947 film "Miracle on 34th Street" with Santa Claus being called Kris Kringle.
The Macy's Santa Claus in New York City is often said to be the real Santa.
Essayist David Sedaris is known for the satirical SantaLand Diaries he kept while working as an elf in the Macy's display, which were turned into a famous radio segment and later published.
Quite often the Santa, if and when he is detected to be fake, explains that he is not the real Santa and is helping him at this time of year.
Most young children accept this explanation.
At family parties, Santa is sometimes impersonated by the male head of the household or other adult male family member.
In Canada, malls operated by Oxford Properties established a process by which autistic children could visit Santa Claus at the mall without having to contend with crowds.
The malls open early to allow entry only to families with autistic children, who have a private visit with Santa Claus.
In 2012, the Southcentre Mall in Calgary was the first mall to offer this service.
There are schools offering instruction on how to act as Santa Claus.
For example, children's television producer Jonathan Meath studied at the International School of Santa Claus and earned the degree "Master of Santa Claus" in 2006.
It blossomed into a second career for him, and after appearing in parades and malls, he appeared on the cover of the American monthly "Boston Magazine" as Santa.
There are associations with members who portray Santa; for example, Mr. Meath was a board member of the international organization called "Fraternal Order of Real Bearded Santas."
Writing letters to Santa Claus has been a Christmas tradition for children for many years.
These letters normally contain a wishlist of toys and assertions of good behavior.
Some social scientists have found that boys and girls write different types of letters.
Girls generally write longer but more polite lists and express the nature of Christmas more in their letters than in letters written by boys.
Girls also more often request gifts for other people.
Many postal services allow children to send letters to Santa Claus.
These letters may be answered by postal workers and/or outside volunteers.
Writing letters to Santa Claus has the educational benefits of promoting literacy, computer literacy, and e-mail literacy.
A letter to Santa is often a child's first experience of correspondence.
Written and sent with the help of a parent or teacher, children learn about the structure of a letter, salutations, and the use of an address and postcode.
According to the Universal Postal Union (UPU)'s 2007 study and survey of national postal operations, the United States Postal Service (USPS) has the oldest Santa letter answering effort by a national postal system.
The USPS Santa letter answering effort started in 1912 out of the historic James Farley Post Office in New York, and since 1940 has been called "Operation Santa" to ensure that letters to Santa are adopted by charitable organizations, major corporations, local businesses and individuals in order to make children's holiday dreams come true from coast to coast.
Those seeking a North Pole holiday postmark through the USPS, are told to send their letter from Santa or a holiday greeting card by 10 December to: North Pole Holiday Postmark, Postmaster, 4141 Postmark Dr, Anchorage, AK 99530-9998.
In 2006, according to the UPU's 2007 study and survey of national postal operations, France's Postal Service received the most letters for Santa Claus or "Père Noël" with 1,220,000 letters received from 126 countries.
France's Postal Service in 2007 specially recruited someone to answer the enormous volume of mail that was coming from Russia for Santa Claus.
Other interesting Santa letter processing information, according to the UPU's 2007 study and survey of national postal operations, are:
***LIST***.
Canada Post has a special postal code for letters to Santa Claus, and since 1982 over 13,000 Canadian postal workers have volunteered to write responses.
His address is: Santa Claus, North Pole, Canada, H0H 0H0; no postage is required.
(see also: Ho ho ho).
(This postal code, in which zeroes are used for the letter "O", is consistent with the alternating letter-number format of all Canadian postal codes.)
Sometimes children's charities answer letters in poor communities, or from children's hospitals, and give them presents they would not otherwise receive.
From 2002 to 2014, the program replied to approximately "one million letters or more a year, and in total answered more than 24.7 million letters"; as of 2015, it responds to more than 1.5 million letters per year, "in over 30 languages, including Braille … answer[ing] them all in the language they are written".
In Britain it was traditional for some to burn the Christmas letters on the fire so that they would be magically transported by the wind to the North Pole.
However this has been found to be less efficient than the use of the normal postal service, and this tradition is dying out in modern times, especially with few homes having open fires.
According to the Royal Mail website, Santa's address for letters from British children is: Santa/Father Christmas, Santa's Grotto, Reindeerland, XM4 5HQ
In Mexico and other Latin American countries, besides using the mail, sometimes children wrap their letters to a small helium balloon, releasing them into the air so Santa magically receives them.
In 2010, the Brazilian National Post Service, "Correios" formed partnerships with public schools and social institutions to encourage children to write letters and make use of postcodes and stamps.
In 2009, the Brazilian National Post Service, "Correios" answered almost two million children's letters, and spread some seasonal cheer by donating 414,000 Christmas gifts to some of Brazil's neediest citizens.
Through the years, the Finnish Santa Claus (Joulupukki or "Yule Goat") has received over eight million letters.
He receives over 600,000 letters every year from over 198 different countries with Togo being the most recent country added to the list.
Children from Great Britain, Poland and Japan are the busiest writers.
The Finnish Santa Claus lives in Korvatunturi, however the Santa Claus Main Post Office is situated in Rovaniemi precisely at the Arctic circle.
His address is: Santa Claus' Main Post Office, Santa Claus Village, FIN-96930 Arctic Circle.
The post office welcomes 300,000 visitors a year, with 70,000 visitors in December alone.
Children can also receive a letter from Santa through a variety of private agencies and organizations, and on occasion public and private cooperative ventures.
An example of a public and private cooperative venture is the opportunity for expatriate and local children and parents to receive postmarked mail and greeting cards from Santa during December in the Finnish Embassy in Beijing, People's Republic of China, Santa Claus Village in Rovaniemi, Finland, and the People's Republic of China Postal System's Beijing International Post Office.
Parents can order a personalized "Santa letter" to be sent to their child, often with a North Pole postmark.
The "Santa Letter" market generally relies on the internet as a medium for ordering such letters rather than retail stores.
Over the years there have been a number of websites created by various organizations that have purported to track Santa Claus.
Some, such as NORAD Tracks Santa, the Airservices Australia Tracks Santa Project, the Santa Update Project, and the MSNBC and Bing Maps Platform Tracks Santa Project have endured.
Others, such as the Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport's Tracks Santa Project, the Santa Retro Radar – Lehigh Valley Project, and the NASA Tracks Santa Project, have fallen by the wayside.
The origins of the NORAD Tracks Santa programme began in the United States in 1955, when a Sears Roebuck store in Colorado Springs, Colorado, gave children a number to call a "Santa hotline".
The number was mistyped, resulting in children calling the Continental Air Defense Command (CONAD) on Christmas Eve instead.
The Director of Operations, Colonel Harry Shoup, received the first call for Santa and responded by telling children that there were signs on the radar that Santa was indeed heading south from the North Pole.
A tradition began which continued under the name NORAD Tracks Santa when in 1958 Canada and the United States jointly created the North American Air Defense Command (NORAD).
This tracking can now be done via the Internet and NORAD's website.
In the past, many local television stations in the United States and Canada likewise claimed they "tracked Santa Claus" in their own metropolitan areas through the stations' meteorologists.
In December 2000, the Weather Channel built upon these local efforts to provide a national Christmas Eve "Santa tracking" effort, called "SantaWatch" in cooperation with NASA, the International Space Station, and Silicon Valley-based new multimedia firm Dreamtime Holdings.
In the 21st century, most local television stations in the United States and Canada rely upon outside established "Santa tracking" efforts, such as NORAD Tracks Santa.
Many other websites became available year-round, devoted to Santa Claus and purport to keep tabs on his activities in his workshop.
Many of these websites also include email addresses which allow children to send email to Santa Claus.
Most of these websites use volunteer living people as "elves" to answer email sent to Santa.
Some websites, such as Santa's page on Microsoft's Windows Live Spaces, however have used or still use "bots" to compose and send email replies, with occasional unfortunate results.
In addition to providing holiday-themed entertainment, "Santa tracking" websites raise interest in space technology and exploration, serve to educate children in geography.
and encourage them to take an interest in science.
Santa Claus has partial Christian roots in Saint Nicholas, particularly in the high church denominations that practice the veneration of him, in addition to other saints.
In light of this, the character has sometimes been the focus of controversy over the holiday and its meanings.
Some Christians, particularly Calvinists and Puritans, disliked the idea of Santa Claus, as well as Christmas in general, believing that the lavish celebrations were not in accordance with their faith.
Other nonconformist Christians condemn the materialist focus of contemporary gift giving and see Santa Claus as the symbol of that culture.
Condemnation of Christmas was prevalent among the 17th-century English Puritans and Dutch Calvinists who banned the holiday as either pagan or Roman Catholic.
The American colonies established by these groups reflected this view.
Tolerance for Christmas increased after the Restoration but the Puritan opposition to the holiday persisted in New England for almost two centuries.
In the Dutch New Netherland colony, season celebrations focused on New Year's Day.
Following the Restoration of the monarchy and with Puritans out of power in England, the ban on Christmas was satirized in works such as Josiah King's "The Examination and Tryal of Old Father Christmas; Together with his Clearing by the Jury" (1686).
Reverend Paul Nedergaard, a clergyman in Copenhagen, Denmark, attracted controversy in 1958 when he declared Santa to be a "pagan goblin" (translated from Danish) after Santa's image was used on fundraising materials for a Danish welfare organization Clar, 337.
A number of denominations of Christians have varying concerns about Santa Claus, which range from acceptance to denouncement.
Mary Baker Eddy, the founder of the Christian Science movement, wrote: "the children should not be taught that Santa Claus has aught to do with this [Christmas] pastime.
A deceit or falsehood is never wise.
Too much cannot be done towards guarding and guiding well the germinating and inclining thought of childhood.
To mould aright the first impressions of innocence, aids in perpetuating purity and in unfolding the immortal model, man in His image and likeness."
Under the Marxist-Leninist doctrine of state atheism in the Soviet Union after its foundation in 1917, Christmas celebrations—along with other religious holidays—were prohibited as a result of the Soviet antireligious campaign.
The League of Militant Atheists encouraged school pupils to campaign against Christmas traditions, among them being Santa Claus and the Christmas tree, as well as other Christian holidays including Easter; the League established an antireligious holiday to be the 31st of each month as a replacement.
In his book "Nicholas: The Epic Journey from Saint to Santa Claus", writer Jeremy Seal describes how the commercialization of the Santa Claus figure began in the 19th century.
"In the 1820s he began to acquire the recognizable trappings: reindeer, sleigh, bells," said Seal in an interview.
"They are simply the actual bearings in the world from which he emerged.
At that time, sleighs were how you got about Manhattan."
Writing in "Mothering", writer Carol Jean-Swanson makes similar points, noting that the original figure of St. Nicholas gave only to those who were needy and that today Santa Claus seems to be more about conspicuous consumption:
In the Czech Republic, a group of advertising professionals started a website against Santa Claus, a relatively recent phenomenon in that country.
"Czech Christmases are intimate and magical.
All that Santa stuff seems to me like cheap show business," said David König of the Creative Copywriters Club, pointing out that it is primarily an American and British tradition.
"I'm not against Santa himself.
I'm against Santa in my country only."
In the Czech tradition, presents are delivered by Ježíšek, which translates as Baby Jesus.
In the United Kingdom, Father Christmas was historically depicted wearing a green cloak.
As Father Christmas has been increasingly merged into the image of Santa Claus, that has been changed to the more commonly known red suit.
One school in the seaside town of Brighton banned the use of a red suit erroneously believing it was only indicative of the Coca-Cola advertising campaign.
School spokesman Sarah James said: "The red-suited Santa was created as a marketing tool by Coca-Cola, it is a symbol of commercialism."
However, Santa had been portrayed in a red suit in the 19th century by Thomas Nast among others.
Various psychologists and researchers have wrestled with the ways that parents collude to convince young children of the existence of Santa Claus, and have wondered whether children's abilities to critically weigh real-world evidence may be undermined by their belief in this or other imaginary figures.
For example, University of Texas psychology professor Jacqueline Woolley helped conduct a study that found, to the contrary, that children seemed competent in their use of logic, evidence, and comparative reasoning even though they might conclude that Santa Claus or other fanciful creatures were real:
Woolley posited that it is perhaps "kinship with the adult world" that causes children not to be angry that they were lied to for so long.
However, the criticism about this deception is not that it is a simple lie, but a complicated series of very large lies.
Objections include that it is unethical for parents to lie to children without good cause, and that it discourages healthy skepticism in children.
With no greater good at the heart of the lie, some have charged that it is more about the parents than it is about the children.
For instance, writer Austin Cline posed the question: "Is it not possible that kids would find at least as much pleasure in knowing that parents are responsible for Christmas, not a supernatural stranger?"
Others, however, see no harm in the belief in Santa Claus.
Psychologist Tamar Murachver said that because it is a cultural, not parental, lie, it does not undermine parental trust.
The New Zealand Skeptics also see no harm in parents telling their children that Santa is real.
Spokesperson Vicki Hyde said, "It would be a hard-hearted parent indeed who frowned upon the innocent joys of our children's cultural heritage.
We save our bah humbugs for the things that exploit the vulnerable."
Dr. John Condry of Cornell University interviewed more than 500 children for a study of the issue and found that not a single child was angry at his or her parents for telling them Santa Claus was real.
According to Dr. Condry, "The most common response to finding out the truth was that they felt older and more mature.
They now knew something that the younger kids did not".
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Kincaid's father was an Edinburgh surgeon, Thomas Kincaid (1619–1691), who was a freeman of the Incorporation of Surgeons of Edinburgh and became its Deacon (president) in 1652.
During 45 years as a surgeon-apothecary, he built up a considerable library.
Kincaid apparently intended to follow a similar career in medicine.
He studied medical textbooks by Thomas Willis, Thomas Sydenham and Nicholas Culpeper, as well as learning the Dutch language with the implication that he probably intended going to Leiden University for a medical degree.
From January 1687 to December 1688 he kept a detailed diary, recording his studies as well as "today I thought upon" entries giving his thoughts on a wide range of subjects ranging from chemistry and theology to horse breeding, building a meeting house, and making a blacksmith's vise.
He described the best way to stand when throwing stones, and techniques for archery, billiards, and golf.
He noted discussions on medicine with his father, visits to his married sisters, and correspondence with his brother James who was in Holland.
On a visit to Holyrood Abbey, he saw "the pictures"; portraits of Scottish monarchs.
Kincaid also visited the physic garden and Surgeons Yard.
His diary entry for 6 November 1688 records "the Prince of Orange landed this day", the arrival of William of Orange which brought the Glorious Revolution.
In January and February 1687, Kincaid wrote down in his diary his detailed thoughts on golf, which he played at Bruntsfield Links, near the Tounis College, and at Leith Links.
His entry for 20 January 1687 noted how he read "Chirurgia" in the morning, then "After dinner I went out to the Golve".
He described his Golf stroke: He continued on for thirteen paragraphs of similar detailed analysis of how to get the best results.
On the next day he considered the need for "hitting the ball exactly", not too hard as "the only reason why men readily miss the ball when they strick with more strength than ordinaire is because incressing their strenth in the stroke makes them alter the ordinaire position of their body and ordinaire way of bringing about the club."
(spellings as original).
Over the two months he kept returning to the theme, writing down his recommendations on techniques including some advice which still remains relevant to modern golfers.
He also set out his views on the ideal golf ball which "must be of thick and hard leather not with pores or grains or that will let a pin usually pass through it the specially at the soft end", and on an early handicap system.
The Incorporation of Surgeons of Edinburgh (later renamed the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh) did not record Kincaid as having passed its entrance examination, and he does not appear to have qualified as a surgeon.
In 1709 he donated to the Incorporation his deceased father's extensive library, and the Fellows list records that in 1710 Thomas Kincaid was admitted to the Incorporation "In regard of good deeds done by him ... without payment of any upsett money."
This may be the first instance of admission to the Incorporation without an entrance fee.
Kincaid was an active member of the Edinburgh Company of Archers, and in 1711 became the third winner of the City of Edinburgh silver arrow, the Edinburgh Arrow which still continues today as the longest-running annual archery competition.
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Van de Veire grew up in the town of Waarschoot.
After attaining a degree in communications management, he briefly sold vacuum cleaners door-to-door.
In 1993 Van de Veire started working for a local television station before moving on to host Studio.KET on the children's channel Ketnet.
In 1999 he became host of "De Afrekening", a popular chart show on the youth-oriented channel Studio Brussel.
After a brief period where he presented the lunchtime slot on that same channel he was offered his own morning show, "De Grote Peter Van de Veire Ochtendshow", which he presented up until September 2008.
He briefly returned to television to host "De Provincieshow", followed by his own music-themed chat show, "Peter Live", which began airing in October 2008 on één.
Outside of his radio career, Van de Veire performs live with Gerrit Kerremans in "De Peter Van de Veire Love Show".
Van de Veire frequently promotes songs that would normally receive little play time due to their subject matter or low quality (dubbed "foute" or "wrong" music) .
Both Lief Klein Konijntje by Henkie and Boten Anna by Basshunter were hyped by Van de Veire and ended up high in the Flemish charts as a result.
In 2006 and 2007, he was one of the presenters taking part in the Music For Life event, spending 6 days in a so-called "glass house" without food, broadcasting live to collect money for charity.
Van de Veire quipped that, if girl choir Scala managed to make it to the top of the Afrekening chart, he would parade across Brussels' Grote Markt naked except for feathers stuck in his behind; when Scala was voted into the chart by a wide margin, Van de Veire obliged.
On 18 June 2012 Van de Veire has set a new world record in radio presenting.
On the VRT's radio channel MNM, he was behind the microphone for more than 8 days almost non-stop, sleeping 8 hours in total only.
Van de Veire's feat was aimed at supporting students during their exams.
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Batteries provided the main source of electricity before the development of electric generators and electrical grids around the end of the 19th century.
Successive improvements in battery technology facilitated major electrical advances, from early scientific studies to the rise of telegraphs and telephones, eventually leading to portable computers, mobile phones, electric cars, and many other electrical devices.
Scientists and engineers developed several commercially important types of battery.
"Wet cells" were open containers that held liquid electrolyte and metallic electrodes.
When the electrodes were completely consumed, the wet cell was renewed by replacing the electrodes and electrolyte.
Open containers are unsuitable for mobile or portable use.
Wet cells were used commercially in the telegraph and telephone systems.
Early electric cars used semi-sealed wet cells.
One important classification for batteries is by their life cycle.
"Primary" batteries can produce current as soon as assembled, but once the active elements are consumed, they cannot be electrically recharged.
The development of the lead-acid battery and subsequent "secondary" or "rechargeable" types allowed energy to be restored to the cell, extending the life of permanently assembled cells.
The introduction of nickel and lithium based batteries in the latter 20th century made the development of innumerable portable electronic devices feasible, from powerful flashlights to mobile phones.
Very large stationary batteries find some applications in grid energy storage, helping to stabilize electric power distribution networks.
In 1749 Benjamin Franklin, the U.S. polymath and founding father, first used the term "battery" to describe a set of linked capacitors he used for his experiments with electricity.
These capacitors were panels of glass coated with metal on each surface.
These capacitors were charged with a static generator and discharged by touching metal to their electrode.
Linking them together in a "battery" gave a stronger discharge.
Originally having the generic meaning of "a group of two or more similar objects functioning together", as in an artillery battery, the term came to be used for voltaic piles and similar devices in which many electrochemical cells were connected together in the manner of Franklin's capacitors.
Today even a single electrochemical cell, e.g.
a dry cell, is commonly called a battery.
In 1780, Luigi Galvani was dissecting a frog affixed to a brass hook.
When he touched its leg with his iron scalpel, the leg twitched.
Galvani believed the energy that drove this contraction came from the leg itself, and called it "animal electricity".
However, Alessandro Volta, a friend and fellow scientist, disagreed, believing this phenomenon was caused by two different metals joined together by a moist intermediary.
He verified this hypothesis through experiment, and published the results in 1791.
In 1800, Volta invented the first true battery, which came to be known as the voltaic pile.
The voltaic pile consisted of pairs of copper and zinc discs piled on top of each other, separated by a layer of cloth or cardboard soaked in brine (i.e., the electrolyte).
Unlike the Leyden jar, the voltaic pile produced a continuous electricity and stable current, and lost little charge over time when not in use, though his early models could not produce a voltage strong enough to produce sparks.
He experimented with various metals and found that zinc and silver gave the best results.
Volta believed the current was the result of two different materials simply touching each other—an obsolete scientific theory known as contact tension—and not the result of chemical reactions.
As a consequence, he regarded the corrosion of the zinc plates as an unrelated flaw that could perhaps be fixed by changing the materials somehow.
However, no scientist ever succeeded in preventing this corrosion.
In fact, it was observed that the corrosion was faster when a higher current was drawn.
This suggested that the corrosion was actually integral to the battery's ability to produce a current.
This, in part, led to the rejection of Volta's contact tension theory in favor of electrochemical theory.
Volta's illustrations of his Crown of Cups and voltaic pile have extra metal disks, now known to be unnecessary, on both the top and bottom.
The figure associated with this section, of the zinc-copper voltaic pile, has the modern design, an indication that "contact tension" is not the source of electromotive force for the voltaic pile.
Volta's original pile models had some technical flaws, one of them involving the electrolyte leaking and causing short-circuits due to the weight of the discs compressing the brine-soaked cloth.
A Scotsman named William Cruickshank solved this problem by laying the elements in a box instead of piling them in a stack.
This was known as the trough battery.
Volta himself invented a variant that consisted of a chain of cups filled with a salt solution, linked together by metallic arcs dipped into the liquid.
This was known as the Crown of Cups.
These arcs were made of two different metals (e.g., zinc and copper) soldered together.
This model also proved to be more efficient than his original piles, though it did not prove as popular.
Another problem with Volta's batteries was short battery life (an hour's worth at best), which was caused by two phenomena.
The first was that the current produced electrolysed the electrolyte solution, resulting in a film of hydrogen bubbles forming on the copper, which steadily increased the internal resistance of the battery (this effect, called "polarization", is counteracted in modern cells by additional measures).
The other was a phenomenon called "local action", wherein minute short-circuits would form around impurities in the zinc, causing the zinc to degrade.
The latter problem was solved in 1835 by William Sturgeon, who found that amalgamated zinc, whose surface had been treated with some mercury, didn't suffer from local action.
Despite its flaws, Volta's batteries provided a steadier current than Leyden jars, and made possible many new experiments and discoveries, such as the first electrolysis of water by Anthony Carlisle and William Nicholson.
A British chemist named John Frederic Daniell found a way to solve the hydrogen bubble problem in the Voltaic Pile by using a second electrolyte to consume the hydrogen produced by the first.
In 1836 he invented the Daniell cell, which consisted of a copper pot filled with a copper sulfate solution, in which was immersed an unglazed earthenware container filled with sulfuric acid and a zinc electrode.
The earthenware barrier was porous, which allowed ions to pass through but kept the solutions from mixing.
Without this barrier, when no current was drawn the copper ions would drift to the zinc anode and undergo reduction without producing a current, which would destroy the battery's life.
Over time, copper buildup would block the pores in the earthenware barrier and cut short the battery's life.
Nevertheless, the Daniell cell was a great improvement over the existing technology used in the early days of battery development and was the first practical source of electricity.
It provided a longer and more reliable current than the Voltaic cell because the electrolyte deposited copper (a conductor) rather than hydrogen (an insulator) on the cathode.
It was also safer and less corrosive.
It had an operating voltage of roughly 1.1 volts.
It soon became the industry standard for use, especially with the new telegraph networks.
The Daniell cell is also the historical basis for the contemporary definition of the volt, which is the unit of electromotive force in the International System of Units.
The definitions of electrical units that were proposed at the 1881 International Conference of Electricians were designed so that the electromotive force of the Daniell cell would be about 1.0 volts.
With contemporary definitions, the standard potential of the Daniell cell at 25 C is actually 1.10 V.
A version of the Daniell cell was invented in 1837 by the Guy's hospital physician Golding Bird who used a plaster of Paris barrier to keep the solutions separate.
Bird's experiments with this cell were of some importance to the new discipline of electrometallurgy.
The porous pot version of the Daniell cell was invented by John Dancer, a Liverpool instrument maker, in 1838.
It consists of a central zinc anode dipped into a porous earthenware pot containing a zinc sulfate solution.
The porous pot is, in turn, immersed in a solution of copper sulfate contained in a copper can, which acts as the cell's cathode.
The use of a porous barrier allows ions to pass through but keeps the solutions from mixing.
Without this barrier, when no current was drawn the copper ions would drift to the zinc anode and undergo reduction without producing a current, which would destroy the battery's life.
Sometime during the 1860s, a Frenchman by the name of Callaud invented a variant of the Daniell cell called the gravity cell.
This simpler version dispensed with the porous barrier.
This reduced the internal resistance of the system and, thus, the battery yielded a stronger current.
It quickly became the battery of choice for the American and British telegraph networks, and was used until the 1950s.
In the telegraph industry, this battery was often assembled on site by the telegraph workers themselves, and when it ran down it could be renewed by replacing the consumed components.
Even after most telegraph lines started being powered by motor-generators the gravity battery continued to be used in way stations to power the local circuit at least into the 1950s.
The gravity cell consisted of a glass jar, in which a copper cathode sat on the bottom and a zinc anode was suspended beneath the rim.
Copper sulfate crystals would be scattered around the cathode and then the jar would be filled with distilled water.
As the current was drawn, a layer of zinc sulfate solution would form at the top around the anode.
This top layer was kept separate from the bottom copper sulfate layer by its lower density and by the polarity of the cell.
The zinc sulfate layer was clear in contrast to the deep blue copper sulfate layer, which allowed a technician to measure the battery life with a glance.
On the other hand, this setup meant the battery could be used only in a stationary appliance, else the solutions would mix or spill.
Another disadvantage was that a current had to be continually drawn to keep the two solutions from mixing by diffusion, so it was unsuitable for intermittent use.
The German scientist Johann Christian Poggendorff overcame the problems with separating the electrolyte and the depolariser using a porous earthenware pot in 1842.
In the Poggendorff cell, sometimes called Grenet Cell due to the works of Eugene Grenet around 1859, the electrolyte was dilute sulphuric acid and the depolariser was chromic acid.
The two acids were physically mixed together eliminating the porous pot.
The positive electrode (cathode) was two carbon plates, with a zinc plate (negative or anode) positioned between them.
Because of the tendency of the acid mixture to react with the zinc, a mechanism was provided to raise the zinc electrode clear of the acids.
The cell provided 1.9 volts.
It proved popular with experimenters for many years due to its relatively high voltage; greater ability to produce a consistent current and lack of any fumes, but the relative fragility of its thin glass enclosure and the necessity of having to raise the zinc plate when the cell was not in use eventually saw it fall out of favour.
The cell was also known as the 'chromic acid cell', but principally as the 'bichromate cell'.
This latter name came from the practice of producing the chromic acid by adding sulphuric acid to potassium bichromate (the old name for potassium dichromate), even though the cell itself contained no bichromate.
The Fuller cell was developed from the Poggendorff cell.
Although the chemistry was principally the same, the two acids were once again separated by a porous container and the zinc was treated with mercury to form an amalgam.
This substantially reduced the 'local action' mainly responsible for the consumption of the zinc, but the presence of the porous pot reintroduced many of the problems that the Poggendorff cell had solved.
The practice of treating zinc with mercury survived well into the 20th century until environmental considerations forced its abandonment.
The Grove cell was invented by Welshman William Robert Grove in 1839.
It consisted of a zinc anode dipped in sulfuric acid and a platinum cathode dipped in nitric acid, separated by porous earthenware.
The Grove cell provided a high current and nearly twice the voltage of the Daniell cell, which made it the favoured cell of the American telegraph networks for a time.
However, it gave off poisonous nitric oxide fumes when operated.
The voltage also dropped sharply as the charge diminished, which became a liability as telegraph networks grew more complex.
Platinum was also very expensive.
(The 1841 Bunsen cell used carbon).
The Grove cell was replaced by the cheaper, safer and better performing gravity cell in the 1860s.
Alfred Dun 1885, nitro-muriatic acid ("aqua regis") - Iron & Carbon
In the new element there can be used advantageously as exciting-liquid in the first case such solutions as have in a concentrated condition great depolarizing-power, which effect the whole depolarization chemically without necessitating the mechanical expedient of increased carbon surface.
It is preferred to use iron as the positive electrode, and as exciting-liquid nitro muriatic acid, ("aqua regis",) the mixture consisting of muriatic and nitric acids.
The nitro-muriatic acid, as explained above, serves for filling both cells.
For the carbon-cells it is used strong or very slightly diluted, but for the other cells very diluted, (about one-twentieth, or at the most one-tenth.)
The element containing in one cell carbon and concentrated nitro-muriatic acid and in the other cell iron and dilute nitro-muriatic acid remains constant for at least twenty hours when employed for electric incandescent lighting.
(p. 80 at Google Books)
Up to this point, all existing batteries would be permanently drained when all their chemical reactions were spent.
In 1859, Gaston Planté invented the lead–acid battery, the first-ever battery that could be recharged by passing a reverse current through it.
A lead acid cell consists of a lead anode and a lead dioxide cathode immersed in sulphuric acid.
Both electrodes react with the acid to produce lead sulfate, but the reaction at the lead anode releases electrons whilst the reaction at the lead dioxide consumes them, thus producing a current.
These chemical reactions can be reversed by passing a reverse current through the battery, thereby recharging it.
Planté's first model consisted of two lead sheets separated by rubber strips and rolled into a spiral.
His batteries were first used to power the lights in train carriages while stopped at a station.
In 1881, Camille Alphonse Faure invented an improved version that consisted of a lead grid lattice into which a lead oxide paste was pressed, forming a plate.
Multiple plates could be stacked for greater performance.
This design was easier to mass-produce.
Compared to other batteries, Planté's was rather heavy and bulky for the amount of energy it could hold.
However, it could produce remarkably large currents in surges.
It also had very low internal resistance, meaning that a single battery could be used to power multiple circuits.
The lead-acid battery is still used today in automobiles and other applications where weight is not a big factor.
The basic principle has not changed since 1859.
In the early 1930s, a gel electrolyte (instead of a liquid) produced by adding silica to a charged cell was used in the LT battery of portable vacuum-tube radios.
In the 1970s, "sealed" versions became common (commonly known as a "gel cell" or "SLA"), allowing the battery to be used in different positions without failure or leakage.
Today cells are classified as "primary" if they produce a current only until their chemical reactants are exhausted, and "secondary" if the chemical reactions can be reversed by recharging the cell.
The lead-acid cell was the first "secondary" cell.
In 1866, Georges Leclanché invented a battery that consisted of a zinc anode and a manganese dioxide cathode wrapped in a porous material, dipped in a jar of ammonium chloride solution.
The manganese dioxide cathode had a little carbon mixed into it as well, which improved conductivity and absorption.
It provided a voltage of 1.4 volts.
This cell achieved very quick success in telegraphy, signalling and electric bell work.
The dry cell form was used to power early telephones—usually from an adjacent wooden box affixed to the wall—before telephones could draw power from the telephone line itself.
The Leclanché cell could not provide a sustained current for very long.
In lengthy conversations, the battery would run down, rendering the conversation inaudible.
This was because certain chemical reactions in the cell increased the internal resistance and, thus, lowered the voltage.
These reactions reversed themselves when the battery was left idle, so it was good only for intermittent use.
Many experimenters tried to immobilize the electrolyte of an electrochemical cell to make it more convenient to use.
The Zamboni pile of 1812 was a high-voltage dry battery but capable of delivering only minute currents.
Various experiments were made with cellulose, sawdust, spun glass, asbestos fibers, and gelatine.
In 1886, Carl Gassner obtained a German patent on a variant of the Leclanché cell, which came to be known as the dry cell because it did not have a free liquid electrolyte.
Instead, the ammonium chloride was mixed with Plaster of Paris to create a paste, with a small amount of zinc chloride added in to extend the shelf life.
The manganese dioxide cathode was dipped in this paste, and both were sealed in a zinc shell, which also acted as the anode.
In November 1887, he obtained for the same device.
Unlike previous wet cells, Gassner's dry cell was more solid, did not require maintenance, did not spill, and could be used in any orientation.
It provided a potential of 1.5 volts.
The first mass-produced model was the Columbia dry cell, first marketed by the National Carbon Company in 1896.
The NCC improved Gassner's model by replacing the plaster of Paris with coiled cardboard, an innovation that left more space for the cathode and made the battery easier to assemble.
It was the first convenient battery for the masses and made portable electrical devices practical, and led directly to the invention of the flashlight.
The zinc–carbon battery (as it came to be known) is still manufactured today.
In parallel, in 1887 Wilhelm Hellesen developed his own dry cell design.
It has been claimed that Hellesen's design preceded that of Gassner.
In 1887, a dry-battery was developed by Yai Sakizō () of Japan, then patented in 1892.
In 1893, Yai Sakizō's dry-battery was exhibited in World's Columbian Exposition and commanded considerable international attention.
In 1899, a Swedish scientist named Waldemar Jungner invented the nickel–cadmium battery, a rechargeable battery that had nickel and cadmium electrodes in a potassium hydroxide solution; the first battery to use an alkaline electrolyte.
It was commercialized in Sweden in 1910 and reached the United States in 1946.
The first models were robust and had significantly better energy density than lead-acid batteries, but were much more expensive.
Jungner had invented a nickel–iron battery the same year as his Ni-Cad battery, but found it to be inferior to its cadmium counterpart and, as a consequence, never bothered patenting it.
It produced a lot more hydrogen gas when being charged, meaning it could not be sealed, and the charging process was less efficient (it was, however, cheaper).
However, Thomas Edison picked up Jungner's nickel-iron battery design, patented it himself and sold it in 1903.
Edison wanted to commercialise a more lightweight and durable substitute for the lead-acid battery that powered some early automobiles, and hoped that by doing so electric cars would become the standard, with his firm as its main battery vendor.
However, customers found his first model to be prone to leakage and short battery life, and it did not outperform the lead-acid cell by much either.
Although Edison was able to produce a more reliable and powerful model seven years later, by this time the inexpensive and reliable Model T Ford had made gasoline engine cars the standard.
Nevertheless, Edison's battery achieved great success in other applications such as electric and diesel-electric rail vehicles, providing backup power for railroad crossing signals, or to provide power for the lamps used in mines.
Until the late 1950s the zinc–carbon battery continued to be a popular primary cell battery, but its relatively low battery life hampered sales.
In 1955, an engineer working for Union Carbide at the National Carbon Company Parma Research Laboratory named Lewis Urry was tasked with finding a way to extend the life of zinc-carbon batteries, but Urry decided instead that alkaline batteries held more promise.
Until then, longer-lasting alkaline batteries were unfeasibly expensive.
Urry's battery consisted of a manganese dioxide cathode and a powdered zinc anode with an alkaline electrolyte.
Using powdered zinc gave the anode a greater surface area.
These batteries hit the market in 1959.
The nickel–hydrogen battery entered the market as an energy-storage subsystem for commercial communication satellites.
The first consumer grade nickel–metal hydride batteries (NiMH) for smaller applications appeared on the market in 1989 as a variation of the 1970s nickel–hydrogen battery.
NIMH batteries tend to have longer lifespans than NiCd batteries (and their lifespans continue to increase as manufacturers experiment with new alloys) and, since cadmium is toxic, NiMH batteries are less damaging to the environment.
Lithium is the metal with lowest density and with the greatest electrochemical potential and energy-to-weight ratio.
The low atomic weight and small size of its ions also speeds its diffusion.
So theory suggests it would make an ideal material for batteries.
Experimentation with lithium batteries began in 1912 under G.N.
Lewis, and in the 1970s the first lithium batteries came onto the market.
Three volt lithium primary cells such as the CR123A type and three volt button cells are still widely used, especially in cameras and very small devices.
Energizer and other brands market 1.5 volt lithium primary cells, with advantages for some applications over alkaline cells.
Three important developments marked the 1980s.
In 1980 an American chemist, John B. Goodenough, disclosed the LiCoO2 cathode (positive lead) and a Moroccan research scientist, Rachid Yazami, discovered the graphite anode (negative lead) with the solid electrolyte.
In 1981, Japanese chemist Tokio Yamabe and late Shjzukuni Yata discovered novel nano-carbonacious-PAS, and found that it was very effective for the anode in the conventional liquid electrolyte.
This led a research team managed by Akira Yoshino of Asahi Chemical, Japan, to build the first lithium-ion battery prototype in 1985, a rechargeable and more stable version of the lithium battery; Sony commercialized the lithium-ion battery in 1991.
In 1997 the lithium polymer battery was released by Sony and Asahi Kasei.
These batteries hold their electrolyte in a solid polymer composite instead of in a liquid solvent, and the electrodes and separators are laminated to each other.
The latter difference allows the battery to be encased in a flexible wrapping instead of in a rigid metal casing, which means such batteries can be specifically shaped to fit a particular device.
This advantage has favored lithium polymer batteries in the design of portable electronic devices such as mobile phones and personal digital assistants, and of radio-controlled aircraft, as such batteries allow for more flexible and compact design.
They generally have a lower energy density than normal lithium-ion batteries.
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Sibi Sathyaraj (also credited as Sibiraj) is an Indian actor working in the Tamil film industry.
He is the son of Tamil film actor Sathyaraj.
Sibi started his acting career with the 2003 film "Student Number 1", which was a box office failure.
In his next four films, "Jore", "Mannin Maindhan", "Vetrivel Sakthivel" and "Kovai Brothers", he acted with his father, Sathyaraj, who also produced Sibi's following project, "Lee", directed by Prabhu Solomon, where he played the role of a football player.
In his early years, several films he was announced to be part of, such as "Perumal Swamy", "Pattasu" and "Mamu", were shelved midway.
Subsequently, Sibi took a break from acting and his next release "Naanayam" released three years after "Lee".
The film directed by Shakti Soundar Rajan saw Sibi playing his first negative role.
Although his performance was well received, the film did not fare well.
Following "Naanayam" he went on another sabbatical, during which he pursued an acting workshop at the New York Film Academy (NYFA) in Los Angeles for three months, before returning in 2014 with "Naaigal Jaakirathai", again directed by Shakti Soundar Rajan.
The film, which Sibi reportedly accepted after having listening to more than 200 scripts, featured him alongside a Belgian Shepherd dog as the protagonist.
His next titles were "Pokkiri Raja", "Jackson Durai", "Kattappavae Kaanom", "Sathya" and an untitled film to be directed by Vinod.
On 14 September 2008, Sibi got married to Revathi, an engineer who works for an IT company in Chennai.
The two had been in a relationship for ten years before getting married.
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"Dr. Heidegger's Experiment" is a short story by American author Nathaniel Hawthorne, about a doctor who claims to have been sent water from the Fountain of Youth.
Originally published anonymously in 1837, it was later published in Hawthorne's collection "Twice-Told Tales", also in 1837.
Dr. Heidegger is an eccentric old man.
He invites four elderly friends to participate in an experiment in his mysterious, gloomy study.
He shows them a withered rose that he claims is fifty-five years old.
He then displays a vase, a gift from an acquaintance, that contains a generous quantity of sparkling water.
Heidegger explains that this bewitching water is from the legendary Fountain of Youth, near Lake Macaco (now known as Lake Okeechobee, in Florida).
The water wondrously causes the old rose to bloom again when it is dropped into it.
Dr. Heidegger's friends become cautiously intrigued.
They wish to taste the water, hoping it will restore their youth and give them an opportunity to live life again, free from the mistakes they made when they were young.
As Heidegger watches, they anxiously drink the water.
Their youth restored, they begin acting as fatuously as they did in their prime.
Soon, the three men of the group begin competing for the attentions of the now-youthful and beautiful widow.
While experiencing their new-found youth, however, a tall ominous mirror in the study reflects an image of the four guests as still being elderly and feeble.
The vase is accidentally smashed as the men fight over her, and its miraculous water is lost.
The guests' transformation only lasts for minutes, and therefore returns them to their original old age.
To obtain more of the enchanted water, the four test subjects determine to travel to Florida to find the Fountain of Youth.
The story was first published anonymously as "The Fountain of Youth" in the January 1837 issue of Lewis Gaylord Clark's "The Knickerbocker" magazine.
It was included later that year in the collection "Twice-Told Tales".
Edgar Allan Poe reviewed the second edition of the collection in 1842 and wrote that "Dr. Heidegger's Experiment was "exceedingly well imagined and executed with surpassing ability.
The artist breathes in every line of it."
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Stanton Harcourt is a village and civil parish in Oxfordshire about southeast of Witney and about west of Oxford.
The parish includes the hamlet of Sutton, north of the village.
The 2011 Census recorded the parish's population as 960.
Within the parish of Stanton Harcourt is a series of paleochannel deposits buried beneath the second (Summertown-Radley) gravel terrace of the River Thames.
The deposits have been attributed to Marine isotope stages and have been the subject of archaeological and palaeontological research.
Evidence was found for the co-existence of species of elephant and mammoth during interglacial conditions, disproving the widely held view that mammoths were an exclusively cold-adapted species.
Stanton is derived from the Old English for "farmstead by the stones", probably after the prehistoric stone circle known as the Devil's Quoits, southwest of the village.
The site is a scheduled monument.
The Domesday Book of 1086 records that the manor was held by Odo, Bishop of Bayeux.
It became called Stanton Harcourt after Robert de Harcourt of Bosworth, Leicestershire inherited lands of his father-in-law at Stanton in 1191.
Harcourt House was built for the Harcourt family in the 15th and mid-16th centuries, and its gatehouse was added about 1540.
Harcourt House is a Grade II* listed building.
Its Great Kitchen was built in 1485, possibly incorporating an earlier building.
The kitchen is a separate building from the house and is Grade I listed.
The service range attached to the south of the Great Kitchen is also 15th-century.
It has been converted into a house, Manor Farmhouse, and is Grade I listed.
Pope's Tower in the grounds of Harcourt House was built about 1470–71, probably by the master mason William Orchard.
It is a Grade I listed building.
The tower acquired its name centuries later, after the poet Alexander Pope stayed here in 1717–18 and used its upper room to translate the fifth volume of Homer's "Iliad".
In the summer of 1718 he also wrote the epitaph to a young couple, John Hewett and Sarah Drew, who were struck by lightning and killed in the parish.
The poem is carved on a stone monument on the outside of the south wall of the nave or St Michael's parish church.
The earliest known record of the Church of England parish church of Saint Michael dates from 1135, and the Norman nave and lower parts of the bell tower are certainly 12th century.
In the 13th century the chancel, chancel arch and tower arches were rebuilt and the transepts and stair turret were added.
In the 15th century the upper part of the belltower was completed, the Perpendicular Gothic west window of the nave and north and south windows of the transepts were inserted and the pitch of the roof was lowered.
The Harcourt chapel was added on the south side of the chancel, possibly by William Orchard.
In the chancel is the Decorated Gothic late 13th- or early 14th-century shrine of St Edburg of Bicester.
It was at the Augustinian priory at Bicester until 1536, when the priory was dissolved.
Sir James Harcourt had the shrine salvaged and moved to St Michael's.
St Michael's is a Grade I listed building.
The central tower has a ring of six bells.
Michael Darbie, an intinerant bellfounder, cast the second, third, fourth and fifth bells in 1656, which was during the Commonwealth of England.
Richard Keene of Woodstock cast the tenor bell in 1686.
Abraham II Rudhall of Gloucester cast the treble bell in 1722.
St Michael's parish is part of the Benefice of Lower Windrush, along with the parishes of Northmoor, Standlake and Yelford.
In the Second World War there was a Royal Air Force airfield at Stanton Harcourt.
It is notable for having been a transit point for Winston Churchill and for being a starting point for a bomber raid on the .
The runways are, for the most part, now gone, but some of the original buildings remain including a turret trainer, crew room and various other buildings.
The hangars have been converted into office and industrial units.
Stanton Harcourt has a 17th-century pub, The Harcourt Arms.
It had another pub, the Fox, but it is now a private home.
The parish council owns Fox Field behind it and has renamed it the Jubilee Field, intending to install play equipment.
Trees and hedging have been provided by the Woodland Trust and planted by volunteers.
The parish has a primary school.
Oxfordshire County Council bus route 18 gives Stanton Harcourt an hourly link with Oxford, Eynsham, Standlake, Aston and Bampton.
The current contractor operating the route is Stagecoach in Oxfordshire.
There is no evening, Sunday or Bank Holiday service.
Stanton Harcourt has a history of Morris dancing since the 19th century.
Following a lapse, the tradition has been revived, and continues today.
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The Danforth Campus is the main campus at Washington University in St. Louis.
Formerly known as the Hilltop Campus, it was officially dedicated as the Danforth Campus on September 17, 2006, in honor of William H. Danforth, the 13th Chancellor of the University, the Danforth family and the Danforth Foundation.
Distinguished by its collegiate gothic architecture, the campus lies at the western boundary of Forest Park, partially in the City of St. Louis.
Most of the campus (including almost all academic and administrative buildings) is in a small enclave of unincorporated St. Louis County, while all the campus area south of Forsyth Boulevard (mostly student housing) is in suburban Clayton.
Immediately to the north across Forest Park Parkway is University City.
The construction of Danforth Campus was accelerated through a profitable lease of several buildings to the 1904 St. Louis World's Fair.
During the fair, Brookings Hall, Busch Hall, Cupples I & II Halls, Francis Field & Gymnasium (site of the 1904 Summer Olympics), Ridgley Hall, Eads Hall, and Prince Hall (a men's dormitory) were used as administrative and exhibition spaces.
At the fair's conclusion, the newly constructed buildings assumed their original functions as classrooms and administrative offices.
Additionally, Francis Field and Gymnasium were converted for use by the Washington University athletic department.
The landscape design of the Danforth Campus was created in 1895 by Olmsted, Olmsted, & Eliot, a firm best known for designing New York City's Central Park.
In 1899, after holding a national design competition, Washington University's administrators selected the Philadelphia firm Cope & Stewardson to design the entire campus.
Cope & Stewardson, a firm known for its mastery of Collegiate Gothic, designed Brookings Hall as a centerpiece of a new campus plan.
The plan, modeled after the distinctive quadrangles of Oxford and Cambridge Universities, has guided the construction and expansion of the Danforth Campus to the present day.
A large portion of the Danforth Campus is recognized as the Washington University Hilltop Campus Historic District, which achieved National Historic Landmark status in 1987.
The Barry Flanagan bronze statue, "Thinker on a Rock," widely known, simply, as "The Bunny," is currently on permanent loan to Washington University and features prominently near Olin Library, Graham Chapel and Mallinckrodt (Edison Theater).
The Mildred Lane Kemper Art Museum on campus houses most of the University's art and sculpture collections, including pieces by Jackson Pollock, Robert Rauschenberg, Jenny Holzer, Pablo Picasso, Max Ernst, Willem de Kooning, Henri Matisse, Joan Miró, and Rembrandt van Rijn, among others.
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Present arms is a two-part drill command used by many militaries in the world as a sign of respect.
It comes from the old British command "Arms to the present!"
This was used especially between 1700 and about the late nineteenth century in Great Britain and later the United Kingdom.
The current standard weapon of the French Military is the FAMAS, a short, bullpup assault rifle worn slung in diagonal over the chest; consequently, at the command "Présentez... armes !
", French military personnel will put the right hand flat over the handle of the weapon, and take hold of the received handguard with the left.
The rifle itself does not move.
Officers and non-commissioned officers holding a sword or sabre present it vertically, with the guard in front of the face.
Absent a weapon, the standard military salute is rendered, hand above the right eye, palm facing forward.
In Indonesia, present arms is given the command in Indonesian: "Hormat Senjata, Gerak!"
for personnel carrying arms.
The command "Hormat, Gerak!"
is the command for personnel not carrying arms and is to execute a hand salute.
For commands only to officers carrying swords (sabres), the command would be: "Hormat Pedang, Gerak!
", but when officers who parade with men carrying rifles, the "Hormat Senjata, Gerak!"
command is used.
In some occasions usually during parades, personnel who are carrying rifles with the position of "Slinged-port Arms" (slinged rifle is brought to the front of the body in "port arms" position), the present arms would be different, the execution is to place the right hand flat over the folded stock of the rifle and the left hand is to hold the handguard.
Officers execute present arms with a Sabre in two steps, first is to bring the grip of the sabre to the front of the mouth facing the guard to the left, and then bringing the sabre down to the right lower side of the body next to the right leg facing the blade to the ground in a 30 degree angle to the right.
Within the United States Military, it is executed in the following procedures:
***LIST***.
As with all proper commands, it is to be given from the position of attention only.
Following "Present arms", the command "Order arms" (also a two-part command) is given to return to the proper position of attention.
In the Singapore Armed Forces, The command, Hormat Senja-ta is given.
A full arms salute is given to Officers of rank Major and above.
A butt salute, with presentation of weapon and left arm at trigger is given to junior officers.
In sword drill, the sword is raised, an act of kissing, then lowered in an 8-beat.
The sword is pulled back fully.
With the SA80, according to the RAF Drill and Ceremonial manual (AP818), the movement starts with arms at the slope.
Firstly, the right arm is moved across the body to strike and grip the butt, keeping the arm parallel to the ground.
Next, the right arm is to move the rifle across to the centre of the body, keeping it vertical, with the magazine pointed outwards, whilst the left hand is to be moved 6 inches in front of the rifle.
The rifle is then moved down until the right arm is as extended as it can be, with the rifle kept vertically in front of the body, with the left hand striking and gripping the rifle shortly above the trigger guard.
The right foot is then moved (in the Army and RAF the leg is bent to 90 degrees, in the navy this is not the case), and placed so that the hollow of the right foot is touching the heel of the left, at an angle of 30 degrees.
With the sword (usually carried by officers and, in some cases, warrant officers), the present arms is identical to that of the salute at the halt.
The sword is first moved up to a position called the recover (the blade is vertical, turned to the left, with the tip uppermost, and the hilt in front of the face before the mouth), before being lowered smoothly to the front, in line with the right shoulder, with the hilt resting behind the thigh, blade edge to the left, and the tip approximately 30 cm from the ground.
When the command for rifles to be shouldered is given (shoulder - ARMS), this process is reversed.
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Kõpu Lighthouse () is one of the best known symbols and tourist sights on the Estonian island of Hiiumaa.
It is one of the oldest lighthouses in the world, having been in continuous use since its completion in 1531.
The lighthouse marks the Hiiu Shoal (, ) and warns ships away from the shoreline.
Light from Kõpu Lighthouse can be used for navigation as far as away, although in 1997 a radar lighthouse largely took over its role as navigation aid.
Kõpu Lighthouse was previously known under its Swedish name, "Upper Dagerort lighthouse".
The lighthouse is built at the top of the highest hillock of Hiiumaa island, Tornimägi (, ).
The height of the building itself is , and the light is above sea level, making it the highest coastal light on the Baltic Sea.
Kõpu Lighthouse has the shape of a square prism, with massive counterforts in the directions of principal divisions of the compass.
The tower is laid solely of stone up to the height of .
The outside layer of the walls is supported by lime mortar, with the body itself built without mortar.
The body of the tower contains roughly of stone, with its total weight reaching .
Local limestone and glacial erratic stones were used as building material.
Originally, the base of the tower was solid stone without any rooms; the top of the lighthouse was reached using external wooden stairs, which were later replaced with iron ones.
During reconstruction in the 1800s, a stairway was cut into the tower and has remained in use since.
The most important East–West shipping lane in the Baltic Sea passed the Hiiu sandbank.
Already before the year 1490 the Hanseatic merchants were seeking permission to mark this peninsula with an outstanding landmark.
Around 1490 they asked the bishop of Bishopric of Ösel-Wiek to let them build a landmark on the Kõpu peninsula which was under the bishop’s control.
This action had no real results.
At a meeting of the Hanseatic League in Lübeck in 1499, they applied once more to the bishop for permission to build a beacon.
On 20 April 1500 Bishop Johannes III Orgas (John Orgies) agreed to allow a massive stone pillar without any openings.
To cover the building costs, Tallinn city council had to establish a special lighthouse tax until the sum was complete.
Building of the beacon was supposed to start in the summer of 1500, but the building was stopped when Wolter von Plettenberg, master of the Livonian Order, started a war which lasted until 1503.
In the spring of 1504, purchase and delivery of the building materials began, but in the autumn of the same year the plague broke out, stopping the work once more.
Building work was discontinued and alderman Lambert Ottingk, the magistrate in charge of the building, died in Tallinn on 28 December 1505.
The account ledgers of Tallinn city council contain entries about the Kõpu lighthouse from 1507 to 1533, showing money was spent on the beacon of Hiiumaa from 13 May 1514 until 12 October 1532.
The amounts show the majority of the work took place from 1514 to 1519; later there are only a couple of bigger expenditures on the beacon.
A fire was first lit in the autumn of 1531; it was simply a bonfire on top of the tower.
The and tower was visible on a clear day up to offshore.
In August 1649 a wooden staircase was built to the outside wall of the tower and an open iron fire grate affixed to the top.
Originally it was planned to burn coal in the lighthouse, but due to high transport costs of coal, wood was used instead.
The fire consumed up to 1000 cords of firewood every year during the 180-day navigation period, a quantity so great that it led to deforestation of most of the Kõpu peninsula.
A team of six was on guard every night, but storms extinguished the fire often.
A rule passed in 1652 decreed that the fire must be strong and a fathom (~) high.
Count Axel Julius De la Gardie bought the island of Hiiumaa from the King of Sweden for 38,000 thalers and took over management of the Kõpu lighthouse in 1659.
He had its height extended to and the wooden stairs replaced with an iron staircase.
The light, now visible from as far as away, was lit one hour after the sun set and extinguished one hour before sunrise.
The Russian Empire took over the administration of the lighthouse in 1805.
Major reconstruction of the tower began in 1810.
A stone staircase was cut to the southern counterfort plus a room large enough for a team of six men.
Into the upper part they made two subsidiary rooms, one on top of the other, and another, the topmost room, from the ground, was for the lanterns.
The lantern room housed twenty three oil lamps, using silver-plated brass reflectors.
The lamps burned hemp oil, requiring yearly.
In 1845, a crack in the upper part of the lighthouse called for extensive reconstruction, which saw part of the tower pulled down and rebuilt.
The tower now gained its final height: .
A wooden structure with lamp-chimneys was built for the lantern and its optical devices.
The lighthouse came under navy control, and the first maintenance rules were laid down.
The fire was to be lit and extinguished in strict accordance to sunrise and sunset.
In cloudy weather lighthouse keepers were to consult a calendar for the necessary data.
At that time, the fire was kept burning nightly from 1 July to 1 May – 10 months of the year.
As part of his naval reforms, Grand Duke Constantine Nikolaevich of Russia demanded modernization of the Kõpu lighthouse, in 1859.
In May 1860, a novel gyratory device (manufactured by Le Paute in Paris) was installed.
It rotated at a speed of one revolution per four minutes, using a clockwork pulley-weight system.
The device had one Carsel lamp with four concentric light sources and a Fresnel lens.
The lamp consumed of rapeseed oil hourly, and the fuel pump was powered by the same clockwork mechanism.
It was said to be visible up to away.
A team of seven serviced the lighthouse, with one required to be near the light at all times.
The counterfort with the staircase was roofed with wooden boards and tin sheets in 1869.
A telegraph installation and rescue stations were established near the lighthouse in the same year; the first-established worked until 1898 when it was replaced by a telephone.
A new light system was bought at the 1900 Paris World Fair, for three million gold rubles.
The new apparatus (including the light chamber) was made by Sautter, Marlé & Co.
It used a kerosene lamp with a gas mantle.
A heavy cast iron system floated and rotated in a bath of mercury, which acted as a bearing.
The bath contained roughly of mercury.
The poisonous mercury from the lighthouse was used for decades by children in the surrounding villages for playing.
The light system was set in rotation by a suspended load; it needed to be rewound every two hours.
It was installed during repairs of 1901.
In 1939, the lighthouse underwent major repairs for its anniversary.
As part of those renovations, the tower was painted with high quality oil paint, which became the main contributor to the deterioration of the tower in subsequent decades – thick waterproof layers of paint did not allow the limestone to dry.
The mortar began to deteriorate rapidly.
The lighthouse was connected to the electricity grid in 1940.
German bombers targeted the lighthouse in August 1941, though only the lantern structure and optical system were destroyed.
After World War II, various optical systems were tested.
Kohler generators were installed in 1949 along with the stationary electric light system.
A new rotating light system (EMV-3) was installed in 1963, making the lighthouse fully automated.
It was in use until 1982, when an experimental EMV-930M system (made in Ukraine) was installed.
The rotation mechanism of the optical system is a novel solution – there are no electric motors; it uses a revolving magnetic field instead.
The optics brought a six to eight hundredfold increase to the efficiency of the light radiated by a 1 kW quartz lamp.
The same light system is still in use.
Due to the progressing deterioration, the lighthouse underwent frequent repairs.
Major repairs were in 1957, 1970, 1979–1981 and a major overhaul in 1982.
The walls crumbled partially during the 1980s.
To stop the deterioration, a thick reinforced concrete dress was built to support the foundation and walls (1989–1990).
Small air channels were left in the concrete.
The top of the lighthouse was renovated in 2001.
Kõpu Lighthouse only lost its important role as a primary navigation aid in 1997, when a radar lighthouse took over its duties.
Recreational craft and small fishing vessels continue to rely on Kõpu for navigating, as a backup to electronic navigation systems.
The Estonian Maritime Administration still classifies it as an active aid to navigation.
Its future is ensured by its status as a protected cultural memorial.
Due to its enduring popularity and memorable shape, it is often used as a symbol of Hiiumaa.
A major tourist attraction, the tower has been open for tourists since 1999.
Together with the nearby Ristna lighthouse, the Kõpu lighthouse was commemorated on a postage stamp in 2000.
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Ghetto Life 101 is a 30-minute radio broadcast documentary exploring the lives of residents of the South Side of Chicago, Illinois.
The documentary was created by teenagers LeAlan Jones and Lloyd Newman and produced by David Isay for National Public Radio.
The broadcast garnered international acclaim and won several awards.
"Ghetto Life 101" illustrates life on the South Side of Chicago in 1993.
The broadcast footage was recorded by LeAlan Jones and Lloyd Newman, who were thirteen and fourteen, respectively, at the time.
The broadcast centered on interviews with the boys' families, friends, and members of the community.
The broadcast was well received, and praised for its raw portrayal of life in the Chicago projects .
The broadcast won several awards, including the Sigma Delta Chi Award, and the Corporation for Public Broadcasting's Awards for Excellence in Documentary Radio and Special Achievement in Radio Programming.
Jones and Newman made a second documentary, "Remorse: The 14 Stories of Eric Morse", which explored the backgrounds of people involved with Eric Morse, a five-year-old boy who was tragically thrown from a fourteenth-story window in the Chicago projects by two older boys.
Their second documentary won the Robert F. Kennedy Journalism Award and a Peabody Award in 1996.
The two documentaries and further footage from when Jones and Newman were nearing high school graduation were condensed into a book published in 1997 entitled "Our America: Life and Death on the South Side of Chicago."
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