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"Jose Chung's "From Outer Space"" is the 20th episode of the third season of the science fiction television series "The X-Files".
The episode first aired in the United States on April 12, 1996, on Fox.
It was written by Darin Morgan and directed by Rob Bowman.
"Jose Chung's "From Outer Space"" earned a Nielsen household rating of 10.5, being watched by 16.08 million people in its initial broadcast, and also received praise from critics.
The show centers on FBI special agents Fox Mulder (David Duchovny) and Dana Scully (Gillian Anderson) who work on cases linked to the paranormal, called X-Files.
In this episode, Mulder and Scully hear, and promptly investigate, a story about an alien abduction of two teenagers.
Each witness provides a different version of the same facts.
Within the episode, a thriller novelist, Jose Chung, writes a book about the incident.
The episode is a stand-alone episode, like most episodes of "The X-Files", and follows the normal Monster of the Week pattern of the show but features more humor than typical via manipulation of point of view, leading to multiple re-tellings of certain events with varying degrees of unreliable narrators.
A teenage couple in Klass County, Washington, are returning from a date one evening when their car suddenly stops, they see a UFO, and are captured by a pair of grey aliens.
However, the aliens are themselves soon confronted by a giant third alien from another race.
Agent Dana Scully (Gillian Anderson) is interviewed about the case by famed author Jose Chung (Charles Nelson Reilly), who is researching a book he is writing about alien abductions and the UFO phenomenon.
Scully notes that the girl, Chrissy, was found with all her clothes inside out, appearing to be the victim of date rape.
Her date, Harold, is brought in by the police.
He claims that he did not rape Chrissy, but that they were both abducted by aliens.
The foul-mouthed local detective, Manners (whose profanity is humorously replaced with words such as "bleep" and "blank"), does not believe Harold's story, but Agent Fox Mulder (David Duchovny) has Chrissy undergo hypnosis, in which she describes being on a spaceship surrounded by aliens.
Harold claims to have encountered a cigarette-smoking grey alien on the ship who kept repeating, "This is not happening."
Mulder is convinced that Chrissy and Harold were abducted by aliens, but Scully thinks it is more plausible that the two teenagers simply had consensual sex and are struggling to deal with the emotional aftermath.
The agents then speak to an electric power company lineman named Roky Crikenson, who claims he witnessed the abduction of Chrissy and Harold, and then turned his eyewitness account into a movie screenplay entitled "The Truth About Aliens."
He recounts a strange visit to his home from a pair of men in black, who told him that the UFO he thought he saw the night before was merely the planet Venus, and threatened to kill him if he told anyone otherwise.
Roky's screenplay describes his meeting with the third alien (who calls himself Lord Kinbote), who took him to the center of the Earth and told Roky that he had a great mission for him.
In telling Roky's version of events to Jose Chung, Scully explains that Roky suffers from a "fantasy-prone personality."
Mulder, however, thinks that Roky's story contains some partial truths and decides to have Chrissy re-hypnotized.
This time Chrissy claims that she was captured by the U.S. military, not aliens, and they brainwashed her into believing that she was abducted by aliens.
Chung speaks to a science fiction and Dungeons & Dragons fanatic, Blaine, who frequently roams the woods of Klass County at night looking for UFOs.
As Blaine tells Chung, one night he found an alien body that was subsequently recovered by Mulder, Scully and Detective Manners.
Blaine thinks that Mulder and Scully are a couple of men in black.
He claims that Mulder was emotionless, but shrieked when he saw the alien, and that Scully, whom Blaine believed was a man dressed like a woman, threatened him and told him not to talk to anyone about the alien body.
Mulder allows Blaine to videotape Scully performing an autopsy on the alien, which is quickly released as a video "documentary" labeled "Dead Alien!
Truth or Humbug?"
that is narrated by the Stupendous Yappi (from "Clyde Bruckman's Final Repose").
The autopsy reveals that the alien is actually a dead Air Force pilot in an alien costume.
His superiors arrive to claim the body, but find it missing.
Mulder tricks the military officers into revealing the identity of a second missing Air Force pilot, Lieutenant Jack Schaefer.
As Mulder remembers it, that night he found Schaefer, in a dazed state, walking naked down a highway in Klass County.
After getting him some clothes, Mulder takes Schaefer to a diner, where the pilot explains that he and his partner were dressed as aliens while flying a secret U.S. military vehicle designed to resemble a UFO.
He thinks that he, his partner, and the two teenagers were abducted by real aliens in a real UFO, but Schaefer is also unsure if his surroundings are real or a hallucination, and he tells Mulder that he may not even exist himself, as he cannot be sure.
His superiors soon come to take him away; before leaving the diner with the military officer, he tells Mulder that "I'm a dead man."
The diner's cook, however, has a different version of the story.
He tells Jose Chung that Mulder was in the diner by himself that night with no one else, and that he kept asking the cook strange questions about UFOs and alien abductions while ordering piece after piece of sweet potato pie.
After leaving the diner, Mulder returns to their motel and finds the men in black seen earlier (played by Jesse Ventura and Alex Trebek), in Scully's room.
Scully appears to be in a trance, and has no memory of seeing the men in black.
The next morning, Mulder, Scully, and Detective Manners hear about the crash of an Air Force plane and head to the crash site, where the dead bodies of the two Air Force pilots they met earlier are recovered.
Mulder visits with Chung, pleading with him not to publish the book since it will further discredit UFO researchers and witnesses by making them look ridiculous.
Chung dismisses Mulder and publishes the book anyway, which Scully reads in her office.
In his book, Chung describes the fates of the various people he interviewed: Roky has moved to California and founded a spiritual cult based on the teachings he believes he received from Lord Kinbote, Blaine has replaced him as a power company lineman and continues to search for UFOs most nights, Mulder (whom Chung describes as "a ticking time bomb of insanity") watches video footage of Bigfoot, and Harold professes his love to Chrissy, who rejects him as too immature, as her UFO experience has given her a new commitment to philanthropy and helping humanity.
Writer Darin Morgan had pieces of the script for a long time, drawing inspiration from research he had done on hypnosis and a book on government coverups and UFOs that theorized that UFOs are a phenomenon that manipulate space and time, but are not piloted by aliens.
Morgan had the idea for the teaser in mind before becoming a staff member on the show.
The narrative style was influenced by a casting session Morgan witnessed where an actor auditioning sounded like Truman Capote.
From this he came up with the idea to have a writer covering the case.
Capote died in 1984, and second choice Rip Taylor was unavailable, so the role of Jose Chung ended up going to Charles Nelson Reilly.
Jesse Ventura was cast as one of the men in black, while the other, which Morgan had originally wanted Johnny Cash for, went to "Jeopardy!"
host Alex Trebek.
The role of Lord Kinbote went to stuntman Tony Morelli.
The episode contained a number of references and in-jokes.
Klass County was named after UFO skeptic Philip Klass, whose use of the planet Venus to explain some UFO sightings was used by one of the men in black in the episode.
The pilots dressed up as aliens were named after UFO authors Robert Sheaffer and Jacques Vallee.
Air Force Sergeant Hynek was named after UFO researcher Dr. J. Allen Hynek.
The character of Roky Crikenson is named after musician Roky Erickson, who claims to be an alien abductee.
Chung gives Mulder the pseudonym Reynard, after the legendary fox.
The alien autopsy video: "Dead Alien!
Truth or Humbug?"
referenced Morgan's first episode for the series, "Humbug".
The video was a parody of the real life Alien Autopsy video aired by Fox.
Detective Manners was named after series director Kim Manners; the character's tendency to swear a lot was also influenced by his real life counterpart.
Blaine is seen wearing a "" shirt during his interview.
Lt. Schaefer molding his mashed potatoes into a mountain is a reference to the film "Close Encounters of the Third Kind".
An additional reference to the film "Close Encounters" is Roky's job as a power company lineman, which is the same job held by Roy Neary, the character played by Richard Dreyfuss, in "Close Encounters".
The cover to Jose Chung's book was a reference to the cover of the book "Communion" by Whitley Strieber.
Lord Kinbote was an homage to Ray Harryhausen, a director noted for his work in stop-motion model animation, with the footage of the character shot at high speed then slowed down and edited in post production to create a stop-motion effect.
This episode would be the last that Darin Morgan wrote for the series before its revival in 2016.
The writer claimed that he could not keep up with the frantic pace of the show.
Morgan would later write the similarly themed "Jose Chung's "Doomsday Defense"" for the TV series "Millennium".
"Jose Chung's "From Outer Space"" premiered on the Fox network on April 12, 1996.
This episode earned a Nielsen rating of 10.5, with a 19 share, meaning that roughly 10.5 percent of all television-equipped households, and 19 percent of households watching television, were tuned in to the episode.
This totaled 16.08 million viewers.
The cast and crew of "The X-Files" reacted positively to the episode.
Gillian Anderson cited the episode as being among her highlights of the third season.
She said the episode was like dessert, adding "That's what kept it fun and that's what kept it worth doing all the time."
Chris Carter said of writer Darin Morgan, "It's been a wonderful coincidence of timing, talent, and the success of the show, allowing it to stretch in a direction it would never have been able to if it had been a less successful or if it had been a younger show.
Darin is a truly original comic mind.
I don't know anybody in the world working in film, and that's what we work in here even though it appears on television, who has the voice Darin has.
He is one in many million."
Co-Producer Paul Rabwin said of the episode "An instant classic.
One of those seminal episodes.
You know, when people talk about "The Twilight Zone", they say 'Remember "Eye of the Beholder"?'
Or "Trouble With Tribbles" on the original "".
'Jose Chung' is going to be one of those episodes that is immediately revered."
Assistant director Tom Braidwood appreciated Charles Nelson Reilly's presence, saying that he captivated virtually everyone and gave everyone a lift, nicknaming everyone on the crew.
Executive Producer Robert Goodwin said that the casting of Reilly was the most fun of the episode.
"Jose Chung's "From Outer Space"" received praise from critics as well.
Author Phil Farrand rated the episode as his favorite episode of the first four seasons in his book "The Nitpickers Guide to the X-Files".
"Entertainment Weekly" gave the episode an A, writing "A series so bleepin' ripe for parody brilliantly turns the tables on itself.
Two (of many) guffaw-worthy moments: Mulder's squeal and the smoking alien."
Reviewer Todd VanDerWerff from "The A.V.
Club" gave the episode a rare A+ and wrote that the episode "is one of the very finest episodes of television I've ever seen, but I'm not sure it's a terrific episode of "The X-Files".
[...] If "The X-Files" were a "Lord of the Rings"-length novel, then "Jose Chung's" would be its first appendix, a source that is at once in love with the main text and critical of it, a place where real human concerns creep around the edges of the show's chilly implausibilities."
VanDerWerff's colleague Zack Handlen wrote that the episode was "brilliant", but he did not feel it was as satisfying as he anticipated because it did not contribute to the series as a whole.
Review website IGN named it the fourth best standalone "X-Files" episode of the entire series, writing, "it was 'Jose Chung's "From Outer Space"' in Season 3 that showed that "X-Files" could create a true comedy masterpiece that almost completely broke away from the show's usual format and tone."
Den of Geek listed it as the tenth best episode of the series.
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Clockers is a 1992 novel by American author Richard Price.
The book takes place in the fictitious city of Dempsey (based on Newark and Jersey City) in North Jersey.
It centers on the workings of a local drug gang and the dynamics between the drug dealers, the police and the community.
Clockers follows intertwining storylines of low level cocaine dealer Ronald "Strike" Dunham and homicide detective Rocco Klein in the fictional New Jersey city of Dempsey (Which shares many similarities with Jersey City, NJ - where author Richard Price spent extensive time researching the subject matter.)
Strike works in the drug organization of Rodney Little, a friendly but violent drug lieutenant of local drug lord Champ.
When Rodney Little asks Strike to kill his second in command Darryl and take his position, Strike hesitates.
While scoping out Ahab's, the fish restaurant from where Darryl wholesales cocaine, he encounters his brother Victor drunk in a bar across the street, to whom he tells a made-up story about Darryl's abuse of his girlfriend.
Victor apparently sees through his story, and suggests that if Strike needs someone killed, he knows "My Man" who could do the job.
Strike is surprised by this offer from his law-abiding, working-man brother, and responds noncommittally, thinking him to be just a drunken boast.
He is shocked the next day to find that Darryl has been shot dead in the Ahab's parking lot by an unknown assailant.
David "Rocco" Klein and his partner Larry Mazilli are assigned to investigate Darryl's murder.
They quickly deduce that Darryl was more than just a restaurant manager.
Meanwhile, Strike is promoted in Rodney's organization and is introduced to Papi, a Puerto Rican cocaine wholesaler.
Rodney reveals that he has been buying cocaine from Papi and selling it behind Champ's back, without giving him a cut.
Strike recognizes that Champ will have them both killed if he discovers their side business, but agrees to participate, believing he has no other choice.
Rodney brings Strike to meet with Champ at his headquarters at the O'Brien housing projects.
Rodney brings an undercover police officer who he introduces to Champ as a cocaine supplier, as part his plan to sabotage Champ and take control of the organization.
There, Strike encounters Champ's chief violent enforcer, Buddha Hat, a murderous man who cryptically identifies Strike as "Victor's brother."
Strike takes this to mean that Buddha Hat was Victor's "My Man" and that he had killed Darryl.
As Buddha Hat worked for Champ, and Darryl was the previous overseer of Rodney's secret drug sales, Strike assumes that Buddha Hat will realize their treachery and tell Champ, who would have them both killed.
Buddha Hat pays Strike a perplexing visit, where Strike, thinking he is about to be killed, is instead taken to a restaurant and peep show in New York, in a bizarre gesture of friendship by Buddha Hat.
Victor gives a full confession for Darryl's murder, but his self-defense story does not match witness accounts and Rocco believes that he is in fact innocent.
His obsessive investigation begins to lead him to Strike, who he believes is a much more likely murderer than the hard working and law-abiding Victor.
Assuming that Victor will take a mandatory 30-year sentence to protect his brother, Rocco confronts Strike at his drug corner and forcibly takes him in for questioning several times.
Strike goes to meet Papi to pick up the week's cocaine shipment but finds him shot to death.
Strike panics, fearing that Champ is on to him and Rodney.
He later learns from Rodney that Buddha Hat also went behind Champ's back to take a bit of Papi's profits, and murdered him when he refused to pay.
When Rodney is arrested selling cocaine to an undercover police officer, Rocco arranges things so that he believes Strike has been talking to police.
Rodney then sends his enforcer, Errol Barnes to murder him.
Rocco, whose marriage is in serious trouble because of the tremendous amount of work he has taken on, brings in Strike for another round of questioning.
He also talks again with Victor and his mother.
They reveal that Victor did indeed commit the murder in a moment when, hating his difficult life and ungrateful wife, he impulsively decided to murder Darryl just as Strike had suggested, using a gun he had earlier found and kept.
At about the same time Errol Barnes, despite a fearsome reputation for violence, is shot and killed by Strike's panicked young assistant Tyrone, who had been on his way to return Strike's gun after borrowing it out of curiosity.
Strike goes free but is still being threatened by Rodney.
Also, local cop Andre "The Giant," who was a father figure to Tyrone, beats Strike and threatens to kill him for ruining Tyrone's life unless he leaves Dempsey permanently.
The novel ends with Rocco driving Strike into NYC, where, while at the Greyhound station a drug mule tries to get Strike to buy him a bus ticket.
After Strike is almost arrested by the police, he buys a See America pass and leaves the city.
David Denby of "New York" magazine said that the original novel was "filled with operational detail" related to the drug trade.
It discusses mechanisms such as division of crack cocaine into "bottles" and cutting of drugs.
In 1995, director Spike Lee adapted the story for the film "Clockers".
David Denby of "New York" magazine said that the film adaptation was "more emotional" and "less factual" relative to the original novel.
Lee co-wrote the screenplay with Price.
The book served as an inspiration for the hit drama "The Wire", where Price served as a writer, working closely with the show's creator, David Simon.
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Bloede's Dam was a hydroelectric dam on the Patapsco River in Maryland.
It was the first known instance of a submerged hydroelectric plant, where the power plant was actually housed under the spillway.
It is also recognized as one of the earliest dams constructed of reinforced concrete.
This area is now part of Patapsco Valley State Park Avalon Area.
The Patapsco Electric and Manufacturing company, of Ellicott City, brought fame to the Patapsco River corridor in 1906 when it constructed the world's first underwater hydroelectric plant to supply its electricity.
The Dam is named for Victor Gustav Bloede (pronounced as "Blerda"), a German immigrant who founded of the Avalon Water Works in the same area, was its president at the time.
Bloede hired electrical engineer Otto Wonder to oversee the development of this unique hydroelectric project near Gray's Mill on the Patapsco River.
Construction was performed by the Emmerson Ferro-Conrete company of Boston.
The dam itself was long, wide at the base and had a drop of .
It was an Ambursen Hydraulic Construction Company (Boston type) reinforced concrete slab and buttress dam.
The power plant technology and equipment were state of the art when it went into operation in 1907, with 34-inch Poole & Hunt Leffel Wheels and two 30-inch 500hp horizontal Samson Turbines capable of a electromotive force of 11,000 volts.
A 200 foot long fish ladder was constructed along the site.
The arrangement made the facility the world's first underwater hydroelectric plant.
In its original plan, the plant was meant as an independent competitor to the local electric companies, and supplied power to the surrounding towns of Illchester, Ellicott City and Catonsville many of which were outside of the utilities' service area.
It replaced an earlier 300hp plant purchased for $12,000 in 1900 two miles away at Gray's mills that employed a millrace with a bevel gear and rope drive.
The $175,000 electric generation equipment was engaged on 28 November 1908 at 3:30pm by Victor Bloede's daughter, Miss Vida Bloede.
Waffles were served to 500 dignitaries and guests from electric waffle makers.
The newly formed Maryland Public Service Commission refused to grant Bloede a franchise to compete in electricity generation.
Bloede claimed that Consolidated was attempting to force a sale because the company was charging less on street light contracts with Catonsville and Baltimore.
In 1913, the plant was sold to Consolidated Gas Electric Light and Power, a predecessor company of Constellation Energy for $200,000 in stock.
Consolidated constructed a new head gate and sluice after the purchase.
The dam continued to generate electrical power within its interior until 1924 when it was closed due to the competition of larger, more powerful plants.
The 38 acre property was sold to the State of Maryland on 22 July 1938 on the condition that the property would not be resold to competition to generate electricity or be developed in the future.
Although the dam was severely damaged by the flood of Hurricane Agnes 1972, much of the dam still stands, although the dam has been gutted leaving only a mud filled shell.
The gate house structures which did survive have been removed since the storm left them unsafe.
A semi-exposed sewer line remains onsite.
In 1979 the state of Maryland budgeted $30,000 to investigated stabilizing the dam.
In 1992 the Department of Natural Resources added a $1.58 million dollar fish ladder to allow migrating fish to swim upstream without being blocked by the dam.
More controversy has risen about the American eel in that the dam blocks their passage as well.
The removal of Bloede's Dam is expected to start in July 2016 with work expected to be completed by December 2017.
A 8 million dollar request for proposal was prepared by American Rivers nonprofit in 2016 to demolish the dam to expose and remove 1,700 feet on non-supported sewer pipe situated on silt built up behind the facility.
Silt is expected to overload river two years before recovery.
The removal of the dam is expected to remove a hazard where nine deaths occurred since the 1980's to be replaced with a swift shallow rocky area for kayaking.
Two dams upstream of Bloede's Dam, Simkins and Union, were removed in 2010.
Removal of Bloede's Dam will leave Daniels Dam as the last remaining dam along the main branch of the Patapsco River.
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Jays Foods, Inc. is a manufacturer of snack products including potato chips, popcorn and pretzels.
Jays Foods was founded in 1927 in Chicago, Illinois and is currently a subsidiary of Snyder's of Hanover.
Operating in several Midwestern states, Jays Foods' potato chips and popcorn maintain significant shares of their respective markets.
Jays Foods filed for bankruptcy in October, 2007, and permanently closed its Chicago manufacturing plant on December 5, 2007.
Leonard Japp, Sr. began selling pretzels from a truck in 1927.
The business grew to feature a potato chip recipe made by Japp’s wife, Eugenia.
After the Wall Street Crash of 1929, Japp found a new business partner and began selling the chips under the brand name “Mrs.
Japp’s Potato Chips”.
The 1941 Attack on Pearl Harbor and the subsequent anti-Japanese sentiment, however, led to a negative connotation towards the word “Jap” in the United States.
The chips were consequently rebranded to “Jays Potato Chips” to avoid the sound-alike name, and the company became Jays Foods, Inc. Jays Foods remained a family-owned company until 1986, when the company was sold to Borden, Inc.
In 1994, Jays Foods was re-acquired by the Japp Family.
In 2004, Jays Foods was purchased by Willis Stein & Partners, a Chicago private-equity firm, and, together with another snack company acquired by Willis Stein & Partners, Lincoln Snacks Company, assigned a parent company, Ubiquity Brands.
Jays Foods filed Chapter 11 bankruptcy on October 11, 2007, the second time in four years, and permanently closed its Chicago manufacturing plant on December 5, 2007.
On December 5, 2007 the remaining assets of Jay's were acquired by Snyder's-Lance, Inc. who have said they will continue to manufacture and distribute Jays products throughout the Midwest.
Snyder's-Lance will continue to operate Jays Chicago warehouse and distribution center and its Jeffersonville, Indiana manufacturing facility.
Jays Foods manufactures, markets and distributes its products in the seven state area of Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Wisconsin, Iowa, Minnesota and Missouri.
Jays Foods has distribution centers in fifteen major cities in the seven state marketing area.
Jays has 310 company-owned routes, and 200 routes owned by independent distributors.
The company has a total of 943 employees.
Jays Foods does not market its products nationally.
Despite competition from national brands such as Frito-Lay, which has a 67 percent market share, Jays Foods has 23 percent share of the potato chip market in Illinois, Indiana, Wisconsin, Missouri, Minnesota and Iowa and over 60 percent market share in the "ready-to-eat" popcorn category.
Jays foods has been considering the possibility of competing as a national brand and has conducted marketing research and held focus groups in New Jersey and California.
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Middletown Area School District, is a small, suburban, public school district located in Middletown, Pennsylvania serving students in a portion of southern Dauphin County.
The District includes the boroughs of Middletown and Royalton and Lower Swatara Township in Dauphin County.
Middletown Area School District encompasses approximately .
According to 2000 federal census data, it served a resident population of 18,355.
By 2010, the District's population declined to 18,084 people.
The educational attainment levels for the Middletown Area School District population (25 years old and over) were 79.2% high school graduates and 13.2% college graduates.
The District is one of twelve public school districts operating in Dauphin County and one of the 500 public school districts of Pennsylvania.
According to the Pennsylvania Budget and Policy Center, 38.9% of the District’s pupils lived at 185% or below the Federal Poverty level as shown by their eligibility for the federal free or reduced price school meal programs in 2012.
In 2009, Middletown Area School District residents' per capita income was $20,611, while the median family income was $49,728.
In Dauphin County, the median household income was $52,387.
By 2013, the median household income in the United States rose to $52,100.
According to Middletown Area School District officials, in school year 2009-2010, the District's enrollment was 2,332 pupils.
The District employed: 209 teachers, 119 full-time and part-time support personnel, and 18 administrators.
Middletown Area School District received more than $11.9 million in state funding in school year 2009-2010.
Per District officials, in school year 2007-2008, Middletown Area School District provided basic educational services to 2,427 pupils.
It employed: 212 teachers, 110 full-time and part-time support personnel, and 18 administrators.
Middletown Area School District received more than $11.9 million in state funding in school year 2007-08.
Total enrollment as of 2006-2007 was 2,469 students.
Middletown Area School District operates five public schools: Middletown Area High School (grades 9-12), Middletown Area Middle School (grades 6-8), Lyall J. Fink Elementary School (grades K-5), John C. Kunkel Elementary School (K-5th) and Robert G. Reid Elementary School (K-5th).
Middletown Area School District is served by the Capital Area Intermediate Unit CAIU15 which offers a variety of services, including a completely developed Kindergarten - 12th grade curriculum that is mapped and aligned with the Pennsylvania Academic Standards (available online), shared services, a group purchasing program and a wide variety of special education and special needs services.
High school students may choose to attend Dauphin County Technical School for training in the building trades and mechanical trades.
The District pays the student's tuition to attend the school.
Middletown Area School District is governed by 9 individually elected board members (serve four-year terms), the Pennsylvania State Board of Education, the Pennsylvania Department of Education and the Pennsylvania General Assembly.
The federal government controls programs it funds like Title I funding for low-income children in the Elementary and Secondary Education Act and the No Child Left Behind Act (renamed Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA) in December 2015) which mandates the district focus resources on student success in acquiring reading and math skills.
The school board is required by state law to post a financial report on the district in its website by March of each school year.
The Superintendent and Business Manager are appointed by the school board.
The Superintendent is the chief administrative officer with overall responsibility for all aspects of operations, including education and finance.
The Business Manager is responsible for budget and financial operations.
Neither of these officials are voting members of the School Board.
Middletown Area School Board enters into individual employment contracts for these positions.
These contracts must be in writing and are subject to public discloure under the state’s Right to Know Act.
In Pennsylvania, public school districts are required to give 150 days notice to the Superintendent regarding renewal of the employment contract.
Pursuant to Act 141 of 2012 which amended the Pennsylvania School Code, all school districts that have hired superintendents on/after the fall of 2012 are required to develop objective performance standards and post them on the district’s website.
The Commonwealth Foundation for Public Policy Alternatives Sunshine Review gave the school board and district administration a "C-" for transparency based on a review of "What information can people find on their school district's website".
It examined the school district's website for information regarding; taxes, the current budget, meetings, school board members names and terms, contracts, audits, public records information and more.
In 2015, Middletown Area School District ranked 347th out of 496 Pennsylvania public school districts, by the Pittsburgh Business Times.
The ranking is based on the last 3 years of student academic achievement as demonstrated by PSSAs results in: reading, writing, math and science and the three Keystone Exams (literature, Algebra 1, Biology I) in high school.
Three school districts were excluded because they do not operate high schools (Saint Clair Area School District, Midland Borough School District, Duquesne City School District).
The PSSAs are given to all children in grades 3rd through 8th.
Adapted PSSA examinations are given to children in the special education programs.
Writing exams were given to children in 5th and 8th grades.
***LIST***.
In October 2015, Pennsylvania Auditor General Eugene DePasquale reported that three schools in the District are among the 561 academically challenged schools that have been overlooked by the Pennsylvania Department of Education.
Fink Elementary School, Kunkel Elementary School and Middletown Area High School were all on the list.
He also reported the Pennsylvania Department of Education failed to take any action to remediate the poorly performing schools to raise student academic achievement or to provide them with targeted professional assistance.
In 2009, the academic achievement of the students in the Middletown Area School District was in the 39th percentile among Pennsylvania's 500 school districts.
Scale (0-99; 100 is state best)
In 2012, Middletown Area School District declined to Warning status due to missing several academic metrics measured in Reading and Mathematics.
In 2011, Middletown Area School District achieved Adequate Yearly Progress (AYP).
In 2011, 94 percent of the 500 Pennsylvania public school districts achieved the No Child Left Behind Act progress level of 72% of students reading on grade level and 67% of students demonstrating on grade level math.
In 2011, 46.9 percent of Pennsylvania school districts achieved Adequate Yearly Progress (AYP) based on student performance.
An additional 37.8 percent of Pennsylvania public school districts made AYP based on a calculated method called safe harbor, 8.2 percent on the growth model and 0.8 percent on a two-year average performance.
***LIST***.
Middletown Area High School is located at 1155 North Union Street, Middletown.
In 2015, enrollment had declined to 647 pupils in 9th through 12th grades, with 40.9% of pupils eligible for a free lunch due to family poverty.
Additionally, 15% of pupils received special education services, while 6.4% of pupils were identified as gifted.
The school employed 49 teachers.
Per the Pennsylvania Department of Education, 100% of the teachers were rated "Highly Qualified" under the federal No Child Left Behind Act.
In 2013, Middletown Area High School enrollment had declined to 686 pupils in 9th through 12th grades, with 34.8% of pupils eligible for a free lunch due to family poverty.
Additionally, 16% of pupils received special education services, while 6.7% of pupils were identified as gifted.
The school employed 52 teachers.
Per the PA Department of Education, 100% of the teachers were rated "Highly Qualified" under the federal No Child Left Behind Act.
For more information, see the School's wiki page Middletown Area High School
According to the National Center for Education Statistics the Middletown Area High School enrolled 721 pupils in grades 9th through 12th, with 164 pupils eligible for a federal free or reduced-price lunch due to family poverty.
The school employed 59 teachers, yielding a student–teacher ratio of 12:1.
***LIST***.
Middletown Area High School achieved 61.5 out of 100.
Reflects on grade level reading, mathematics and science achievement.The PDE reported that 56% of the High School’s students were on grade level in reading/literature.
In Algebra 1, 45% of students showed on grade level skills at the end of the course.
In Biology I, 51% demonstrated on grade level science understanding at the end of the course.
Statewide, 53 percent of schools with an eleventh grade achieved an academic score of 70 or better.
Five percent of the 2,033 schools with 11th grade were scored at 90 and above; 20 percent were scored between 80 and 89; 28 percent between 70 and 79; 25 percent between 60 and 69 and 22 percent below 60.
The Keystone Exam results showed: 73 percent of students statewide scored at grade-level in English, 64 percent in Algebra I and 59 percent in biology.
***LIST***.
Middletown Area High School achieved 65.3 out of 100.
Reflects on grade level reading, mathematics and science achievement.
In reading/literature - 70% were on grade level.
In Algebra 1, just 55% showed on grade level skills.
In Biology, only 48% demonstrated on grade level science understanding at the end of the course.
Statewide, the percentage of high school students who scored proficient and advanced in Algebra I increased to 39.7% to 40.1%.
The percentage of high school students who scored proficient and advanced in reading/literature declined to 52.5%.
The percentage of high school students who scored proficient and advanced in biology improved from 39.7% to 41.4%.
***LIST***.
Middletown Area High School achieved 61.2 out of 100.
Reflects on grade level reading, mathematics and science achievement.
In reading/literature - 80% were on grade level.
In Algebra 1, 58% showed on grade level skills.
In Biology, 47% showed on grade level science understanding.
According to the Pennsylvania Department of Education, 2,181 public schools (less than 73 percent of Pennsylvania public schools), achieved an academic score of 70 or higher.
Pennsylvania 11th grade students no longer take the PSSAs.
Instead, beginning in 2012, they take the Keystone Exams at the end of the associated course.
***LIST***.
In 2012, Middletown Area High School declined to Warning Adequate Yearly Progress (AYP) status due to missing all 6 reading and mathematics academic metrics.
In 2011, the High School achieved AYP status.
In 2010, Middletown Area High School was in Warning AYP status.
***LIST***.
Pennsylvania System of School Assessments, commonly called PSSAs are No Child Left Behind Act related examinations which were administered from 2003 through 2012, in all Pennsylvania public high schools.
The exams were administered in the Spring of each school year.
The goal was for 100% of students to be on grade level or better in reading and mathematics, by the Spring of 2014.
The tests focused on the state's Academic Standards for reading, writing, mathematics and science.
The Science exam included content in science, technology, ecology and the environmental studies.
The mathematics exam included: algebra I, algebra II, geometry and trigonometry.
The standards were first published in 1998 and are mandated by the Pennsylvania State Board of Education.
***LIST***.
In 2014, 100 Middletown Area School District students took the SAT exams.
The District's Verbal Average Score was 481.
The Math average score was 495.
The Writing average score was 468.
Statewide in Pennsylvania, Verbal Average Score was 497.
The Math average score was 504.
The Writing average score was 480.
The College Board also reported that nationwide scores were: 497 in reading, 513 in math and 487 in writing.
In 2013, 70 Middletown Area School District students took the SAT exams.
The District's Verbal Average Score was 488.
The Math average score was 497.
The Writing average score was 479.
The College Board reported that statewide scores were: 494 in reading, 504 in math and 482 in writing.
The nationwide SAT results were the same as in 2012.
In 2012, 94 Middletown Area School District students took the SAT exams.
The District's Verbal Average Score was 489.
The Math average score was 500.
The Writing average score was 467.
The statewide Verbal SAT exams results were: Verbal 491, Math 501, Writing 480.
In the USA, 1.65 million students took the exams achieving scores: Verbal 496, Math 514, Writing 488.
According to the College Board the maximum score on each section was 800, and 360 students nationwide scored a perfect 2,400.
In 2011, 96 Middletown Area students took the SAT exams.
The District's Verbal Average Score was 472.
The Math average score was 486.
The Writing average score was 449.
Pennsylvania ranked 40th among states with SAT scores: Verbal - 493, Math - 501, Writing - 479.
In the United States 1.65 million students took the exam in 2011.
They averaged 497 (out of 800) verbal, 514 math and 489 in writing.
By law, all Pennsylvania secondary school students must complete a project as a part of their eligibility to graduate from high school.
The type of project, its rigor and its expectations are set by the individual school district.
Effective with the graduating class of 2017, the Pennsylvania State Board of Education eliminated the state mandate that students complete a culminating project in order to graduate.
By Pennsylvania School Board regulations, beginning with the class of 2017, public school students must demonstrate successful completion of secondary level course work in Algebra I, Biology, and English Literature by passing the Keystone Exams.
The exam is given at the end of the course.
Keystone Exams replace the PSSAs for 11th grade.
Students have several opportunities to pass the exam.
Schools are mandated to provide targeted assistance to help the student be successful.
Those who do not pass after several attempts can perform a project in order to graduate.
For the class of 2019, a Composition exam will be added.
For the class of 2020, passing a civics and government exam will be added to the graduation requirements.
In 2011, Pennsylvania high school students field tested the Algebra 1, Biology and English Lit exams.
The statewide results were: Algebra 1 38% on grade level, Biology 35% on grade level and English Lit - 49% on grade level.
Individual student, school or district reports were not made public, although they were reported to district officials by the Pennsylvania Department of Education.
Students identified as having special needs and qualifying for an Individual Educational Program (IEP) may graduate by meeting the requirements of their IEP.
According to a Pennsylvania Department of Education study released in January 2009, 45% of Middletown Area School District graduates required remediation in mathematics and or reading before they were prepared to take college level courses in the Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education or community colleges.
Less than 66% of Pennsylvania high school graduates, who enroll in a four-year college in Pennsylvania, will earn a bachelor's degree within six years.
Among Pennsylvania high school graduates pursuing an associate degree, only one in three graduate in three years.
Per the Pennsylvania Department of Education, one in three recent high school graduates who attend Pennsylvania's public universities and community colleges takes at least one remedial course in math, reading or English.
In 2014, Middletown Area High School offered 7 Advanced Placement (AP) courses at a higher cost than regular courses.
The fee for each AP Exam was $91 (2014).
The school normally retains $9 of that fee as a rebate to help with administrative costs.
In 2012, the fee was $89 per test per pupil.
Students have the option of taking College Board approved courses and then taking the College Board's examination in the Spring.
Students, who achieve a 3 or better on the exam, may be awarded college credits at US universities and colleges.
Each higher education institution sets its own standards about what level of credits are awarded to a student based on their AP exam score.
Most higher education give credits for scores of 4 or 5.
Some schools also give credits for scores of 3.
High schools give credits towards graduation to students who take the school's AP class.
At Middletown Area High School only 17.5% of students who took an AP course earned a 3 or better on the exam.
In 2015, Middletown Area High School offered 12 AP courses, however just 20% of pupils who took the course earning a 3 or better on the College Board's associated AP exam.
Middletown Area Middle School is located at 215 Oberlin Road, Middletown.
In 2015, enrollment was 526 pupils, in grades 6th through 8th, with 51% of pupils eligible for a free lunch due to family poverty.
Additionally, 17.6% of pupils received special education services, while 3% of pupils were identified as gifted.
According to a 2014 report by the Pennsylvania Department of Education, 100% of its teachers were rated "Highly Qualified" under No Child Left Behind.
In 2013, the School's enrollment declined to 528 pupils, in grades 6th through 8th, with 44.7% of pupils eligible for a free lunch due to family poverty.
Additionally, 16% of pupils received special education services, while 3.98% of pupils were identified as gifted.
According to a 2013 report by the Pennsylvania Department of Education, 100% of its teachers were rated "Highly Qualified" under No Child Left Behind.
The School is not a federally designated Title I school.
According to the National Center for education Statistics, in 2010, Middletown Area Middle School had 582 pupils enrolled in grades 6th through 8th, with 207 pupils eligible for a federal free or reduced-price lunch due to family poverty.
The school employed 52 teachers, yielding a student–teacher ratio of 11:1.
***LIST***.
The PDE reported that 53% of 8th grade students at Middletown Area Middle School students were on grade level in reading on the PSSAs given in April 2015.
In math/Algebra 1, 30% of 8th grade students showed on grade level skills.
In science, 58% of the school’s 8th graders demonstrated on grade level science understanding.
No eighth grade writing scores were reported.
In 7th grade, 53% were on grade level in reading, while 35% showed on grade level math skills.
Among 6th graders, 55% were on grade level in reading and 42% were on grade level in mathematics.
Statewide 58% of eighth (8th) graders were on grade level in reading, while 29% demonstrated on grade level math skills.
Pennsylvania 7th graders were 58% on grade level in reading and 33% demonstrated on grade level math skills.
Among sixth (6th) graders, 60.7% were reading on grade level, while 39.7% demonstrated on grade level math skills.
***LIST***.
Middletown Area Middle School achieved 84.4 out of 100.
Reflects on grade level reading, mathematics and science achievement.
In reading/literature - 73% were on grade level.
In Algebra 1/Math, 81.5% showed on grade level mathematics skills.
In Science, 67% of 8th graders showed on grade level science understanding.
In writing, 78% of the 8th grade students demonstrated on grade level writing skills.
***LIST***.
Middletown Area Middle School achieved 85.4 out of 100.
Reflects on grade level reading, writing, mathematics and science achievement.
In reading, just 70% of the students were on grade level.
In Mathematics/Algebra 1, 80% of the students showed on grade level skills.
In Science, only 63% of the 8th graders demonstrated on grade level understanding.
In writing, 73% of the 8th grade students demonstrated on grade level writing skills.
***LIST***.
In 2012, Middletown Area Middle School remained in Warning Adequate Yearly Progress (AYP) status due to lagging student academic achievement in reading.
***LIST***.
Pennsylvania System of School Assessments, commonly called PSSAs are NCLB related examination given in the Spring of each school year.
Sixth and seventh grades have been tested in reading and mathematics since 2006.
Eighth graders are tested in: reading, writing, mathematics and Science.
Beginning in the Spring of 2013, eighth graders, who are enrolled in Algebra I take the Keystone Exam for Algebra I at the end of the course.
The testing of 8th grade in reading and mathematics began in 1999.
Testing in science began in 2007.
The goal is for 100% of students to be on grade level or better in reading and mathematics, by the Spring of 2014.
The tests focus on the state's Academic Standards for reading, writing, mathematics and science.
The standards were published in 1998 and are mandated by the Pennsylvania State Board of Education.
In 2014, the Commonwealth adopted the Pennsylvania Core Standards - Mathematics.
***LIST***.
In 2013, Middletown Area School District did not implement the state's free dropout prevention Early Warning System and Interventions Catalog at the junior high school.
The process identifies students at risk for dropping out by examining the pupil’s: attendance, behavior and course grades.
Interventions are implemented to assist at-risk pupils to remain in school.
The program is funded by federal and private dollars.
Lyall J. Fink Elementary School is located at 150 North Race Street, Middletown.
In 2015, the School's enrollment was 221 pupils in grades kindergarten through 5th, with 76% of pupils receiving a federal free or reduced price meals due to family poverty.
Additionally, 13.5% of the pupils receive special education services, while none are identified as gifted.
According to a report by the Pennsylvania Department of Education, 100% of the teachers were rated highly qualified under No Child Left Behind.
The school provides full day kindergarten.
The school remains a federally designated Title I school.
In 2013, Fink Elementary Schoo's enrollment was 213 pupils in grades kindergarten through 5th, with 67% of pupils receiving a federal free or reduced price meals due to family poverty.
Additionally, 7% of the pupils receive special education services, while less than 1% are identified as gifted.
According to a report by the Pennsylvania Department of Education, 100% of the teachers were rated highly qualified under No Child Left Behind.
The school provides full day kindergarten.
The school is a federally designated Title I school.
In 2010, the Fink Elementary School enrolled 185 pupils in grades kindergarten through 5th, with 95 pupils eligible for a federal free or reduced-price lunch due to family poverty.
The school employed 17 teachers, yielding a student–teacher ratio of 10:1.
***LIST***.
According to the Pennsylvania Department of Education, 63% of 5th grade students at Elementary School were on grade level in reading on the PSSAs given in April 2015.
In mathematics, 47% of 5th grade students showed on grade level skills.
No fifth grade writing scores were reported.
In 4th grade, 53% were on grade level in reading, while 28% showed on grade level math skills.
In science, 90% of fourth graders showed on grade level understanding.
Among third (3rd) graders, just 47% were on grade level in reading and 53% were on grade level in mathematics.
Statewide 61.9% of fifth (5th) graders were on grade level in reading, while 42.8% demonstrated on grade level math skills.
Pennsylvania 4th graders were 58.6% on grade level in reading and 44.4% demonstrated on grade level math skills.
In science, 77.3% of fourth graders showed on grade level understanding.
Among Pennsylvania third (3rd) graders, 62% were reading on grade level, while 48.5% demonstrated on grade level math skills.
***LIST***.
Fink Elementary School achieved a score of 63.3 out of 100.
The score reflects on grade level: reading, science, writing and mathematics achievement.
In 2012-13, only 53% of the students were reading on grade level in grades 3rd through 5th.
In 3rd grade, 56.5% of the pupils were reading on grade level.
In math, 60.6% were on grade level (3rd-5th grades).
In 4th grade science, 75% of the pupils demonstrated on grade level understanding.
In writing only 44% of 5th grade pupils demonstrated on grade level skills.
***LIST***.
Fink Elementary School achieved a score of 81.1 out of 100.
The score reflects on grade level: reading, science, writing and mathematics achievement.
In 2012-13, only 72% of the students were reading on grade level in grades 3rd through 5th.
In 3rd grade, 73% of the pupils were reading on grade level.
In math, 73.9% were on grade level (3rd-5th grades).
In 4th grade science, just 76% of the pupils demonstrated on grade level understanding.
In writing only 57% of 5th grade pupils demonstrated on grade level skills.
***LIST***.
In 2009 through 2012, Fink Elementary School achieved Adequate Yearly Progress (AYP) status.
Each year, in the Spring, the 3rd graders take the PSSAs in math and reading.
The fourth grade is tested in reading, math and science.
The fifth grade is evaluated in reading, mathematics and writing.
Pennsylvania System of School Assessments, commonly called PSSAs are No Child Left Behind Act related examinations which were administered beginning 2003 to all Pennsylvania public school students in grades 3rd-8th.
The goal was for 100% of students to be on grade level or better in reading and mathematics, by the Spring of 2014.
The tests focused on the state's Academic Standards for reading, writing, mathematics and science.
The Science exam is given to 4th grades and includes content in science, technology, ecology and the environmental studies.
5th Grade Reading:
***LIST***.
5th Grade Math:
***LIST***.
John C. Kunkel Elementary School is located at 2401 Fulling Mill Road, Middletown.
In 2015, the School's enrollment was 433 pupils in grades kindergarten through 5th, with 39% of pupils receiving a federal free or reduced price meals due to family poverty.
Additionally, 10% of the pupils receive special education services, while 1% are identified as gifted.
According to a report by the Pennsylvania Department of Education, 100% of the teachers were rated highly qualified under No Child Left Behind.
The school provides full day kindergarten.
The school is a federally designated Title I school.
In 2013, the school's enrollment was 433 pupils in grades Kindergarten through 5th, with 33.9% of pupils receiving a federal free or reduced price meals due to family poverty.
Additionally, 11.7% of the pupils receive special education services, while 1.6% are identified as gifted.
According to a report by the Pennsylvania Department of Education, 100% of the teachers were rated highly qualified under No Child Left Behind.
The school has provided full day kindergarten since 2003.
The School is not a federally designated Title I school.
In 2010, Kunkel Elementary School had 379 pupils enrolled in grades kindergarten through 5th, with 100 pupils eligible for a federal free or reduced-price lunch due to family poverty.
The school employed 27 teachers, yielding a student–teacher ratio of 14:1.
In 2011 and 2010, the school achieved AYP status.
***LIST***.
According to the Pennsylvania Department of Education, 72% of 5th grade students at Kunkle Area Elementary School were on grade level in reading on the PSSAs given in April 2015.
In mathematics, 51% of 5th grade students showed on grade level skills.
No fifth grade writing scores were reported.
In 4th grade, 55% were on grade level in reading, while 32% showed on grade level math skills.
In science, 76% of fourth graders showed on grade level understanding.
Among third (3rd) graders, 81% were on grade level in reading and 62% were on grade level in mathematics.
Statewide 61.9% of fifth (5th) graders were on grade level in reading, while 42.8% demonstrated on grade level math skills.
Pennsylvania 4th graders were 58.6% on grade level in reading and 44.4% demonstrated on grade level math skills.
In science, 77.3% of fourth graders showed on grade level understanding.
Among Pennsylvania third (3rd) graders, 62% were reading on grade level, while 48.5% demonstrated on grade level math skills.
***LIST***.
Kunkel Elementary School achieved a score of 68.6 out of 100.
The score reflects on grade level: reading, science, writing and mathematics achievement.
In 2012-13, only 70.9% of the students were reading on grade level in grades 3rd through 5th.
In 3rd grade, 74% of the pupils were reading on grade level.
In math, 72.9% were on grade level (3rd-5th grades).
In 4th grade science, 81.9% of the pupils demonstrated on grade level understanding.
In writing, only 45% of 5th grade pupils demonstrated on grade level skills.
***LIST***.
Kunkel Elementary School achieved a score of 77.2 out of 100.
The score reflects on grade level: reading, science, writing and mathematics achievement.
In 2012-13, only 73% of the students were reading on grade level in grades 3rd through 5th.
In 3rd grade, 80% of the pupils were reading on grade level.
In math, 81% were on grade level (3rd-5th grades).
In 4th grade science, 80% of the pupils demonstrated on grade level understanding.
In writing only 70% of 5th grade pupils demonstrated on grade level skills.
***LIST***.
5th Grade Reading:
***LIST***.
5th Grade Math:
***LIST***.
Robert G. Reid Elementary School is located at 201 Oberlin Road, Middletown.
In 2015, the School's enrollment was 466 pupils in grades kindergarten through 5th, with 60% of pupils receiving a federal free or reduced price meals due to family poverty.
Additionally, 16% of the pupils receive special education services, while less than 1% are identified as gifted.
According to a report by the Pennsylvania Department of Education, 100% of the teachers were rated highly qualified under No Child Left Behind.
The school provides full day kindergarten.
The school is a federally designated Title I school.
In 2013, Reid Elementary School's enrollment was 451 pupils in grades kindergarten through 5th, with 53% of pupils receiving a federal free or reduced price meals due to family poverty.
Additionally, 15.7% of the pupils receive special education services, while less than 1% are identified as gifted.
According to a report by the Pennsylvania Department of Education, 100% of the teachers were rated highly qualified under No Child Left Behind.
The school has provided full day kindergarten since 2003.
The School is the lowest achieving school in the District.
In 2010, Reid Elementary School enrolled 464 pupils in grades kindergarten through 5th, with 235 pupils eligible for a federal free or reduced-price lunch due to family poverty.
The School employed 35 teachers, yielding a student–teacher ratio of 13:1.
***LIST***.
According to the Pennsylvania Department of Education, 52% of 5th grade students at Elementary School were on grade level in reading on the PSSAs given in April 2015.
In mathematics, 30% of 5th grade students showed on grade level skills.
No fifth grade writing scores were reported.
In 4th grade, 44% were on grade level in reading, while 28% showed on grade level math skills.
In science, 70% of fourth graders showed on grade level understanding.
Among third (3rd) graders, 60% were on grade level in reading and 50% were on grade level in mathematics.
Among 6th graders, % were on grade level in reading and % were on grade level in mathematics.
Statewide 61.9% of fifth (5th) graders were on grade level in reading, while 42.8% demonstrated on grade level math skills.
Pennsylvania 4th graders were 58.6% on grade level in reading and 44.4% demonstrated on grade level math skills.
In science, 77.3% of fourth graders showed on grade level understanding.
Among Pennsylvania third (3rd) graders, 62% were reading on grade level, while 48.5% demonstrated on grade level math skills.
***LIST***.
Reid Elementary School achieved a score of 70.5 out of 100.
The score reflects on grade level: reading, science, writing and mathematics achievement.
In 2012-13, only 62% of the students were reading on grade level in grades 3rd through 5th.
In 3rd grade, just 71% of the pupils were reading on grade level.
In math, only 62.6% were on grade level (3rd-5th grades).
In 4th grade science, 81% of the pupils demonstrated on grade level understanding.
In writing, only 41.5% of 5th grade pupils demonstrated on grade level skills.
***LIST***.
Reid Elementary School achieved a score of 69.7 out of 100.
The score reflects on grade level: reading, science, writing and mathematics achievement.
In 2012-13, only 64% of the students were reading on grade level in grades 3rd through 5th.
In 3rd grade, just 73% of the pupils were reading on grade level.
In math, only 69% were on grade level (3rd-5th grades).
In 4th grade science, just 79% of the pupils demonstrated on grade level understanding.
In writing only 43% of 5th grade pupils demonstrated on grade level skills.
***LIST***.
In 2010 through 2012, the Reid Elementary School achieved AYP status, through special exceptions.
***LIST***.
5th Grade Reading:
***LIST***.
5th Grade Math:
***LIST***.
In December 2013, Middletown Area School District administration reported that 387 pupils or 15.7% of the district's pupils received Special Education services, with 40.6% of the identified students having a specific learning disability.
In December 2012, the District administration reported that 380 pupils or 15.6% of the district's pupils received Special Education services, with 43% of the identified students having a specific learning disability.
In December 2009, the District administration reported that 427 pupils or 17% of the district's pupils received special education services.
In 2007, Pennsylvania Secretary of Education Gerald Zahorchak testified before the Pennsylvania House Education Committee regarding full day kindergarten.
He claimed that districts which offered the program would see a significant decrease in special education students due to early identification and early intervention.
He asserted the high cost of full day kindergarten would be recouped by Districts in lower special education costs.
Middletown Area School District has provided full day kindergarten since 2003.
The District has seen an increase in the percentage of special education students it serves, yielding no savings.
The District engages in identification procedures to ensure that eligible students receive an appropriate educational program consisting of special education and related services, individualized to meet student needs.
At no cost to the parents, these services are provided in compliance with state and federal law; and are reasonably calculated to yield meaningful educational benefit and student progress.
To identify students who may be eligible for special education, various screening activities are conducted on an ongoing basis.
These screening activities include: review of group-based data (cumulative records, enrollment records, health records, report cards, ability and achievement test scores); hearing, vision, motor, and speech/language screening; and review by the Instructional Support Team or Student Assistance Team.
When screening results suggest that the student may be eligible, the District seeks parental consent to conduct a multidisciplinary evaluation.
Parents who suspect their child is eligible may verbally request a multidisciplinary evaluation from a professional employee of the District or contact the Supervisor of Special Education.
In 2010, the state of Pennsylvania provided $1,026,815 for Special Education services.
The funds were distributed to districts based on a state policy which estimates that 16% of the district's pupils are receiving special education services.
This funding is in addition to the state's basic education per pupil funding, as well as, all other state and federal funding.
The Pennsylvania Special Education funding system assumes that 16% of the district’s students receive special education services.
It also assumes that each student’s needs accrue the same level of costs.
Over identification of students, in order to increase state funding, has been an issue in the Commonwealth.
Some districts have more than 20% of its students receiving special education services while others have 10% supported through special education.
The state requires each public school district and charter school to have a three-year special education plan to meet the unique needs of its special education students.
In 2012, the Obama Administration's US Department of Education issued a directive requiring schools include students with disabilities in extracurricular activities, including sports.
Middletown Area School District received a $1,529,979 supplement for special education services in 2010.
For the 2011-12, 2012–13 and 2013-14 school years, all Pennsylvania public school districts received the same level of funding for special education that they received in 2010-11.
This level funding is provided regardless of changes in the number of pupils who need special education services and regardless of the level of services the respective students required.
For the 2014-2015 school year, Middletown Area School District received an increase to $1,574,427 from the Commonwealth for special education funding, even though the number of pupils served had declined.
The District Administration reported that 79 or 3.39% of its students were gifted in 2009.
By law, the district must provide mentally gifted programs at all grade levels.
The primary emphasis is on enrichment and acceleration of the regular education curriculum through a push in model with the gifted instructor in the classroom with the regular instructor.
This approach permits such specialized instructional strategies as tiered assignments, curriculum compacting, flexible grouping, learning stations, independent projects and independent contracts.
Students identified as gifted attending the High School have access to honors and advanced placement courses, and dual enrollment with local colleges.
The referral process for a gifted evaluation can be initiated by teachers or parents by contacting the student’s building principal and requesting an evaluation.
All requests must be made in writing.
To be eligible for mentally gifted programs in Pennsylvania, a student must have a cognitive ability of at least 130 as measured on a standardized ability test by a certified school psychologist.
Other factors that indicate giftedness will also be considered for eligibility.
Middletown Area School Board established a district wellness policy in 2006 - Student Wellness Policy 246.
The policy deals with nutritious meals served at school, the control of access to some foods and beverages during school hours, age appropriate nutrition education for all students, and physical education for students K-12.
The policy is in response to state mandates and federal legislation (P.L.
108 - 265).
The law dictates that each school district participating in a program authorized by the Richard B. Russell National School Lunch Act (42 U.S.C.
1751 et seq) or the Child Nutrition Act of 1966 (42 U.S.C.
1771 et seq) "shall establish a local school wellness policy by School Year 2006."
The legislation placed the responsibility of developing a wellness policy at the local level so the individual needs of each district can be addressed.
According to the requirements for the Local Wellness Policy, school districts must set goals for nutrition education, physical activity, campus food provision, and other school-based activities designed to promote student wellness.
Additionally, districts were required to involve a broad group of individuals in policy development and to have a plan for measuring policy implementation.
Districts were offered a choice of levels of implementation for limiting or prohibiting low nutrition foods on the school campus.
In final implementation these regulations prohibit some foods and beverages on the school campus.
The Pennsylvania Department of Education required the district to submit a copy of the policy for approval.
The District offers both a free school breakfast and a free or reduced-price lunch to children in low income families.
All students attending the school can eat breakfast and lunch.
Children from families with incomes at or below 130 percent of the federal poverty level are provided a breakfast and lunch at no cost to the family.
Children from families with incomes between 130 and 185 percent of the federal poverty level can be charged no more than 30 cents per breakfast.
A foster child whose care and placement is the responsibility of the State or who is placed by a court with a caretaker household is eligible for both a free breakfast and a free lunch.
Runaway, homeless and Migrant Youth are also automatically eligible for free meals.
The meals are partially funded with federal dollars through the United States Department of Agriculture.
In the summer of 2014 it is participating in the Summer Food Service Program which is funded by the U.S. Department of Agriculture.
A free lunch is available to all pupils.
In 2013, the USDA issued new restrictions to foods in public schools.
The rules apply to foods and beverages sold on all public school district campuses during the day.
They limit vending machine snacks to a maximum of 200 calories per item.
Additionally, all snack foods sold at school must meet competitive nutrient standards, meaning they must have fruits, vegetables, dairy or protein in them or contain at least 10 percent of the daily value of fiber, calcium, potassium, and Vitamin D. In order to comply with the Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act of 2010 all US public school districts are required to raise the price of their school lunches to $2.60 regardless of the actual cost of providing the lunch.
In 2014, President Obama ordered a prohibition of advertisements for unhealthy foods on public school campuses during the school day.
The Food and Drug Administration requires that students take milk as their beverage at lunch.
In accordance with this law, any student requesting water in place of milk with their lunch must present a written request, signed by a doctor, documenting the need for water instead of milk.
Middletown Area School District provides health services as mandated by the Commonwealth and the federal government.
Nurses are available in each building to conduct annual health screenings (data reported to the PDE and state Department of Health) and to dispense prescribed medications to students during the school day.
Students can be excluded from school unless they comply with all the State Department of Health’s extensive immunization mandates.
School nurses monitor each pupil for this compliance.
Nurses also monitor each child's weight.
Pennsylvania public school districts budget and expend funds according to procedures mandated by the General Assembly and the Pennsylvania Department of Education (PDE).
An annual operating budget is prepared by school district administrative officials.
A uniform form is furnished by the PDE and submitted to the board of school directors for approval prior to the beginning of each fiscal year on July 1.
Under Pennsylvania’s Taxpayer Relief Act, Act 1 of the Special Session of 2006, all school districts of the first class A, second class, third class and fourth class must adopt a preliminary budget proposal.
The proposal must include estimated revenues and expenditures and the proposed tax rates.
This proposed budget must be considered by the Board no later than 90 days prior to the date of the election immediately preceding the fiscal year.
The preliminary budget proposal must also be printed and made available for public inspection at least 20 days prior to its adoption.
The board of school directors may hold a public hearing on the budget, but are not required to do so.
The board must give at least 10 days’ public notice of its intent to adopt the final budget according to Act 1 of 2006.
In 2013, the average teacher salary in Middletown Area School District was $58,366 a year.
Middletown Area School District teacher and administrator retirement benefits are equal to at least 2.00% x Final Average Salary x Total Credited Service.
(Some teachers benefits utilize a 2.50% benefit factor.)
After 40 years of service, a teacher can retire with 100% of the average salary of their final 3 years of employment.
According to a study conducted at the American Enterprise Institute, in 2011, public school teachers’ total compensation is roughly 50 percent higher than they would likely receive in the private sector.
The study found that the most generous benefits that teachers receive are not accounted for in many studies of compensation including: pension, retiree health benefits and job security.
In 2007, the District employed 186 teachers and the average teacher salary in the district was $51,724 for 180 days worked.
As of 2007, Pennsylvania ranked in the top 10 states in average teacher salaries.
When adjusted for cost of living Pennsylvania ranked fourth in the nation for teacher compensation.
Additionally, the teachers receive a defined benefit pension, health insurance, professional development reimbursement, paid personal days, paid sick days, and other benefits.
According to Rep. Glen Grell, a trustee of the state teacher retirement fund, a 40-year educator can retire with a pension equal to 100 percent of their final salary.
In September 2010, Middletown Area School Board approved an increase in Superintendent Richard Weinstein’s 2010-11 salary from $135,105 to $139,700, retroactive to July 1, 2010.
In July 2012, Richard Weinstein retired.
In December 2014, MIddletown School Board approved a retroactive pay raise for Superintendent Lori Suski.
Suski is in the third year of a five-year contract and will be paid $137,183.95.
Per pupil spending In 2008, Middletown Area School District administration reported that per pupil spending was $14,270 which ranked 91st among Pennsylvania's 501 school districts.
In 2010, Middletown's per pupil spending had increased to $15,069.09.
Among the 50 states, Pennsylvania’s total per pupil revenue (including all sources) ranked 11th at $15,023 per student, in 2008-09.
In 2007, the Pennsylvania per pupil total expenditures was $12,759.
Administration spending Middletown Area School District administrative costs per pupil in 2008 were $996.19 per pupil.
The District was ranked 61st among Pennsylvania's 500 districts for administrative spending.
The lowest administrative cost per pupil in Pennsylvania was $398 per pupil.
In 2007 the school board contracted with Richard P. Weinstein as superintendent.
He was given a 5-year contract with a salary of $125,096; raises to be based on an annual evaluation.
The terms include that the board cannot cut his pay.
He is also getting an extensive benefits package.
Additionally, the Board must provide a 1-year notice regarding ending the contract.
The contract ends June 30, 2012.
Reserves In 2008, Middletown Area School District reported $1,597,904 in an unreserved-undesignated fund balance.
The designated fund balance was reported as $888,475.
In 2010, Middletown Area Administration reported an increase to $2,980,508 in the unreserved-undesignated fund balance.
The designated fund balance had increased to $1,537,329.
Pennsylvania school district reserve funds are divided into two categories – designated and undesignated.
The undesignated funds are not committed to any planned project.
Designated funds and any other funds, such as capital reserves, are allocated to specific projects.
School districts are required by state law to keep 5 percent of their annual spending in the undesignated reserve funds to preserve bond ratings.
According to the Pennsylvania Department of Education, from 2003 to 2010, as a whole, Pennsylvania school districts amassed nearly $3 billion in reserved funds.
Audit In January 2012, the Pennsylvania Auditor General conducted a performance audit of the district.
The findings were reported to the school board and administration.
Sports construction In 2011, Middletown Area School Board approved the construction of two soccer fields at an estimated cost of $420,222.
Tuition Students who live in the Middletown Area School District's attendance area may choose to attend one of Pennsylvania's 157 public charter schools.
A student living in a neighboring public school district or a foreign exchange student may seek admission to Area School District.
For these cases, the Pennsylvania Department of Education sets an annual tuition rate for each school district.
It is the amount the public school district pays to a charter school for each resident student that attends the charter and it is the amount a nonresident student's parents must pay to attend the District's schools.
The 2012 tuition rates are Elementary School - $10,486.19, High School - $10,954.10.
Highspire annexation In 2014, a group of Highspire taxpayers successfully circulated a petition to secede from the Steelton-Highspire School District.
They point to chronic low student achievement coupled with District mismanagement and fiscal shortfalls.
They sought to join neighboring Middletown Area School District.
The Board of the MIddletown Area School District opposed the petition in Dauphin County court pointing to their own low student academic achievement.
The Steelton-Highspire School Board opposes the petition as does the District's administration.
A Dauphin County County judge approved the petition to shift.
The process moved to the Pennsylvania Department of Education in January 2015.
In recent years several other communities have successfully shifted from one public school districts to another.
Middletown Area School District is funded by a combination of: a local earned income tax - 1.25%; Local Services tax- Lower Swatara Township - $5 and $10 for Middletown Borough and Royalton Borough; a property tax, a real estate transfer tax 0.5%, coupled with substantial funding from the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and the federal government.
Grants can provide an opportunity to supplement school funding without raising local taxes.
In the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, pension income and Social Security income are exempted from state personal income tax and local earned income tax regardless the individual's level of wealth.
The average Pennsylvania public school teacher pension in 2011 exceeds $60,000 a year plus they receive federal Social Security benefits: both are free of Pennsylvania state income tax and local income tax which funds local public schools.
According to a report from Representative Todd Stephens office, Middletown Area School District receives 32.3% of its annual revenue from the state.
For the 2015-16 school year, Governor Tom Wolf released a partial Basic Education Funding of $3,696,280 to Middletown Area School District, in January 2016.
This was part of $10.3 billion in school funding withheld from the public schools, by the Governor since the summer of 2015.
The dispersement did not follow the new Basic Education Fair Funding formula which had been established by the Pennsylvania General Assembly in June 2015.
For the 2014-15 school year, Middletown Area School District received $7,424,369 in State Basic Education funding.
The District will also receive $293,510 in new Ready To Learn Block grant.
The State’s enacted Education Budget includes $5,526,129,000 for the 2014-2015 Basic Education Funding.
The Education budget also includes Accountability Block Grant funding at $100 million and $241 million in new Ready to Learn funding for public schools that focus on student achievement and academic success.
The State is paying $500.8 million to Social Security on the school employees behalf and another $1.16 billion to the state teachers pension system (PSERS).
In total, Pennsylvania’s Education budget for K-12 public schools is $10 billion.
This was a $305 million increase over 2013-2014 state spending and the greatest amount ever allotted by the Commonwealth for its public schools.
In the 2013-14 school year, Middletown Area School District received a 1.9% increase or $7,430,402 in Pennsylvania Basic Education Funding.
This is $ more than its 2012-13 state BEF to the District.
Additionally, Middletown Area School District received $163,913 in Accountability Block Grant funding to focus on academic achievement and level funding for special education services.
Among the public school districts in Dauphin County, Derry Township School District received the highest percentage increase in BEF at 5.4%.
All public school districts have the option of applying for several other state and federal grants to increase revenues.
The Commonwealth’s budget increased Basic Education Funding statewide by $123 million to over $5.5 billion.
Most of Pennsylvania’s 500 public school districts received an increase of Basic Education Funding in a range of 0.9% to 4%.
Eight public school districts received exceptionally high funding increases of 10% to 16%.
The highest increase in state funding was awarded to Austin Area School District which received a 22.5% increase in Basic Education Funding.
The highest percent of state spending per student is in the Chester-Upland district, where roughly 78 percent comes from state coffers.
In Philadelphia, it is nearly 49 percent.
As a part of the education budget, the state provided the PSERS (Pennsylvania school employee pension fund) with $1,017,000,000 and Social Security payments for school employees of $495 million.
For the 2012-13 school year, Middletown Area School District received $7,289,962 in state Basic Education funding.
The Governor's Executive Budget for 2012-2013 included $9.34 billion for kindergarten through 12th grade public education, including $5.4 billion in basic education funding, which was an increase of $49 million over the 2011-12 budget.
In addition, the Commonwealth provided $100 million for the Accountability Block Grant (ABG) program.
Middletown Area School District received $163,913 in ABG funding.
The state also provided a $544.4 million payment for School Employees’ Social Security and $856 million for School Employees’ Retirement fund called PSERS.
This amount was a $21,823,000 increase (0.34%) over the 2011-2012 appropriations for Basic Education Funding, School Employees' Social Security, Pupil Transportation, Nonpublic and Charter School Pupil Transportation.
Since taking office, Corbett’s first two budgets have restored more than $918 million in support of public schools, compensating for the $1 billion in federal stimulus dollars lost at the end of the 2010-11 school year.
In the 2011-12 school year, Middletown Area School District received $7,288,846 in state Basic Education Funding.
Additionally, the District received $163,913 in Accountability Block Grant funding and $337,611 reimbursement for social security payments.
The enacted Pennsylvania state Education budget included $5,354,629,000 for the 2011-2012 Basic Education Funding appropriation.
This amount is a $233,290,000 increase (4.6%) over the enacted State appropriation for 2010-2011.
The highest increase in state basic education funding was awarded to Duquesne City School District, which got a 49% increase in state funding for 2011-12.
In 2010, the district reported that 765 students received free or reduced-price lunches, due to the family meeting the federal poverty level.
For the 2010-11 school year, Middletown Area School District received 6.07% increase in state Basic Education Funding for a total of $8,076,297.
One hundred fifty Pennsylvania school districts received the base 2% increase.
The highest percentage increase in Dauphin County was again awarded to Susquehanna Township School District which received a 15.89% increase.
Among Pennsylvania school districts, the highest increase in 2010-11 went to Kennett Consolidated School District in Chester County which received a 23.65% increase in state funding.
Fifteen (15) Pennsylvania public school districts received a BEF increase of greater than 10%.
The state's hold harmless policy regarding state basic education funding continued where each district received at least the same amount as it received the prior school year, even when enrollment had significantly declined.
The amount of increase each school district receives is determined by Governor Edward Rendell and the Secretary of Education, Gerald Zahorchak, through the allocation set in the state budget proposal made in February each year.
This was the second year of Governor Rendell’s policy to fund some public school districts at a far greater rate than others.
In the 2009-2010 budget year, the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania provided a 5.17% increase in Basic Education Funding for a total of $7,613,480 to the Middletown Area School District.
The district also received supplemental funding for: Title I (federal funding for low-income students), for district size, a poverty supplement from the Commonwealth and more.
Three school districts in Dauphin County received an increase in excess of 5%.
In Dauphin County, the highest 2009 state funding increase was 10.66% for Susquehanna Township School District.
Muhlenberg School District in Berks County received the highest increase in the commonwealth at 22.31%.
The amount of increase each school district receives was set by Governor Edward G. Rendell and the Secretary of Education Gerald Zahorchak, as a part of the state budget proposal.
The state Basic Education funding to the Middletown Area School District in 2008-09 was $7,239,141.19.
According to the Pennsylvania Department of Education, 799 district students received free or reduced-price lunches due to low family income in the 2007–2008 school year.
All Pennsylvania school districts also receive additional funding from the state through several other funding allocations, including Reimbursement of Charter School Expenditures; Special Education Funding; Secondary Career & Technical Education Subsidy; transportation subsidy, PA Accountability Grants; and low achieving schools were eligible for Educational Assistance Program Funding.
Plus all Pennsylvania school districts receive federal dollars for various programs including: Special Education funding and Title I funding for children from low income families.
In 2010, Pennsylvania spent over $24 billion for public education - local, state and federal dollars combined.
By 2015, Pennsylvania is spending over $27 billion on public education (local, state and federal resources combined).
Beginning in 2004-2005, the state launched the Accountability Block Grant school funding.
This program has provided $1.5 billion to Pennsylvania’s school districts.
The Accountability Block Grant program requires that its taxpayer dollars are focused on specific interventions that are most likely to increase student academic achievement.
These interventions include: teacher training, all-day kindergarten, lower class size K-3rd grade, literacy and math coaching programs that provide teachers with individualized job-embedded professional development to improve their instruction, before or after school tutoring assistance to struggling students, For 2010-11 the Middletown Area School District applied for and received $444,901 in addition to all other state and federal funding.
The district used the funding to provide full-day kindergarten for the 7th year, to fund interventions for struggling students and to pay for teacher training.
Beginning in the 2014-2015 budget, the State funded a new Ready to Learn Grant for public schools.
A total of $100 million is allocated through a formula to districts based on the number of students, level of poverty of community as calculated by its market value/personal income aid ratio (MV/PI AR) and the number of English language learners.
Ready to Learn Block Grant funds may be used by the Districts for: school safety; Ready by 3 early childhood intervention programs; individualized learning programs; and science, technology, engineering and math (STEM) programs.
Middletown Area School District received $293,510 in Ready to Learn Grant dollars in addition to State Basic Education funding, state Special Education funding, PreK Counts funding, reimbursement for Social Security payments for employees and other state grants which the district must apply to receive.
The Classroom for the Future state program provided districts with hundreds of thousands of extra state funding to buy laptop computers for each core curriculum high school class (English, Science, History, Math) and paid for teacher training to optimize the computers use.
The program was funded from 2006-2009.
Middletown Area School District did not apply in 2006-07 nor in 2007-08.
Middletown Area School District received $110,962 in 2008-09.
Project 720 was a high school reform program implemented for three years under the Rendell administration.
The intent was to increase academic rigor and improve the instruction of teachers in the Commonwealth’s high schools.
Teachers were expected to use data driven instructional practices and to meet the needs of diverse learners.
The 720 in the name referred to the number of days a student was in high school in ninth through 12th grades.
High school’s applied for funding and were required to agree to report to the PDE their plans, their actions and the outcomes.
In 2007-08 budget year, the Commonwealth provided $11 million in funding.
Middletown Area School District was one of 161 PA public school districts to apply, receiving $52,000 funding over three years.
For 2010-11, Project 720 funding was decreased to $1.7 million by Governor Rendell.
The grant program was discontinued effective with the 2011-12 state budget.
Middletown Area School District received an extra $1,654,853 in ARRA - Federal Stimulus money to be used in specific programs like special education and meeting the academic needs of low-income students.
The funding was limited to the 2009-10 and 2010-2011 school years.
Due to the temporary nature of the funding, schools were repeatedly advised to use the funds for one-time expenditures like acquiring equipment, making repairs to buildings, training teachers to provide more effective instruction or purchasing books and software.
Middletown Area School District officials did not apply for the Race to the Top federal grant which would bring the district hundreds of thousands of additional federal dollars for improving student academic achievement.
Participation required the administration, the school board and the local teachers' union to sign an agreement to prioritize improving student academic success.
In Pennsylvania, 120 public school districts and 56 charter schools agreed to participate.
Pennsylvania was not approved in the first round of the grant.
The failure of districts to agree to participate was cited as one reason that Pennsylvania was not approved.
A second round of state RTTT application judging will occur in June 2010.
The Federal government provides annual grants to schools to be used to improve the quality of teacher instructions to pupils.
The goal is provide each child in public schools with “Highly Quality” teachers and principals as defined by the state.
The funds are sent to the state Department of Education which distributes them to each school district and charter school.
Beginning in 2002, the federal funding committed to Title II was $3,175,000,000.
Public school district administrations must apply to the state annually for the Title II funds.
In 2012-13, Middletown Area School District received $90,596 in federal Title II funding.
In 2014-15, Middletown Area School District applied for and received $84,454.
The Federal government provides annual grants to schools to assist in educating immigrant children and children who are identified as limited English proficient.
Upon registering for school a language survey is done for all new enrollment pupils, typically in kindergarten or preschool.
They identify the primary language spoken at home.
This data is collected and submitted to the Pennsylvania Department of Education, which in turn notifies the federal government.
In 2012-13, Middletown Area School District received $11,814 in Title III funding for English language learners.
For 2014-15, Middletown Area School District received $9,695 in Title III funding.
Middletown Area School Board elected to not participate in the Pennsylvania Department of Education Common Cents program.
The program called for the state to audit the district, at no cost to local taxpayers, to identify ways the district could save tax dollars.
After the review of the information, the district was not required to implement the recommended cost savings changes.
Mansberger Elementary School was sold to developer Kutztown Group Holdings for $407,900 in January 2009.
The district had hoped to get $700,000, but a sharp decline in local and national property values influenced the negotiated sale price.
Middletown Area School Board set property tax rates in 2015-16 at 22.1500 mills.
A mill is $1 of tax for every $1,000 of a property's assessed value.
Property taxes, in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, apply only to real estate - land and buildings.
The property tax is not levied on cars, business inventory, or other personal property.
Certain types of property are exempt from property taxes, including: places of worship, places of burial, private social clubs, charitable and educational institutions and all government property (local, state and federal).
Additionally, service related, disabled US military veterans may seek an exemption from paying property taxes.
According to state tax policy, unlike other states, natural gas and oil pipelines are exempted from property taxes.
Irregular property reassessments have become a serious issue in the Commonwealth as it creates a significant disparity in taxation within a community and across a region.
On the local level, Pennsylvania school district revenues are dominated by two main sources: 1) Property tax collections, which account for the vast majority (between 75-85%) of local revenues; and 2) Act 511 tax collections, which are around 15% of revenues for school districts.
When a Pennsylvania public school district includes municipalities in two or more counties, each of which has different rates of property tax assessment, a state board equalizes the tax rates between the counties.
In 2010, miscalculations by the State Tax Equalization Board (STEB) were widespread in the Commonwealth and adversely impacted funding for many school districts, including those that did not cross county borders.
***LIST***.
The average yearly property tax paid by Dauphin County residents amounts to about 3.48% of their yearly income.
Dauphin County ranked 382nd out of the 3143 United States counties for property taxes as a percentage of median income.
According to a report prepared by the Pennsylvania Department of Education, the total real estate taxes collected by all school districts in Pennsylvania rose from $6,474,133,936 in 1999-00 to $10,438,463,356 in 2008-09 and to $11,153,412,490 in 2011.
Property taxes in Pennsylvania are relatively high on a national scale.
According to the Tax Foundation, Pennsylvania ranked 11th in the U.S. in 2008 in terms of property taxes paid as a percentage of home value (1.34%) and 12th in the country in terms of property taxes as a percentage of income (3.55%).
Pennsylvania's 2011 tax burden of 10.35% ranked 10th highest out of 50 states.
The tax burden was above the national average of 9.8%.
Pennsylvania's taxpayers paid $4,374 per capita in state and local taxes, including school taxes.
The Act 1 of 2006 Index regulates the rates at which each school district can raise property taxes in Pennsylvania.
Districts are not allowed to raise taxes above that index unless they allow voters to vote by referendum, or they seek an exception from the state Department of Education.
The base index for the 2010-2011 school year is 1.4 percent, but the Act 1 Index can be adjusted higher, depending on a number of factors, such as property values and the personal income of district residents.
Act 1 included 10 exceptions, including: increasing pension costs, increases in special education costs, a catastrophe like a fire or flood, increase in health insurance costs for contracts in effect in 2006 or dwindling tax bases.
The base index is the average of the percentage increase in the statewide average weekly wage, as determined by the PA Department of Labor and Industry, for the preceding calendar year and the percentage increase in the Employment Cost Index for Elementary and Secondary Schools, as determined by the Bureau of Labor Statistics in the U.S. Department of Labor, for the previous 12-month period ending June 30.
For a school district with a market value/personal income aid ratio (MV/PI AR) greater than 0.4000, its index equals the base index multiplied by the sum of .75 and its MV/PI AR for the current year.
In June 2011, the Pennsylvania General Assembly eliminated six of the ten the exceptions to the Act 1 Index.
The following exceptions were maintained: 1) costs to pay interest and principal on indebtedness incurred prior to September 4, 2004 for Act 72 schools and prior to June 27, 2006 for non-Act 72 schools; 2) costs to pay interest and principal on electoral debt; 3) costs incurred in providing special education programs and services (beyond what is already paid by the State); and 4) costs due to increases of more than the Index in the school’s share of payments to PSERS (PA school employees pension fund) taking into account the state mandated PSERS contribution rate.
The School District Adjusted Index for the Middletown Area School District 2006-2007 through 2011-2012.
***LIST***.
For the 2015-16 budget year, Middletown Area School Board applied for two exceptions to exceed their Act 1 Index limit: for special education cost and for its rapidly rising teacher pension costs.
For the school budget 2015-16, 310 Pennsylvania public school districts adopted a resolution certifying that tax rates would not be increased above its Act 1 Index limit.
Another 187 school districts adopted a preliminary budget leaving open the option of exceeding the Index limit.
Regarding the pension costs exception, 172 school districts received approval to exceed the Index limit in full, while others received a partial approval of their request.
For special education costs, 119 districts received approval to exceed their tax limit.
No Pennsylvania public school districts received an approval for the grandfathered construction debts exception.
For the 2014-15 budget year, Middletown Area School Board once again applied for an exception to exceed their Act 1 Index limit due to the teachers' rapidly escalating pension costs.
In 2014-15, all Pennsylvania school districts were required to make a 21.4% of payroll payment to the teacher’s pension fund (PSERS).
For the school budget 2014-15, 316 Pennsylvania public school districts adopted a resolution certifying that tax rates would not be increased above its Act 1 Index limit.
Another 181 school districts adopted a preliminary budget leaving open the option of exceeding the Index limit.
Districts may apply for multiple exceptions each year.
For the pension costs exception, 163 school districts received approval to exceed the Index in full, while others received a partial approval of their request.
For special education costs, 104 districts received approval to exceed their tax limit.
Seven Pennsylvania public school districts received an approval for the grandfathered construction debts exception.
For the 2013-14 budget year, Middletown Area School Board applied for an exception to exceed their Act 1 Index limit due to the rising costs of the teachers' pension payment.
In 2013-14, all Pennsylvania school districts were required to make a 16.93% of payroll payment to the teacher’s pension fund (PSERS).
For the school budget year 2013-14, 311 Pennsylvania public school districts adopted a resolution certifying that tax rates would not be increased above their index.
Another 171 school districts adopted a preliminary budget leaving open the option of exceeded the Index limit.
For the pension costs exception, 169 school districts received approval to exceed the Index.
For special education costs, 75 districts received approval to exceed their tax limit.
Eleven Pennsylvania public school districts received an approval for grandfathered construction debts.
For the 2012-13 budget year, Middletown Area School Board apply for an exception to exceed the Act 1 Index due to escalating pension costs for teachers.
For 2012-2013, 274 school districts adopted a resolution certifying that tax rates would not be increased above their index; 223 school districts adopted a preliminary budget leaving open the option of exceeded the Index limit.
For the exception for pension costs, 194 school districts received approval to exceed the Index.
For special education costs, 129 districts received approval to exceed the tax limit.
For the exception for pension costs, 194 school districts received approval to exceed the Index.
For special education costs, 129 districts received approval to exceed the tax limit.
In Area School District the approved real estate tax rate Increase due to exceptions was 3.7148 mills.
For the 2011-12 school year, the Middletown Area School Board applied for exceptions to exceed the Act 1 Index due to escalating teacher pension costs, grandfathered debt and rising special education costs.
Each year, the Middletown Area School Board has the option of adopting either 1) a resolution in January certifying they will not increase taxes above their index or 2) a preliminary budget in February.
A school district adopting the resolution may not apply for referendum exceptions or ask voters for a tax increase above the inflation index.
A specific timeline for these decisions is publisher each year by the Pennsylvania Department of Education.
According to a state report, for the 2011-2012 school year budgets, 247 school districts adopted a resolution certifying that tax rates would not be increased above their index; 250 school districts adopted a preliminary budget.
Of the 250 school districts that adopted a preliminary budget, 231 adopted real estate tax rates that exceeded their index.
Tax rate increases in the other 19 school districts that adopted a preliminary budget did not exceed the school district’s index.
Of the districts who sought exceptions 221 used the pension costs exemption and 171 sought a Special Education costs exemption.
Only 1 school district sought an exemption for Nonacademic School Construction Project, while 1 sought an exception for Electoral debt for school construction.
In June 2011, the Pennsylvania General Assembly passed SB330 which amended Act 1 2006 to eliminate many of the exceptions that permitted school districts to exceed the Act 1 limit.
School boards will likely need to go to voter referendum for future construction spending, unless they have a sufficient reserves to cover the costs.
For the 2010-11 budget, Middletown Area School Board applied for several exceptions to increase taxes above the index limit, including school construction costs and pension costs.
For the 2009-10 school budget, Middletown Area School Board applied for an exception to exceed the Index, due to the rapidly rising cost of the teachers' health insurance premiums.
In the Spring of 2010, 135 Pennsylvania school boards asked to exceed their adjusted index.
Approval was granted to 133 of them and 128 sought an exception for pension costs increases.
In 2013, Middletown Area School District approved 4,524 homestead properties received $204.
The decline in amount was related to more residents applying for tax relief and a decline in table games tax revenues.
The amount received by the District must be divided equally among all approved residences.
In 2009, the Homestead/Farmstead Property Tax Relief from gambling for the Middletown Area School District was $210 per approved permanent primary residence.
In the district, 4,392 property owners applied for the tax relief.
The relief was subtracted from the total annual school property tax bill.
Property owners apply for the relief through the county Treasurer's office.
Farmers can qualify for a farmstead exemption on building used for agricultural purposes.
The farm must be at least 10 contiguous acres and must be the primary residence of the owner.
Farmers can qualify for both the homestead exemption and the farmstead exemption.
In Dauphin County, 68.71% of eligible property owners applied for property tax relief in 2009.
Additionally, the Pennsylvania Property Tax/Rent Rebate program is provided for low income Pennsylvanians aged 65 and older; widows and widowers aged 50 and older; and people with disabilities age 18 and older.
The income limit is $35,000 for homeowners.
The maximum rebate for both homeowners and renters is $650.
Applicants can exclude one-half (1/2) of their Social Security income, so people who make substantially more than $35,000 may still qualify for a rebate.
Individuals must apply annually for the rebate.
This can be taken in addition to Homestead/Farmstead Property Tax Relief.
The school district offers a wide variety of clubs, activities and an extensive sports program.
Eligibility for participation is determined by school board policy The district mascot is a Blue Raider and the colors are blue and gold.
The high school and middle school participate in the Pennsylvania Interscholastic Athletic Association.
The school's marching band is the Blue Wave Marching Band.
By Pennsylvania law, all K-12 students in the district, including those who attend a private nonpublic school, cyber charter school, charter school and those homeschooled, are eligible to participate in the extracurricular programs, including all athletics.
They must meet the same eligibility rules as the students enrolled in the district's schools.
According to PA Child Abuse Recognition and Reporting Act 126 of 2014, all volunteer coaches and all those who assist in student activities, must have criminal background checks.
Like all school district employees, they must also attend an anti child abuse training once every three years.
Sports scores and calendars are available at the following link: * Middletown Sports In 2001, the boys soccer team won the Class "AA" State title.
Coaches receive compensation as outlined in the teachers' union contract.
When athletic competition exceeds the regular season, additional compensation is paid.
Article XVI-C of the Pennsylvania Public School Code requires the disclosure of interscholastic athletic opportunities for all public secondary school entities in Pennsylvania, including Middletown Area School District.
All school entities with grades 7-12 are required to annually collect data concerning team and financial information for all male and female athletes beginning with the 2012-13 school year and submit the information to the Pennsylvania Department of Education.
Beginning with the 2013-14 school year, all non-school (booster club and alumni) contributions and purchases must also be reported to PDE.
According to Pennsylvania’s Safety in Youth Sports Act, all sports coaches, paid and volunteer, are required to annually complete the Concussion Management Certification Training and present the certification before coaching.
***LIST***.
According to PIAA directory July 2014
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Amon Gordon (born October 13, 1981) is a former American football defensive end of the National Football League.
He was drafted by the Cleveland Browns in the fourth round of the 2004 NFL Draft.
He played college football at Stanford.
Gordon has also been a member of the Denver Broncos, Baltimore Ravens, Tennessee Titans, Philadelphia Eagles, New England Patriots, and Seattle Seahawks.
Gordon attended Oak Harbor High School in Washington state where he was the only Freshman on the varsity football and basketball teams.
After his freshman year, Gordon transferred to Mariner High School, in Everett, Washington and played football there as a sophomore and junior.
As a senior, he transferred to Mira Mesa Senior High School in San Diego California, where he played running back and defense.
He was named first team all-state and league offensive MVP.
Gordon played college football at Stanford where he redshirted in his freshman season in 2000.
As a redshirt freshman in 2001, Gordon played defensive end and inside linebacker.
In 2002, as a starter, Gordon had four sacks and two fumble recoveries.
Gordon moved to defensive tackle for his final season in 2003, and finished his college career with 35 games (18 starts), 71 tackles, and seven sacks.
Gordon was selected by the Cleveland Browns in the 4th round (161st overall) in the 2004 NFL Draft.
In his rookie season, he played in six games and posted ten tackles.
His second season with the Browns was ended by a knee injury that ruled him out for the entire year.
Gordon was signed by the Denver Broncos to their practice squad on March 22, 2006, after being waived by the Browns.
He played in all four preseason games before being waived on September 2, 2006.
He was re-signed to the team's practice squad the next day, where he spent the entire season.
Gordon made the Broncos' 53-man roster in 2007, and played in four games, recording 13 tackles, before being waived on November 6, 2007.
Gordon was signed to the practice squad of the Baltimore Ravens on November 21, 2007.
He was promoted to the Ravens' 53-man roster on December 9 and played in one of the Ravens' final four games, recording three tackles.
He was not tendered as a restricted free agent following the season but was re-signed in March 2008 and released on August 29, 2008.
Gordon was signed to the Titans practice squad on November 5, 2008.
He was activated from the practice squad on December 20, 2008.
Gordon recorded six tackles in the final two games for the Titans.
He was waived on January 6, 2009 during the playoffs.
On January 21, 2009, Gordon was signed to a future deal by the Philadelphia Eagles.
He was placed on injured reserve on June 11 with a torn Achilles tendon and was released with an injury settlement on August 11.
Gordon signed with the New England Patriots on April 21, 2010.
On June 10, 2010, the Patriots released Gordon.
Gordan signed with the Seattle Seahawks on August 18, 2010.
He was released on September 4, 2010.
The Titans re-signed Gordon on October 5, 2010.
He was released again on November 9, 2010.
After his contract with Seattle expired, Gordon signed with the Kansas City Chiefs on August 6, 2011.
Gordon had his first sack as a Chief, during the Chiefs/Patriots game.
The Chiefs would go on to lose that game 3-34.
The next week, Gordon had his second sack against the Steelers.
The Chiefs would lose the game 13-9.
Gordon finished the season with two sacks and 23 tackles.
In 2012, Amon Gordon was released in the last rounds of roster cuts with the Chiefs.
He is currently a free agent.
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The Columbus Avenue Line is a public transit line in Manhattan, New York City, United States, running mostly along Columbus Avenue, 116th Street, and Lenox Avenue from Lower Manhattan to Harlem.
Originally a streetcar line, it is now the M7 bus route, operated by the New York City Transit Authority, a division of the Metropolitan Transportation Authority.
The M7 bus now begins at 14th Street, sharing 6th with M5 and 7th Avenues with the M20.
It turns west on 59th Street and northwest on Broadway to reach the one-way pair of Amsterdam Avenue (northbound) and Columbus Avenue (southbound).
At 106th Street, the M7 turns east, north on Manhattan Avenue, east on 116th Street, and north on Lenox Avenue to a loop at the 145th Street subway station.
This is the exact path followed by the former streetcar north of 109th Street.
The Ninth Avenue Railroad's Ninth Avenue Line used the southernmost part of Columbus Avenue, but cut over along Broadway to use Amsterdam Avenue to Harlem.
On December 30, 1892, the Columbus and Ninth Avenue Railroad acquired a franchise from the city to build along Columbus Avenue from Broadway to 110th Street, with a branch west on 106th Street to Amsterdam Avenue.
It was soon authorized to build in 109th Street and Manhattan Avenue to 116th Street.
The company was consolidated into the Metropolitan Street Railway on November 7, 1895.
Columbus Avenue cars were operated by the Metropolitan along their Broadway Line from lower Manhattan to Midtown, and then along the 53rd Street Crosstown Line (later the 59th Street Crosstown Line) west to 9th Avenue/Columbus Avenue.
Cable cars were used from the line's opening on December 6, 1894 until May 1901.
After the Metropolitan system was split in 1913, and the Third Avenue Railway acquired the 59th Street Crosstown, 53rd Street was again used.
Buses were substituted for streetcars by the New York City Omnibus Corporation on March 25, 1936.
In 1956 it was renamed Fifth Avenue Coach Lines, and the Manhattan and Bronx Surface Transit Operating Authority replaced it in 1962.
When Columbus and Amsterdam Avenues became one-way streets, northbound buses were moved to Amsterdam Avenue.
Pedestrianization of Broadway in Times Square and Herald Square in 2009 led to southbound buses using 7th Avenue instead of Broadway from 59th Street to 14th Street.
Consequently, the 14th Street terminus was shifted to 6th Avenue.
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Born and raised in Boston, Massachusetts, Arthur Marder was the son of Maxwell J. Marder and Ida Greenstein.
He attended Harvard University, where he obtained his Bachelor's degree in 1931, his master's degree in 1934, and his Ph.D. in 1936 with a study of British naval policy 1880-1905.
He married Jan North in September 1955.
They had three children.
Marder began his teaching career as an assistant professor of history at the University of Oregon in 1936-38.
In 1939, he returned to Harvard in 1939-41 as a research associate at the Bureau of International Research and Radcliffe College.
In 1941-42, he was a research analyst in the Office of Strategic Services, before becoming an associate professor of history at Hamilton College in 1943-44.
In 1944, he was appointed associate professor at the University of Hawaii, where he remained for twenty years, becoming a full professor in 1951, then senior professor in 1958.
In 1964, he was appointed professor of history at the University of California, Irvine, remaining there until he retired as professor emeritus in 1977.
He was visiting lecturer at Harvard University in 1949-50; George Eastman Professor at Oxford University and fellow of Balliol College, Oxford, in 1969-70.
Marder died 25 December 1980 of cancer in Santa Barbara, California.
Arthur Marder was a Guggenheim Fellow in 1941, 1945–46, and 1958.
The American Historical Association awarded him the George Louis Beer Prize in 1941 for his Harvard doctoral thesis, published as "Anatomy of British Sea Power".
He was a Rockefeller Foundation Fellow in 1942-43, American Philosophical Society Fellow in 1956, 1958, 1963, and 1966.
The Royal United Services Institute for Defence Studies awarded him the Chesney Gold Medal in 1968.
He was made an honorary commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1970.
Oxford University awarded him the degree of Doctor of Letters (D.Litt.)
in 1971 and a Fellow of the Royal United Services Institute in 1977.
He was a Fellow of the National Endowment for the Humanities, 1978–79, and the Australian-American Education Foundation awarded him a distinguished visitor award in 1979.
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Comet McNaught, also known as the Great Comet of 2007 and given the designation C/2006 P1, is a non-periodic comet discovered on 7 August 2006 by British-Australian astronomer Robert H. McNaught using the Uppsala Southern Schmidt Telescope.
It was the brightest comet in over 40 years, and was easily visible to the naked eye for observers in the Southern Hemisphere in January and February 2007.
With an estimated peak magnitude of −5.5, the comet was the second brightest since 1935.
Around perihelion on 12 January, it was visible worldwide in broad daylight.
Its tail measured an estimated 35 degrees in length at its peak.
The brightness of C/2006 P1 near perihelion was enhanced by forward scattering.
McNaught discovered the comet in a CCD image on 7 August 2006 during the course of routine observations for the Siding Spring Survey, which searched for Near-Earth Objects that might represent a collision threat to Earth.
The comet was discovered in Ophiuchus, shining very dimly at a magnitude of about +17.
From August through November 2006, the comet was imaged and tracked as it moved through Ophiuchus and Scorpius, brightening as high as magnitude +9, still too dim to be seen with the unaided eye.
Then, for most of December, the comet was lost in the glare of the Sun.
Upon recovery, it became apparent that the comet was brightening very fast, reaching naked-eye visibility in early January 2007.
It was visible to northern hemisphere observers, in Sagittarius and surrounding constellations, until about 13 January.
Perihelion was 12 January at a distance of 0.17 AU.
This was close enough to the Sun to be observed by the space-based Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO).
The comet entered SOHO's LASCO C3 camera's field of view on 12 January, and was viewable on the web in near real-time.
The comet left SOHO's field of view on 16 January.
Due to its proximity to the Sun, the Northern Hemisphere ground-based viewers had a short window for viewing, and the comet could be spotted only during bright twilight.
As it reached perihelion on 12 January, it became the brightest comet since Comet Ikeya-Seki in 1965.
The comet was dubbed "the Great Comet of 2007" by Space.com.
On 13 and 14 January 2007, the comet attained an estimated maximum apparent magnitude of −5.5.
The comet was visible in daylight about 5°–10° southeast of the Sun from 12 to 14 January, with a peak brightness of magnitude −5.5.
Perigee (closest approach to the Earth) was 15 January 2007, at a distance of 0.82 AU.
After passing the Sun, McNaught became visible in the Southern hemisphere.
In Australia, according to Siding Spring Observatory at Coonabarabran, where the comet was discovered, it was to have reached its theoretical peak in brightness on Sunday 14 January just after sunset, when it would have been visible for 23 minutes.
On 15 January the comet was observed at Perth Observatory with an estimated apparent magnitude of −4.0.
The Ulysses spacecraft made an unexpected pass through the tail of the comet on 3 February 2007.
Evidence of the encounter was published in the 1 October 2007 issue of the "Astrophysical Journal".
Ulysses flew through McNaught's ion tail 260 million kilometers (160 million miles) from the comet's core and instrument readings showed that there was "complex chemistry" in the region.
The Solar Wind Ion Composition Spectrometer (SWICS) aboard Ulysses measured the composition of Comet McNaught's tail and detected unexpected ions.
It was the first time that O oxygen ions were detected near a comet.
This suggested that the solar wind ions, which did not originally have most of their electrons, gained some electrons while passing through the comet's atmosphere.
SWICS also measured the speed of the solar wind, and found that even at 260 million kilometers (160 million miles) from the comet's nucleus, the tail had slowed the solar wind to half its normal speed.
The solar wind should usually be about per second at that distance from the Sun, but inside the comet's ion tail, it was less than per second.
"This was very surprising to me.
Way past the orbit of Mars, the solar wind felt the disturbance of this little comet.
It will be a serious challenge for us theoreticians and computer modellers to figure out the physics," —space science professor, Michael Combi.
Prof. George Gloeckler, the principal investigator on the Solar Wind Ion Composition Spectrometer (SWICS), said the discovery was important as the composition of comets told them about conditions approximately 4.5 billion years ago when the Solar System was formed.
"Here we got a direct sample of this ancient material which gives us the best information on cometary composition.
We're still in the process of figuring out what it tells us.
We're contributing part of the whole puzzle".
"The benefits of such an observation are important.
They constrain the interactions of such comets with the Sun, including how the comets lose mass.
They also examine the question of how a sudden injection of neutral and cold material interacts with hot solar-like plasmas.
That occurs in other places of the universe and we were able to study it right here," —space science professor, Thomas Zurbuchen.
Comet C/2006 P1 follows a hyperbolic trajectory (with an osculating eccentricity larger than 1) during its passage through the inner Solar System, but the eccentricity will drop below 1 after it leaves the influence of the planets and it will remain bound to the Solar System as an Oort cloud comet.
Given the orbital eccentricity of this object, different epochs can generate quite different heliocentric unperturbed two-body best-fit solutions to the aphelion distance (maximum distance) of this object.
For objects at such high eccentricity, the Sun's barycentric coordinates are more stable than heliocentric coordinates.
Using JPL Horizons, the barycentric orbital elements for epoch 2029 generate a semi-major axis of 2050 AU and a period of approximately 92,600 years.
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Born in Caracas, Pulgar was trained through the National Youth Orchestra System in Venezuela (currently known as "El Sistema").
He began musical studies at age eight in solfege, percussion and violin at the Escuela de Música “Elias David Curiel” in Coro.
His teachers included Giuseppe Maiolino, Miroslaw Kulikowsky, and Józef Szatanek.
At thirteen years old, he won the special prize in the Juan Bautista Plaza V National Violin Competition and several other competitions in Venezuela.
He continued his studies in violin and orchestral conducting at the Conservatorio José Luis Paz of Maracaibo, the Conservatorio Simón Bolívar, and the Latin-American Violin Academy under José Francisco del Castillo in Caracas.
Pulgar earned an artist diploma from Duquesne University in Pittsburgh and recently a masters in music performance from Michigan State University.
He made his debut as a conductor at age twenty with the Zulia Symphony Orchestra in Venezuela.
Three years later he became a member of Simón Bolívar Symphony Orchestra of Venezuela.
Also, he has been a member of the Grand Rapids Symphony Orchestra in Michigan and Associate Principal of the Wheeling Symphony Orchestra in West Virginia, United States.
Mr. Pulgar has appeared as a soloist and concertmaster with symphonic orchestras in Venezuela and South America, and more recently with the Knoxville Symphony Orchestra at important concert halls such as Teresa Carreño Cultural Complex of Caracas, Panama's National Theatre, Beethovensaal of Stuttgart and Bonn, Teatro Colón of Bogota, the PNC Recital Hall and Carnegie Music Hall in Pittsburgh, the Niswonger Performing Arts Center of Greenville, TN and the Knoxville Civic Auditorium, among others.
Currently, Mr. Pulgar is the Principal Second Violin of the Knoxville Symphony Orchestra, and a member of the Knoxville Symphony’s Principal String Quartet, appearing throughout East Tennessee in recitals, concerts and radio and television appearances.
He is also an Adjunct Professor of Strings at Carson-Newman University.
He eagerly continues to pursue solo and chamber music in the U.S. and Latin America along with guest appearances as conductor.
"Large and beautiful sonority, with impeccable intonation..."
"...The concerto was superbly executed by Edward Pulgar..."
"In the Saint-Saëns, Pulgar exploited with great freedom the possibilities of the violin..."
"The audience gave back [to Mr. Pulgar] the same stamp he sealed in both pieces of very high levels of technique, with much applause and a well-deserved ovation..."
"A soloist of admirable pedagogy..."
"[Mr.] Edward Pulgar draws music when he conducts"
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Goofs and Saddles is the 24th short film released by Columbia Pictures in 1937 starring American slapstick comedy team The Three Stooges (Moe Howard, Larry Fine and Curly Howard).
The comedians released 190 short films for the studio between 1934 and 1959.
Set in the Old West, the Stooges are scouts for the United States Cavalry.
They are sent by General Muster (Ted Lorch) to catch a gang of cattle rustlers, so they hide as bushes to try to find the gang's leader, Longhorn Pete (Stanley Blystone).
However, the rustlers see past their disguises and shoot at the trio, forcing them to flee.
The Stooges eventually wind up in Longhorn Pete's saloon, and the Stooges disguise themselves as gamblers and get into a card game with Pete as they wait for the cavalry.
Moe attempts to send a message to General Muster for help via carrier pigeon, but the pigeon returns to Pete, who reads the incriminating message aloud.
The Stooges are forced to escape for their lives, jumping on a covered wagon filled with household equipment — and a monkey.
The trio toss pots and pans from the wagon onto the ground, which the hoofs of the rustlers' horses catch them.
The wagon loosens up from the horse team, and goes down in its own power until it stops.
The Stooges lock themselves within a small house, forcing the rustlers to use their guns on it from the outside.
A bullet knocks off the monkey's hat, and he is forced to use a dipper as a helmet.
Amidst the melee, Curly spots a meat grinder and decides to make a hamburger.
The whizzing bullets accidentally topple a box of ammunition into the grinder, and the grinder becomes a makeshift Gatling gun.
Discovering the chance, they add more ammunition and even a gun belt serving as an ad hoc ammunition belt.
The increase in opposing firepower overwhelm the bandits until General Muster and his soldiers arrives and captures them.
As the Stooges are given kudos for a job well done, the monkey goes to the grinder and twists the handle, firing a few shots that caused the three to be hit and flee the area.
The title "Goofs and Saddles" is a spoof of the term "hooves and saddles".
Filming was completed on April 14–19, 1937.
The Stooges' names in this short are Buffalo Billious (Curly), Wild Bill Hiccup (Moe), and Just Plain Bill (Larry).
The cultural references are to, respectively, American Old West figures Buffalo Bill and Wild Bill Hickock, and "Just Plain Bill", the title of a long-running radio program of the era.
The chase sequence on horseback would be recycled in 1954's "Pals and Gals".
This short has the smallest slap count.
Moe smacks Curly softly on his head and then he slaps Larry in another scene.
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Schachter was born in Queens, New York, the daughter of Suzanne Marion (née Mokotoff), a theatrical manager, and Alex Schachter, a real estate developer and accountant.
Schachter's mother, the founder of "Suzelle Enterprises", helped Felice get her start by having her model as early as the age of four months, when she appeared on the cover of "American Baby" magazine.
Felice did commercials for Ivory Snow, Pampers, Downy, Baby Alive, and Jordache Jeans.
She went on to study at the George Balachine School of Ballet at age eight.
Later she joined the New York City Ballet company, most notably performing in "The Nutcracker".
She also had performed in both "Sleeping Beauty" and "The Taming of the Shrew".
Schachter started her show business career in 1978, appearing in two off-Broadway plays called "The Innocents" and "Time Again".
She was selected for what would be known as her most notable role, Nancy in "The Facts of Life".
She played the role regularly until 1980, when she was the first member of the regular cast to be let go.
She would continue to make guest appearances on the show until 1986.
Other television roles included "Diff'rent Strokes", the soap opera "Love of Life", "NBC Quiz Kids"," The Adams Chronicles", "Alice", "The New Monkees" and "Love, American Style", among others.
Schachter also did sports broadcasting for CBS Sports and PRIME, mainly with NHL assignments.
In 1981, Schachter was cast in the role of Bernadette in the 1982 movie "Zapped!"
and starred opposite Scott Baio.
She would move on to film production, working in such roles as being an assistant director and production assistant, making infomercials, commercials and corporate films.
She has worked on such film and television projects as "Magic Island", "After The Game", the pilot for "JAG", "Uncle Sam", "Twilight of the Golds", "High Tide", "Born Free", "The Citizen", "Waiting For The Monkeys", "The Gnomes' Great Adventure", "Waste Land", "Jackie", "Knockaround Guys" and "30 Years to Life".
She was the production coordinator for the series "".
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Wayne Green, the Publisher/Editor of "kilobaud", had been the publisher of "BYTE" magazine, (another influential microcomputer magazine of the time) where he published the first four issues in his own office.
But one day in November 1975 Wayne came to work, and found that his ex-wife and the rest of the "Byte" magazine staff had moved out of his office and had taken the January issue with them.
Consequently, the January 1976 issue had Virginia Green listed as publisher instead of Wayne Green.
Wayne was not happy with this development, so he left Byte to start a new magazine to compete with the fledging "Byte".
He wanted to call it "KiloByte" to trump "Byte".
But the people of "Byte" quickly trademarked KILOBYTE as a cartoon series in "Byte" magazine.
So he named the new magazine "kilobaud" instead.
The magazine was first published in 1977.
The full title for the first magazines was "kilobaud.
The Computer Hobbyist Magazine" (Jan 1977).
These issues are unique for having a full index of the contents on the front cover but no illustrations (photographs).
Later issues did have illustrations but also still had a full index on the cover, (a feature that remained for many years).
The title was now shortened to only read "Kilobaud Microcomputing".
From the beginning of 1979 to the end of 1980 the subtitle "for business...education...FUN" was added.
Later, after 1981, the "kilobaud" denominated was dropped altogether and the magazine was now simply called "Microcomputing" with the subtitle, "a wayne green publication".
In 1984, the magazine folded.
After the success of "kilobaud", Wayne Green diversified with magazines targeted to specific brands of home computers, such as "80-Microcomputing" (also known as "80-Micro") a Magazine for TRS-80 users, "InCider" a magazine for Apple II users, "Hot CoCo" a magazine for TRS-80 Color Computers, "RUN" a magazine for Commodore 64 users and many others.
Even more than Byte magazine, kilobaud contained articles written for people who were building their own 8-bit microcomputers at home, or were writing homebrew software for these systems.
kilobaud, (much more than Byte) contained articles written for electronic engineers (or hobbyists interested in electronics), rather than for people who were technically interested in computers but not in building their own computer from scratch.
Articles like "Two Hobbies: Model Railroading and Computing" and the article (written by the famous Don Lancaster) "Building a cheap video display for your Heathkit H-8" (a computer you could build yourself from a kit) are good examples.
In the May 1982 issue an article about building the Sinclair ZX-81 kit, the first, (and probably last) "mainstream" "do-it-yourself" computer kit was published.
After that the magazine more and more lost its hobby background and it looked like any other computer magazine.
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Mirza Basheer-ud-Din Mahmood Ahmad () (12 January 1889 – 8 November 1965), was Khalifatul Masih II (, "khalīfatul masīh al-thāni"), Caliph of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community and the eldest son of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad from his second wife, Nusrat Jahan Begum.
He was elected as the second successor of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad on 14 March 1914 at the age of 25, the day after the death of his predecessor Hakeem Noor-ud-Din.
He is known for establishing virtually the entire organisational structure of the community (including five Auxiliary Organisations), improvement of its administration, formally establishing the "Majlis al-Shura" (Consultative Council), consolidating and formalising the system of financial contributions of the community and directing extensive missionary activity beyond the subcontinent of India.
He is also known for his "Tafsīr-e-Kabīr", a ten-volume exegesis of the Qur'an.
A renowned orator, Mahmood Ahmad was also an active political figure especially in pre-independence India.
He was also one of the founding members and the first president of the All India Kashmir Committee set up for the establishment of the civil rights of Kashmiri Muslims.
Following the Partition of India and the creation of Pakistan in 1947, he carefully oversaw the safe migration of Ahmadis from Qadian to the newly found state, eventually building a town on a tract of arid and mountainous land bought by the community in 1948 which now became its new headquarters and was named Rabwah.
An incomplete 25 volume compilation of his works called "anwārul 'uloom" contains over 800 writings and lectures (excluding sermons).
Mahmood Ahmad is regarded by the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community as the "Musleh Ma'ood" (Promised Reformer) and the "Promised Son" that Ghulam Ahmad foretold God would bestow upon him.
Mirza Basheer-ud-Din Mahmood was born to Ghulam Ahmad and Nusrat Jahan Begum on 12 January 1889 in Qadian, the same year in which Ghulam Ahmad established the Ahmadiyya Movement by accepting allegiance from his disciples.
Due to excessive illness Mahmood Ahmad was unable to attend to secondary education.
During his youth, he remained an active member in the service of the Movement by founding a journal entitled "Tash'heezul Az'haan" and accompanied his father on many of his journeys.
On 26 May 1908, Ghulam Ahmad died in Lahore when Mahmood Ahmad was 19 years old.
The next day on 27 May 1908, he gave the pledged allegiance to Hakeem Noor-ud-Din, who had been chosen to succeed Ghulam Ahmad.
After the passing of his father, Mahmood Ahmad continued to study the Quran, Sahih Bukhari, the Masnavi and some medicine under the tutelage of Noor-ud-Din, with whom he developed a close friendship.
Noor-ud-Din would eventually become one of the leading influences in Mahmood's life.
He also began writing articles for various periodicals for the Community and would often engage himself in theological debates with various scholars of the Community.
In July 1911, He was appointed as the "Ameer" (leader deputising the Caliph) of the Ahmadiyya Community of Multan by Noor-ud-Din.
Mahmood Ahmad visited Egypt and Arabia in September 1912 during the course of which he performed Hajj.
Upon his return to Qadian in June 1913, he started a newspaper, titled "Al-Fazl".
Within the Community, the newspaper serves as a vehicle for the moral upbringing of its members, Islamic education and preservation of the Community's history.
On 13 March 1914, Khalifatul Masih I Hakeem Noor-ud-Din died shortly after 2 p.m. in Qadian, India.
The following day, Noor-ud-Din's will which had been entrusted to Muhammad Ali Khan, a prominent member of the Community, was read aloud in Noor Mosque after Asr prayer:
Having hardly finished the reading of Noor-ud-Din's will, members of the community felt Mahmood Ahmad best met the criteria of a successor the will had described and began calling for Mahmood Ahmad to accept their Bai'at (oath of allegiance).
Being unprepared, he turned to Maulvi Syed Sarwar Shah and said "Maulvi Sahib, this burden has fallen upon me suddenly and unexpectedly and I cannot even recall the formula of Bai'at.
Will you kindly instruct me in it?".
He took the Bai'at of those present, repeating the words after Sawar Shah.
After the oath was taken, he offered a silent prayer and made a brief speech.
Mirza Basheer-ud-Din Mahmood Ahmad was elected as Khalifatul Masih II on 14 March 1914.
Under his leadership, there was further development of the scope of missionary activities and the establishment of a Madrasa Ahmadiyya up to the university level.
During his tenure, he established 46 foreign missions and founded the "Anjuman Tehrik-e-Jadīd", which collected the funds from the members of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community for the training of missionaries and had them posted to various countries.
These foreign missions included Mauritius (1915), USA (1920), Ghana (1921), Egypt (1922), Bokhara (1923), Iran (1924), Palestine and Syria (1925), Java and Colombo (1931) Burma and Japan (1935), Argentina and Albania (1936), Yugoslavia and Sierra Leone (1937), Spain (1946) and Lebanon (1949).
Mahmood Ahmad also had mosques built in most places where missions had been established.
The publication of magazines and periodicals was also initiated in various languages.
He also started the translation of the Qur'an into English with a detailed commentary for the benefit of English speaking nations.
After the demise of Khalifatul Masih I on March 14, 1914 in Qadian, his will was read aloud requesting members of the Community elect a successor.
Shortly after reading the will, Mahmood Ahmad was elected the second successor to Mirza Ghulam Ahmad.
Almost immediately, a faction led by Maulana Muhammad Ali and Khwaja Kamal-ud-Din strongly opposed his succession and refused to accept him as the next Khalifatul Masih.
This was due to certain doctrinal differences they held with him such as the nature of Ghulam Ahmad's prophethood as well as the suitability of Mahmood Ahmad to lead the community.
They eventually left Qadian, settled in Lahore and later became known as the Ahmadiyya Anjuman Ishaat-i-Islam.
In his book "Prophecy Continuous: Aspects of Ahmadi Religious Thought and Its Medieval Background", Professor Yohanan Friedmann describes the split:
Mahmood Ahmad became an important political figure in pre-independence India, and had close contacts with the leadership of All-India Muslim League.
In 1919 following the defeat of Turkey during the first world war, which had a profound effect on the Muslims of India, the "All India Muslim Conference" was held in Lucknow to discuss Turkey's future existence.
Mahmood was invited to attend, but could not attend in person.
However, he wrote a booklet, on the subject of "The future of Turkey and the duty of Muslims" which was read out at the conference.
Mahmood was usually at variance with the activities of the Khilafat movement which strove to defend the Ottoman Caliphate, sought to pressure the British Government and to protect the Ottoman Empire.
The Movement became a major part of the struggle of the Non-cooperation movement Mahmood maintained that the activities of the movement were against the teachings of Islam and would prove detrimental for the Muslims.
He emphasised the absence of the conditions in which Islam allows non-cooperation and encouraged preaching to and engaging with the British, in order to attract them towards Islam.
He also criticised Mohandas Gandhi's election as leader of the movement, lamenting the Muslim leaders for turning to a non-Muslim for their cause.
In 1919, Mahmood Ahmad also appointed a number of young talented Ahmadis to research into the world's major religions.
He also delivered a number of public lectures on "The need for religion" and "The dependence of peace upon Islam in the future".
In 1920, in order to promote understanding and harmony between Hindus and Muslims he suggested that Hindus should send twenty students to Qadian for the study of the Quran, and sent two Muslim students himself to certain Hindu centres for the study of the Vedas.
He also gave lectures on the exposition of the Qur'an for Ahmadi men and women.
In 1919 Mahmood Ahmad also made certain reforms to the "Sadr Anjuman Ahmadiyya" (Central Executive Directorate).
He initiated the system of separate departments within the Anjuman like education, treasury, literature, and general affairs.
Each department is headed by a secretary ("Nāzir") Later reforms included the introduction of the department for external affairs, and the establishment of the system of provincial "Amārat" initially, only within the Punjab.
The Emir of each province functions under the Caliph for the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community of various places.
In 1922 Mahmood Ahmad established the "Majlis-ash-Shura" or the "Consultative Council" of the community.
The Majlis consists of elected representatives from various parts of the community who gather once a year and offer counsel and opinion on matters presented to them.
The final decision is however left to the Caliph.
At the international level, the council is presided over by the caliph.
Its main purpose is to advise the caliph on important matters such as finance, projects, education and other issues relating to members of the Community.
The caliph may comment, issue instructions, announce his decisions on the proposals during the course of the proceedings or may postpone the matter under further reflection.
However, in most cases the caliph accepts the advice given by the majority.
At the national level, the council is presided over by the "ʾAmīr" (National President).
At the conclusion of the proceedings, the recommendations are sent to the caliph for approval which he may accept, reject or partially accept.
In the early Twenties the Arya Samāj (a Hindu reformist Movement) started the Shuddhi missionary campaign to revert to Hinduism, those who had converted to other faiths (in most cases to Islam), particularly the Malkanas, a group of Rajputs.
The Shuddhi Campaign had been somewhat successful in their activity between 1922-1923 and had been active in Agra and in the Punjab.
When Mahmood Ahmad came to know of this activity he launched a counter campaign by setting up a network of missionaries across Uttar Pradesh where this activity was rife, to propagate the teachings of Islam and save people from converting to Hinduism.
In 1923, he sent a delegation of Ahmadis to the area to prevent the advancement of the Shuddhis, an act which earned him some popularity among the Muslim elite of India.
After having faced extreme resistance, the Aryas announced the end of the Shuddhi movement in September 1923, Though later, the president of "Bhartiya Hindu Shuddhi Sabha", Swami Shraddhanand was stabbed by a Muslim fanatic, Abdul Rasheed in 1926.
In the latter part of the Twenties and early Thirties, under Mahmood Ahmad’s directives various gatherings and meetings were held across the Indian subcontinent commemorating the life of the Islamic Prophet Muhammad known as ("Jalsa Seeratun-Nabi") attended by Muslims and non-Muslims alike.
A practice which is still carried out by Ahmadis today.
In 1924, accompanied by 12 eminent Ahmadis, Mirza Mahmood Ahmad visited various Middle Eastern and European countries.
He traveled from Port Saeed to Cairo and from there to Jerusalem, Haifa and Akkā.
He traveled to Damascus by train where he is reported to have attracted a lot of publicity as well as opposition.
Here he discussed Ghulam Ahmad's claims with leading scholars, and held various meetings with the intellectual community of Damascus.
On 16 August he reached Italy and stayed in Rome for 4 days.
He also visited France and England where he delivered numerous lectures, held meetings and was interviewd by numerous journalists.
Upon arrival in London he proceeded directly to Ludgate to fulfill a prophetic Hadith which refers to the "Bāb al-Lud" (the gate of Lud) and led a lengthy prayer outside the entrance of St Paul's Cathedral.
His speech on "Ahmadiyyat, the True Islam" was read out in Wembley’s Conference of Living Religions 1924, where he had been invited by the conveners of the conference to represent Islam.
In London he also laid the foundation stone of the Fazl Mosque, an occasion which was well publicised.
The construction of the Mosque was completed in 1926 and the cost thereof was borne entirely by the women of the community.
Later He also visited Pevensey in order to carry out a ritual imitation of William the Conqueror believing his visit to carry a mystical significance in fulfillment of its spiritual one in lieu of a vision he had seen before his departure, in India.
Whilst in Brighton he also paid a visit to the Memorial to Britain's Fallen Comrades-in-Arms from India during World War I known as Chattri (Brighton) and led prayers in the ground in front of the Brighton Pavilion.
In 1931 the All India Kashmir Committee was set up for the establishment of the civil rights of the Muslims of Kashmir and to alleviate their oppression.
Mahmood Ahmad was elected its first president.
He sought to gather Muslim leaders with different opinions on one platform and strive unitedly for the cause of the Muslims of Kashmir.
He is known to have achieved great success in doing so.
The committee turned the attention of the Muslims of Kashmir towards acquiring education and Mahmood Ahmad himself gave practical help towards this cause.
It also encouraged trade, commerce and involvement in politics among the Muslims of Kashmir.
The committee however faced strong opposition from the Indian National Congress and the Ahrari campaign against the Ahmadiyya.
The Ahrar alleged that the formation of the committee took place by the Ahmadiyya in order to spread its teachings and strongly opposed the leadership of Mahmood Ahmad.
In an address to a gathering in 1931 Mahmood advised the Ahrar's thus:
Mahmood Ahmad resigned from presidency in 1932 due to the agitations of the Ahrar party.
The Majlis-e-Ahrar-ul-Islam, were a short lived separatist political movement who were former Khalifites.
They differed with the Indian National Congress over certain issues and afterwards announced the formation of their party in a meeting at Lahore in 1931.
Freely funded by the Congress, the Ahrar were also opposed to the policies of the Muslims League.
They declared that their objectives were to guide the Muslims of India on matters of nationalism as well as religion and violently opposed the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community in India on a political level.
In 1931 they held a series of conferences and a strong legal protest nearby Qadian where they are reported to have incited hatred against the Ahmadiyya.
These were followed by incidents of severe persecution against Ahmadis, many of whom were reported to have been attacked, beaten, stoned, looted and their mosques occupied in a number of places.
Mahmood Ahmad advised all Ahmadis not to retaliate, instructed concentration on prayer and explained that passing through periods of persecution was inevitable for the Community.
In 1934 Mahmood Ahmad claimed to have been divinely inspired to launch a twofold scheme for the establishment of foreign missions and the moral upbringing of Ahmadis.
This initiative called upon members to volunteer themselves for missionary work, and to donate money towards a special fund for propagation in foreign countries during the course of which 46 foreign missions were established.
The "Tehrik-e-Jedid" and "Waqf-e-Jedid" or the 'new scheme' and the 'new dedication' respectively, initially seen as a spiritual battle against the oppressors of the Ahmadis, placed before them a number of demands and restriction such as leading simple lives, restrictions against eating, clothing etc.
; a temporary ban on all forms of luxury and entertainment.
It called upon the members of the Community to dedicate their time and money for the sake of their faith.
In time the scheme produced a vast amount of literature in defence of Islam in general and the Ahmadiyya beliefs in particular.
The funds were also spent on the training and dispatching of Ahmadiyya missionaries outside the Indian sub-continent and their sustenance.
As part of this Mahmood Ahmad appointed 5 men to survey the Punjab in order to find out the best way of disseminating the Ahmadiyya teachings.
For the first time an organised method of training members of the community for becoming missionaries was established.
Addressing the Ahrari opposition Mahmood said:
As well as administering proselytisation the scheme also carried the responsibility of a more internal aspect and called upon members of the Community to dedicate their lives for the teaching and moral upbringing of Ahmadis themselves in rural places within India.
Later, permanent offices of this scheme were established.
The scheme was to grow into international proportions during the leadership of later Caliphs of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community.
With the expansion of the Community's numbers and work, Mahmood Ahmad established separate auxiliary organisations based on age and gender.
The "Lajna Amaa’ illah" for women above the age of fifteen was established in 1922 and the "Nasiratul Ahmadiyya" for girls aged seven to fifteen years in 1938.
The men were divided into three groups, the "Khuddam-ul Ahmadiyya" for young men aged fifteen to forty; the "Atfalul Ahmadiyya" for boys aged seven to fifteen, both established in 1938; and the "Ansarullah" for men above the age of forty which was established in 1940.
Mahmood Ahmad's main objective in doing so was for the Community to maintain the highest level of activity, both in terms of the religious and moral training of its members and in the propagation of Islam.
Further, the Community was organised as such with the view that its members would be able to work more freely and comfortably within their own respective circles and age groups.
The Gregorian Calendar is based on the solar movements and starts with the birth of Jesus, while the Hijri (Islamic) calendar is based on lunar movements and starts with the migration of Muhammad form Mecca to Medina, which occurred in 622.
In 1940 under the directives and supervision of Mahmood Ahmad, after much research and calculations, a new calendar was worked out, the Hijri-Shamsi (solar-Hegira) calendar.
Although this calendar is based on solar calculations, however it starts form the migration of Muhammad instead of the birth of Jesus.
According to this method 2008 CE corresponds to 1387 Hijri-Shamsi (abbreviated as HS), i.e.
1,387 years have passed since the migration of Muhammmad from Mecca to Medina.
The number and time frame of each month of th is calendar is the same as the Christian calendar (the lunar month being shorter by some days than the solar one).
Each month of the Solar-Hegira calendar is based on an important event of early Islamic History:
***LIST***.
In a series of public gatherings across India in 1944, he made the claim that he was the ‘Promised Son’ foretold by his father Mirza Ghulam Ahmad.
He explained in a number of meetings held in various places in India that this claim was based on revelations and dreams.
He clarified that he wasn't the only Promised Son, and other 'Promised Sons' would appear in accordance with prophecies, some even after centuries.
He also prophesied that he would, as it were, return in the form of another Promised Son for the reform of the world at a time when shirrk (polytheism) would have become widespread.
He also managed the translation and publication of the Qur´an into various languages.
His ten-volume “Tafseer-e-Kabeer” is an incomplete commentary on the Qur´an.
His scholarship of religious and secular subjects was well known among the literary circles.
He delivered a series of famous lectures on a variety of topics in educational institutions which were attended by the intellectuals and leaders of that time.
In 1947 following the independence of Pakistan in 1947.
He carefully oversaw the emigration of members of the community from Qadian to Pakistan.
He kept 313 men known as "Dervishes" in Qadian to guard the sites holy to Ahmadis, including two of his sons.
Initially the Community settled at Lahore and it wasn't until 1948 that the Community found a tract of arid land and built the town of Rabwah under the leadership of the Khalifa.
Rabwah swiftly developed into the Community's new headquarters.
In Pakistan, Mahmood Ahmad delivered a series of lectures on the future of Pakistan in terms of:
***LIST***.
In 1953 there were agitations against the Ahmadis in which street protests were held, political rallies were carried out and inflammatory articles were published.
These agitations led to 2,000 Ahmadiyya deaths.
Consequently, martial law was established and the federal cabinet was dismissed by the Governor General.
Mirza Mahmood Ahmad announced:
On 10 March 1954, a man was able to stand in the first row behind Mahmood Ahmad during Asr prayer.
Immediately after the prayer had ended, the man lunged and attacked him by stabbing him twice with a dagger in the neck near the head.
He sustained severe injuries but survived.
After recovering partially, he traveled to Europe for further medical and surgical treatment due to constant discomfort and unease.
Briefly staying in Lebanon, Mahmood Ahmad travelled to Switzerland via Athens and Rome.
He continued travelling and received some medical treatment in Zurich, the Netherlands, Hamburg and London.
After consulting with his doctors, it was concluded by that the tip of the knife had broken and embedded itself in the jugular vein and that no attempt should be made to remove it.
During his travels, Mahmood Ahmad had also inspected the various missions of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community in Europe and visited Venice and Austria.
In London, Mahmood Ahmad held a conference of all missionaries stationed in Europe and visited various other European countries.
Over the years, Mahmood Ahmad's health continued a prolonged process of slow but progressive decline.
On 8 November 1965 at 2:20 a.m., in Rabwah.
Upon election Mirza Nasir Ahmad as Khalifatul Masih III, his successor led the funeral prayer.
The service was held on 9 November 1965 and attended by over 50,000 people.
He was buried in Bahishti Maqbara in Rabwah next to his mother, Nusrat Jahan Begum.
Mirza Mahmood Ahmad was the eldest son of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad from his second wife Nusrat Jahan Begum.
He had three brothers and two sisters in addition to two half-brothers from his father's first wife, Hurmat Bibi.
Mahmood Ahmad married seven times, never having more than four wives at a time in accordance with Islamic teachings.
He had a total of twenty-eight children from these wives, five of whom died in infancy.
Through his marriage with Amtul Hayy in 1914, he also became the son-in-law of Hakim Noor-ud-Din, the first caliph of the Ahmadiyya movement.
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Matjaž Kek (born 9 September 1961) is a former Slovenian footballer and current manager of Croatian club HNK Rijeka.
He is the former manager of the Slovenia national team.
Kek started his professional football career at his home club Maribor in 1979, before moving to the Austrian club Spittal/Drau in 1985, where he spent 3 seasons.
He then transferred to another Austrian club, GAK of the Austrian Bundesliga where he played for 7 years.
After that he returned to Maribor, where from 1995 to 1999 he won 3 Slovenian league titles, before retiring.
He spent most of his career playing in defense, mostly in the centre back position and was known for his leadership abilities.
After finishing his career as a player, Kek stayed at Maribor, serving as an assistant coach for one season, before being appointed manager in 2000.
He immediately won the league title in the 2000–01 season.
Under his guidance the team won the league again in 2003.
In 2006, he was the coach of the Slovenian under-15 and under-16 national football teams.
On 3 January 2007, Kek was appointed manager of the Slovenia national team, which he led to the 2010 FIFA World Cup after beating Russia in the play-off.
On 24 October 2011, after the unsuccessful UEFA Euro 2012 qualifications, Kek and the Football Association of Slovenia came to a mutual agreement on the early termination of his contract.
He was succeeded by Slaviša Stojanović.
On 27 February 2013, after more than a year without contract, Kek took over Croatian top division club HNK Rijeka.
He led Rijeka to the group stage of UEFA Europa League in both the 2013–14 and 2014–15 seasons.
In 2016–17, Kek led Rijeka to their first ever championship title.
He also won the 2013–14 Croatian Football Cup, 2016–17 Croatian Football Cup and 2014 Croatian Super Cup, and finished runners-up in the 2013–14, 2014–15 and 2015–16 seasons of the Croatian First Football League.
Over four years at the club, Kek holds several club records, including for most wins and appearances for a manager.
On 24 October 2016, he became Rijeka's longest-serving manager per appointment.
The Kek family always had close ties with NK Maribor.
Matjaž's father, Franc Kek, played for Maribor during the early 1960s, earning 50 league appearances for the club and scoring one goal in the process.
His son Matjaž (born 1991) is also a footballer.
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KJOZ (880 AM) is a radio station licensed to Conroe, Texas serving the northern Houston, Texas metropolitan area.
The station broadcasts a Spanish Christian music format and is programmed by Daij Media, LLC.
KJOZ started out as a full service country & western station using the call sign KMCO (standing for Montgomery County) in 1951, owned by Reagan Smith & Fred Perry Sr.
It was originally located at 900kHz.
In 1974, Steve Owen purchased KMCO, applied to change its callsign to KIKR, and renamed the station "Kicker".
It was co-owned with KNRO at 106.9 FM (currently classic rock KHPT "The Eagle") during this period.
The facility was moved to 880kHz in 1985, after the FM was sold, and upgraded to 10 kilowatts during daytime hours.
KIKR was sold to Jimmy Swaggart ministries in 1991, resulting in the change to KJOJ calls (standing for "Joy Of Jesus").
Once sold to the Swaggart Ministry, 880 became the simulcast partner of KJOJ-FM's Christian ministry format, which had moved from 106.9 to 103.3 a year earlier, due to 106.9's sale by the Swaggart ministries in 1990.
880's 10 kilowatt signal allowed the ministry to remain over the air in the northern areas of the Houston metro, opposite of the 103.3 signal which is located southwest of the metro.
The last General Manager of KJOJ during its religious format and before its move into Houston was Kathy Watson and last Program Director was Gary Johnson.
In 1998, KJOJ moved its studio located in The Woodlands to the Clear Channel studios in Houston after being sold by the Swaggart ministry.
In May 2001, KJOJ began to simulcast KTJM 98.5 and its former sister KJOJ-FM as Rhythmic Oldies "Houston's Jammin Hits", along with KQUE 1230 AM.
In July 2001, KJOJ and its FM sister were sold to Liberman Broadcasting, which resulted in both KJOJ and the FM counterpart simulcasting "La Raza" with 1230 & 98.5.
In April 2010, Liberman leased KJOJ's 10kW signal to Rahan Sidiqqui for Hum Tum City's South Asian programming.
After several months IDing as simply "880 KJOJ" with Siddiqui's programming, it returned to simulcasting Houston's 1230 KQUE as Regional Mexican "Radio Ranchito" then as "La Ranchera".
It was sold to Daij Media LLC in 2012.
During the license reassignment process, Daij Media filed to change calls to KJOZ upon consummation of the sale, in order to disassociate the station from the FM counterpart located in Freeport, Texas.
Daij Media then switched KJOZ to Radio Aleluya Spanish Christian preaching and music programming from the Aleluya Broadcasting Network.
On April 13, 2015, KJOZ dropped Spanish Christian programming and relaunched as an urban talk station with the slogan "Where diversity finds its voice."
By November, KJOZ dropped most of its talk programming to become a de facto replacement for the original KCOH, featuring many of the former KCOH personalities including Michael Harris & Don Samuel.
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Meowth's Party was an interactive technical demo showcased at the 2000 Nintendo Space World convention, demonstrating the GameCube's graphic capabilities.
In the demo, Meowth is seen entertaining guests at a party with his red guitar.
The demo featured Pokémon from the "Red", "Blue", "Silver" and "Gold" versions of the Pokémon video games.
The demo was created by the same team who created "Pokémon Stadium" for the Nintendo 64.
The Meowth in the demo is very likely the Meowth in the anime series, as the anime series itself incorporated footage from the demo in one of its credit sequences (episodes 118–142), where Meowth is seen dancing with associates, Team Rocket members Jessie and James, and their two Pokémon, Arbok and Weezing.
In both versions, he likewise shares the same voice actress as the TV series' Meowth, Inuko Inuyama, who voices the character in the Japanese version of the anime series (where the character is known as "Nyarth").
In the United States, Kids' WB!
aired the ending in its original Japanese after one episode, and aired an English dub of the song in the next.
Neither ending was ever aired again on the network.
The animation for the ending was composed in 3-D computer graphics, with the exception of Jessie and James, who remain as 2-D cels in the style of "Paper Mario" and "PaRappa the Rapper".
Meowth sings the song at his party in the "Pokémon" episode titled "Pichu Bros. in Party Panic", a special episode only available for viewing on the GameCube game Pokémon Channel.
Unlike the rest of the episode, this section uses 3-D computer graphics and Meowth's actions are selected randomly for each viewing.
In "Super Smash Bros. Melee", there is a trophy of Meowth holding a red guitar.
The character model is the same as the Meowth from "Meowth's Party".
The description also mentions "Meowth's Party" and even gives a brief explanation about it.
Meowth's Party (ニャースのパーティ "Nyarth's Party") is a mini CD single that was released on October 27, 1999 in Japan.
The lyrics were by Shōgo Toda, the songs were composed and arranged by Hirokazu Tanaka.
Amazon.com has a listing with information on the single but it is usually out of stock on it.
Packaged with the single is a small poster with a screenshot from the ending sequence and the lyrics to the songs.
There is also a 41 second long fifth track that isn't listed on the packaging.
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The Lab School of Washington is a small private school in Washington, D.C. for students with learning disabilities, established in 1967 by Sally Smith.
Katherine Schantz has directed the school from 2009 to the present.
The Lab School of Washington is currently being renovated and has established a new high school building in the Fall of 2016, and also has plans for an expanded Theater and Arts Wing and a renovated Middle School.
Although the school was not officially incorporated until 1982, Lab School of Washington cites its founding date as 1967, when Sally Liberman Smith, faced with her son Gary's learning difficulties in school, began home schooling Gary and eventually started teaching other children faced with similar learning difficulties.
At the time, Gary was a first-grader at Beauvoir elementary school who could not read and who struggled with simple math.
Beginning with Gary and three other students, and originally as an extension of the Kingsbury Diagnostic Center, a testing, education and remediation facility dealing with learning difficulties and related issues, Smith started her own school to help children with dyslexia, ADHD, and other learning differences.
Borrowing ideas from the 19th century philosopher, psychologist, and education reformer John Dewey who championed progressive education, Smith also figured out through themed birthday parties that kids, even those like her son who had significant learning differences, could successfully learn through the arts.
Originally located at the Kingsbury Center on Bancroft Place, the school later moved to a small annex of the center on Phelps Place, where, in 1973, Smith designed the curriculum for the Lab School of Kingsbury Center's Junior High Program, and the school relocated to the current campus on Reservoir Road.
Incorporated as its own school in 1982, The Lab School of Washington is now an independent non-profit educational institution.
its Board of Trustees headed by Ann Bradford Mathias.
The head of the school is Katherine Schantz.
There are two campuses of the Lab School: the main campus, which houses the intermediate division, junior high and high school, is on Reservoir Road, while the elementary school campus is on Foxhall Road.
The school teaches students from first through twelfth grades who have moderate to high-level learning differences and average or above average I.Q.
These students can have challenges with reading, writing, spelling, and math as well as moderate executive functioning issues.
Many of the academic subjects are taught through an arts-based curriculum, whether through the performing arts, dramatic arts, or visual arts, but there is also traditional work with textbooks and worksheets.
In addition, all class sizes are smaller than those in public schools and in most private schools and are scaled according to the subject; this enables the teacher(s) to prepare lesson plans in order to meet the students’ academic learning styles and needs.
More than 84 percent of Lab teachers have advanced degrees.
The Lab School has four divisions.
The Lab School no longer has a night school program for adults with learning disabilities or a tutoring program.
Also available are on-campus clinical services.
These services consist of psychological services, occupational therapy, speech and language pathology, and tutoring and testing services, as well as care from clinical psychologists with a Ph.D.
Some students who do not attend the Lab School can also receive these services.
Each year, the school invites people who have learning difficulties to the school and gives them an award for working through their difficulties and any academic-related challenges they face in their careers.
Some of the awardees include Cher, Tom Cruise, Henry Winkler, Tracey Gold, Magic Johnson, Daniel Stern, Susan Butcher, Fannie Flagg, Vince Vaughn, Don Coryell, Billy Bob Thornton, Danny Glover, Charles Schwab, and other notable individuals.
Students get to have an opportunity to ask them questions on how they deal with their learning difficulties during a Q&A panel session.
With such a large number of applicants, Smith opened a second Lab School in Baltimore, Maryland, and a school in Philadelphia is adopting her teaching methods.
Baltimore Lab will no longer be connected to the Washington campus.
The Lab School has a debate team in the Junior High and High school.
They practice debating as part of an after school program and compete against many different schools from the D.C. area.
The youngest Lab School students enjoy their own campus, located on Foxhall Road in northwest Washington, DC.
The large building with its quiet residential setting gives children ages 6–10 the freedom to experiment and explore — to learn by doing — in comfortable, age-appropriate surroundings.
There are no designated “grades” in the early years at The Lab School; grouped by age and maturity, children move through the program at their own pace, developing strengths, skills, and confidence for the academic rigors that lie ahead.
Art, music, ceramics, theater, and dance are core components of The Lab School’s curriculum at every level, starting in the Elementary program.
Reading, language arts, and math are an intensive part of each day’s work.
Science, physical education, and The Lab School’s unique Academic Clubs round out the Elementary education.
Geared toward children ages 10–12, the Intermediate program focuses on transition.
Although still “ungraded,” students move to The Lab School’s main campus on Reservoir Road and begin to assume more structure in their daily routine as attention to executive functioning skills becomes a priority.
Written language is strongly emphasized at the Intermediate level; a technology-based Writer’s Lab encourages youngsters to explore myriad forms of written expression.
Intermediate mathematics concentrates on abstract reasoning as well as computation skills.
Academic Clubs — Lab’s full immersion humanities program — continue to be an important feature of the Intermediate program.
And, in true Lab tradition, the full panoply of arts helps students access challenging new material.
The extracurricular athletic program begins in the Intermediate level, as students are offered the opportunity to participate on several athletic teams.
Students in seventh and eighth grades enter Lab School’s Junior High program where executive functioning, responsibility, and structure are underscored.
Technology and media literacy, science, drama, literature and writing, and intensive remediation in reading and math become increasingly important and are part of every student’s daily schedule.
Humanities are brought to life though experiential teaching, similar to the younger students’ Academic Clubs.
Students explore the evolution of government and become an experienced “world traveler,” immersed in the study of other nations.
An annual science trip to the Teton Science School in Jackson, Wyoming is a memory-making experience that teaches environmental awareness.
Interscholastic sports and The Lab School’s award-winning, championship debate team round out the Junior High program.
By the time they enter the high school, teenagers are ready to take on the demands of a college preparatory course load.
While striving to give teens a typical high school experience, The Lab School remains true to its core philosophy throughout the older grades.
Experiential, arts-based methods are used to reinforce the learning process so that students can master subject matter that’s essential for higher education.
The bar is set high with rigorous classes in such subjects as literature, Latin, physics, chemistry, calculus, and rhetoric.
Executive functions, such as time management, critical thinking, analytic skills, and self-advocacy are emphasized as students prepare for rewarding college and career choices.
The Academic Club Methodology, a teaching method, was created by Lab School founder Sally Smith and trademarked by the school.
Using the Academic Club approach, Elementary and Intermediate students have the unprecedented opportunity to immerse themselves in the humanities.
Following one multi-dimensional theme throughout the year, young learners get a hands-on exploration of history, geography, literature, science, sociology, archaeology, and art.
The Academic Clubs include the Renaissance Club, the Museum Club and the Industrialists Club for Intermediate students, and the Discovery Club, Gods Club, Knights and Ladies Club, and American Revolution Club for Elementary students.
In the past, the Lab School of Washington has earned a tremendous amount of recognition.
It has been recognized as a Blue Ribbon School by the US Dept.
of Education.
In 1994, the United States Department of Education recognized the school as a PEP(Program Effectiveness Panel)-approved program eligible for dissemination through the National Diffusion Network.
In May 2006, the National Broadcasting Corporation’s Today Show crowned Sally L. Smith as Queen of the Day, honoring outstanding mothers.
The School has issued many publications including PBS video "Teach Me Different," and several books available at Barnes & Noble Booksellers.
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The men's hammer throw was a track and field athletics event held as part of the athletics at the 1912 Summer Olympics programme.
It was the fourth appearance of the event, which had been won all three previous times by John Flanagan.
The competition was held on Sunday, July 14, 1912.
Fourteen hammer throwers from four nations competed.
These were the standing world and Olympic records (in metres) prior to the 1912 Summer Olympics.
"(*)" unofficial Matt McGrath set a new Olympic record in the qualification with 54.13 metres and improved his record in the final with 54.74 metres.
Flanagan, who had won all three prior editions of the Olympic hammer throw and held the Olympic record of 51.92 metres, had retired since the 1908 Olympic Games.
McGrath took the gold medal, besting Flanagan's Olympic record with all four of his legal marks.
No other thrower beat Flanagan's Olympic mark.
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KFNZ (1320 kHz) was a commercial AM radio station broadcasting a sports radio format in Salt Lake City, Utah, United States.
It served the Wasatch Front area.
When under Cumulus Media ownership, the station's studios were located in South Salt Lake.
The station was one of the oldest in Salt Lake City, established in 1922 as KDYL.
KFNZ went silent in February 2017, after the decision was made to sell its transmitter location off Bullion Street (West 5800 South) near Interstate 215 in Taylorsville.
Owner Cumulus Media is negotiating a sale to prospective buyer Vic Michael of Kona Coast Radio, which owns radio stations in Hawaii, Arizona, Colorado and Wyoming.
Kona Coast Radio will have to relocate the transmitter.
The station remains dark during the process.
KFNZ featured programming from the CBS Sports Radio network.
It was the flagship station for the Utah Grizzlies.
KFNZ was also responsible for providing analysis and coverage for the BYU Cougars, University of Utah Utes, Salt Lake Bees, Utah State Aggies, and Weber State Wildcats.
The station first went on the air in 1922, and originally held the call sign KDYL.
Its license was granted on May 8, 1922.
The station was constructed by Ira J. Kaar for A.L.
Fish and the defunct newspaper, The Salt Lake Telegram.
When it went on the air in 1922, it shared a frequency with two other commercial stations in Salt Lake City.
In 1926, the station was purchased by Sidney S. Fox.
On September 1, 1932, KDYL became an NBC Red Network affiliate, switching from CBS Radio.
During the Golden Age of Radio it aired the NBC line-up of dramas, comedies, news, sports, game shows, soap operas and big band broadcasts.
Sydney Fox later invested in the construction of its sister stations, in 1947 KDYL-FM (now 98.7 KBEE) and in 1949 KDYL-TV (now Channel 4 KTVX).
In 1953, Fox sold KDYL and its FM and TV sister stations to Time-Life Corporation for $2.1 million.
The station was purchased by Columbia Pictures in 1959.
Through the 1960s and 70s, the station's call sign was changed to KCPX.
and it carried a Top 40 format that was very popular in the Salt Lake City area.
During this time, the station competed heavily for listeners with crosstown rival 1280 KNAK (now KZNS.
As Top 40 listening switched to FM, the station's ratings fell.
Columbia Pictures, which had just been acquired by The Coca-Cola Company, sold KCPX and KCPX-FM to Price Broadcasting in 1982.
(The TV station had been sold to separate owners in 1975.)
In 1983, the station's call sign was changed to KBUG.
Initially the station aired an adult contemporary format.
By 1986 the format had been changed to oldies.
In 1987, the station's call sign was changed back to KCPX, and the station continued airing an oldies format.
On August 1, 1988, the station's call sign was changed to KEMX, and the station began airing an "Easy Mix" format consisting of softer songs from the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s, as well as country crossover hits from the 1980s.
On August 7, 1989, the station began airing the "LDS Contemporary" format that had previously aired on 860 KUTR (now KKAT).
On September 14, 1989, the station's call sign was changed to KUTR.
Citing insufficient support from advertisers, KUTR dropped the LDS music format on January 31, 1992 and began simulcasting the adult contemporary format of KCPX-FM.
with the slogan "continuous favorites, from yesterday to today"; On February 18, 1992, the station changed its call sign back to KCPX.
In April 1992, Citadel Associates (a forerunner of Citadel Broadcasting), owner of KLZX (93.3 FM) and KCNR (860 AM), began programming KCPX and KCPX-FM under a local marketing agreement.
Later that year, Citadel moved KCNR's all-news format to the station.
On August 11, 1992, the station's call sign switched to KCNR to represent CNN Radio, its main supplier of national news.
In 1993, the station adopted a talk radio format.
In late August 1996, the station flipped to a sports talk format.
On August 30, 1996, the station's call sign was changed to KFNZ to go along with its new identification as "KFAN."
Citadel Broadcasting bought KFNZ and KBEE-FM outright from Price Broadcasting in 1997.
In 2007, Larry H. Miller, who owned the Utah Jazz and KJZZ-TV, began operating KFNZ.
The station's owner, Citadel Broadcasting, merged with Cumulus Media on September 16, 2011.
The Larry H. Miller Group bought rival KZNS-FM (97.5) and KZNS in May 2012, after the end of its local marketing agreement (LMA) with KFNZ.
Most of the station's programming, including Utah Jazz broadcasts, were moved to KZNS.
while KFNZ retained the "KFAN" branding with a new Cumulus-programmed schedule.
On February 27, 2017, KFNZ ceased broadcasting and went dark.
Cumulus elected to sell the station's transmitter site, originally planning on surrendering the license, but subsequently received an offer to purchase the station.
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Glenn Dale Hospital was a tuberculosis sanatorium and isolation hospital in Glenn Dale, Maryland, in the United States.
It is a large facility, consisting of 23 buildings on , that was built in 1934 and closed in 1981 due to asbestos.
Though it is now closed and may be eventually demolished, for decades it was an important public health institution near Washington, DC.
The Maryland-National Capital Park and Planning Commission Park Police patrol the hospital grounds regularly.
The hospital grounds consist of several buildings:
***LIST***.
Other parts of the hospital include: art rooms, staff housing, nurses' homes, playgrounds, theater, seclusion rooms, storage areas, chapels, morgues, and boiler rooms.
The buildings are characterized by broken glass, peeling paint, corroded walls and overgrown vines.
Several of the buildings also have collapsed roofs.
The children's hospital building and adult hospital building are the most widely explored structures by local trespassers.
This is primarily due to their close distance to Glenn Dale Road, a local street that bisects the hospital grounds.
Contrary to popular belief, the large incinerator present on the hospital grounds was not used for the destruction of human remains.
Instead, hospital waste was burned.
Both the children's and adults' buildings are connected by a series of underground tunnels, like many sanitariums.
These walkways join the basements of both buildings together.
The basements of the hospital buildings are extremely dangerous and filthy.
Large pieces of rusty, sharp metal, cloth and debris hang from the ceiling, and the buildings contain large amounts of asbestos and lead paint.
Each hospital basement has its own morgue.
Today, these walkways are littered with garbage, broken glass, and graffiti.
The hospital basements are also infested with rats and bats.
In addition, parts of the walkways are flooded with nearly of water.
In 1994, Maryland enacted a law that requires if the grounds are sold, they are supposed to be used as a continuing care retirement community.
The rest of the land is meant to be open space park land.
In 1995, the Maryland-National Capital Park and Planning Commission (MNCPPC) purchased the property from the District of Columbia.
Under the deed, if the MNCPPC receives more than its cost from selling the property, it must share the proceeds with the District.
In June 2010, MNCPPC advertised for proposals to purchase the hospital campus "as is" with the MNCPPC retaining the surrounding .
Final bids were due on September 14, 2010, but that deadline was extended to October 15, 2010.
Ultimately, two bids were received, but the MNCPPC rejected both bids on the basis that neither bidder was licensed to operate a continuing care retirement community.
In the meantime, the Countywide Historic Preservation Staff of MNCPPC is preparing an application to designate the hospital on the National Register of Historic Places, which would make tax credits available for restoration.
It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in November 2011.
In 2014, Preservation Maryland placed the Glenn Dale Hospital on its list of threatened historic properties.
The hospital was featured in an award-winning Washington Post Magazine article, "Quarantined," on Dec. 10, 2006 by Leah Y. Latimer, former staff writer and author.
The article detailed Latimer's mother's hospitalization there in the 1950s and the emotional fall-out for their family from then to the present.
Latimer gave a lecture on the actual grounds of Glenn Dale on October 4, 2008.
It was the first time the public was allowed on the grounds in almost 30 years.
The unadvertised event drew more than 150 people.
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President's House is a historic house at 17 Quincy Street, on the campus of Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
It served as a residence for Harvard Presidents until 1971, when Derek Bok (1971-1991) moved his family to Elmwood.
In 1995, the building was renamed, and is currently known as Loeb House.
President's House was donated to Harvard University by then president A. Lawrence Lowell.
It was designed by Lowell's cousin, Guy Lowell and completed in 1912.
During World War II, President James Bryant Conant and his family allowed the United States Navy to use the building for its V-12 Navy College Training Program.
In 1971, Harvard President Derek Bok chose to live at Elmwood, off Brattle Street, which had previously housed deans of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences.
In 1995, the building was renamed to honor steady benefactors, John Langeloth Loeb and Frances Lehman Loeb by President Neil Rudenstine.
There are historic records that indicate that the University had wanted to name the building after its actual donor but had been opposed by A. Lawrence Lowell himself.
When the building was renamed a number of students and alumni successfully complained about the lack of contemporary acknowledgment there and a painting and plaque were added honoring the actual donor.
Since the Boks' departure, the building has housed the University governing board offices and is often utilized by the two boards, the Overseers and the Corporation, for formal meetings.
The first floor of the house is used for a variety of special events ranging from dinners to large receptions, and is available for rent.
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KEEL (710 AM) is a radio station broadcasting a News Talk Information format.
Licensed to Shreveport, Louisiana, United States, the station serves the Shreveport area.
The station is currently owned by Townsquare Media and features programming from ABC Radio and airs Louisiana Tech games.
Its studios are shared with its other five sister stations in West Shreveport (one mile west of Shreveport Regional Airport), and the transmitter is in Mooringsport, Louisiana.
Among the KEEL programs are the statewide "The Moon Griffon Show" and the nationally carried Rush Limbaugh, Sean Hannity, Mark Levin, and Andy Dean.
C.L.
Bryant, an African-American conservative, also broadcasts from KEEL from 5:30 to 7:30 p.m. nightly.
Bob Griffin, former KSLA broadcast journalist and sports anchor, hosts a Christian weekly half-hour program, "The Bob Griffin Radio Show", which is aired from KEEL and also carried on four stations in East Texas: KGAS (AM) in Carthage, KMHT (AM) in Marshall, KWRD (AM) in Henderson, and KPXI in Overton, which serves Tyler and Longview.
The program consists of travel reports, features, area personalities, and uplifting human interest stories, often with Christian testimonies.
At 6:50 a.m. CST weekdays on KEEL, he airs a minute-long feature, "People to Meet, Places to Go, and Things to See and Do".
A native of Cordell in Washita County in western Oklahoma, Marie Gifford (1917–2004), later Marie Wright, launched a career in radio in the 1940s in Oklahoma City.
In 1945, she relocated to Shreveport and became the first woman manager of a local radio station.
In 1962, she was named general manager of KEEL and KMBQ stations.
From 1965 to 1975, she was vice president of LIN Broadcasting; when the company became the expanded and reorganized Multi-Media Broadcasting, with newspaper and television holdings as well as radio, Gifford continued in the vice presidency from 1975 to 1980.
In 1970, Gifford became the first woman to run for mayor of Shreveport on a platform of downtown revitalization and civil rights.
She was defeated in the Democratic primary by municipal utilities commissioner Calhoun Allen, who then prevailed in the general election over the Republican mayoral choice, Edward Leo "Ed" McGuire, Jr. (1914–1983), a Massachusetts native and a member of the Caddo Parish School Board.
In 1988, Wright was named recipient of the "Women Who Have Made a Difference" award.
Former State Senator Virginia Shehee, who served with Wright on the boards of the Shreveport Symphony and the Strand Theatre, said that Wright's fight for equality had a major impact in Shreveport.
In 1979, Gifford married Harold Arthur Wright (1907–2012), an entrepreneur originally from Moultrie County in central Illinois, who owned the former Whatleys, Wills, and Wright appliance centers in Shreveport, Monroe, and Jackson, Mississippi.
ON-AIR SLOGAN
***LIST***.
As KTBS, the station joined NBC's Southwest group February 28, 1932, becoming the 88th station affiliated with NBC.
At that time, KTBS was owned by Tristate Broadcasting System Inc. and broadcast on 1450 kHz with 1 KW power.
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Nikki Fuller (born January 23, 1968) is an American professional female bodybuilder.
At her largest, Fuller weighed and her biceps measured .
Some of her best lifts are for a max on bench press and 800 lbs for multiple reps on leg press.
Fuller was born in Dayton, Ohio, and moved with her family to Gresham, Oregon, when she was 10 years old.
She became interested in sports while attending Gresham High School.
Fuller competed in track and field and, by the time she graduated in 1986, she was the Water Polo State Champion.
Through her athletic pursuits, Fuller realized that she was exceptionally strong and, after high school, decided to focus on bodybuilding.
She began training at a local gym and quickly transformed herself, adding to her frame.
She made her competitive debut at the 1988 Novice Oregon and won first place.
Fuller then set her sights on bigger stages and took third place at the 1988 Emerald Cup, a contest she would come back to win the following year.
Fuller turned pro after winning the heavyweight and overall titles at the 1990 National Physique Committee Nationals.
In 1988 and 1989, Fuller won 1st place in the Henry Weinhard's Handcar Races in Sacramento, San Francisco and Portland, Oregon, as well as Labatt's in British Columbia.
She was subsequently sponsored by Henry Weinhard's.
Her professional career included a 1st-place finish at the 1992 Jan Tana Classic and Top 10 finishes at the Ms. Olympia and Ms. International contests.
In 1993, Fuller was featured on the cover of "The Women", a photography book of top female bodybuilders compiled by Bill Dobbins.
In 1999, Fuller shifted her attention away from bodybuilding for the first time in eleven years and turned her eyes toward Hollywood.
She relocated to Los Angeles and subsequently landed roles on television shows including "Ally McBeal", "Arli$$", "Just Shoot Me!
", and "Nikki".
She was also seen in a Right Guard Extreme commercial with Dave Chappelle.
Fuller was featured on the television show "Women of Wrestling" ("WOW") as Athena; after her contract with "WOW" ended, she continued wrestling professionally under her own name.
From 2001–2004 she was with Ultimate Pro Wrestling (UPW), a company that represents World Wrestling Entertainment as a west coast talent house.
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"Mr. Monk and the Airplane" is first season finale of the American comedy-drama detective television series "Monk", and the show's 13th episode overall.
The series follows Adrian Monk (Tony Shalhoub), a private detective with obsessive–compulsive disorder and multiple phobias, and his assistant Sharona Fleming (Bitty Schram).
In this episode, Monk is obligated to get a fly with Sharona and is faced with a murder case in the airplane.
The episode was written by David M. Stern and directed by Rob Thompson.
It guest starred several actors, including Brooke Adams, Tim Daly, and Garry Marshall.
When the episode first aired in the United States on USA Network on October 18, 2002, it was watched by 4.2 million viewers.
"Mr. Monk and the Airplane" was well received by critics, and earned Shalhoub a Primetime Emmy Award in 2003.
Practical nurse Sharona Fleming (Bitty Schram) leaves to fly to New Jersey to visit her aunt.
Her client and detective Adrian Monk (Tony Shalhoub) is forced to go with her, as he fears not being able to live without Sharona.
While at San Francisco International Airport, a woman named Barbara Chabrol (Jennifer Dale) stands on her toes to kiss her husband Stefan (Carl Marotte).
Aboard the plane, an annoying extension cord salesman named Warren Beach (Garry Marshall) does little to assuage Monk's fears.
Monk quickly becomes suspicious of Stefan Chabrol after he notices that Barbara no longer needs to stand on her toes to kiss him, has "forgotten" that she ordered the vegetarian meal, knows nothing about air travel despite a frequent-flyer lapel, and claims to have "forgotten how to" speak French when an old family friend, Bernard, meets them on board.
More digging convinces Monk he is on to something.
Monk quickly annoys everyone and a fellow passenger informs Stefan of Monk's suspicions.
Meanwhile, Bernard appears dead, probably because of a heart attack but Monk cannot guarantee it.
He steals Bernard's cup and, with a lighter borrowed from Beach, proceeds to burn away the wine to reveal a mysterious liquid at the bottom.
However, the flight attendant, Leigh Harrison (Brooke Adams), is alerted to Monk's use of a lighter on board, and confiscates both the lighter and the glass, dumping the liquid down the sink.
Monk calls Lieutenant Disher and explains what he thinks happened.
Stefan and his mistress murdered Barbara and the mistress disguised herself as Barbara.
Stefan, being a pilot, then used his valid identification card and its virtually unlimited access to hide the body at a construction site at the airport.
The construction workers poured concrete over the corpse, unwittingly destroying the evidence.
When Monk and Sharona's flight lands at Newark Liberty International Airport, Monk stalls Stefan's connecting flight to Paris by wittingly saying that the captain of the Paris flight is drunk.
This allows Disher and the construction crew to excavate and find the body.
The Newark Police Department shows up, and Stefan and his mistress are led away in handcuffs.
"Mr. Monk and the Airplane" was written by David M. Stern and directed by Rob Thompson.
Both were credited for the second time in the series, as Stern previously worked on "Mr. Monk and the Other Woman" and Thompson on "Mr. Monk Meets Dale the Whale".
There were various discussions between series creator Andy Breckman and writer Tom Scharpling with USA Network's producers over the setting for the episode.
The network required to have only half of the scenes on the plane, but the writing staff wanted it to be completely set on the plane.
There was also discussion over the repetition of a "Pete and Repeat" joke; ultimately, USA's executives "were crying from laughing so hard" and agreed to include the scene.
Tim Daly guest stars as himself; he and Tony Shalhoub were in the NBC TV show "Wings".
To further explore the in-joke of his casting, Monk's comment about "Wings"—"Never saw it.
Was it good?
"—was added.
Another guest star, Garry Marshall himself created Warren Beach's trademark line—"If it doesn't reach, call Warren Beach"—as he was allowed to improvise; Breckman further stated, "He was improvising all the way".
Marshall appeared in the episode after talking to "Monk"s producer David Hoberman that it was his wife favorite show.
Brooke Adams, the real-life wife of Shalhoub, also stars in this episode as the flight attendant Leigh.
Breckman appears as the passenger who enters the plane just ahead of Monk and Sharona, just as his credit as executive producer appears on screen.
"Mr. Monk and the Airplane" was first broadcast in the United States on the USA Network at 10 pm EST on October 18, 2002.
According to Nielsen Media Research, the episode was viewed by an estimated number of 4.25 million viewers with a 2.5 household rating.
Jason Gray-Stanford listed "Mr. Monk and the Airplane" among his three favorite episodes of the series.
Moreover, it was positively received by critics.
In The Futon Critic's ranking of the fifty best episodes of 2002, it was placed 32nd, with Brian Ford Sullivan stating, "The title of the episode says it all for us."
"New York Daily News"s David Bianculli declared "It seems that lots of people are getting on board with "Monk", which is as it should be", referring to the guest stars of the episode.
The guests were said to be one of the "many subtle and silly pleasures" of the episode by Kevin McDonough, a critic for the United Feature Syndicate, while a "TelevisionWeek" reviewer praised Marshall performance as a "tour de force guest shot".
Austin Smith of the "New York Post" deemed it "a true classic" and said it put "Mr. Monk Takes Manhattan" "to shame".
Chris Hicks from "Deseret News" qualified it as "perfection," and Bianculli stressed "the writing team for "Monk" made the most" of it.
On the other hand, Joy Press of "The Village Voice" called it "a "Seinfeld"-like device" in which Monk's fear of flying was explored "to the point of exhaustion."
At the 55th Primetime Emmy Awards, Shalhoub won a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series for this episode.
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Vincent Thomas Arkins (born 18 September 1970) is a retired Irish footballer.
After retiring, he moved into management with Baldoyle United of the Athletic Union League and in 2016,he combined the two roles and came to help Ports Interim manager Pat McGibbon along with his current job at Malihide United Fc, as coach for the under 21 football club.
Arkins scored 15 goals as Dundee United's youth team made it to the Scottish Youth Cup Final in 1989.
After signing for Noel King for £12,000 he made his League of Ireland debut for Shamrock Rovers against Bohemians on 15 October 1989 in a 3–1 win.
Arkins went on to score 35 goals in 86 total appearances for The Hoops.
He won the Player of the Year award in his first season as well as sharing the PFAI Young Player of the Year award and was top club goalscorer that season and in 1990–91.
He was also the first player to score at Rovers rented ground, the RDS Arena, on 14 October 1990.
Despite agreeing personal terms with Liam Brady to join Glasgow Celtic in November 1991 the deal fell through as it was conditional on Celtic offloading some of their seven strikers.
This deal would have been worth £80,000 to Rovers with the bonus of home and away friendlies between the clubs.
In his last game for Rovers he scored against Galway at the RDS Arena
Arkins joined St Johnstone for a reputed transfer fee of £40,000 with additional bonuses based on appearances in November 1991 Under the terms of the transfer fee to Rovers in 1989 Dundee United were entitled to half of this transfer fee.
He scored his first goal at Ibrox Stadium in December in a 3–1 defeat.
He returned home to sign for Shelbourne in 1993 and made his European bow in the 1993–94 European Cup Winners' Cup at FC Karpaty Lviv.
Arkins was named on the best league XI for the 1994–95 League of Ireland Premier Division season after scoring 13 league goals.
He played in the 1995 FAI Cup final loss to Derry City.
In July 1995 Arkins confirmed he had signed a two-year contract at Shelbourne.
He played in the 1995–96 UEFA Cup clashes with Íþróttabandalag Akraness, getting sent off in Iceland.
The following month he opened the scoring in a friendly against Manchester United in a game that finished 2–2.
He signed for Notts County from Shelbourne in September 1995, joining the recently departed Shelbourne manager Colin Murphy at Meadow Lane.
In February 1997 he joined Portadown for £10,000 and scored on his debut at home to Coleraine.
He made his European bow against PFC CSKA Sofia in the 1999–2000 UEFA Cup.
On his only appearance representing the Irish League he scored against the League of Ireland XI at Terryland Park in November 2000.
He was a prolific goalscorer, scoring 248 goals in 404 appearances during his nine-year spell with Portadown.
He was an Irish League winner with Portadown in 2001/02.
Arkins was the top scorer in the Irish League on five occasions.
He remains the only player from the Republic of Ireland to be top scorer in the Northern Irish Premiership.
In July 2002 he scored at FC Belshina Bobruisk in the 2002–03 UEFA Champions League.
Arkins scored in the 2005-06 UEFA Cup against Viking FK.
He made 10 appearances in European competition for the Ports.
In January 2006 he signed for Bohemian.
His last senior goal was scored for Bohs against Bray on 12 May 2006 and his last senior appearance was on 29 August in a losing 2006 FAI Cup tie against his first LOI club Shamrock Rovers where he sustained a long term injury that forced him eventually into retirement.
He did subsequently sign for St Patrick's Athletic on a short term deal but never actually appeared in a competitive game for the Saints due to his growing family.
Arkins won representative honours with the League of Ireland XI and the Irish League XI, as well as eight Republic Ireland U21, one B, four schoolboy and three youth caps.
Arkins scoring the winner against Turkey in October 1990.
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Saptarishi, a Sanskrit dvigu meaning "seven sages") are the seven rishis who are extolled at many places in the Vedas and Hindu literature.
The Vedic Samhitas never enumerate these rishis by name, though later Vedic texts such as the Brahmanas and Upanisads do so.
While earlier texts do not mention Marichi as one of the seven, references can be found in the epic "Mahabharata".
In some parts of India, people believe these are seven stars of the Big Dipper named "Vashista", "Marichi", "Pulastya", "Pulaha", "Atri", "Angiras" and "Kratu".
There is another star slightly visible within it, known as "Arundhati".
He is considered one among the seven great sages, the saptharishis.
Marichi, like some of the other sages, followed the path of wordly duties denouncing total renounciation.
He had lot of children, the notable being sage Kashyapa.
Dharmavrata was one of the many consorts of the sage.
Once he was cursed by the sage to become a stone for no fault of her.
She pleaded innoncence and proved it by immolating herself.
Vishnu was pleased by her devotion.
She requested Vishnu to revert her curse, but Vishnu said that the curse could not be reverted, but she would continue to be regarded as Devashila, which would be considered sacred in every Hindu house.
Before the creation started, Brahma, the Hindu god of creation, needed a few people who can be held responsible for the creation of the remaining Universe.
Therefore, he is believed to have created ten Prajapatis (Ruler of the people) from his "Manas" (mind) and nine from his body.
Marichi is one of the "manasputras" of Brahma.
The ten Prajapatis are as follows:
***LIST***.
The life of Marichi is known more by the account of his descendants, notably by the works of sage Kasyapa.
Marichi is then married to Kala and gave birth to Kashyap (Kashyap is also sometimes acknowledged as a Prajapati, who has inherited the right of creation from his father).
He is believed to be formed out of the sustained enery of Hindu god Vishnu.
He is believed to have officiated the penance of Brahma at Pushkar, found in modern-day Rajasthan.
He is also believed to have visited Bhishma during Mahabharatha, when he was lying on the arrow bed.
Marichi is also quoted as the adviser of young Dhuruva to pursue austeririts.
His name is featured in multiple Hindu scriptures like "Brahmanda Purana" and the "Vedas".
Krishna in the Bhagavad-Gita says, "Of the Ādityas I am Vishnu, of lights I am the radiant sun, of the Maruts I am Marici, and among the stars I am the moon."
In Jain scriptures, Marichi was the son of Bharata Chakravartin who after many births was born as 24th Tirthankara of Jainism, Mahavira.
In his life as Marichi, he became a Jain monk following Rishabhanatha, first tirthankara, but was unable to follow the hard rules of Digambara penance.
So he took a robe, pedals and an umberalla and founded his own religion taking Kapila as his first disciple.
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KRMD (1340 AM, "100.7 FM & 1340 AM The Ticket") is a sports formatted radio station licensed to Shreveport, Louisiana and serving the Ark-La-Tex region.
The station is owned by Cumulus Media and based at the Louisiana Boardwalk in Bossier City, Louisiana.
The station's transmitter is just southwest of the I-20/I-49 interchange in Shreveport, coincidentally across the street from a separate transmitter housing its sister stations, its FM partner, KMJJ, KVMA-FM and KQHN-FM.
Former programming was a mixture of political talk with syndicated hosts Neal Boortz, G. Gordon Liddy, and Bill O'Reilly and sports talk with Tim Brando and "KTBS" sports director Tim Fletcher.
As of the 2006 NFL season, KRMD is the local affiliate for the Dallas Cowboys.
It also carries games of the independent baseball team, the Shreveport Sports.
The station was founded by the late T. B. Lanford of Shreveport.
In 1959, Thomas Austin Gresham (1921-2015), a 1946 graduate of Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge who was born in Buenos Aires, Argentina, came to Shreveport to manage KRMD.
He was thereafter the executor of the Lanford estate from 1978 until his retirement a decade later.
While in Shreveport, Gresham served for a year on the Caddo Parish Selective Service Board and was active in Rotary International and the American Contract Bridge League.
Earlier, he had opened radio station KLOU and was the manager and part owner of KAOK, both in Lake Charles, Louisiana.
He was a decorated first lieutenant with the 8th Air Force of the United States Army Air Corps in England during World War II.
He flew twenty combat missions in B-17 bombers.
From 1991 to 2001, Albert Martin "Al" Bolton, a native of Alexandria, a graduate of Louisiana College in Pineville, and a United States Navy veteran of both World War II and the Korean War, was the KRMD meteorologist.
From 1954 to 1991, Bolton, a highly visible figure in Shreveport, had been the weather reporter at KSLA-TV, the local CBS affiliate.
Bolton received the "Seal of Certification" from the National Weather Association in 1982 for "performance well above the media and meteorological standards".
Until 2005, KRMD was "1340 The Zone" and was the only all-sports station in the "Ark-La-Tex."
On December 17, 2012, KRMD changed its format to sports, branded as "Sports Talk 100.7".
using the frequency of its FM translator (K264AS) in its branding.
On January 26, 2006, the station was granted a construction permit by the Federal Communications Commission to alter the station's coverage patterns with different daytime and nighttime signals, although the power would remain at 400 watts both day and night.
This construction permit expired on January 26, 2009.
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Norham Castle is a castle in Northumberland, England, overlooking the River Tweed, on the border between England and Scotland.
It is a Grade I listed building and a Scheduled Ancient Monument.
The castle saw much action during the wars between England and Scotland.
The castle was founded when Ranulf Flambard, Bishop of Durham from 1099 to 1128, gave orders for its construction in 1121, in order to protect the property of the bishopric in north Northumberland, from incursions by the Scots.
In 1136 David I of Scotland invaded Northumberland and captured the castle.
It was soon handed back to the bishopric, but was captured again in 1138 during another invasion.
This time, the structure of the castle was substantially damaged.
It remained derelict until Hugh de Puiset, Bishop of Durham from 1153 to 1195, had the castle rebuilt.
The work was probably directed by Richard of Wolviston, who was the bishop’s architect.
In 1174 Hugh de Puiset supported the rebels in a revolt against Henry II, during which the Scottish king, William the Lion invaded Northumberland.
The rebels were defeated and as a result, Bishop Hugh was forced to relinquish Norham Castle to the crown.
The castle was administered by a constable appointed by the crown and garrisoned by royal soldiers.
This continued until 1197, two years after Hugh’s death, when it was restored to his successor, Philip of Poitou.
The latter showed himself to be loyal to King John.
When Philip died in 1208 the castle reverted to royal control.
In 1209 the castle accommodated both King John and William the Lion, on an occasion when William did homage for his English lands to the English king.
Between 1208 and 1211, King John maintained the castle defences in good order and provided a strong garrison.
The strong defences were needed in 1215, when Alexander II of Scotland, son of William the Lion, besieged the castle for forty days without success.
In 1217 the castle was once again restored to the bishopric of Durham.
Edward I, known as “Hammer of the Scots”, visited the castle more than once.
He did so in 1292 when John Balliol, King of Scotland did homage to him there.
In 1296 Edward invaded Scotland, and during his campaign, his queen, Marguerite of France, remained at Norham Castle.
During the early fourteenth century, the Scots invaded Northumberland several times, but did not always attack Norham.
In 1318 Robert the Bruce besieged the castle for nearly a year.
The Scottish army succeeded in occupying the outer ward for three days but were then driven out.
The siege did not succeed.
In 1319 the Scots returned and the castle successfully withstood a siege of seven months.
In 1322 there was yet another unsuccessful Scottish siege.
During all three sieges, the castle was under the command of Sir Thomas Grey of Heton, a knight who had been captured by the Scots at the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314, and who was father to the chronicler, Sir Thomas Grey.
In 1327 a Scottish army captured Norham, but the castle was soon restored to Lewis de Beaumont, Bishop of Durham, when peace was declared.
Although the first half of the fifteenth century proved to be quieter than the previous one, the castle’s defences were kept in good repair.
The next major activity that the castle saw was during the Wars of the Roses (1455–1487).
In 1462 Norham Castle was held by the Yorkists on behalf of Edward IV.
The following year a Lancastrian army besieged the castle for eighteen days until it was relieved by Yorkist forces.
In 1464 the forces holding Norham castle changed sides to support the Lancastrians but were then forced to surrender to a force of Yorkists.
Later in the century, Bishop Richard Foxe of Durham (1494–1501) had the castle’s defences strengthened once more.
In 1497 the castle was besieged for two weeks by an army led by James IV of Scotland.
The siege included the use of artillery to try to breach the walls but the garrison was finally relieved by an English army.
Following this latest siege the castle was repaired again.
One of the guns used in the siege was a 22 inch (56 cm) calibre cannon called Mons Meg, which is now located at Edinburgh Castle.
In 1513 James IV of Scotland invaded England again with a powerful army that included artillery.
He crossed the border and moved on Norham.
His guns pounded the outer defences for several days until the outer ward was taken by the Scots.
Soon after, the castle surrendered.
By then most of the outer walls had been destroyed.
Weeks later, James was defeated and slain at the Battle of Flodden, near Branxton in Northumberland, and Norham fell into English hands again.
The castle was inspected by Cardinal Wolsey's chaplain William Frankelayn on 29 August 1515.
He found it "well fortitified with contremurs and murderers."
The wall from the "dungeoun" (the Keep) running south west towards the kitchen was 28 feet thick.
At this time, Scotland's Regent Albany was planning to bring an army against the Hume family on the Scottish borders.
Bishop Thomas Ruthall of Durham inspected the castle and began restoration work.
This continued until 1521.
William Dacre, 3rd Baron Dacre (c. 1493-1563), was Captain of Norham Castle in 1522-23.
During another invasion scare from Albany, in September 1523 the Earl of Surrey, Frankelyn and Sir William Bulmer, Sheriff of Durham viewed the defences.
Surrey gave orders for new earthwork defences of platforms and rampires, and the "mending of broken places with turvis and yerthe."
He estimated the work would take six days and made similar orders for the repair of Wark Castle.
The steward of the Earl of Northumberland, Roger Lascelles parleyed with the Earl of Angus and William Douglas Abbot of Holyrood across the Tweed on 5 September 1528.
Angus was threatened by his step-son James V of Scotland, and he asked Lascelles for chambers in the castle to be provided for his daughter Margaret Douglas, her governess Isobel Hoppar, and the young Earl of Huntly.
If necessary Angus himself would seek safety in Norham.
Margaret Douglas, the grandmother of James I of England was received at Norham in October.
The castle was maintained in a state of good repair, with a strong garrison during the remaining conflicts with Scotland in that century.
Brian Layton, Captain of Norham, reviewed the security of the castle in October 1542, after hearing rumours that insiders would hand the castle to the Scots.
Layton invaded Scotland during the war of the Rough Wooing and was killed in February 1545 at the battle of Ancrum Moor.
Sir Richard Lee with Sir Thomas Palmer and Sir Robert Bowes surveyed the castle in 1550, and in 1554 Bishop Tunstal carried out repairs.
However, when an extended state of peace existed between the two countries, the garrison was reduced and the defences were allowed to deteriorate.
By the end of the century the castle had already fallen into a state of disrepair.
In 1596 Queen Elizabeth gave the Captain, Sir Robert Carey, her 'resolute answer' that she would spend nothing on Norham.
It was destined not to see any further fighting, but the castle and manor was given to George Home, 1st Earl of Dunbar by James VI of Scotland on his accession to the throne of England.
The castle was left to fall into ruin.
The surrounding area of Norham was, until 1844, an outlying part of the County Palatine of Durham, and with the shires of Island (including Holy Island and the Farnes) and Bedlington was known as North Durham.
In the nineteenth century, Norham Castle became well known far and wide from the paintings of J. M. W. Turner.
He first painted the castle in 1797, but returned to paint it many times.
Several examples of his work can be seen in the Tate Gallery in London.
The castle stands on the south bank of the River Tweed, high above the river, so that the north side is protected by a steep slope.
A deep ravine protected the east side and an artificial moat was dug round the west and south sides to complete the protection.
The castle had an inner and outer ward.
The inner ward stood on a mound and was separated from the outer ward by a moat, crossed by a drawbridge.
The main entrance to the castle was the strongly fortified West Gate leading into the outer ward.
It was protected by a stone causeway spanned by a drawbridge and is also known as "Marmion's Gate".
There was an additional gate to the south of the outer ward, known as the Sheep Gate.
The inner ward was entered by crossing a drawbridge across the moat and entering through a fortified gate on the west side.
The drawbridge has now been replaced by a wooden bridge.
On the north side of the inner ward was the bishop’s hall, measuring 60 ft by 30 ft (18.3m by 9.1m), now in ruins.
To the east side of the inner ward stands the keep, measuring 84 ft by 60 ft (25.6m by 18.3m) and high.
The keep is said to have been built by Hugh de Puiset.
Norham Castle is now in the care of English Heritage and is open to visitors.
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George Washington (February 22, 1732 – December 14, 1799) commanded the Continental Army in the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783), and was the first President of the United States, serving from 1789 to 1797.
Because of his central role in the founding of the United States, Washington is often called the "Father of his Country".
His devotion to republicanism and civic virtue made him an exemplary figure among early American politicians.
Washington played a leading military and political role in the American Revolution.
His involvement began as early as 1767, when he first took political stands against the acts of the British Parliament.
After the war broke out with the Battles of Lexington and Concord in April 1775, his role became military with his appointment as commander-in-chief of the Continental Army.
He appeared before the Second Continental Congress in military uniform, signaling that he was prepared for war.
Congress created the Continental Army on June 14; the next day it selected Washington as commander-in-chief.
The task he took on was enormous, balancing regional demands, competition among his subordinates, morale among the rank and file, attempts by Congress to manage the army's affairs too closely, requests by state governors for support, and an endless need for resources with which to feed, clothe, equip, arm, and move the troops.
In the early years of the war Washington was often in the middle of the action, first directing the Siege of Boston to its successful conclusion, but then losing New York City and almost losing New Jersey before winning surprising and decisive victories at Trenton and Princeton at the end of the 1776 campaign season.
At the end of the year in both 1775 and 1776, he had to deal with expiring enlistments, since the Congress had only authorized the army's existence for single years.
With the 1777 establishment of a more permanent army structure and the introduction of three-year enlistments, Washington built a reliable stable of experienced troops, although hard currency and supplies of all types were difficult to come by.
In 1777 Washington was again defeated in the defense of Philadelphia, but sent critical support to Horatio Gates that made the defeat of Burgoyne at Saratoga possible.
Following a difficult winter at Valley Forge and the entry of France into the war in 1778, Washington followed the British army as it withdrew from Philadelphia back to New York, and fought an ultimately inconclusive battle at Monmouth Court House in New Jersey.
Washington's activities from late 1778 to 1780 were more diplomatic and organizational, as his army remained outside New York, watching Sir Henry Clinton's army that occupied the city.
Washington strategized with the French on how best to cooperate in actions against the British, leading to ultimately unsuccessful attempts to dislodge the British from Newport, Rhode Island and Savannah, Georgia.
His attention was also drawn to the frontier war, which prompted the 1779 Continental Army expedition of John Sullivan into upstate New York.
When General Clinton sent the turncoat General Benedict Arnold to raid in Virginia, Washington began to detach elements of his army to face the growing threat there.
The arrival of Lord Cornwallis in Virginia after campaigning in the south presented Washington with an opportunity to strike a decisive blow.
Washington's army and the French army moved south to face Cornwallis, and a cooperative French navy under Admiral de Grasse successfully disrupted British attempts to control of the Chesapeake Bay, completing the entrapment of Cornwallis, who surrendered after the Siege of Yorktown in October 1781.
Although Yorktown marked the end of significant hostilities in North America, the British still occupied New York and other cities, so Washington had to maintain the army in the face of a bankrupt Congress and troops that were at times mutinous over conditions and pay.
The army was formally disbanded after peace in 1783, and Washington resigned his commission as commander-in-chief on December 23, 1783.
Born into a well-to-do Virginia family near Fredericksburg in , Washington was schooled locally until the age of 15.
The early death of his father when he was 11 eliminated the possibility of schooling in England, and his mother rejected attempts to place him in the Royal Navy.
Thanks to the connection by marriage of his half-brother Lawrence to the wealthy Fairfax family, Washington was appointed surveyor of Culpeper County in 1749; he was just 17 years old.
Washington's brother had purchased an interest in the Ohio Company, a land acquisition and settlement company whose objective was the settlement of Virginia's frontier areas, including the Ohio Country, territory north and west of the Ohio River.
Its investors also included Virginia's Royal Governor, Robert Dinwiddie, who appointed Washington a major in the provincial militia in February 1753.
Washington played a key role in the outbreak of the French and Indian War, and then led the defense of Virginia between 1755 and 1758 as colonel of the Virginia Regiment.
Although Washington never received a commission in the British Army, he gained valuable military, political, and leadership skills, and received significant public exposure in the colonies and abroad.
He closely observed British military tactics, gaining a keen insight into their strengths and weaknesses that proved invaluable during the Revolution.
He demonstrated his toughness and courage in the most difficult situations, including disasters and retreats.
He developed a command presence—given his size, strength, stamina, and bravery in battle, he appeared to soldiers to be a natural leader and they followed him without question.
Washington learned to organize, train, and drill, and discipline his companies and regiments.
From his observations, readings and conversations with professional officers, he learned the basics of battlefield tactics, as well as a good understanding of problems of organization and logistics.
He gained an understanding of overall strategy, especially in locating strategic geographical points.
He developed a very negative idea of the value of militia, who seemed too unreliable, too undisciplined, and too short-term compared to regulars.
On the other hand, his experience was limited to command of at most 1,000 men, and came only in remote frontier conditions that were far removed from the urban situations he faced during the Revolution at Boston, New York, Trenton and Philadelphia.
In December 1758 Washington resigned his military commission, and spent the next 16 years as a wealthy Virginia plantation owner; as such he also served in the Virginia House of Burgesses.
Although he expressed opposition to the 1765 Stamp Act, the first direct tax on the colonies, he did not take a leading role in the growing colonial resistance until protests of the Townshend Acts (enacted in 1767) became widespread.
In May 1769, Washington introduced a proposal, drafted by his friend George Mason, calling for Virginia to boycott British goods until the Acts were repealed.
Parliament repealed the Townshend Acts in 1770, and, for Washington at least, the crisis had passed.
However, Washington regarded the passage of the Intolerable Acts in 1774 as "an Invasion of our Rights and Privileges".
In July 1774, he chaired the meeting at which the "Fairfax Resolves" were adopted, which called for, among other things, the convening of a Continental Congress.
In August, Washington attended the First Virginia Convention, where he was selected as a delegate to the First Continental Congress.
As tensions rose in 1774, he assisted in the training of county militias in Virginia and organized enforcement of the boycott of British goods instituted by the Congress.
After the Battles of Lexington and Concord near Boston in April 1775, the colonies went to war.
Washington appeared at the Second Continental Congress in a military uniform, signaling that he was prepared for war.
Congress created the Continental Army on June 14, 1775, and discussed who should lead it.
Washington had the prestige, military experience, charisma and military bearing of a military leader and was known as a strong patriot; he was also popular in his home province.
There was no other serious competition for the post, although Washington did nothing to actively pursue the appointment.
Massachusetts delegate John Adams nominated Washington, believing that appointing a southerner to lead what was then primarily an army of northerners would help unite the colonies.
Washington reluctantly accepted, declaring "with the utmost sincerity, I do not think myself equal to the Command I [am] honored with."
Washington assumed command of the colonial forces outside Boston on July 3, 1775, during the ongoing siege of Boston, after stopping in New York City to begin organizing military companies for its defense.
His first steps were to establish procedures and to weld what had begun as militia regiments into an effective fighting force.
He was assisted in this effort by his adjutant, Brigadier General Horatio Gates, and Major General Charles Lee, both of whom had significant experience serving in the British Army.
When inventory returns exposed a dangerous shortage of gunpowder, Washington asked for new sources.
British arsenals were raided (including some in the West Indies) and some manufacturing was attempted; a barely adequate supply (about 2.5 million pounds) was obtained by the end of 1776, mostly from France.
In search of heavy weapons, he sent Henry Knox on an expedition to Fort Ticonderoga to retrieve cannons that had been captured there.
He resisted repeated calls from Congress to launch attacks against the British in Boston, calling war councils that supported the decisions against such action.
Before the Continental Navy was established in November 1775 he, without Congressional authorization, began arming a "secret navy" to prey on poorly protected British transports and supply ships.
When Congress authorized an invasion of Quebec, believing that province's people would also rise against British military control, Washington reluctantly went along with it, even authorizing Benedict Arnold to lead a force from Cambridge to Quebec City through the wilderness of present-day Maine.
As the siege dragged on, the matter of expiring enlistments became a matter of serious concern.
Washington tried to convince Congress that enlistments longer than one year were necessary to build an effective fighting force, but he was rebuffed in this effort.
The 1776 establishment of the Continental Army only had enlistment terms of one year, a matter that would again be a problem in late 1776.
Washington finally forced the British to withdraw from Boston by putting Henry Knox's artillery on Dorchester Heights overlooking the city, and preparing in detail to attack the city from Cambridge if the British tried to assault the position.
The British evacuated Boston and sailed away, although Washington did not know they were headed for Halifax, Nova Scotia.
Believing they were headed for New York City (which was indeed Major General William Howe's eventual destination), Washington rushed most of the army there.
Washington's success in Boston was not repeated in New York.
Congress insisted that he defend it and recognizing the city's importance as a naval base and gateway to the Hudson River, Washington delegated the task of fortifying New York to Charles Lee in February 1776.
The faltering military campaign in Quebec also led to calls for additional troops there, and Washington detached six regiments northward under John Sullivan in April.
The wider theaters of war had also introduced regional frictions into the army.
Somewhat surprised that regional differences would be a problem, on August 1 he read a speech to the army, in which he threatened to punish "any officers or soldiers so lost to virtue and a love of their country" that might exacerbate the regional differences.
The mixing of forces from different regions also brought more widespread camp diseases, especially dysentery and smallpox.
Washington had to deal with his first major command controversy while in New York, which was partially a product of regional friction.
New England troops serving in northern New York under General Philip Schuyler, a scion of an old patroon family of New York, objected to his aristocratic style, and their Congressional representatives lobbied Washington to replace Schuyler with General Gates.
Washington tried to resolve the issue by giving Gates command of the forces in Quebec, but the collapse of the Quebec expedition brought renewed complaints.
Despite Gates' experience, Washington personally preferred Schuyler.
To avoid a potentially messy situation, General Washington gave Schuyler overall command of the northern department, but assigned Gates as second in command with combat authority.
The episode exposed Washington to Gates' desire for advancement, possibly at his expense, and to the latter's influence in Congress.
General Howe's army, reinforced by thousands of additional troops from Europe and a fleet under the command of his brother, Admiral Richard Howe, began arriving the entrance of New York Harbor (at the Narrows), in early July, and made an unopposed landing on Staten Island.
Without intelligence about Howe's intentions, Washington was forced to divide his still poorly trained forces, principally between Manhattan and Long Island.
The Howes, who were politically ambivalent about the conflict, had been authorized to act as peace commissioners, and attempted to establish contact with Washington.
However, they refused to address their letters to "General George Washington", and his representatives refused to accept them.
In August, the British finally launched their campaign to capture New York City.
They first landed on Long Island in force, and flanked Washington's forward positions in the Battle of Long Island.
General Howe refused to act on a significant tactical advantage that could have resulted in the capture of the remaining Continental troops on Long Island, but he chose instead to besiege the fortified positions to which they had retreated.
Although Washington has been criticized by many historians for sending additional troops to reinforce the redoubts on Long Island, it was clear to both Washington and the Howes that the Americans had successfully blocked the East River against major shipping by sinking ships in the channel, and that he was consequently not risking the entrapment of additional men.
In the face of a siege he seemed certain to lose, Washington then decided to withdraw.
In what some historians call one of his greatest military feats, he executed a nighttime withdrawal from Long Island across the East River to Manhattan to save those troops and materiel.
The Howe brothers then paused to consolidate their position, and the admiral engaged in a fruitless peace conference with Congressional representatives on September 11.
Four days later the British landed on Manhattan, a bombardment from the river scattering inexperienced militia into a panicked retreat, and forcing Washington to retreat further.
After Washington stopped the British advance up Manhattan at Harlem Heights on September 16, Howe again made a flanking maneuver, landing troops at Pell's Point in a bid to cut off Washington's avenue of retreat.
To defend against this move, Washington withdrew most of his army to White Plains, where after a short battle on October 28 he retreated further north.
This isolated the remaining Continental Army troops in upper Manhattan, so Howe returned to Manhattan and captured Fort Washington in mid November, taking almost 3,000 prisoners.
Four days later, Fort Lee, across the Hudson River from Fort Washington, was also taken.
Washington brought much of his army across the Hudson into New Jersey, but was immediately forced to retreat by the aggressive British advance.
During the campaign a general lack of organization, shortages of supplies, fatigue, sickness, and above all, lack of confidence in the American leadership resulted in a melting away of untrained regulars and frightened militia.
Washington grumbled, "The honor of making a brave defense does not seem to be sufficient stimulus, when the success is very doubtful, and the falling into the Enemy's hands probable."
Washington was fortunate that General Howe was more focused on gaining control of New York than on destroying Washington's army.
Howe's overly rigid adherence to his plans meant that he was unable to capitalize on the opportunities that arose during the campaign for a decisive action against Washington.
After the loss of New York, Washington's army was in two pieces.
One detachment remained north of New York to protect the Hudson River corridor, while Washington retreated across New Jersey into Pennsylvania, chased by General Charles, Earl Cornwallis.
Spirits were low, popular support was wavering, and Congress had abandoned Philadelphia, fearing a British attack.
Washington ordered General Gates to bring troops from Fort Ticonderoga, and also ordered General Lee's troops, which he had left north of New York City, to join him.
Lee, whose relationship with Washington was at times difficult, made excuses and only traveled as far as Morristown, New Jersey.
When Lee strayed too far from his army on December 12, his exposed position was betrayed by Loyalists, and a British company led by Lieutenant Colonel Banastre Tarleton surrounded the inn where he was staying and took him prisoner.
Lee's command was taken over by John Sullivan, who finished marching the army to Washington's camp across the river from Trenton.
The capture of Lee resulted an important point in negotiations between the sides concerning the treatment of prisoners.
Since Lee had previously served in the British Army, he was treated as a deserter, and threatened with military punishments appropriate to that charge.
Even though he and Lee did not get on well, Washington threatened to treat captured British officers in the same manner Lee and other high-profile prisoners were treated.
This resulted in an improvement in Lee's captivity, and he was eventually exchanged for Richard Prescott in 1778.
Despite the loss of troops due to desertion and expiring enlistments, Washington was heartened by a rise in militia enlistments in New Jersey and Pennsylvania.
These militia companies were active in circumscribing the furthest outposts of the British, limiting their ability to scout and forage.
Although Washington did not coordinate this resistance, he took advantage of it to organize an attack on an outpost of Hessians in Trenton.
On the night of December 25–26, 1776, Washington led his forces across the Delaware River and surprised the Hessian garrison, capturing 1,000 men.
This action significantly boosted the army's morale, but it also brought Cornwallis out of New York.
He reassembled an army of more than 6,000 men, and marched most of them against a position Washington had taken south of Trenton.
Leaving a garrison of 1,200 at Princeton, Cornwallis then attacked Washington's position on January 2, 1777, and was three times repulsed before darkness set in.
During the night Washington evacuated the position, masking his army's movements by instructing the camp guards to maintain the appearance of a much larger force.
Washington then circled around Cornwallis's position with the intention of attacking the Princeton garrison.
Hugh Mercer, leading the American advance guard, encountered British soldiers from Princeton under the command of Charles Mawhood.
The British troops engaged Mercer and in the ensuing battle, Mercer was mortally wounded.
Washington sent reinforcements under General John Cadwalader, which were successful in driving Mawhood and the British from Princeton, with many of them fleeing to Cornwallis in Trenton.
The British lost more than one quarter of their force in the battle, and American morale rose with the victory.
These unexpected victories drove the British back to the New York City area, and gave a dramatic boost to Revolutionary morale.
During the winter, Washington, based in winter quarters at Morristown, loosely coordinated a low-level militia war against British positions in New Jersey, combining the actions of New Jersey and Pennsylvania militia companies with careful use of Continental Army resources to harry and harass the British and German troops quartered in New Jersey.
Washington's mixed performance in the 1776 campaigns had not led to significant criticism in Congress.
Before fleeing Philadelphia for Baltimore in December, Congress granted Washington powers that have ever since been described as "dictatorial".
The successes in New Jersey nearly deified Washington in the eyes of some Congressmen, and the body became much more deferential to him as a result.
John Adams complained of the "superstitious veneration" that Washington was receiving.
Washington's performance also received international notice: Frederick the Great, one of the greatest military minds, wrote that "the achievements of Washington [at Trenton and Princeton] were the most brilliant of any recorded in the history of military achievements."
The French foreign minister, a strong supporter of the American cause, renewed the delivery of French supplies.
In May 1777, uncertain whether General Howe would move north toward Albany or south toward Philadelphia, Washington moved his army to the Middlebrook encampment in New Jersey's Watchung Mountains.
When Howe then moved his army southwest from New Brunswick, Washington correctly interpreted this as a move to draw him out of his strong position, and refused to move.
Only after Howe apparently retreated back toward the shore did Washington follow, but Howe's attempt to separate him from his mountain defenses was foiled in the Battle of Short Hills in late June.
Howe, who had already decided to campaign against Philadelphia, then withdrew from New Jersey, embarked much of his army on ships in late July, and sailed away, leaving Washington mystified as to his destination.
Washington's difficulty in discerning Howe's motives was due to the presence of a British army moving south from Quebec toward Fort Ticonderoga under the command of General John Burgoyne.
Howe's departure was in part prompted by the successful capture of the fort by Burgoyne in early July.
Although there had been an expectation on Burgoyne's part that Howe would support his campaign to gain control of the Hudson, Howe was to disappoint Burgoyne, with disastrous consequences to the British.
When Washington learned of the abandonment of Ticonderoga (which he had been told by General Anthony Wayne "can never be carried, without much loss of blood"), he was shocked.
Concerned that Howe was heading up the Hudson, he ordered Arnold, along with Daniel Morgan and his corps of riflemen, north to assist General Gates with the defense of the Hudson.
Washington had had some difficulty with General Arnold in the spring.
Congress had adopted a per-state scheme for the promotion of general officers, which resulted in the promotion of several officers to major general ahead of other officers with more experience or seniority.
Combined with the commissioning of foreign officers to high ranks, this had led to the resignation of John Stark.
Arnold, who had distinguished himself in the Canadian campaign, had also threatened to resign.
Washington wrote to Congress on behalf of Arnold and other officers who were disgruntled by this promotion scheme, stating that "two or three other very good officers" might be lost because of it.
Washington had also laid the seeds for conflict between Arnold and Gates when he gave Arnold command of forces in Rhode Island in late 1776; because of this move Gates came to view Arnold as a competitor for advancement, and the previously positive relationship between Gates and Arnold cooled.
However, Arnold put aside his complaints when the news of Ticonderoga's fall arrived, and agreed to serve.
Congress, at the urging of its diplomatic representatives in Europe, had also issued military commissions to a number of European soldiers of fortune in early 1777.
Two of those recommended by Silas Deane, the Marquis de Lafayette and Thomas Conway, would prove to be important in Washington's activities.
Lafayette, just twenty years old, was at first told that Deane had exceeded his authority in offering him a major general's commission, but offered to volunteer in the army at his own expense.
Washington and Lafayette took an instant liking to one another when they met, and Lafayette became one of Washington's most trusted generals and confidants.
Conway, on the other hand, did not think highly of Washington's leadership, and proved to be a source of trouble in the 1777 campaign season and its aftermath.
When Washington learned that Howe's fleet was sailing north in Chesapeake Bay, he hurried his army south of Philadelphia to defend the city against Howe's threat.
General Howe turned Washington's flank at the Battle of Brandywine on September 11, 1777, and marched unopposed into Philadelphia on September 26 after some further maneuvers.
Washington's failure to defend the capital brought on a storm of criticism from Congress, which fled the city for York, and from other army officers.
In part to silence his critics, Washington planned an elaborate assault on an exposed British base in Germantown.
The October 4 Battle of Germantown failed in part due to the complexity of the assault, and the inexperience of the militia forces employed in it.
Over 400 of Washington's men were captured, including Colonel George Mathews and the entire 9th Virginia Regiment.
It did not help that Adam Stephen, leading one of the branches of the attack, was drunk, and broke from the agreed-upon plan of attack.
He was court martialed and cashiered from the army.
Historian Robert Leckie observes that the battle was a near thing, and that a small number of changes might have resulted in a decisive victory for Washington.
Meanwhile, Burgoyne, out of reach from help from Howe, was trapped and forced to surrender his entire army on October 17, ten days after the Battle of Bemis Heights.
The victory made a hero of General Gates, who received the adulation of Congress.
While this was taking place Washington presided from a distance over the loss of control of the Delaware River to the British, and marched his army to its winter quarters at Valley Forge in December.
Washington chose Valley Forge, over recommendations that he camp either closer or further from Philadelphia, because it was close enough to monitor British army movements, and protected rich farmlands to the west from the enemy's foraging expeditions.
Washington's army stayed at Valley Forge for the next six months.
Over the winter, 2,500 men (out of 10,000) died from disease and exposure.
The army's difficulties were exacerbated by a number of factors, including a quartermaster's department that had been badly mismanaged by one of Washington's political opponents, Thomas Mifflin, and the preference of farmers and merchants to sell their goods to the British for hard currency instead of the nearly worthless Continental currency.
Profiteers also sought to benefit at the army's expense, charging it 1,000 times what they charged civilians for the same goods.
Congress authorized Washington to seize supplies needed for the army, but he was reluctant to use such authority, since it smacked of the tyranny the war was supposedly being fought over.
During the winter he introduced a full-scale training program supervised by Baron von Steuben, a veteran of the Prussian general staff.
Despite the hardships the army suffered, this program was a remarkable success, and Washington's army emerged in the spring of 1778 a much more disciplined force.
Washington himself had to face discontent at his leadership from a variety of sources.
His loss of Philadelphia prompted some members of Congress to discuss removing him from command.
They were prodded along by Washington's detractors in the military, who included Generals Gates, Mifflin, and Conway.
Gates in particular was viewed by Conway and Congressmen Benjamin Rush and Richard Henry Lee as a desirable replacement for Washington.
Although there is no evidence of a formal conspiracy, the episode is known as the Conway Cabal because the scale of the discontent within the army was exposed by a critical letter from Conway to Gates, some of whose contents were relayed to Washington.
Washington exposed the criticisms to Congress, and his supporters, within Congress and the army, rallied to support him.
Gates eventually apologized for his role in the affair, and Conway resigned.
Washington's position and authority were not seriously challenged again.
Biographer Ron Chernow points out that Washington's handling of the episode demonstrated that he was "a consummate political infighter" who maintained his temper and dignity while his opponents schemed.
The victory at Saratoga (and to some extent Washington's near success at Germantown) were influential in convincing France to enter the war openly as an as an American ally.
French entry into the war changed its dynamics, for the British were no longer sure of command of the seas and had to worry about an invasion of their home islands and other colonial territories across the globe.
The British, now under the command of General Sir Henry Clinton, evacuated Philadelphia in 1778 and returned to New York City, with Washington attacking them along the way at the Battle of Monmouth; this was the last major battle in the north.
Prior to the battle Washington gave command of the advance forces to Charles Lee, who had been exchanged earlier in the year.
Lee, despite firm instructions from Washington, refused Lafayette's suggestion to launch an organized attack on the British rear, and then retreated when the British turned to face him.
When Washington arrived at the head of the main army, he and Lee had an angry exchange of words, and Washington ordered Lee off the command.
Washington, with his army's tactics and ability to execute improved by the training programs of the previous winter, was able to recover, and fought the British to a draw.
Lee was court martialed and eventually dismissed from the army.
Not long after Clinton's return to New York, a French fleet arrived off the North American coast.
Washington was involved in the discussion on how to best use this force, and an attack was planned against the British outpost at Newport, Rhode Island.
Despite the presence of two of Washington's most reliable subordinates, Lafayette and Greene, the attempt at cooperation was a dismal failure.
British and Indian forces organized and supported by Sir Frederick Haldimand in Quebec began to raid frontier settlements in 1778, and Savannah, Georgia was captured late in the year.
During the comparatively mild winter of 1778–79, Washington and Congress discussed options for the 1779 campaign season.
The possibility of a Franco-American campaign against Quebec, first proposed for 1778, had a number of adherents in Congress, and was actively supported by Lafayette in Washington's circle.
Despite known weaknesses in Quebec's provincial defenses, Washington was adamantly opposed to the idea, citing the lack of troops and supplies with which to conduct such an operation, the nation's fragile financial state, and French imperial ambitions to recover the territory.
Under pressure from Congress to answer the frontier raids, Washington countered with the proposal of a major expedition against the Iroquois.
This was approved, and in the summer of 1779 a sizable force under Major General John Sullivan made a major expedition into the northwestern frontier of New York in reprisal for the frontier raids.
The expedition successfully drove the Iroquois out of New York, but otherwise had little effect on the frequency and severity of frontier raids.
Washington's opponent in New York, however, was not inactive.
Clinton engaged in a number of amphibious raids against coastal communities from Connecticut to Chesapeake Bay, and probed at Washington's defenses in the Hudson River valley.
Coming up the river in force, he captured the key outpost of Stony Point, but advanced no further.
When Clinton weakened the garrison there to provide men for raiding expeditions, Washington organized a counterstrike.
General Anthony Wayne led a force that, solely using the bayonet, recaptured Stony Point.
The Americans chose not to hold the post, but the operation was a boost to American morale and a blow to British morale.
American morale was dealt a blow later in the year, when the second major attempt at Franco-American cooperation, an attempt to retake Savannah, failed with heavy casualties.
The winter of 1779–80 was one of the coldest in recorded colonial history.
New York Harbor froze over, and the winter camps of the Continental Army were deluged with snow, resulting in hardships exceeding those experienced at Valley Forge.
The war was declining in popularity, and the inflationary issuance of paper currency by Congress and the states alike harmed the economy, and the ability to provision the army.
The paper currency also hit the army's morale, since it was how the troops were paid.
Congress fixed the rate between paper and gold dollars at 40-to-1 in March 1780, but many merchants refused to accept the Continental currency at the official exchange rate.
One Loyalist wrote, "Mock-money and mock-states shall melt away // And the mock troops disband for want of pay."
The British in late 1779 embarked on a new strategy based on the assumption that most Southerners were Loyalists at heart.
General Clinton withdrew the British garrison from Newport, and marshalled a force of more than 10,000 men that in the first half of 1780 successfully besieged Charleston, South Carolina.
In June 1780 he captured over 5,000 Continental soldiers and militia in the single worst defeat of the war for the Americans.
Washington had at the end of March pessimistically dispatched several regiments troops southward from his army, hoping they might have some effect in what he saw as a looming disaster.
He also ordered troops stationed in Virginia and North Carolina south, but these were either captured at Charleston, or scattered later at Waxhaws and Camden.
Camden saw the ignominious defeat of General Gates, who had been appointed to the southern command by Congress without Washington's advice or knowledge beforehand.
Gates famously abandoned his army and retreated by horse after his battle lines were broken.
The debacle ended Gates' career as a field officer, but he eluded formal inquiries into his behavior because of his political connections.
Washington's army suffered from numerous problems in 1780: it was undermanned, underfunded, and underequipped.
Because of these shortcomings Washington resisted calls for major expeditions, preferring to remain focused on the principal British presence in New York.
Knowledge of discontent within the ranks in New Jersey prompted the British in New York to make two attempts to reach the principal army base at Morristown.
These attempts were defeated, with significant militia support, in battles at Connecticut Farms and Springfield.
September 1780 brought a new shock to Washington.
British Major John André had been arrested outside New York, and papers he carried exposed a conspiracy between the British and General Benedict Arnold.
Washington respected Arnold for his military skills, and had, after Arnold's severe injuries in the Battles of Saratoga in October 1777, given him the military command of Philadelphia.
During his administration there, Arnold had made many political enemies, and in 1779 he began secret negotiations with General Clinton (mediated in part by André) that culminated in a plot to surrender West Point, a command Arnold requested and Washington gave him in July 1780.
Arnold was alerted to André's arrest and fled to the British lines shortly before Washington's arrival at West Point for a meeting.
In negotiations with Clinton, Washington offered to exchange André for Arnold, but Clinton refused.
André was hanged as a spy, and Arnold became a brigadier general in the British Army.
Washington organized an attempt to kidnap Arnold from New York City; it was frustrated when Arnold was sent on a raiding expedition to Virginia.
The early months of 1781 continued to be difficult for the American cause.
Troops mutinied in Pennsylvania, inspiring troops in New Jersey to also do so.
Washington was uninvolved in resolving the Pennsylvania troops' demands, but he sent troops under General Robert Howe that harshly put down the New Jersey mutiny, hanging two men.
General Arnold's raiding expedition to Virginia was a notable success, ravaging the countryside and destroying military and economic infrastructure and supplies.
He was ineffectually opposed by Virginia militia and Continental recruits under Baron von Steuben.
Washington ordered Lafayette and additional Continental troops south, and convinced French Admiral Destouches to send his Newport-based fleet to the Chesapeake.
Destouches was however opposed by the British fleet of Admiral Marriot Arbuthnot at the Battle of Cape Henry in March 1781, and was unable to gain entry to the bay.
General Clinton thereafter sent more troops to Virginia under General William Phillips, who resumed raiding operations in central Virginia.
In the early months of 1781 the French foreign minister, the comte de Vergennes, realized that the war, now being conducted on a global stage, could not last much longer without decisive action in North America.
To this end, the French army at Newport was ordered to join Washington's outside New York, and the Comte de Grasse, commander of that year's West Indies fleet, was ordered to assist in operations in North America.
France also gave six million livres to the United States to assist in the war effort.
In May 1781 Washington and the French army command met at Wethersfield, Connecticut after the French instructions arrived.
They discussed options for joint operations, with Washington arguing for an assault on New York, and Rochambeau for operations in Virginia against General Phillips.
Rochambeau agreed to bring his army to New York, and dispatches were sent to the West Indies outlining the options to de Grasse.
General Clinton had turned over command of the southern army to General Cornwallis.
After the defeat of Gates at Camden, he had nominally gained control over South Carolina, although there was significant militia skirmishing, led by partisan fighters like Francis Marion and Thomas Sumter.
Cornwallis then attempted to extend British authority into North Carolina, but one wing of his army was defeated in the October 1780 Battle of Kings Mountain, and another was defeated in the January 1781 Battle of Cowpens.
Kings Mountain in particular proved a decisive blow to further attempts to recruit Loyalists, and force Cornwallis had been instructed to rely upon.
In the wake of Camden, Washington had selected Nathanael Greene to replace Gates at the head of the southern Continental forces, and Greene waged an effect partisan campaign against Cornwallis.
When he finally reached sufficient strength, Greene offered Cornwallis open battle at Hillsboro, North Carolina in March.
Although he lost the Battle of Guilford Court House, Greene inflicted significant casualties on Cornwallis while retaining his own army intact.
Cornwallis moved to Wilmington, North Carolina to regroup, and then made the controversial decision to bring his army into Virginia, which he saw as the supply base for Greene's army.
Joining with the army of Phillips, he maneuvered against the growing Continental presence led by Lafayette, while continuing to raid and destroy economic and military targets in the state.
Eventually his decision to enter Virginia reached Clinton, who was surprised at the move.
After a series of confusing and sometimes contradictory suggestions, Clinton in late July issued firm orders to Cornwallis to establish a fortified deep-water port in Virginia.
Cornwallis informed Clinton that he would do so at Yorktown.
Admiral de Grasse received the dispatches of Washington and Rochambeau in mid-July.
He immediately sent dispatches north indicating that he would be sailing for the Chesapeake Bay to assist in operations there.
When Washington learned of this decision, he reluctantly abandoned the idea of attacking New York.
In a brilliant but risky strategic move, he marched 6,000 soldiers from New York to Virginia, leaving the New York highlands only lightly defended.
Washington would in later years claim that early preparations to operate against New York were intended to deceive Clinton, but the documentary record of 1781 did not support him.
Later operations, as the march got underway, did involve deliberate deception.
As part of the march troops appeared to establish camps and other works on the west side of the Hudson, as if preparing for an attack on New York.
By the time Clinton saw through the deception, Washington had already crossed the Delaware.
De Grasse sailed north with his entire fleet (28 ships of the line), while his British counterpart, Admiral Rodney (not expecting de Grasse to take his entire fleet) sent only 15 ships in pursuit.
In early September, while the French and Continental armies marched south, de Grasse and the British fleet (enlarged by the inclusion of ships from New York to 19 ships) met in the Battle of the Chesapeake.
The French victory was strategically vital, for it denied the British control of the Chesapeake and set the stage for the encirclement of Cornwallis at Yorktown.
Upon his arrival at Yorktown Washington had command of 5,700 Continentals, 3,200 militia and 7,800 French regulars.
On September 28 the Franco-American army blockaded Yorktown, and began digging siege trenches on October 6.
By the 9th guns had been emplaced on the first parallel, and began firing on the entrenched British camp.
Work proceeded rapidly thereafter on the second parallel, only from the British defenses.
On the 14th two outer redoubts of the British defenses were stormed, and the entirety of the British camp was with range of the French and American cannons.
After a failed attempt to escape across the York River, Cornwallis opened negotiations on October 17.
Two days later terms were agreed, and his 8,000 men paraded in surrender.
Despite the size of the contending forces, and the importance of the siege, there were only 260 allied and 550 British casualties.
One of the American casualties was Washington's stepson and aide-de-camp John Parke Custis, who died of a camp disease during the siege.
The disaster at Yorktown broke the morale of the governing class in London and paralyzed Britain's national will to make war.
The war party in Britain lost control of Parliament, and the new government opened peace talks.
These came to fruition in 1783 with the Treaty of Paris, in which Britain recognized American independence.
Following Yorktown, Washington's army returned to New York, while Rochambeau's remained in Virginia.
Washington, concerned that Congress "may think our work too nearly closed", worked to make sure that the army would be prepared for a campaign in 1782.
Although British ship movements caused Washington some concerns during the winter of 1781–2, he was able to enjoy relative comfort in Philadelphia.
He returned to his headquarters in Newburgh, New York in March 1782, where he had to deal with greedy military supply contractors.
The execution of militia officer Joshua Huddy by Loyalists occasioned an exchange between Washington and Clinton, and led to the so-called "Asgill Affair", after the officer selected to be executed in retaliation for Huddy's hanging.
Despite the onset of peace negotiations in the second half of 1782, Washington remained vigilant, treating with suspicion assertions on the part of General Clinton's replacement, Sir Guy Carleton, that he had suspended "all hostilities".
To boost morale, Washington introduced the Badge of Military Merit, to be awarded for "unusual gallantry" or "extraordinary fidelity and essential service".
The badge, a purple-colored cloth in the shape of a heart, is a precursor to the modern American Purple Heart.
In 1783 Washington continued to keep the army ready at Newburgh, although some of his officers made veiled threats to Congress about long-overdue pay.
Washington diffused this hint at mutiny with an address to the troops on March 15 recommending patience.
On March 26 he was informed that France and Spain had made peace with Britain, one of the last preconditions for a final peace.
Thereafter he was occupied with the logistics of prisoner exchanges, and pressed Congress to ensure soldiers being furloughed or discharged received at least some of their back pay.
He met once with General Carleton to discuss the return of runaway slaves, a contentious point on which Carleton refused to budge.
(Carleton announced in the meeting, to Washington's apparent chagrin, that 6,000 Negroes had already been sent to Nova Scotia, and refused to assist the efforts of slave hunters.)
In June troops in Pennsylvania mutinied, marching on Philadelphia and surrounding the State House where Congress sat.
In response Congress temporarily relocated to Princeton, and Washington dispatched troops south from New York.
After action by Congress addressed their concerns, the mutinous troops returned to their posts.
The Treaty of Paris was signed on September 3, 1783.
On November 21, the British evacuated New York City, and Washington and Governor George Clinton took possession of the city, ending large-scale British occupation of American territory.
(Britain continued to occupy frontier forts that had been ceded to the United States until the mid-1790s.)
Washington's contribution to victory in the war was not that of a great battlefield tactician.
He has been characterized, according to historian Edward G. Lengel, in many different ways: "charismatic hero, master of guerrilla warfare, incompetent or infallible battlefield commander, strategic genius, nationalist visionary, fanatical micromanager, and lucky dog".
Although he has frequently been said to engage in the Fabian strategy of wearing his opponent down, the truth is more nuanced.
On a number of occasions his subordinates convinced him to hold off on plans of attack they saw as rash.
Washington only really adopted a Fabian strategy between late 1776 and the middle of 1777, after losing New York City and seeing much of his army melt away.
Trenton and Princeton were Fabian examples.
By August 1777, however, Washington had rebuilt his strength and his confidence and stopped using raids and went for large-scale confrontations, as at Brandywine, Germantown, Monmouth and Yorktown.
Washington is often characterized as complaining about undisciplined militia forces, but he understood that they were a vital part of the nation's defenses, since regular army troops could not be everywhere.
He was also at times critical of the mercenary spirit and "the dearth of public spirit" that often underlay difficulties in recruiting for the army.
One of Washington's important contributions as commander-in-chief was to establish the precedent that elected civilian officials, rather than military officers, possessed ultimate authority over the military.
Throughout the war, he deferred to the authority of Congress and state officials, and he relinquished his considerable military power once the fighting was over.
This principle was especially visible in his handling of the Newburgh conspiracy, and in his "Farewell Orders".
The latter document was written at his final wartime headquarters, a house on the outskirts of Princeton owned by the widow Berrien (later to be called Rockingham), but was sent to be read to the assembled troops at West Point on November 2.
At Fraunces Tavern in New York City on December 4, he formally bade his officers farewell.
On December 23, 1783, Washington resigned his commission as commander-in-chief to the Congress of the Confederation at Annapolis, Maryland, and retired to his home at Mount Vernon.
After the war Washington chaired the Constitutional Convention that drafted the United States Constitution, and was then elected the first President of the United States, serving two terms.
He briefly engaged in additional military service during a threatened war with France in 1798, and died in December 1799.
He is widely recognized as the "Father of his country".
In 2012, a poll conducted by the British National Army Museum recognized Washington as "Britain's Greatest Military Enemy."
He beat out Ataturk, Irish independence hero Michael Collins, Erwin Rommel, and Napoleon.
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Raphael Benjamin West (March 31, 1911 – November 20, 1974) was an attorney, politician, and mayor of Nashville, Tennessee from 1951 to 1963, and state senator from 1949 to 1951.
While state senator, he supported a change from at-large to single-member district voting to the Nashville City Council.
This broadened representation on the council, enabling the African-American minority to elect candidates of their choice; women also gained seats on the council.
West was born in 1911 in Columbia, the county seat of Maury County, Tennessee; he was the son of Martha Melissa (née Wilson) and her husband James Watt West.
He moved to Nashville as a boy with his family.
When he was three years old, his parents moved to a working-class neighborhood in Flat Rock, now known as the Woodbine district of Davidson County.
Working his way through college, West attended Vanderbilt University and Cumberland Law School.
In 1934 West began work as an assistant district attorney in Nashville.
He also became active in politics, joining the Democratic Party.
The state had effectively disenfranchised most blacks since the turn of the century.
This hollowed out the Republican Party in much of the state.
Many elections, both local and state, were settled in the Democratic primaries, the true competitive contests.
In 1943, West ran unsuccessfully for mayor of Nashville.
Three years later, in 1946, he won election as vice-mayor of Nashville.
In 1948, he was elected as state senator in the Tennessee Senate, serving one term to 1949.
In the Senate, West introduced legislation that restored single-member district elections for the Nashville city council, replacing the citywide at-large election of each seat.
This represented a major opportunity for African-American voters, as it enabled minorities whose votes were concentrated in a few wards to elect candidates of their choice.
In the at-large elections, candidates supported by a minority had not been able to gain a majority and win election.
In addition to being a voting rights reform, this change proved important to West's political future.
He would build a political base on the reemerging black voter.
State repeal of such voter registration restrictions as the poll tax enabled voters to exercise their constitutional rights again.
As highways were built and white voters moved to the suburbs in the postwar years, African-American voters gained more political power in the city.
In 1951 West won election as mayor of Nashville, along with the first two African-American councilmen in 40 years.
All three men were attorneys.
As mayor of Nashville, West supported other voting rights reforms, particularly a state campaign to reapportion rural and urban voting districts in the state legislature to reflect demographic changes.
West championed the cause of reapportionment in the landmark case "Baker v. Carr" (1962), by which the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in favor of the “one man, one vote” principle.
This ruling forced reapportionment of state legislatures across the country; as a result, there was a long overdue shift of political power to the more densely populated urban districts and cities.
West provided leadership in the desegregation of Nashville public schools.
After a school was bombed, he and the Board of Education obtained a federal court injunction to help protect the schools, students and parents.
While mayor of Nashville, West was concerned about urban issues and civil rights.
He served as president of the American Municipal Association.
He presided over the Capitol Hill Redevelopment Project.
This replaced a slum and vice district surrounding the state capitol building with a green belt, new state office buildings, and parking lots.
The East Nashville Urban Renewal Project began during his administration, and infrastructure projects were completed for an $11 million sewage treatment plant and $2 million in street lighting.
West's strong alliance with Nashville's black community helped improve race relations and prepare the city for the challenges of the activist years of the Civil Rights Movement.
At a critical moment during the sit-in demonstrations of 1960, following the bombing of the home of Z. Alexander Looby, city councilman and defense attorney for the students, 2500 protesters marched to city hall and challenged West to take a stand against segregation.
West appointed a biracial commission, and the Nashville business community quickly agreed to desegregate department store lunch counters.
Nashville was the first southern city to desegregate public facilities.
With an interest in improving services, West supported the consolidation of city and county government proposed in 1958 and 1963.
After the measure passed a referendum, West lost his bid for mayor of the new Metropolitan government in his 1963 contest with Beverly Briley.
West retired to private life.
He died in Nashville on November 20, 1974.
He is buried in Nashville City Cemetery.
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Wet Beaver Wilderness is a 6,155-acre (2,491 ha) wilderness area located in the Coconino National Forest in the U.S. state of Arizona.
Wet Beaver Creek is a perennial stream with one major tributary, Dry Beaver Creek.
The confluence of the two is at McGuireville, Arizona.
Beaver Creek flows past Montezuma Well and Montezuma Castle before joining the Verde River near Camp Verde, Arizona.
The main trailhead to reach the Wet Beaver Wilderness, the Bell Trail, is located approximately east of the Sedona exit from I-17, near the Beaver Creek Ranger Station.
The Bell Trail is a historic stock trail, which follows Beaver Creek upstream for about before climbing steeply up to the Mogollon Rim at the southern edge of the Colorado Plateau.
The only other trail in the Wilderness is the Apache Maid Trail.
Common recreational activities in the Wet Beaver Wilderness include hiking, horseback riding, fishing (about 12 fishable miles), swimming, wildlife watching, and photography.
The popular Beaver Creek campground, located outside the Wilderness at the creek crossing just below the ranger station, is operated by the US Forest Service and requires a fee.
Overnight camping is prohibited by Forest Order between the parking area at the west end of the canyon, near the old Forest Service Ranger Station and the Campground, and continuing upstream (east) to a signed point approximately one-quarter mile upstream from where the Bell Trail (FT #13) crosses Wet Beaver Creek.
This closure has been established to reduce the impact the area has received in recent years.
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The 2007 Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football team represented the Georgia Institute of Technology in the 2007 NCAA Division I FBS football season.
The team's coach was former Dallas Cowboys, Samford Bulldogs, and Troy Trojans coach Chan Gailey.
It played its home games at Bobby Dodd Stadium in Atlanta, Georgia.
Georgia Tech had posted five consecutive seasons with 7 or more wins under Coach Gailey.
The team had been to five bowl games under Chan Gailey and has a 2–3 record in post season play.
Under Chan Gailey, Georgia Tech had become notorious for having a blitzing defense and a ball control offense.
In 2006 Georgia Tech proved to be slightly inconsistent holding #2 Notre Dame to 14 points (L 10-14) and upsetting #10 Virginia Tech (W 38–27), while losing to unranked archrival University of Georgia (L 12-15).
Head Coach Chan Gailey returned for his sixth year at the helm of the program.
Reggie Ball, after four years starting for Tech, was replaced by Taylor Bennett.
Taylor Bennett started his first game against UConn in 2005 after Reggie came down with viral meningitis and had his break out game against West Virginia in the 2007 Gator Bowl.
Tashard Choice was the 2006 ACC rushing champion and returned behind a veteran offensive line led by tackle Andrew Gardner and center Kevin Tuminello.
Georgia Tech was ranked as high as #14 in the preseason.
Pregame Line: Notre Dame −2.5 Running Back Tashard Choice ran for a career high 196 yards for 2 touchdowns in the worst loss suffered by Notre Dame in a season opener in its history.
Notre Dame accumulated −9 rushing yards and 130 passing yards.
Georgia Tech amassed 260 yards on the ground while Taylor Bennett went 11/23 for 121 yards for his third career start.
The Georgia Tech defense added nine quarterback sacks and recovered three fumbles.
Pregame Line: Samford +46.5 Georgia Tech scored 9 rushing touchdowns in an offensive exhibition that also featured 389 yards of rushing yards.
Tashard Choice continued his 100 yards per game streak with a 110 yard, 2 touchdown effort.
True freshman Jon Dwyer racked up 3 rushing touchdowns as well.
The Tech defense held Samford to 84 yards rushing and recovered two fumbles.
Pregame Line: Boston College +7.5 Georgia Tech hosted Boston College for the first time since 1998, and it was also the first meeting of the two schools since Boston College joined the ACC.
Senior BC quarterback Matt Ryan threw for a career-high 435 yards and the Eagles outgained the Jackets 527–267 in the game.
Tech's defense held BC to 93 yards rushing, recovered a fumble, and attained two sacks.
Offensive highlights included Jon Dwyer's fifth career touchdown and Demaryius Thomas reeling in 5 catches for 68 yards.
Durant Brooks boomed 10 punts for a 45.3 yard average as well.
The loss was Tech's first of the year, dropping them to 2–1, and 0–1 in the ACC.
Pregame Line: Virginia +3.5 Tech lost its eighth straight road trip in Charlottesville.
The Jackets gave up 21 points in the first thirteen minutes of the game.
UVA scored two rushing touchdowns and on a Chris Long pass deflection that Taylor Bennett attempted to knock down.
After Bennett attempted to knockdown the pass it was picked off by a UVA linebacker and returned for a touchdown.
Georgia Tech answered back scoring 16 unanswered points to take the lead 23–21 late in the third quarter.
After a muffed punt with nine minutes remaining in the game, UVA took the lead with a touchdown pass, which would be the last score of the game.
Georgia Tech wide receiver Corey Earls suffered a severe nick injury late in the fourth quarter after a Taylor Bennett scramble.
Tech was led by Jon Dwyer's 83 yards rushing and Demaryius Thomas' 86 receiving yards and a touchdown.
Tech's defense recovered two fumbles, garnered two sacks, and intercepted one pass.
Safety Jamal Lewis led the team with 12 tackles and a tackle for a loss.
Pregame Line: Clemson −3 The Yellow Jackets got their first conference win against rival Clemson.
The Tigers averaged 38 points a game leading up to the contest but only managed a field goal.
The Tech defense held C. J. Spiller and James Davis to a combined 62 yards on 21 attempts.
The Tech defense also accumulated 6 sacks and an interception in their effort.
Tech's Travis Bell kicked two field goals while Clemson's Mark Buchholz missed four of his five attempted field goals.
Georgia Tech's offense controlled the clock with a ferocious ground attack, which featured Tashard Choice's 142 rushing yards and a touchdown.
Clemson has not scored a touchdown in Bobby Dodd Stadium since 2003.
Tech will be on the road for the next two weeks before returning to Atlanta to play the Army Black Knights for the annual homecoming celebration.
Pregame Line: Maryland +2.5 Placekicker Travis Bell missed two of four field goal attempts including a 52 yarder on Tech's last possession in a 28–26 loss to Maryland.
Maryland stormed ahead of Tech taking a 21–3 lead by the beginning of the second quarter.
Tech rallied and by the fourth quarter had closed the gap to 2 points on a Taylor Bennett to Demaryius Thomas touchdown pass.
The two-point conversion attempt failed and Tech would not score again.
Tech was led by the rushing of Tashard Choice who carried 32 times for 135 yards and Demaryius Thomas' 9 receptions and 139 yards.
Tech's defense amassed four sacks and recovered a fumble.
Pregame Line: Miami −2.5 Taylor Bennett scored on two rushing touchdowns in the third quarter to lead Tech past the Hurricanes 17–14.
Tech racked up 265 yards rushing against a Canes defense that only allowed 111 rushing yards per game coming into the contest.
Tashard Choice carried the bulk of the rushing load carrying the ball 37 times for 204 yards.
The Patrick Nix offense of Miami only passed for 56 yards and gained 225 total yards of offense against Jon Tenuta's defense.
Travis Bell kicked the go-ahead field goal with 7:34 left in the fourth quarter and Tech never relented the lead.
Since 1984, only Tech, Virginia Tech, and Florida State have beaten Miami at least 3 years in a row.
Pregame Line: Army +24 Tech beat Army 34–10 at the cost of two running backs.
Tashard Choice and Rashaun Grant were both injured in the contest during Tech's 292-rushing-yard game.
Tech's offense was led by Rashaun Grant's 135 all-purpose yardage and a touchdown.
Tashard Choice, Jamaal Evans, and Jon Dwyer also scored rushing touchdowns.
Mike Cox rushed for a career 38 yards on 3 carries.
Freshman safety Morgan Burnett picked off his third pass of the season, which stymied Army's last attempt at taking the lead for the rest of the game.
Tech's defense recorded 3 total interceptions and 2 sacks.
Senior defensive end Darryl Robertson recorded 4 tackles for losses and a sack in the effort.
Tech was now one victory away from bowl eligibility.
Pregame Line: Virginia Tech +2.5 Georgia Tech only mustered a field goal in a game that saw Tech's offense turn the ball over 6 times.
Taylor Bennett threw 4 interceptions and was sacked twice in the effort while freshman quarterback Josh Nesbitt threw another interception in the fourth quarter.
James Johnson accounted for another turnover when he fumbled after a 35 yard reception.
The Tech defense brought pressure all game long and sacked Virginia Tech quarterback Sean Glennon seven times and stripped runningback Branden Ore of the football once in the effort.
James Johnson had 7 receptions for a 136 yards while freshmen Jon Dwyer and Josh Nesbitt carried the load for injured seniors Tashard Choice and Rashaun Grant.
The freshmen pair ran for 101 yards on 14 carries.
Durant Brooks pinned the Hokies inside the twenty 4 times out of 6 punts.
Tech is now eliminated from ACC Title contention.
Also of note, Big Boi of Outkast performed at half-time.
Pregame Line: Duke +12.5 Georgia Tech prevailed after trailing the Blue Devils 10–7 in the first quarter.
The Tech defense recovered a fumble and recorded eight sacks in the effort.
Tashard Choice eclipsed the 1,000 yard mark for the second straight season with his two touchdown, 174 yard effort.
Tech, with the win, became the 8th bowl eligible team in the ACC and ensured that Georgia Tech's 11 year bowl streak would continue to twelve years.
Pregame Line: North Carolina +10 Georgia Tech survived four lost fumbles to overcome a late UNC rally and win 27–25.
Travis Bell connected on two of three field goal attempts, which included Tech's winning score with 11 seconds remaining in the game.
Taylor Bennett passed for 196 yards, threw for a touchdown, and caught a touchdown pass from Tashard Choice.
Choice added 127 yards on the ground.
The Tech defense added four sacks to the effort led by Gary Guyton who accounted for 8 solo tackles and three tackles for loss.
Durant Brooks punted the ball 4 times for 240 total yards including a booming 76 yard punt.
Tech's 4–4 ACC mark helps Tech finish the season third in the ACC Coastal division and tied for fifth with Wake Forest for fifth overall in the conference.
Pregame Line: Georgia −3.5 Tech dropped its seventh straight season finale to UGA with a 31–17 loss.
Tech's defense picked up one sack in the effort.
Tech's offense was led by Tashard Choice's 133 yards and a touchdown.
Durant Brooks boomed four punts for a 52.8 yard average while placekicker Travis Bell knocked down a field goal in the fourth quarter for Tech's last points of the game.
Tech was coached by interim head coach Jon Tenuta as head coach Chan Gailey was terminated the Monday after the UGA loss.
Tech dropped the decision 40–28.
Tech's only lead of 7–0 held until the Bulldogs scored 27 straight unanswered points.
Tech never recuperated from the 17 point Fresno 2nd quarter as Tech and Fresno exchanged touchdowns for the rest of the game.
Tech highlights included Jon Dwyer rushing for two touchdowns and Demaryius Thomas catching 4 passes for 69 yards and a touchdown.
Tech receiver D.J.
Donley blocked his second punt of the year as well.
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In the Singapore Armed Forces, a platoon sergeant serves as the "bridge" between the platoon commander and the rest of the platoon, leading the platoon in many assigned tasks and assuming command in the platoon commander's absence.
In some platoons, there may be more than one platoon sergeant.
Platoon sergeants exercise authority over section commanders who are only responsible for the management of a given section in the platoon.
Platoon sergeants work with the Company Sergeant Major and subordinate section commanders.
They are responsible for the discipline and training of the men.
The platoon sergeant is responsible for preparing the men for parades and ceremonies.
In exercises and operations, he is in charge of logistics, medical aid, and ensuring that the formation of the platoon is maintained during movement to a mission objective.
For NSF soldiers (conscripts), platoon sergeants are selected as third sergeants.
They are usually specialists who graduated with a Silver/Gold Bayonet whilst at the Specialist Cadet School, though it may not often be the case.
NSFs who are in active units and who have shown exemplary conduct on and off the field can be recommended to attend the course and take up a NSF Platoon Sergeant Role.
On completion of the platoon sergeant course at the Specialist and Warrant Officer Advanced School, they will assume their appointments.
Promotion to the rank of 2SG will be determined by the parent unit.
NSF platoon sergeants do not normally attain the rank of First Sergeant (1SG) before their national service period has concluded, although they may go on to achieve this rank during their annual reservist cycles.
For Regulars, they are usually first sergeants.
It is a must to have completed their section commander tour before assuming the appointment.
In the United States Army, a platoon sergeant is usually a Sergeant First Class and is the senior enlisted member of the platoon.
From 1929 until 1942 (replaced by technical sergeant) and again from 1958 until 1968 (merged with sergeant first class), the separate rank title of platoon sergeant existed.
The platoon sergeant is the primary assistant and advisor to the platoon leader (and acts as the platoon leader in his or her absence).
Unless the platoon leader has extensive prior experience as an enlisted member or warrant officer before being commissioned as a lieutenant, it is likely that the platoon sergeant will have a greater wealth of military experience due to the disparity in military service length between a new lieutenant and a sergeant first class (typically a platoon leader has less than three years of service, whereas a platoon sergeant has from 7 to 15 years of service).
However, service experience is not a prerequisite for commissioning and command.
Rather, as has been since the beginning of professional armies, the privilege of and eligibility for command is usually predicated primarily on rank and is entrusted to those who have earned it, on the combined basis of: innate aptitude (leadership and management) and intelligence (intellectual and emotional); completed education (civil and military) and training (tactical and technical); and demonstrated skills (physical and conceptual) and competencies (practical and theoretical).
Therefore, the platoon is usually commanded by a commissioned officer (normally a second lieutenant) as his/her first real command position after commissioning.
Nonetheless, the wise and successful newly commissioned officer takes full advantage of the experience of the platoon sergeant by readily seeking and accepting the advice and counsel of a more experienced soldier and leader.
Therefore, the platoon sergeant functions as the crucial conduit of interface between the soldier and the officer by bringing the experience of a senior noncommissioned officer into a sort of "on-the-job training" for the junior company-grade officer, helping to enable the officer to prepare for subsequent increases in levels of command.
On occasion, when a sergeant first class is not available, either organically within the platoon or from another unit, a responsible Staff Sergeant will probably be appointed to fill the platoon sergeant position instead.
Here is an excerpt from the Army's Field Manual titled "The Army Noncommissioned Officer Guide" (FM 7-22.7).
"While the 'Platoon Sergeant' is a duty position, not a rank, the platoon sergeant is the primary assistant and advisor to the platoon leader, with the responsibility of training and caring for soldiers.
The platoon sergeant helps the commander to train the platoon leader and in that regard has an enormous effect on how that young officer perceives NCOs for the rest of his career.
The platoon sergeant takes charge of the platoon in the absence of the platoon leader.
As the lowest level senior NCO involved in the company METL [Mission Essential Task List], and individual tasks to soldiers in their squads, crews or equivalent small units."
In the United States Marine Corps, the billet of platoon sergeant in a rifle platoon is usually held by a staff sergeant (E-6).
In scout sniper, reconnaissance, weapons (i.e., crew-served weapons), armored vehicle (e.g., tank, assault amphibian, light armored reconnaissance), field artillery (both headquarters and firing platoons), and air defense (viz., LAAD) platoons, a gunnery sergeant (E-7) is usually the platoon sergeant.
In 1929 the rank of platoon sergeant was officially authorized.
During World War II the rank of platoon sergeant was a "line" grade while staff sergeant with a bar instead of an inverted arc, or "rocker," was a staff grade.
The separate rank title of platoon sergeant was eliminated in 1946, with all NCOs at this grade converting to staff sergeant.
As in the past, the platoon sergeant is in charge of taking care of the Marines and the platoon's operational control while advising the platoon commander.
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Born in Rehoboth, Massachusetts, Benjamin West was largely an autodidact.
After a school he started in Providence, Rhode Island about 1753 proved unprofitable, he opened a dry-goods store and added what is thought to have been the first bookstore in Providence.
He closed his store and made clothes for soldiers during the American Revolutionary War.
Immediately after the war West opened another school in Providence and then taught at Philadelphia's new Protestant Episcopal Academy from 1787-1788.
In 1786 he was appointed Professor of Mathematics and Astronomy at Rhode Island College (now known as Brown University), and assumed this position in 1788.
He taught mathematics and astronomy at Rhode Island College until 1799.
Upon leaving Rhode Island College West moved to Newport to start a school of navigation in his home.
From 1802 until his death in 1813 he was postmaster of Providence.
He was apparently able to read French, as he referred often to a French text on astronomy.
Benjamin West was a member of the Pennsylvania Society for the Abolition of Slavery.
On April 10, 1766, Benjamin West wrote John Winthrop, then the president of Cambridge College (now known as Harvard College) about a comet he had observed the night before.
His ensuing communications with Winthrop brought him to the attention of other men of science.
As part of a major international scientific effort, West and Joseph Brown observed the transit of Venus on June 3, 1769, publishing "An Account of the Observation of Venus upon the Sun the Third Day of June 1769".
The observation was conducted from a platform on the east side of Providence.
The street has since been named Transit Street in honor of the event.
His work on the transit was so respected that he was made an honorary member of the American Philosophical Society and received an honorary Master of Arts from Cambridge College.
His published observations of the 1769 transits of Venus and Mercury came to the attention of astronomers in both colonial America and England and were brought to the attention of the Royal Society of London.
He observed Lexell's Comet in July 1770 and corresponded again with Winthrop and other astronomers.
His observations contributed to the development of the theory regarding the tails of comets.
In the early 1770's, West formulated theorems for the extraction of the roots of odd powers.
His theorems were published in the first volume of the transactions of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1781.
West exchanged letters with other learned men about questions of science such as gravity, magnetism, matter, and the physical nature and properties of air.
He wrote about his observations of Jupiter's satellites and constructed a new table of them from 1760-1810.
He also calculated eclipses and other astronomical tables.
He reviewed texts on mathematics and astronomy for other authors and sometimes edited them for accuracy.
In addition to his tracts on astronomy and his almanacs, Benjamin West wrote about subjects such as algebra, geometry, fluxions, maxima and minima, and navigation.
His papers included tables in which he had calculated the transits of Mercury and Venus, the places of the sun and moon, and eclipses for years beyond his lifetime.
West published a series of almanacs between 1763 and 1793 for New England.
His first, titled "An Almanack, for the year of our Lord Christ, 1763" was printed by William Goddard on the first printing press in Providence.
This almanac was enlarged in 1764 and published annually until 1781.
He published an almanac for Halifax, Nova Scotia from 1766-1812, except for a few years during the American Revolution.
In 1770, West was granted honorary Master of Arts from Cambridge College and Rhode Island College (known since 1804 as Brown University).
The honorary Master of Arts degree from Cambridge College coincided with his observations of the transits of Venus and Mercury and Lexell's Comet.
In 1772 he received an honorary degree from Dartmouth College.
In 1781 he was elected a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
While teaching at Rhode Island College in 1792, he was awarded the honorary degree of Doctor of Laws for his distinguished services in the cause of science.
Benjamin West was the son of John West, a farmer.
His grandfather had emigrated to Massachusetts from Great Britain.
When Benjamin was a boy, his family moved to Bristol, Massachusetts, where he received a few months of education from Rev.
Mr. Burt.
Other than these few months of formal education he was autodidactic.
In 1753 he married Elizabeth Smith, a daughter of Benjamin Smith of Bristol.
His parents were Baptists but as an adult West attended the Presbyterian Church with his wife.
They had eight children, but only one son and three daughters survived at the time of his death.
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Axel Miller (born 20 February 1965, Uccle, Belgium) is a Belgian businessman.
From January 2006 to September 2008, he was chief executive officer and chairman of the Management Board of Dexia S.A.
Since 2009, he is partner of Petercam, a Belgian financial group, active in private banking, institutional asset management and corporate finance.
Axel Miller started his career in 1987 as a lawyer working for the legal firm "Simont & Simont".
In September 1990, he joined Davis Polk & Wardwell, first in New York (United States) then in Paris (France).
He went to work as a lawyer at the bar in Brussels in January 1991.
In December 1991, he started working for "Stibbe Simont Monahan Duhot" in Brussels, where he became a partner in 1996, a member of the recruitment committee and then member of the Management Board.
In May 1999, he joined "Clifford Chance" in Brussels as a partner.
He joined the Dexia Group in 2001 as General Counsel.
In January 2002, he became a member of the Management Board of Dexia Bank, and in January 2003 he became Chairman of the Management Board of Dexia Bank and Head of Personal Financial Services at Group level.
Axel Miller is Vice-President of the Belgian Banking Association and a member of the Board of Directors of Febelfin.
He is also a Director of several Dexia Group companies, of , of Crédit du Nord and of Carmeuse Holding.
On 30 September 2008 the Belgian, French and Luxembourg governments said they would put in 6.4bn euros ($9bn; £5bn) into keep Dexia afloat.
On the same day at 10:02am the BBC News Channel broke news which had come from the news provider AFP "Dexia Chairman and the Chief Executive resign after bailout".
This was later confirmed live on the BBC News Channel from Brussels at 10:24am.
Axel Miller and Pierre Richard were Chairman and Chief Executive respectively.
--Failed as CEO of DEXIA—A Belgian parlemential commission concluded after a deep investigation that the former CEO of Dexia failed to do his job and was responsible for the bailout of Dexia: Quote: De tekortkomingen van het vorige management gaan het strikte kader te buiten van de beheersfouten die men redelijkerwijs kan dulden.
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Edward Moses "Eddie" Obeid (born 25 October 1943) is an Australian former politician who served as a member of the New South Wales Legislative Council between 1991 and 2011, representing the Australian Labor Party.
He was the Minister for Fisheries and the Minister for Mineral Resources from 1999–2003.
Prior to the March 2015 expiry of his term in the Legislative Council, Obeid announced his decision to retire early on 10 May 2011, citing family reasons.
During his parliamentary career, Obeid was considered by many to be a "power broker" in the New South Wales Labor Party, belonging to the dominant right-wing sub-faction, often referred to as "The Terrigals", so named as its inaugural meeting was held at Obeid's beach house in Terrigal.
It was reported that Obeid might retire at the 2011 state election, prior to the expiry of his term, however he waited until the election was concluded.
Obeid, who joined the Labor Party in 1972, was expelled from the party in May 2013 for bringing the party into disrepute.
A series of three investigative hearings by the Independent Commission Against Corruption between 2012 and 2014 into the conduct of Obeid and others found that Obeid acted in a corrupt manner in relation to cafe leases at Circular Quay and that he misused his position as a Member of Parliament to benefit his family's financial interests in both Direct Health Solutions and in water licences over the family's Bylong Valley farm.
In June 2014 the Commission recommended the Director of Public Prosecutions (DPP) consider prosecuting Obeid for the offence of misconduct in public office over his attempts to influence bureaucrats and Labor colleagues to benefit his family.
In 2013 the DPP announced that it would be prosecuting Obeid for misconduct in public office, and a criminal trial in the Supreme Court of New South Wales began in February 2016.
Obeid pleaded not guilty; however, a jury found Obeid guilty of misconduct in public office.
He was sentenced to five years in jail with a non-parole period of three years.
Obeid was born in the village of Matrite (sometimes called Metrit or Mitrit), a village in Northern Lebanon with a Maronite Catholic majority, in Lebanon At age 6, he migrated to Australia with his family and they settled in Redfern, growing up in a terrace house.
A dual LebaneseAustralian citizen, of Lebanese Maronite Catholic faith, Obeid was an altar boy, sold newspapers from a street corner, and collected deposits on soft drink bottles.
Obeid married Judith in 1965, is now father of nine children and a grandfather of 31 grandchildren.
At age 29 in 1972, Obeid joined the Labor Party.
Prior to entering parliament, Obeid held a range of voluntary roles that included a Trustee of the Art Gallery of New South Wales (1980–1982), a part-time Commissioner of the Ethnic Affairs Commission (1981–1985), a vice-president of the Ethnic Press Association of Australia (1981–1986), a director of the Western Suburbs Hospital Board (sic) (1983–1986), on the Board of Governors of the Law Foundation of New South Wales (1985–1988), the lead of the Australian-Lebanese hostage negotiation mission to Iraq (December 1990), and was the patron of the Australian Lebanese Christian Federation.
Elected to the Legislative Council in 1991 to replace Jack Hallam, despite a brief carriage of junior ministerial responsibilities in the second Carr ministry, Obeid's main contribution to parliament has been through Committee representation and his ability to manipulate factional numbers and votes.
At the time of his resignation from the Council, Obeid claimed that his most satisfying moment in politics was to assist in the passage of legislation to help building sub-contractors.
His term in parliament, though, was dogged by controversy, including:
***LIST***.
A large number of the allegations against Obeid have been generated by Fairfax Media's, "Sydney Morning Herald".
In 2003, following Obeid's decision to not seek re-election to the fourth Carr ministry, he was quoted as saying:
Announcing his decision to retire from the Legislative Council on 10 May 2011, Obeid issued a statement that his granddaughter, Gisele, was diagnosed with cancer tumours in her kidneys in November 2010 and that, despite an operation and extensive chemotherapy, recent scans suggest some of the tumours remain.
He said that "... My wife and I need to spend all our time supporting our son Moses and his wife Nikki through this difficult time."
Following his announcement to retire, John Hatzistergos MLC also announced his intention to retire from the Legislative Council.
Walt Secord, the former chief of staff to the former Premier, Kristina Keneally, and Adam Searle were nominated by Labor to fill the casual vacancies.
Initially working as a taxi driver and then property developer, the source of Obeid's initial wealth and business is not clear.
However, it is known that Obeid, together with his two brothers, inherited their father's estate that comprised land and houses in Lebanon.
In 1973, Obeid together with business partners, purchased an interest in the recently established Arabic press, "El-Telegraph Newspaper", with Obeid later buying out his business partners.
Obeid has since sold his stake and is, "no longer the publisher of that paper".
In September 2002, "The Sydney Morning Herald" alleged that Obeid was one of NSW's richest members of parliament.
Media reports claimed that Obeid had purchased a property in Clovelly for 875,000 in 1991 and the following day sold the property to the New South Wales Department of Housing for A$1.1 million.
"The Herald" also claimed that two companies associated with Obeid have had debts of $AUD5 million written off by various banks.
It was also alleged that the Obeid family trust secured a loan from the Colonial State Bank for A$18 million.
"The Herald" also sourced an internal document from Macquarie Bank, claiming:
These allegations arose at the same time as "The Herald" alleged that Obeid had attempted to solicit a A$1 million payment in return for promising NSW Government support for the Canterbury Bulldogs League Club's A$800 million Oasis housing development in south-western Sydney.
As a result of these allegations, the Independent Commission Against Corruption (ICAC) conducted an inquiry and found that there was no evidence that any donation was made to the Labor Party in relation to the project.
The Commission made a finding that Obeid had never solicited a donation and cleared him of any wrongdoing.
In the meantime, "The Herald" reports for a series of articles concerning Canterbury Bulldogs salary cap breaches and the above (false) allegations had won a Gold Walkley.
Obeid commenced defamation action against Fairfax Media and in 2006 the Supreme Court found that Obeid had been defamed and that the media article had contributed to Obeid losing his job as a NSW minister.
Obeid was awarded A$162,173 in damages, plus costs believed to have been more than A$1 million.
Walkley Awards organisers later said the judging panel, "would not have awarded the prize if it had known the allegations against Mr Obeid would be found to be unsubstantiated".
Obeid's family have property interests in Lebanon, Port Macquarie, Terrigal, Bylong Valley, Woolwich and Hunters Hill, and Concord (since sold); and business interests in live sheep exporting to Syria and Iraq, leases on cafes at Circular Quay, and the marina at .
In November 2012, the New South Wales ICAC began a series of investigative hearings relating to Obeid's alleged property and mining interests.
This inquiry concerned, among other issues, the circumstances surrounding a decision made in 2008 by the then Minister for Primary Industries and Minister for Mineral Resources, Ian Macdonald, to open a mining area in the Bylong Valley for coal exploration.
These circumstances include whether Macdonald's decision was influenced by Obeid.
After the presentation of the ICAC's opening statements in 2012, NSW Opposition Leader, John Robertson asked the NSW Labor Party to suspend Obeid's party membership; which was subsequently terminated in mid-2013.
The witnesses list for the inquiry included former NSW Premiers Morris Iemma and Nathan Rees.
On 31 July 2013 the Commission found that Obeid, Macdonald, and others engaged in corrupt conduct in relation to their actions involving the Mount Penny mining tenement in the Bylong Valley.
The ICAC found that Obeid engaged in corrupt conduct by entering into agreements with Macdonald, whereby Macdonald acted contrary to his public duty as a minister of the Crown.
The Commission recommended that the matter be referred to the Director of Public Prosecutions with respect to prosecuting Obeid and others.
On reviewing the evidence before the Commission of the financial benefits accrued to the Obeid family, the ICAC provided relevant information to the NSW Crime Commission for such action as it deems appropriate, and the ICAC also disseminated relevant information to the Australian Taxation Office for appropriate action.
Further matters were also referred to the Australian Securities and Investments Commission, the Australian Stock Exchange, and the Commonwealth Director of Public Prosecutions.
In 2014 the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission commenced investigations of allegations of cartel conduct in relation to the 2009 tender process for the coal exploration licence.
In 2013 the Australian Tax Office sent a bill totalling almost A$9 million in tax and penalties to more than thirty members of the Obeid family, including family matriarch Judith and most of the couple's children, sons and daughters-in-law and grandchildren.
In January 2014, the Premier, Barry O'Farrell, announced that the Liberal/National government would introduce legislation into Parliament to cancel the exploration licences for Doyles Creek, Mount Penny and Glendon Brook.
In late May 2017, Obeid was committed to stand trial on conspiracy charges with Ian Macdonald, relating to McDonald's granting of a coal exploration licence involving the Mount Penny tenement.
In October 2013, the Commission commenced further investigative hearings surrounding allegations that, between 2000 and 2011, Obeid misused his position as a Member of Parliament to attempt to influence public officials to exercise their official functions with respect to retail leases at Circular Quay, without disclosing that Obeid, his family or a related entity had an interest in some of those leases.
It was also alleged that during the same period, certain public officials improperly exercised their official functions, with respect to retail leases at Circular Quay, to benefit Obeid or his family (Operation Cyrus).
The Commission also investigated allegations that, between 2005 and 2008, Obeid misused his position to attempt to influence other public officials to make decisions favouring Direct Health Solutions Pty Ltd, without disclosing that he, his family or a related entity had an interest in that company (Operation Meeka).
Further, the Commission also commenced investigations into allegations that, between 2007 and 2008, Obeid misused his position as a Member of Parliament to influence public officials to exercise their official functions with respect to the review and grant of water licences at a farm at Bylong in the Upper Hunter, without disclosing that he, his family or a related entity had an interest in the licences.
It is also alleged that during the same period, certain public officials improperly exercised their official functions with respect to the review and grant of the water licences (Operation Cabot).
Former ministers, Carl Scully and Joe Tripodi were called before the Commission; which handed down its findings in June 2014, recommending that the Director of Public Prosecutions (DPP) consider charging Obeid with misconduct in public office.
In November 2014 the ICAC announced that following advice from the DPP, Obeid will be prosecuted for the offence of misconduct in public office for corruptly lobbying his former colleagues to gain lucrative concessions over cafe leases at Circular Quay that were secretly owned by his family.
After a December hearing that refused to place Obeid under strict bail conditions, in February 2015 a Supreme Court judge ordered Obeid to surrender both his Australian and Lebanese passports, in the absence of an extradition treaty between Australian and Lebanon, as Obeid was considered a potential flight risk.
In February 2016 a criminal trial against Obeid commenced in the NSW Supreme Court; however, as new evidence came to light, ten days into the trial the jury was discharged.
In a subsequent criminal trial lasting just over three weeks, a jury found Obeid guilty of misconduct in public office.
He was sentenced in December 2016 to five years in jail with a non-parole period of three years.
In late 2013, it was reported that Obeid and family were building a sandstone mansion in his ancestral home town of Matrit, Lebanon, due for completion in late 2014.
In 2013 Obeid and his wife listed for sale their family home, "Passy", in Hunters Hill, with an initial asking price of A$10 million.
Obeid also made application for fee assistance from the New South Wales government to assist with legal costs.
In May 2017 the NSW Parliament passed legislation to remove parliamentary pensions from former politicians convicted of serious criminal offences.
In June 2017 before the NSW Court of Criminal Appeal, Obeid lodged an appeal against both his conviction and his sentence on the basis that he should not have stood trial in any court because breaches of the code of conduct governing NSW Members Parliament are within the exclusive cognisance or jurisdiction of Parliament, rather than the courts.
The Court is yet to hand down its verdict.
In 1984 Obeid was awarded a Medal of the Order of Australia for his services to ethnic welfare; which was cancelled by the Governor-General in 2014.
As a state minister and Member of the Legislative Council, Obeid was entitled to use the honorific "The Honourable" for life.
Following findings of corrupt conduct against Obeid and the announcement of the decision to commence criminal proceedings, at the request of Mike Baird, the Premier of New South Wales, the Department of Premier and Cabinet asked Obeid to show cause why he should not lose the honorific.
Although Obeid argued for its retention, Baird recommended to Governor David Hurley that the honorific be removed; which was authorised with effect from December 2014.
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Hopes and Fears is the debut album by the English avant-rock group Art Bears.
It comprises tracks by Henry Cow, Art Bears's predecessor, recorded at Sunrise Studios, Kirchberg in Switzerland in January 1978, and tracks by Art Bears, recorded at Kaleidophon Studios in London in March 1978.
"Hopes and Fears" began as a Henry Cow album, but after the first recording sessions in Switzerland, some of the members of the band were unhappy about the predominance of song-oriented material.
As a compromise it was agreed that two albums would be made: the songs would be released by Fred Frith, Chris Cutler and Dagmar Krause as Art Bears, and the instrumental compositions would be released later by Henry Cow.
The newly formed Art Bears recorded four more tracks in London to complete "Hopes and Fears", which was released in May 1978.
Henry Cow returned to Switzerland in July that year to record additional instrumental pieces for what was to be their last album, "Western Culture" (1979).
Because of Henry Cow's presence on this album, "Hopes and Fears" is considered by some to be "the lost Henry Cow album".
But the predominance of songs makes the album a bridge between Henry Cow and Art Bears, a move away from Henry Cow's usual intense compositions, and the beginnings of Art Bears's music, fully realised on their next two albums.
It also shows Fred Frith experimenting with folk and dance music ("Terrain", "Moeris Dancing", "The Dance"), which he explored further on some of his subsequent solo albums, particularly "Gravity" (1980) and "Speechless" (1981).
"Joan" and "On Suicide" had been performed live by Henry Cow in 1977 and appear on "Volume 7: Later and Post-Virgin" of "The 40th Anniversary Henry Cow Box Set" (2009).
This version of "Joan" differs from the earlier live recording in that it is shorter, and the lyrics are not the same.
Chris Cutler wrote the original lyrics for "Joan" and Tim Hodgkinson's "The Pirate Song", but Henry Cow were unhappy with them, and the songs were withdrawn from their repertoire.
"Joan" was only performed a few times, and "The Pirate Song" not at all.
Prior to the "Hopes and Fears" recording session, Cutler rewrote the lyrics of the two songs, but once again there were objections from the feminist faction within Henry Cow.
Dagmar Krause, however, supported the new lyrics and both songs were recorded with the revised texts.
The longest track, "In Two Minds" is the closest Art Bears came to playing "conventional rock music".
The instrumental section in the song sounds like a homage to The Who, a fact that Chris Cutler does not deny, considering the influence the band had on him and others.
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Dorothea Sally Eilers was born on December 11, 1908, in New York City to a Jewish-American mother, Paula or Pauline Schoenberger, and a German-American father, Hio Peter Eilers (who was an inventor).
She had at least one sibling, a brother, Hio Peter Eilers, Jr. She was educated in Los Angeles, California and went into films because so many of her friends were in pictures.
She studied for the stage, specializing in dancing.
Her first try was a failure, so she tried typing, but then went back into pictures and succeeded.
She made her film debut in 1927 in "The Red Mill", directed by Roscoe Arbuckle.
After several minor roles as an extra, she found work with Mack Sennett, perhaps as one of his Sennett Bathing Beauties, in several comedy short subjects, along with Carole Lombard, who had been a school friend.
In 1928, she was voted as one of the WAMPAS Baby Stars, a yearly list of young actresses nominated by exhibitors based on their box-office appeal.
Eilers was a popular figure in early-1930s Hollywood, known for her high spirits and vivacity.
Her films were mostly comedies and crime melodramas such as "Quick Millions" (1931) with Spencer Tracy and George Raft.
She was married for a short time to Hoot Gibson, though the marriage ended in divorce in 1933.
By the end of the decade, her popularity had waned, and her subsequent film appearances were few.
She made her final film appearance in 1950.
She was married four times and had, with her second husband, Harry Joe Brown, one child, a son, Harry Joe Brown Jr. (1934-2006).
She lived in in Beverly Hills, California in a mansion designed by architect Paul R. Williams.
During her final years, Eilers suffered poor health, and died from a heart attack on January 5, 1978, in Woodland Hills, California, at the age of 69.
She was cremated and her remains were interred in a small niche in the Freedom Mausoleum, Columbarium of Understanding, Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery, Glendale, California.
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Nicoll Highway (Chinese: 尼诰大道; ) is a major arterial road in Singapore which links Kallang to the city.
En route, it passes through the areas of Kallang, Kampong Glam and Marina Centre.
Despite what its name may suggest, the speed limit on the highway is less than that of an expressway.
The highway also has traffic light junctions at some of its intersection with roads such as Bras Basah Road and Esplanade Drive, which are not found in expressways.
When the Merdeka Bridge was completed over the Kallang River in 1956, Nicoll Highway became the vital link between the city centre and the rapidly growing east coast.
Nicoll Highway's role is now taken over by the Benjamin Sheares Bridge on the East Coast Parkway.The highway was named by Sir John Fearns Nicoll, Governor of the Colony from 1952 to 1955.
At approximately 3:30 p.m. Singapore Time (UTC+8:00) on April 20, 2004, a section of Nicoll Highway between Ophir Road and Merdeka Bridge collapsed, due to the failure of the retaining wall of the Circle Line tunnel below it.
This section of the road had to be closed for several months for repairs.
All bus services going through that sector of Nicoll Highway had to be redirected.
The road was re-opened in December later that year.
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"Mr. Monk Gets a New Shrink" is the seventh episode of the fifth season of the American comedy-drama detective television series "Monk", and the show's 68th episode overall.
The series follows Adrian Monk (Tony Shalhoub), a private detective with obsessive–compulsive disorder and multiple phobias, and his assistant Natalie Teeger (Traylor Howard).
In this episode, Dr. Charles Kroger (Stanley Kamel), Monk's psychiatrist, retires after blaming himself for the murder of his cleaning lady and Monk has to prove the culprit was not one of Kroger's patients.
Written by Hy Conrad and directed by Andrei Belgrader, "Mr. Monk Gets a New Shrink" was created following a long-time desire of the staff to center an episode on Kamel and make a vacuum bag pivotal in a mystery.
When the episode first aired in the United States on USA Network on August 18, 2006, it was watched by 5.2 million viewers.
The episode was generally well received by critics, with most of the praise regarding Kamel's major role.
It also led Shalhoub to be nominated for an Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series.
Dr. Charles Kroger (Stanley Kamel) arrives at his office and finds Adrian Monk (Tony Shalhoub) and Harold Krenshaw (Tim Bagley) arguing over who should get the following session.
They enter the office and find Teresa Mueller (Lisa Dempsey), the building's cleaning lady, dead, and some of the patient files scattered.
Captain Stottlemeyer (Ted Levine) and Lieutenant Disher (Jason Gray-Stanford) suspect that one of Dr. Kroger's patients was responsible.
Dr. Kroger says it can be Joseph Wheeler (Kevin Fry), who threatened him in the past.
Dr. Kroger blames himself for not predicting the murder, and decides to retire.
Wheeler, however, is dismissed as a suspect as he has a confirmed alibi.
When Monk returns with Natalie (Traylor Howard) to Dr. Kroger's office, they meet Francis Merrigan (Gordon Clapp), who owns an importing and exporting business based in the same building.
Merrigan is carrying a milk carton, which he says he is utilizing for a coffeemaker.
That night, someone throws a rock through the window of Dr. Kroger's house.
Stottlemeyer and Disher keep the suspicion on one of Dr. Kroger's patients.
As they interview the Kroger family, they learn Kroger suspects his rebellious son Troy (Cody McMains) did it.
Monk, however, believes that whoever killed Teresa might have thrown the rock to make everyone believe that one of Dr. Kroger's patients is involved.
Monk recognizes the rock, though he does not know where he saw it.
Dr. Kroger tells Monk he has found a therapist, Dr. Jonah Sorenson (Rick Curry); in session, he remembers where the rock came from.
Monk goes to Dr. Kroger's office and shows Dr. Kroger the rock came from the courtyard, to which only Dr. Kroger and Merrigan have access to.
In Merrigan's office, they find powdered milk but not a coffeemaker and, as powdered milk is made from lactose and drug dealers use it to cut heroin, Monk deduces Merrigan is trafficking drugs, and he probably also killed Teresa.
Suddenly, Merrigan appears, ties them to chairs, and loads them into the back of his truck.
Inside the truck Monk sees a broken Turkish figurines and remembers the vacuum bag was empty.
He deduces that Teresa, while cleaning Merrigan's office, broke a figurine, which contained heroin.
When Merrigan saw the broken figurine he realized that the vacuum bag was filled with heroin.
When he found the drug on the vacuum bag, he killed Teresa.
He spread the patient files and later he threw a rock at Dr. Kroger's house to make it look like the killer was one of Dr. Kroger's patients.
Unbeknownst to them, Harold is following Merrigan's truck and calls the police.
At a warehouse, Harold grabs a gun from a shelf and Dr. Kroger gestures for Harold to shoot Merrigan and his accomplice, who are emptying the vacuum bag to destroy the evidence.
However, Harold makes some noise.
As Merrigan prepares to shoot Harold, the police arrive to arrest Merrigan, but just then, he shoots at Dr. Kroger.
Harold intercepts the bullet in his chest and Merrigan is taken away.
"Mr. Monk Gets a New Shrink" was written by Hy Conrad and directed by Andrei Belgrader.
The idea of hiding the crucial piece of evidence in a vacuum bag had been on the writing table for years at the time that this episode was written.
The writers' problem was that they could not get a realistic idea on how to use it.
One idea had actually been to have a killer hack up his victim, place the dismembered limbs into a self-cleaning oven, then vacuum out the remains and have the bag filled with the victim.
The writers saw this possibility as too gruesome for the show.
Other ideas had included hiding something valuable in the bag and having the killer stalk Monk while trying to recover it.
After some time, they decided that the best method of featuring a vacuum bag was to have a cleaning lady vacuuming up the evidence.
Whereas cleaning ladies had already been the murder victims of several previous episodes, here it seemed absolutely necessary if they wanted an episode to have a realistic plot.
However, the writers believed that having a maid as the victim required a main character to work with in order to give some personal involvement.
Monk was not considered mostly because he does not have a cleaning lady, and if he did, she would never be good enough for him because of his germophobia and meticulousness.
It was eventually decided that the maid would be Dr. Kroger's employee.
The idea of having her work for Dr. Kroger was successful, because the writers had been looking to have an episode where Kamel would be the focus.
This led to further complications in the writing process.
For a few days, it was thought that Monk and Dr. Kroger would work to solve the case, but upon realizing that Monk would not be able to go back to a clinical detachment with Dr. Kroger, they eliminated this idea.
So instead, Dr. Kroger does appear in more scenes than he normally does, but he stays out of the investigation scenes.
As a result, Monk and Dr. Kroger do not break into Francis Merrigan's office to snoop around, though that would have been the typical thing to do if someone else were there.
Rather, they simply peer through the sliding glass door that opens from Merrigan's office into the courtyard.
Another major challenge that came up in production was who Monk's new psychiatrist would be.
Several ideas included a woman, someone too strict or too nice, someone driven crazy by Monk's compulsions, and even someone who would give Monk scream therapy.
The eventual decision came from writer Jonathan Collier, who suggested a one-armed psychiatrist.
Shalhoub liked the idea, but required that they recruit an actual one-armed actor to play Dr. Sorenson.
The Screen Actors Guild actually had several actors waiting to audition, and the part was given to Rick Curry.
"Mr. Monk Gets a New Shrink" was first broadcast in the United States on the USA Network at 9 pm EST on August 18, 2006.
According to Nielsen Media Research, the episode was viewed by an estimated number of 5.21 million viewers.
It was the sixth most watched program on cable television that week with a 3.4 percent household rating and a household audience of 3.7 million.
The episode was well-received; Kamel elected it one of his three favorite episodes of the series, Jeffrey Robinson of DVD Talk dubbed it a "strong episode", while Adam Finley from AOL TV said it was "great".
IGN's Colin Moriarty said one can "have a hardy laugh at the high level of dysfunctionality" with the episode while highlighted the one-armed therapist and mainly the interactions between Monk and Harold as the responsible for its humor.
On his blog Cultural Leanings, critic Myles McNutt affirmed Shalhoub did a "tour de force comic performance" and that "It features most of Monk's best qualities: his feud with fellow patient Harold, his insecurity about his mental health, his reaction to a new therapist with only one arm, and his broad comedy."
Although disliked the scene in which Harold tooks a shoot as it was made in a cliched way, Finley enjoyed seem Dr. Kroger getting more attention.
Similarly, Raven Snook, a "TV Guide" contributor, appreciated the fact that the doctor's home life was explored in the episode.
Jon Weisman, writing for "Variety", selected the scene in which Monk manifests the five stages of grief the best scene of the episode.
The scene was also highlighted by Robert Licuria of the "Los Angeles Times", who nevertheless said the episode felt "a bit 'same old same old.'"
Chris Beachum, writing for the same newspaper, stated it was "the weakest episode" of the series to ever being submitted for the Primetime Emmy Awards, and, unlike other reviewers, considered the grief scene "just too forced and 'showy.'"
Shalhoub was nominated for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series for this episode.
However, he lost at the 59th Primetime Emmy Awards to Ricky Gervais for the "Extras" episode "Sir Ian McKellen".
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Dene Fleetwood Hills (born 27 August 1970 in Wynyard, Tasmania) is an Australian former first-class cricketer who played for the Tasmanian Tigers.
He was a left-handed top order batsman, who spent much of his career opening the batting alongside Jamie Cox.
He currently works as a batting coach for the England and Wales Cricket Board.
Former Wicketkeeper Darren Berry regarded Hills as one of the better players never to have played test cricket.
By the time he had finished school, Hills had already given indication of the talent he possessed.
A gifted batsman with a strong defence, he showed a natural preference for off-side play, and could cut and drive elegantly.
After attending the Australian Cricket Academy in 1989, Dene Hills made his debut for Tasmania against Western Australia at Hobart in the summer of 1991–92.
Hills had limited success in List A cricket, but truly shone as a batsman in the Sheffield Shield.
He quickly established himself at the top of the order at a time when Tasmania was re-organising itself into a competitive side.
He soon formed a strong friendship with fellow opener Jamie Cox, and the pair blossomed into one of Tasmania's best opening partnerships of all time.
The pair formed one of the most consistent domestic partnerships of the 1990s, and Hills defensive strength was the perfect foil for Cox's more attacking flair.
He brought up the first of his 21 first-class centuries with a mature-looking 106 against a vastly experienced Queensland side in his debut season, and the following year, 1992–93, he added four more tons at a season average of 50.16.
He topped Tasmania's run charts for the 1993–94 season, and his 1,068 runs at 48.54 helped to guide the Tigers into their first-ever Shield final.
Their inexperienced side were unable to win on that occasion, but the strong team-ethos of that period helped to build the platform that would lead to later success.
Hills had quickly settled into his role as the mainstay at the top order, and as he matured as a player, he learned to build ever larger innings.
In the 1995–96 season he scored his first double-century against a Queensland bowling attack that featured the international veterans, Carl Rackemann, Michael Kasprowicz and Craig McDermott, all of whom he seemed at ease when facing during that epic innings.
The following season, 1997–98, Hills was in the form of his life, and he scored two more double-centuries back-to-back; 205 against the Victorian Bushrangers, and then his career best 265 in the next match against Southern Redbacks.
The two mammoth innings helped him to compile 1,220 runs for the season and again guide the Tigers to the Shield final.
The tally also earned him the 1997–98 Sheffield Shield Cricket of the Year award.
Hills came closest to receiving international honours following that brilliant season when he was selected for an Australia A tour of Scotland and Ireland.
He made a dashing 118 in the opening match against Scotland, which was his highest-ever limited-overs score, but regrettably the match was not afforded official List-A status, and so Hills ended his career without an official limited-overs century to his name.
In the 1999–2000, and 2000–01 seasons, Hills' form slumped dramatically, with his season average ending below 25.00 for the first time in both campaigns.
in the 2000–01 season, he was dropped after just four matches, and after an illustrious decade leading the Tigers from the front, Dene Hills bowed out of First-class cricket with scores of 5 and 3 in his final two innings.
Hills finished his first-class career with 7,894 runs at an average of 40.07 with a highest score of 265.
As his playing career wound up, Hills also found time to represent Australia in 2001 in the prestigious Hong Kong Sixes competition in Kowloon, scoring the most runs in that year's tournament.
Following his career as a player, Dene Hills moved into cricket coaching and spent time as an assistant coach with both the Tigers, and then the Australian national team.
He also spent time working for the Cricket Centre of Excellence.
In August 2008, he was named as a new batting coach for the England and Wales Cricket Board.
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First, the simple case.
I am reliably informed by Frank Geoghegan of Durrow that one family of Geoghegans got into some difficulty with the authorities (date uncertain).
They moved to Tyrrellspass and changed their name to Gavagan/Gavigan to avoid detection.
Now this family was quite productive, the first generation producing seven sons and six daughters and at least one of the sons producing six sons and seven daughters.
This proliferation ensured that the name quickly became established all over south central Westmeath and is common there today.
This family is most certainly part of the greater MacGeoghegan sept.
Some of these may also have been ancestors to Gav... and Gaff... families referred hereafter.
Part of the O'Neill Ulster clan, the southern Ui Neill of North Leinster, contributes to the Gaffiken, Gavigan, and Geoghegan dispersion.
This helps only to explain somewhat more complex is the situation regarding the name, and other variants, in Ulster, essentially around Belfast.
We are grateful to Trevor Fulton and Hugh Macartney for the following information.
This family has been traced back to its origins in Castletown-Geoghegan and Mullingar, in Co. Westmeath and they went north to Belfast after the Williamite wars which ended at the Battle of the Boyne in 1690.
At this time the name was spelled "Gavigan", but they later settled on "Gaffikin".
The family were Church of Ireland and not Roman Catholic.
They established a large prosperous farm on the outskirts of Belfast and likely raised cattle because the second generation were nearly all butchers in the nineteenth century.
At that time they became owners of linen mills and the famous "Old Comber" distillery.
One Thomas Gaffikin became a Justice of the Peace and a very prominent Belfast historian.
He was known as "Builder" Gaffiking from building a great many houses in fashionable areas.
There are still many descendants living in Belfast.
Arthur Gaffikin born in 1734, married to Prudence Ogans and is buried in Belfast.
From the St. Anne's (Church of Ireland) Parish Church, Belfast, register which exists from 1745, Arthur appears baptising children between 1756 and 1769 consistently using the spelling "Gaffigan".
His son Arthur married to Elizabeth Stewart successively baptises children between 1794 and 1808 using "Geoghegan" (twice), "Gaffigan" (three) then "Gaufikin" and finally "Gauficin".
A little earlier a Thomas Gaffigan marries Catherine Lee and their family are baptised between 1748 and 1768 as "Gafigan", "Magaffigan", "Gaffigan" (three) "Geoghegan" and finally "Gaffigan" again.
Over the years from 1745 to about 1820 the name, though most often "Gaffigan" shows frequent variations including "Gaffican" and "Gaffigan" in addition to those already mentioned, until from about 1820 it settles on "Gaffikin".
A Michael who died in 1818 aged 21 appears on the tombstone as "Gaffikin", but in the newspaper death notice as "Geoghegan".
As we are talking about Ulster, this is as good a point as any to mention again the Geoghegans who are not Geoghegans at all but rather McGuigans.
Woulfe, an eminent family name historian believed MacGuigan to be a variant of MacGeoghegan wherein he was probably misled by the fact that Geoghegan was reported from the Newry area to have been used, incorrectly, in registering births for one or more families known as MacGuigan: this, however, was almost certainly one of the many instances of absorption.
This "misinformation" has been perpetuated in modern times by Ida Grehan in her book "Dictionary of Irish Surnames" in which she mentions Geoghegan only in the context of McGuigan and completely ignores the main sept of Westmeath.
There are no less than 15 modern synonyms of MacGuigan, viz.
Guigan, Maguigan, MacGoogan, MacGookin, MacGuckian, MacGuiggan, MacQuiggan, MacWiggan, MacWiggin, Meguiggan, Gavigan, Geoghegan, Wigan and also Fidgeon and Pidgeon.
The pronunciation of the name in its homeland, Co. Tyrone (especially around Omagh), is MacGwiggen, which suggests Mag Uigin as the Irish form.
MacQuiggin, another Ulster name, in Gaelic Mac Guaigín, also anglicised as MacGuiggan.
It is interesting that the name MacGuigan (also as MacGoughan, MacGuckan and MacGugan) is found in Scotland, particularly in Argyllshire and Kintyre.
There it is from Mac Guagáin, which may be Irish in origin and a corrupt form of Mac Eochagáin and therefore originally McGeoghegan.
Another most complex situation has evolved with regard to the name Ó Gáibhtheacháin.
This name arose in Mayo and spread into Roscommon.
County Roscommon borders County Westmeath where there is overlap in terms of territories, from around Athlone on the Shannon, where the south Roscommon and the west of Westmeath borders meet.
Ó Gáibhtheacháin is variously anglicised as "Gavagan", "Gavigan", "Gavaghan", "Gavican", "Gaffigan", etc.
as well as "Gaughan", which has also been shortened to "Gahan".
When studying the Griffith's Valuation for Roscommon, a survey of property occupiers as of a particular date between 1848 and 1864, It may be noted that there is a unique Geoghegan recorded from, Ballintubber.
However, in Ballintubber, there is one "Gavacen" while in Elphin there is one McGahan.
Two Gaughans are recorded in the adjacent county of Leitrim.
In the census of 1901, there are nine Geoghegans in Roscommon, almost all near Athlone.
Gavagan appears five times, Gavaghan has a single entry in Roscommon, but appears frequently in neighbouring Mayo,The name "Gavigan" also originates on the border between Co. Mayo and Co. Sligo.the parish of Kilmactigue is where The name Gavigan had been predominantly based for the past century or so, indicating an almost county based spelling variation.
Gavican appears eight times in Roscommon, Gavigan three times and Gaughan once.
The geographical spread is quite clear: all the Geoghegans are found in the southern end of the county with the Gavigans, Gavagans, and variations are further to the north of the county.
From migration patterns over land occurring over the centuries, it appears that these Gavigans, etc.
from Roscommon, belong to the Ó Gáibhtheacháin sept. Ó Gáibhtheacháin has, in more recent times, been modernised to Ó Gacháin in Irish, which is a little unfortunate.
It was originally anglicised as Gaughan and it seems that this anglicised form has given rise to the newer Irish form.
However, the names was also anglicised as Gavaghan, which is phonetically closer to Ó Gáibhtheacháin.
This sept possessed territory close to Crossmolina, County Mayo.
They are also mentioned in the Annals as chiefs of Calory in the barony of Trawled.
It seems that at an early stage the spellings divided on a county basis.
While the names Gaughan and Gavaghan are both found in Mayo, the spread of the sept seemed to send the Gaughans north into Sligo, predominantly in the parish of Kilmactigue and the Gavaghans south into Roscommon, where the other variant spellings (Gavagan, Gavigan, Gavican, Gavegan, etc.)
started to appear.
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The Pressurized Mating Adapter (PMA) is a spacecraft adapter that converts the Common Berthing Mechanism (CBM) to APAS-95.
There are three PMAs located on the International Space Station (ISS).
The first two PMAs were launched with the "Unity" module in 1998 aboard STS-88.
The third was launched in 2000 aboard STS-92.
All the PMAs on the ISS are identical but used slightly differently, and all three perform the same basic function of connecting a Common Berthing Mechanism port of an ISS module to an APAS-95 docking port of another module or visiting spacecraft.
For this the PMAs carry a passive CBM port and a passive APAS port.
They are pressurized and heated from the inside, and through docking rings as well as external connections allow for power and data communications transfer.
This was one of the first components of the International Space Station and joins the Russian side of the station with the US side.
On STS-88 the crew used the shuttle's robotic arm to attach the Zarya control module to PMA-1, which was already connected to the aft berthing port of "Unity".
PMA-1 now permanently connects these first two station components.
PMA-2 is currently mounted on the forward port of the "Harmony" connecting node and was used when Space Shuttle orbiters docked at the station.
It is the only PMA that has been outfitted with Station-to-Shuttle Power Transfer System (SSPTS) hardware, which allowed shuttles to stay docked longer to the space station.
Due to space station assembly PMA-2 has been moved several times.
It was originally connected to the forward hatch of "Unity", but when STS-98 delivered the "Destiny" in February 2001, "Destiny" was berthed to that hatch while PMA-2 was moved to the forward hatch of the Z1 truss.
It was finally moved to the forward hatch of "Destiny".
After STS-120 had delivered "Harmony" at the station in October 2007, Canadarm2 relocated PMA-2 to its final location at the forward hatch of "Harmony" on November 12, 2007.
Two days later, the combined package of "Harmony" and PMA-2 was moved to its final location, the forward hatch of "Destiny".
PMA-2 will stay berthed at the forward port of "Harmony" for the remaining duration of the ISS.
When a shuttle docked with the station, its "final approach [was] at a relative velocity of one-tenth of a foot per second.
[As it made] contact with Pressurized Mating Adapter 2 [latches] automatically attached the two spacecraft together.
Once relative motion between the spacecraft stopped, [a shuttle astronaut retracted] the docking ring on [the shuttle's] mechanism, closing latches to firmly secure the shuttle to the station."
In October 2000 STS-92 brought PMA-3, mounted on a Spacelab pallet, to the station.
It was initially attached to the nadir (bottom, or Earth-facing) hatch of "Unity".
One and a half months later, when STS-97 delivered the P6 solar array truss structure, "Endeavour" docked at PMA-3.
Also, when STS-98 moved PMA-2 from "Unity" to "Destiny" via Z1, "Atlantis" was docked at PMA-3.
PMA-3 was not used for Shuttle dockings for the rest of the shuttle's operation.
PMA-3 was moved in March 2001 to "Unity"'s port hatch by the crew of STS-102 to make room for the docking of a Multi-Purpose Logistics Module (MPLM).
On August 30, 2007, PMA-3 was moved to the nadir port of "Unity" to make room for the temporary docking of the new "Harmony" module that was delivered by STS-120.
"Harmony" was transferred to the forward port of "Destiny", while PMA-3 was moved back to the port berthing mechanism of "Unity" on August 7, 2009, to accommodate reconfiguration of the "Unity" port bulkhead by crew members in a pressurized environment.
On January 25, 2010, PMA-3 was moved from the port berthing mechanism of "Unity" to the zenith (space facing) port of "Harmony" to make room for the new "Tranquility (Node 3)" module which was added to the station during STS-130.
After activation of "Tranquility", PMA-3 was moved again on February 16, 2010 to the port location on "Tranquility" where the Cupola had been docked for launch.
The Pressurized Mating Adapter-3 (PMA-3) was robotically removed March 26, 2017 from the Tranquility module and attached to the Harmony module after being prepared during a successful spacewalk March 31, 2017.
A second spacewalk was conducted on March 30, 2017 at 8 a.m. EDT to finalize the PMA-3 cable connections on Harmony.
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Muslim Mahammad oglu Magomayev () (18 September 1885 in Grozny – 28 July 1937 in Nalchik) was an Azerbaijani and Soviet composer and conductor.
He is the grandfather and a namesake of Azerbaijani opera singer Muslim Magomayev.
He was born Abdulmuslim Magomayev into a family of a blacksmith on the same day another prominent Azerbaijani composer Uzeyir Hajibeyov was born.
He had studied at a primary school in Grozny before being admitted to the Gori Pedagogical Seminary (in present-day Georgia) in 1900.
There Magomayev developed passion for music and conducting.
That was also where he first met Uzeyir Hajibeyov, then his fellow student.
However Magomayev found musical career financially unpromising and decided to focus on teaching.
In 1905, he acquired his teaching certificate at the Tiflis Teachers' College and was appointed a teacher to the village of Bekovichi (now Kizlyar, Republic of North Ossetia–Alania).
In 1906, he was voluntarily reappointed to Lankaran (present-day Azerbaijan).
In 1911, he received a license that allowed him to teach in high schools and moved to a Baku suburb, Sabunchu.
While teaching at a school he took up music and conducting once again.
In 1916, Magomayev wrote his first opera entitled "Shah Ismayil" based on the homonymous Azeri folk epic.
Unlike other early Azeri operas, "Shah Ismayil" was less focused on the ethnic musical component and embodied European opera styles.
Magomayev's most major work was "Nargiz".
Written in 1935, this successful propaganda opera depicts Azerbaijani communists in their fight against the short-lived Azerbaijan Democratic Republic.
Overall, Magomayev was the author of 15 musical compositions, mostly rhapsodies.
In 1927, together with Hajibeyov, he published " The Collection of Azerbaijani Folk Songs"; a book where over 300 pieces of folk music had been documented in notes.
In 1935 Muslum Magomayev was selected Honoured Arts worker of Azerbaijan SSR.
In 1905, Magomayev married Baydigul Jamal Teregulova (whose younger sister Maleyka later married Uzeyir Hajibeyov making the two composers relatives) and fathered two sons.
In 1937, he died of tuberculosis while visiting Nalchik (Republic of Kabardino-Balkaria, Russia) and was buried in Baku.
The Magomayev Azerbaijan State Philharmonic Society is named after Muslim Magomayev.
Muslum Magomayev’s “Shah Ismail” opera has been composed in 1916.
The mugham opera composed in 1915-1916 is consist of 6 acts and 7 scenes.
Libretto and text were written by composer Mirza Gadir Ismailzade.
The premiere of the opera was held on March 7, 1919 in Baku, with a benefit performance of Huseyngulu Sarabski.
Muslim Magomayev was conductor and Huseyn Arablinski was director of the opera.
Actors were: H.Sarabski - Shah Ismail, M.H.Teregulov - Aslan Shah and Huseynagha Hajibababeyov – Gulzar.
”Nargiz ”– is the second opera by Muslim Magomayev, Azerbaijani composer and Honored Art Worker of the Azerbaijan SSR, written in 1935.
Mammed Said Ordubadi is the author of a libretto to the opera.
It is considered the most significant composition of Muslim Magomayev.
Music of the opera consists of folk songs of Azerbaijan.
In 1938, the opera was shown during the Decade of Azerbaijani Arts in Moscow, with the editorship of Reinhold Glière.
It is also noted that, the opera narrates about a struggle of Azerbaijani peasants for the Soviet Power.
“Nargiz” is the first Azerbaijani opera on a modern theme.
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Wylie was born in Oxford, England, the fourth son of Sir Francis Wylie, later the first Warden of Rhodes House in Oxford.
He was educated at the Dragon School (in Oxford) and then Winchester College.
He won a scholarship to New College, Oxford where he studied mathematics and classics.
In 1934, he went to study topology at Princeton University, obtaining a PhD in 1937 with Solomon Lefschetz as his supervisor.
At Princeton he met fellow English mathematician Alan Turing.
He became a fellow of Trinity Hall, Cambridge in 1938/1939.
During World War II, Turing had been recruited to work at Bletchley Park, Britain's codebreaking centre.
Turing wrote to Wylie around December 1940, who was by then teaching at Wellington College, inviting him to work at Bletchley Park.
He accepted, and arrived in February 1941.
He joined Turing's section, Hut 8, which was working on solving the Enigma machine as used by the "Kriegsmarine".
He became head of the crib subsection, and allocated time on the bombe codebreaking machines.
Hugh Alexander, successor to Turing as head of Hut 8, commented that "except for Turing, no-one made a bigger contribution to the success of Hut 8 than Shaun Wylie; he was astonishingly quick and resourceful and contributed to theory and practice in a number of different directions".
Wylie transferred in Autumn 1943 to work on "Tunny", a German teleprinter cipher.
He married Odette Murray, a WREN in the section.
In 1945, soon after the victory in Europe, Wylie demonstrated how Colossus — electronic machines used to help solve Tunny — could have been used unmodified to break the Tunny "motor wheels", a task which had been previously done by hand.
While at Bletchley Park, he became president of the dramatic club.
He had also played international hockey for Scotland, but according to fellow codebreaker I. J.
Good, he "never mentioned any of his successes".
After the war, he was a fellow at Trinity Hall until 1958 and lectured in mathematics.
He was the Ph.D. advisor for Frank Adams, Max Kelly, Crispin Nash-Williams, William Tutte and Christopher Zeeman.
With Peter Hilton, he authored "Homology Theory: An Introduction to Algebraic Topology", published in 1960.
In 1958, he became Chief Mathematician at GCHQ, the UK signals intelligence organisation.
In July 1969, he was sent a draft paper by James H. Ellis, another GCHQ mathematician, about the possibility of what was termed "non-secret encryption", or what is now more commonly known as public-key cryptography, on which Wylie commented "unfortunately, I can't see anything wrong with this".
He retired in 1973, and taught at Cambridgeshire High School for Boys (later Hills Road Sixth Form College) in Cambridge for seven years.
He was elected an honorary fellow at Trinity Hall in 1980.
Wylie supervised five PhD students at Cambridge, through whom he has 1037 "descendants" according to the American Mathematical Society Mathematical Genealogy Project.
In addition he influenced the intellectual development of generations of pupils at the Cambridgeshire High School for Boys / Hills Road Sixth Form College where he taught maths and classical Greek and where he also produced plays, such as Chekhov's "The Cherry Orchard" and coached the school Chess Team which rather than playing other schools, played and usually won against college and university teams.
He also came out of retirement temporarily to teach Mathematics at Long Road Sixth Form College.
After retirement from teaching, Wylie was instrumental in the founding of the Liberal Democrats and in the Cambridge-based University of the Third Age (U3A) and at the time of his death was preparing to read in the next Cambridge Greek Play, Aeschylus' "Agamemnon".
Shaun "Doc" Wylie, as he was known to his pupils and students, possessed an incisive insightful intellect and was a man who brought good humour to those around.
He was reticent and modest about his many significant accomplishments.
He would patiently encourage and coach those who he felt were promising but under-performing.
He was an inspiration to those who came in contact with him.
His eldest son, the late Keith Wylie (1945–1999), a barrister, was a croquet international and open champion of Great Britain.
He died on 2 October 2009.
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Homenetmen Beirut Basketball Club ( standing for "Armenian General Union of Body Culture") is the basketball department of Homenetmen, a Lebanese-Armenian multi-sports club based in Beirut.
The club was established in 1924 and is part of the worldwide pan-Armenian Homenetmen association.
Also known simply as Homenetmen, Homenetmen Beirut Basketball Club is the professional basketball team of the major Beirut based multi-sport club Homenetmen.
The basketball team was founded in 1924 and is one of the oldest in the country.
Homenetmen Beirut has a long-running program for basketball in the Lebanese Basketball League for both men and women and has been one of the pioneers of the sports from the day of its foundation in Lebanon.
In 2003, Homenetmen was relegated from the Lebanese basketball first division.
The club played for the first time in history in the Lebanese basketball second division.
After playing for 2 seasons in the second division the club qualified back to the first division in 2005 but was unable to play due to financial reasons.
For years, the club fought for a place in the play-offs of the second division but ended getting knocked out.
In 2012, Homenetmen reached the playoff semifinals but lost the series.
In 2013, Homenetmen became the champions of the second division and got qualified to the Lebanese Basketball first division.
Homenetmen ended a 10-year wait for top-flight promotion to Lebanese basketball’s first division as they claimed the final series comfortably 3-0 after a 58-51 victory over Tadamon Zouk.
The Armenian side will play in the first division for the first time since the 2004-05 season.
Homenetmen had already, in their squad, several players accustomed to the top division.
One of these players is Ghatas, who played for Sagesse for eight years, as well as Champville.
With the start of the 2013-2014 season, Homenetmen signed Terrence Leather, Justin Gray, Hayg Gyokchyan, and even the veteran Joe Vogel.
Homenetmenagan and fan favorite youngster Sevag Ketendjian was named captain of the team.
The season started poorly with just 2 wins out of 6.
Homenetmen fired their Serbian coach Nenad Krzic, released Justin Gray from the team and signed the American high-flier Dion Dixon and Bosnian coach Alan Abaz who guided the team to the first division the previous year.
Under Abaz, the team found its winning form with a winning record of 8-1 without losing a game at home, defeating reigning champions Riyadi 70-63 at home and beating Sagesse 68-63 away.
The club finished the regular season 6th and would face Amchit in the playoffs.
The series ended 3-0 for Amchit.
Before the start of the 2014-2015 season Honenetmen team had problems with the Committee and with the president Guy Manoukian where Homenetmen formed another committee , the team signed Mike Fraiser, Jimmy Salem, Mattiew Dib and the ex-NBA player Rashad McCants under the guidance of coach Joe Moujaes, with Sevag Ketendjian still captain of the team.
Homenetmen finished the regular season 7th and faced Sagesse in the playoffs.
During the playoffs, Homenetmen would re-sign Dion Dixon and release Rashad McCants.
Sagesse won the series 3-1 with a one-point win in the last match.
Season 2014-2015 was horrible to the Homenetmen family because of the poor results where they resolved the new formed committee and appointed back the old committee again with Guy Manoukian as president.
Before the start of the 2015-2016 season, Homenetmen signed Bilal Tabbara, Nadim Souaid, Badih Souaid, Dewayne Jackson, Justin Tubbs, Norvel Pelle, and even adding the Lebanese superstar Ahmad Ibrahim.
Sevag Ketendjian remained captain of the team for the third year in a row.
The team was knocked out of the Lebanese Basketball Cup after losing in the semifinals against Tadamon Zouk.
Homenetmen started the league with a 3-0 winning streak defeating Champville, Byblos and Louaize but lost to Riyadi.
Homenetmen was down 2-0 against hoops at the quarter final where they fired Jusin Tubbs and signed Kevin Galloway where they managed to win the series 2-3 ,afterwards they reached their objective and qualified for the Semi-Finals for the first time in the history of LBL, but Homenetmen got kicked out of semis from Al Riyadi Club 2-4.
Before the start of 2016-2017 season Homenetmen were too fast to sign Nadim Hawi, Karam Mechref, Elie Chamoun, Nadim Souaid, Paolo Bedikian, Daniel Baghdadian, Simon Ohanian, Hayk Gyokjchian, and the Legend Fadi Al Khatib, with the three foreigners Dewayne Jackson, Ater Majok and Kevin Galloway.
And appointed Joe Moujaes as head coach with still remaining Sevag Ketenjian captain of the team.
Homenetmen finished the season top of the league with 17 wins and 1 loss and routing the second round with 6 wins.
For the 4 consecutive year Homenetmen entered the playoff, 3-0 over Champville SC, Homenetmen goes on to the semi-finals of the playoff against Mouttahed
Homenetmen's long-time home court is the Tenjoukian Stadium, which is one of the smallest indoor venue in Lebanon.
It is located in Mzher, Antelias.
The construction of the venue was completed in 2000.
The stadium, nicknamed Orange Hell, is considered to be one of the toughest grounds in the league due to Homenetmens supporters.
The seating capacity is 1000, however the arena can hold up to a capacity of more than 1500-2000 when standing.
The Homenetmen Beirut's women's basketball program competes in first division league.
Homenetmen Beirut's very successful Women's Basketball program is flourishing with top positions in Division 1 for Women as well as in the Arabic Basketball Championships for Women.
The roster of the 2009-2010 season was as follows:
***LIST***.
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Introducing Joss Stone (stylised as Introducing... Joss Stone) is the third studio album by English singer and songwriter Joss Stone, released on 9 March 2007 by Virgin Records.
Stone began writing the album in April 2006 in Barbados, before meeting up with producer Raphael Saadiq in the Bahamas to record the songs.
"Introducing Joss Stone" also features guest vocal appearances by rapper Common and singer Lauryn Hill.
Upon its release, the album was met with generally positive reviews from music critics.
"Introducing Joss Stone" was not as commercially successful as Stone's previous albums in her native United Kingdom, peaking at number 12 on the UK Albums Chart and selling 27,000 copies in its first week.
In the United States, it debuted at number two on the "Billboard" 200 with first-week sales of 118,000 units, yielding the second highest debut for a British female solo artist on the chart.
It also performed well across continental Europe, charting inside the top 10 in several countries.
The album has sold 1.3 million copies worldwide.
Chris Anokute was hired by Virgin Records chairman Jason Flom to A&R "Introducing Joss Stone" with a budget of $1 million, which Anokute described to HitQuarters as his "first real A&R job".
In April 2006, Flom sent Stone to Barbados with Anokute for two months, where she began writing the lyrics and he helped her develop the songs.
Stone wrote an estimated 60 songs.
In collaboration with Stone's manager Marty Maidenberg and Merck Mercuriadis, Anokute developed the vision for the album, enlisting producers and musicians such as Raphael Saadiq, Novel, Dallas Austin and Common.
Anokute also arranged a duet with Lauryn Hill, who had not guested on anyone else's record since her debut album, "The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill" (1998).
After spending months in Barbados, Stone travelled to Nassau, Bahamas, to meet up with Saadiq, who produced the entire album.
"Raphael is the most incredible musician I've ever met in my whole life", Stone said.
"Musically, I feel like he reads my mind.
I'll give him a look and he'll know exactly what I want."
The two spent two months in Nassau recording at Compass Point Studios, followed by the album's mixing at Electric Lady Studios in New York City.
On 13 March 2007, VH1 launched a music series titled "Album Autopsy: Introducing Joss Stone" on its broadband video channel VSPOT.
The series took an in-depth look at the entire album process, including Stone's songwriting process, recording sessions, creation of the album cover art and interviews with Stone and people involved in the album's production.
The deluxe edition of the album includes a bonus DVD containing behind-the-scenes footage, interviews with Stone and the music video for "Tell Me 'bout It".
From March to June 2007, Stone performed on several American television shows to promote the album, including "Late Show with David Letterman", "Tavis Smiley", "Today", "The Early Show", "The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson", "The Tonight Show with Jay Leno", "Dancing with the Stars", "The Ellen DeGeneres Show" and "Live!
with Kelly and Michael".
Stone claimed that her record label cancelled all her upcoming press appearances to promote the album in the United Kingdom, as a result of the backlash that her appearance at the 2007 Brit Awards received from the British media.
Stone toured North America in support of the album from 27 April to 13 June 2007, visiting 16 cities in total, including Philadelphia, New Orleans, San Francisco, Vancouver, Seattle, Chicago, Toronto, Montreal, New York City and Boston.
Two months later, Stone embarked on a North American late-summer tour, which ran from 27 August to 29 September 2007 and covered 12 cities: Los Angeles; Park City, Utah; Snowmass Village, Colorado; Seattle; Jacksonville, Oregon; Las Vegas; Mexico City; Austin, Texas; Biloxi, Mississippi; Chicago; San Francisco; and Kansas City, Missouri.
"Tell Me 'bout It" was released on 5 March 2007 as the lead single from "Introducing Joss Stone".
The song peaked at number 28 on the UK Singles Chart, and became Stone's first solo single to chart on the US "Billboard" Hot 100, reaching number 83.
The album's second single, "Tell Me What We're Gonna Do Now", features rapper Common and was released on 23 July 2007, peaking at number 84 on the UK Singles Chart.
Despite not being released as a single, "Bruised but Not Broken" was sent to urban adult contemporary radio in the United States on 17 July 2007, allowing the song to reach number 55 on Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs and number 13 on Hot Adult R&B Airplay.
It was ultimately ranked number 38 on "Radio & Records"s urban AC year-end chart of 2007 with 9,049 plays.
"Baby Baby Baby" was released on 23 December 2007 as the album's third and final single.
The song reached number eight on the UK R&B Singles Chart, but failed to chart on any other major charts.
"Introducing Joss Stone" received generally positive reviews from music critics.
At Metacritic, which assigns a normalised rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream publications, the album received an average score of 64, based on 22 reviews.
"Rolling Stone"s Christian Hoard felt that "[t]here are a couple of moments on Stone's third album when she clobbers a melody with enough showy vocal oomph to make even Christina Aguilera fans squirm.
But for the most part, Stone employs her remarkable instrument with focus and nuance on "Introducing", and the result is an album full of solid pop-wise R&B."
Mike Joseph of PopMatters commented that "[i]t's certainly the first great R&B album I've heard this year.
While there's still the occasional affectation that I wish she would get rid of, Stone has grown into her music quite a bit."
Tim Perlich of Canadian magazine "Now" noted, "With the fast-maturing Stone gaining greater control of her powerful pipes and a recent breakup adding to the underlying sexual tension while stoking the creative fire, the craftily reconstituted 70s R&B concept works exceptionally well."
"Blender" critic David Browne wrote, "Nearly every song is a souped-up retro-funk tornado, pushed along by blaxploitation-soundtrack guitars, scenery-chewing backup singers and, of course, Stone's husky pipes."
Both "Billboard" and "Entertainment Weekly" praised Saadiq's production; the former called it "brimming with horns and seriously in-the-pocket rhythm sections, but there are also enough hip-hop touches and contemporary arrangements to keep the tracks in the now", while the latter opined that "[h]e brings a strong focus to "Introducing Joss Stone", blending the digital crispness of modern R&B with Stone's preferred flavors of retro: swooping Motown-style strings, girl-group background vocals, gutbucket soul guitar."
In a review for AllMusic, Stephen Thomas Erlewine found that ""Introducing" does sound brighter, fresher than her other two albums, pitched partway between Amy Winehouse and "Back to Basics" Christina yet sounding very much like Texas at their prime, but it's all surface change."
"Introducing Joss Stone" debuted at number 12 on the UK Albums Chart with 27,000 copies sold in its first week, failing to match the success of Stone's previous albums, "The Soul Sessions" (2003) and "Mind Body & Soul" (2004).
The album was certified silver by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) on 22 July 2013, denoting shipments in excess of 60,000 copies.
The album debuted on the US "Billboard" 200 at number two with first-week sales of over 118,000 copies, becoming Stone's highest-peaking album in the United States to date and the highest-charting debut for a British female solo artist on the "Billboard" 200 in the Nielsen SoundScan era, beating the record previously held by Amy Winehouse, whose album "Back to Black" had debuted at number seven the week before.
This record was eventually broken by Leona Lewis's "Spirit", which debuted at number one on the "Billboard" 200 in April 2008.
The Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) certified the album gold on 1 May 2007, within two months of release.
As of July 2011, it had sold 652,000 copies in the US.
The album debuted at number six on the Canadian Albums Chart and at number one on the R&B albums chart.
It was certified gold by the Canadian Recording Industry Association (CRIA) on 11 April 2007 for sales in excess of 50,000 copies.
In mainland Europe, "Introducing Joss Stone" peaked at number one in the Netherlands, and charted within the top five in Belgium and Switzerland, and the top 10 in Austria, Germany, Italy and Portugal.
It was less successful in Nordic countries, peaking at number 27 in Norway, number 31 in Sweden and number 38 in Denmark, while failing to chart at all in Finland.
Across Oceania, the album charted at number 15 in Australia and at number 17 in New Zealand.
In March 2007, EMI reported that "Introducing Joss Stone" had sold 1.3 million copies worldwide.
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Phil Jackson (born c. 1932) is a former Great Britain Rugby League World Cup winning footballer, and captain playing at , or /, as well as a Barrow club legend.
Jackson won 27 Great Britain caps, played in the 1954 and 1957 Rugby League World Cups and twice toured Australasia with the Lions.
Jackson was born in Canada but moved to Barrow-in-Furness, England, with his parents at the age of three.
He played rugby league at school but his first senior rugby experience came in union after he took up an apprenticeship at a shipyard.
He switched to league when he was offered professional terms by Barrow in 1950 at the age of 18.
With Barrow, where he was known as the 'Prince Among Centres', he played in three Challenge Cup finals in the 1950s.
Injury forced him to retire in 1959 but he later moved to Australia and was tempted back into playing by the Goulburn Workers Club in New South Wales.
He took up coaching after retiring and eventually settled in Wagga Wagga.
He was inducted into the Barrow Hall of Fame when it was launched in 2001 alongside 1950s team-mates Willie Horne and Jimmy Lewthwaite.
Phil Jackson played , i.e.
number 3, in Barrow's 0-10 defeat by Wigan in the 1951 Challenge Cup Final during the 1950–51 season at Wembley Stadium, London on Saturday 5 May 1951, played , i.e.
number 3, in the 21-12 victory over Workington Town in the 1955 Challenge Cup Final during the 1954–55 season at Wembley Stadium, London on Saturday 30 April 1955, in front of a crowd of 66,513, and played , i.e.
number 3, and scored a try in the 7-9 defeat by Leeds in the 1957 Challenge Cup Final during the 1956–57 season at Wembley Stadium, London on Saturday 11 May 1957, in front of a crowd of 76,318.
Phil Jackson played , i.e.
number 3, in Barrow's 12-2 victory over Oldham in the 1954 Lancashire County Cup Final during the 1954–55 season at Station Road, Swinton on Saturday 23 October 1954.
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The Turnip Prize is a spoof UK award satirising the Tate Gallery's Turner Prize by rewarding deliberately bad modern art.
It was started as a joke in 1999, but gained national media attention and inspired similar prizes.
Credit is given for entries containing bad puns as titles, displaying "lack of effort" or "is it shit?".
Conversely, entries with "too much effort" or "not shit enough" are immediately disqualified.
The first prize is a turnip nailed to a block of wood.
In 2016 Octopus Book commissioned a book -https://www.amazon.co.uk/Turnip-Prize-Retrospective-know-crap/dp/1844039390
Conceived in 1999 by management and regulars of The George Hotel (now in the New Inn), Wedmore, Somerset after the exhibition of Tracey Emin's "My Bed" was shortlisted for the Turner Prize.
It is organised by Trevor Prideaux.
Announced as, "The Turnip Prize is a crap art competition ... You can enter anything you like, but it must be rubbish."
The competition is based on the supposition, "We know it's rubbish, but is it art?".
Competitors submitted entries of ridiculous objects posing as contemporary art, mostly made from junk titled with spoofs or puns.
The prize is a turnip impaled on a rusty six-inch nail.
In May 2000, the nominees appeared on the BBC TV Esther Rantzen show that has been featured by national and international media.
In 2001, the competition was held in the public conveniences in Wedmore.
In 2002, the "Monster Raving Loony Party" attempted to hijack the competition at The Trotter, Crickham, Wedmore.
In 2003, the winner was James Timms with "Take a Leaf out of My Chook", an exhibit of a raw chicken stuffed with leaves.
James Timms subsequently appeared on BBC radio Scotland's "Fred Macaulay Show" with Ed Byrne.
In 2005, Ian Osenthroat, a 69-year-old former photocopier salesman, won with the exhibit "Birds Flew", a bird's nest with a flu remedy box.
He commented satirically, "I have entered this most coveted art award on several occasions and I really feel that the lack of effort this year has really paid off."
Winner in 2006 was Ian Lewis with the exhibit "Torn Beef", an empty corned beef can.
He stated, "The work took no time at all to create."
Trevor Prideaux commented, "I believe that over the last seven years the bad artists of Wedmore and surrounding areas have created far better works than Nicholas Serota and The Tate Britain Gallery could ever wish to exhibit."
Also in 2006, the BBC's Chief Somerset Correspondent, Clinton Rogers, was immortalised as "Clint on a Row of Jars".
In 2007, the competition gained more publicity with the entry of artwork with the title "By the Banksea".
The painting bears a striking resemblance to work by the famous Bristol graffiti artist Banksy, and its origins are likewise a closely guarded secret.
"By the Banksea" portrays a seaside Aunt Sally in the form of a stencil of the "Mona Lisa", but in true Banksy-style, Mona Lisa is depicted holding a rocket launcher firing a turnip over the wreckage of a seaside pier and an emergency exit sign.
Competition organiser Trevor Prideaux commented: "It does seem to be in Banksy's style.
But someone has thought too much about this one and tried too hard.
So for that reason it's not likely to win."
The piece was duly disqualified for "too much effort, and not shit enough."
The 2007 competition was won by Bracey Vermin with "Tea P", a group of used tea bags in the shape of a letter P.
Competition entries for 2010 included "Ivor Crush"'s clothes hanger linking the letter U in "Crush", entitled "Hung up on You", and an entry by Banksy, which focused on the recent student protests of the day.
Entries for 2011 included a piece of cheese carved into the letter E, entitled CheeseE, a fish full of dollars.
Exhibit of an Action Man toy – called "First Class Mail" – with a carefully placed stamp and a coloured rock called "Half a Stone Lighter".
This year's prize featured on the BBC's "Have I Got News For You" for two weeks running.
2012 - 87 entries
Also featured in "The Boston Globe" and BBC World Service - Russia
2013 - 69 entries, which included entries from Ireland, Italy, Paris and the USA
2014 - 69 entries, which included entries from Canada, USA, Germany and Italy
2015 - 69 entries, which included entries from France, Czech Republic, Norway and Macedonia plus "Breakfast TV", "Wright Stuff", and ITV
2016 - 99 entries, which included entries from Brisbane, Australia (delivered by hand), Scotland, Northern Ireland and Lundyhttp://livemendips.co.uk/news/plumsky-wins-pole-position-in-turnip-prize-2016/https://www.flickr.com/photos/salsgallery/30649999303/http://www.cornwalllive.com/rubbish-artwork-pole-dark-mocks-cornwall-s-beloved-poldark-to-win-turnip-prize-spoof-of-turner-prize/story-29966368-detail/story.htmlhttp://www.thewestonmercury.co.uk/news/poldark_announced_as_winner_of_coveted_turnip_prize_1_4811160http://www.thebreeze.com/somerset/news/local-news/trestt/http://www.inweston.co.uk/poldark-announced-as-winner-of-coverted-turnip-prize/http://www.burnhamandhighbridgeweeklynews.co.uk/news/somersetnews/14948802.__39_Pole_Dark__39__scoops_this_year__39_s_coveted_Turnip_Prize/https://www.thesun.co.uk/?s=the+turnip+prizehttp://www.somersetlive.co.uk/search/search.html?searchType=&searchPhrase=the+turnip+prize&where= Chat Magazine https://scontent-lht6-1.xx.fbcdn.net/v/t1.0-9/16194937_10154922003899417_7489711826235180234_n.jpg?oh=c48fba14d17a14b3d9834108f661fbd5&oe=591A86DE and ITN 5pm News, ITV Westcountry, London Live, BBC Radio Somerset, Bristol and Cornwall, Glastonbury FM, Points West, GMTV, Heart FM, The Wright Stuff, Metro, Have I Got News For You 9.12.16 shown 12.12.16
Many independent "Turnip Prize" competitions are now held around the world, with differing rules made up by those who are running the competitions.
Competitions generally aspire to concept, "We know it's rubbish, but is it art?"
and competitors submit entries made from junk with titles that are nonsensical or puns.
Marks are awarded for amusement and lack of effort, and competitors are frequently disqualified for applying too much effort.
In 2001, "The Sun" tabloid newspaper featured its own Turnip Prize.
In 2002 "The Turnip Award" was opened annually for students at Edinburgh College of Art to "carve or design something out of the humble vegetable".
The 2005 prize was a mountain bike.
In 2005 a Turnip Prize was staged at St Paul's Gallery in Tower Hamlets, London for local residents.
The term was previously used in 1998 by YBA Jake Chapman of the Chapman Brothers (2003 Turner Prize nominees): "We thought if we couldn't get the Turner Prize we should get the Turnip Prize."
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The 7th Division was formed in Sapporo, Hokkaidō on 12 May 1888, as the first new infantry division to be created after the reorganization of the Imperial Japanese Army away from six regional commands and into a divisional command structure.
The reorganization was recommended by Prussian military advisor Jakob Meckel.
It was responsible for the defence of Hokkaidō, which it divided into four operational areas (Sapporo, Hakodate, Asahikawa and Kushiro).
As one of the projects of the Japanese government was to encourage the settlement of Hokkaidō by ex-soldiers, the 7th Division was over-strength, and contained many soldiers originally from other areas of Japan.
The territorial division was converted to field infantry division 12 May 1896, in the aftermath of the First Sino-Japanese War.
30 October 1901, most of division units were transferred to Takasu village in Kamikawa (Ishikari) District, Hokkaido, where previously only 28th infantry regiment was located.
After extensive building project, the division moved to new Takasu headquarters 21 October 1902, and 25 October 1902 the Sapporo Military prison was moved to the same location.
The 7th Division saw combat during the Russo-Japanese War, where it was assigned to the Siege of Port Arthur, and later to the Battle of Mukden.
Assigned to Manchuria from 1917-1919, it also participated in the Siberian Intervention from 6 June 1918.
The division has returned to Asahikawa, Hokkaido 5 May 1919.
It was reassigned to Manchuria twice in 1934 and 1936, performing police duties without significant events.
In February 1938, the "7th division" was permanently assigned to Kwantung Army, but arrived too late to participate in the Battle of Lake Khasan in July 1938.
Parts of division were reinforcing 23rd division during the disastrous Battles of Khalkhin Gol in 1939.
By the September 1939, the entire division have arrived to front lines, with 26th infantry regiment in particular noted for finally stopping a Soviet advance.
Because the Hokkaido was left mostly undefended, the "7th division" has returned to Asahikawa, Hokkaido in August 1940, being subordinated directly to Imperial General Headquarters as part of the strategic reserve.
Also in 1940, the 25th infantry regiment was transferred to "Sakhalin mixed brigade", which become 88th division in February 1945.
As result, the "7th division" has become the triangular division.
In 1942, despite its specialization in Arctic warfare, the 28th Infantry Regiment of the 7th Division, under the command of Kiyonao Ichiki was assigned to occupy Midway in the central Pacific.
After the Japanese defeat at the Battle of Midway, which caused the cancellation of the invasion of Midway, the regiment was on its way back to Japan when it was rerouted to Guadalcanal in the Solomon Islands in August 1942.
Also, a detachment of "7th division" have formed a garrison for Japanese occupation of Attu.
At Guadalcanal, the regiment took heavy casualties during the Battle of the Tenaru and the Battle of Edson's Ridge.
Of the 2500 men who were sent to the Guadalcanal campaign, only 140 returned alive to Japan.
The remainder of the Division remained as the Asahikawa, Hokkaido garrison until March, 1944.
At that moment it was moved to the Eastern Hokkaido to Obihiro, with 77th division taking the duty of Asahikawa defence.
The infantry regiments have fortified around Nakashibetsu, Hokkaido, building a network of pillboxes stretching from Nemuro to Kushiro.
The division was disbanded with the surrender of Japan in September 1945.
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The Twang are an indie rock band from Birmingham, England, formed in 2004.
The band have released four studio albums - "Love It When I Feel Like This" (2007), "Jewellery Quarter" (2009), "" (2012) and "NEONTWANG" (2014) Comprising vocalist and guitarist Phil Etheridge, bassist Jon Watkin, vocalist Martin Saunders, guitarist Stu Hartland and drummer Matty Clinton, the band garnered national acclaim when the influential NME magazine produced an article on music acts in the West Midlands.
Ex touring member Barry Fratelli is a member of the Scottish rock band The Fratellis.
The band's debut single, "Wide Awake", was released on 19 March 2007, with their debut album "Love It When I Feel Like This" (released on 4 June 2007) being produced by Gavin Monaghan, known for his work with Editors, Ocean Colour Scene, Robert Plant, Scott Matthews and The Holloways.
The album reached #3 in the UK charts.
The Twang's second album, "Jewellery Quarter", was released 3 August 2009 and reached #20 on the UK album chart.
The album was produced by Neil Claxton of Mint Royale at Blueprint Studios in Salford.
Third album "" was released on 29 October 2012, reaching a chart placing of #52.
Lead singer Etheridge is an Aston Villa supporter, Saunders is a Birmingham City supporter whilst the rest are West Bromwich Albion supporters as stated in a Live Lounge session on BBC Radio 1 presented by Jo Whiley.
The band was formed in Quinton, Birmingham by Phil Etheridge and Jon Watkin after the pair studied music technology together at Kidderminster College.
The Twang originally performed in and around Birmingham under the name "Neon Twang".
During the "Neon Twang" period, the band's sound was very similar to how it is now, some very early track names being "See It Thru", "Big Day Out", live favourite "Shoot To Kill", "Time Waits", "Push The Ghost", "Aimless With An Aim" and the reggae influenced "Fake ID".
Aimless With An Aim later appeared as B-Side to the band's first single "Wide Awake".
Demos of early these Neon Twang tracks can still be found online and are much loved by fans.
In the early days prior to Stuart Hartland joining the group, lead singer Phil Etheridge and bass player Jon Watkin swapped instruments on numerous "Neon Twang" tracks ("Cloudy Room", "Push The Ghosts" and "Aimless With An Aim" being surviving tracks from this period).
Etheridge frequently played bass guitar and sang, whilst Watkin played lead guitar.
The addition of Hartland in late 2005 enabled Watkin to take over bass duties permanently and allowed Etheridge to perform songs live with much more enthusiasm, although the frontman's trademark dancing was still evident whilst playing bass.
After numerous meetings with major record labels The Twang eventually signed a deal in 2007 with Independent record label B-Unique, home to Kaiser Chiefs, The Automatic and The Ordinary Boys at the time.
In April 2007 they had their first "NME" cover and two months later they were the subject of a BBC Radio 1 documentary.
Throughout early 2007 the band were frequently hailed by the NME as "Britain's Best New Band" and walked away with the Phillip Hall Radar Award at the 2007 NME Awards.
Their debut single release, "Wide Awake" was released in both CD and 7" format on 19 March 2007.
The record reached number 15 in the UK singles charts and was followed up by a second single "Either Way" on 28 May 2007 - the band's highest charting single to date which reached number 8 in the UK singles charts.
"Either Way" proved to be the breakthrough that The Twang needed and the single received heavy radio play and was championed by BBC Radio 1 DJs such as Edith Bowman, Jo Whiley and Chris Moyles.
Their debut album "Love It When I Feel Like This" was released on 4 June 2007 amid much media hype.
The record did not disappoint and landed in the UK album charts at number 3.
Through 2007 - 2008 the band toured extensively and performed sold out shows most notably to a capacity show at London's Brixton Academy where they played to 5,000 fans and a headline slot on the John Peel stage at Glastonbury.
Towards the end of 2007 the band released a new single "Two Lovers", the music video for which featured the band alongside iconic British actor Danny Dyer and actress Jaime Winstone as a pair of dysfunctional sweethearts.
The band also worked with The Streets on a remix of their hit single "Either Way".
The remix also featured rapper Professor Green.
In February 2008, The Twang had their University of Surrey gig filmed and later broadcast on Channelbee.
However this footage is no longer available due to Channelbee's demise.
In January 2008, following a rollercoaster year The Twang decamped to the isle of Anglesey, where they hired a private cottage and quietly began writing what would eventually be their second studio album.
The band have described this period as a magical time in their career.
In March 2008, The Twang packed their bags and jetted out to Granada, Spain, to record their second album with Killing Joke bassist and music producer, Youth, credited with recording The Verve's iconic album "Urban Hymns".
Back in the UK they enlisted Mint Royale whiz kid Neil Claxton and finished recording at ‘Blueprint’ Studio’s in Salford, Greater Manchester, home of Mercury Prize-winning band Elbow.
A month later the album was complete and the title "Jewellery Quarter" was attached to it, an homage to the area in Birmingham in which the band were now resident.
The artwork to "Jewellery Quarter" was the idea of critically acclaimed Wolverhampton artist Temper who, unknown to the band was also situated in the Jewellery Quarter.
The piece depicts the band all pulling a huge anchor, the symbol of the "Jewellery Quarter".
The artwork, painted entirely with aerosol cans, stood at nearly six feet in height.
On 7 May 2009, The Twang announced a free download of album track "Another Bus", along with the album details and title, "Jewellery Quarter".
The first single proper to be lifted from the album was "Barney Rubble" and featured a sample from classic 1990s dance track "Give It Up" by The Goodmen.
The promotional video featured the band in the idyllic hills of Montenegro driving classic cars and motorcycles whilst mixing with locals.
The Twang's songs have been used on various TV programmes.
"Twit Twoo", taken from the album "Jewellery Quarter", was used on "Match of the Day".
"Barney Rubble" was used on ITV when they showed the group standings and results after, before or at half-time in their football matches.
"Back Where We Started", also taken from "Jewellery Quarter", was used on ITV as part of their football shows/matches.
"Reap What You Sow" from "Love It When I Feel Like This" was used on "Katie Price: What Happened Next" and "Ice Cream Sundae" has also been used at various times on the BBC.
Live footage of the band's sold out show at Birmingham O2 Academy in 2009 was used in the video for the album's second single "Encouraging Sign", which was released on download only.
In January 2010, The Twang made an official statement regarding Stu Hartland, the band's guitarist, stating that the band and Hartland were no longer working together and that the band were working with a new guitarist Jimmy Jazz.
Stuart Hartland rejoined the band during 2012.
In summer 2010, The Twang began writing and recording new material with long-time friend and producer Jon ‘Simmo’ Simcox.
With the introduction of Simcox on guitar, the Twang realised a fresh new sound and direction.
They quickly recorded demos, and then later in 2010 recorded final versions of the songs due to be released as The Twang's third studio album.
The Twang announced on 1 February 2011 via Facebook that they would be releasing a new EP titled "Guapa" on 14 February 2011 containing four brand new tracks.
The physical release was limited to 1,000 pressings and sold out almost immediately.
The band announced on 21 August 2012 via an email to their mailing list that they would release their third album, entitled "", on 29 October 2012.
The title came from a note that an irate studio neighbour had left sellotaped to their studio door.
The band also announced that original drummer Matty Clinton had been sacked following the theft of £10,000 worth of studio equipment, and was being replaced by Ash Sheehan.
There is also a German band called "The Twang".
Since the German band (a country band formed in 1999) owns the rights to the name, both bands release albums under the same band name which often leads to confusion.
On 14 January 2014, the band announced a new album, N E O N T W A N G, to be released on 10 March 2014, again via Jump The Cut Records.
The title refers to the band's previous name when starting out.
On the same day they revealed a new video for single 'Larry Lizard' to support the LP.
The band also started working with fellow Birmingham based, Wide Eyed guitarist Tommy Greaves who was to accompany them on their February 2014 Tour.
On 2 May 2017, the band announced a new tour to mark the 10 year anniversary of their seminal debut album 'Love It When I Feel Like This'.
The tour is scheduled to take in 11 dates across the UK in November/December 2017 and will see the band perform the album in its entirety for the first time ever.
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The Survivors is a 1983 American comedy film directed by Michael Ritchie.
It stars Walter Matthau and Robin Williams.
The story focuses on two beleaguered New Yorkers: Donald Quinelle (Williams), a simple office worker who is fired from his job, and Sonny Paluso (Matthau), a gas station owner whose station is accidentally blown up by Donald.
The two men meet in a restaurant which is promptly robbed by a man in a ski mask (Jerry Reed).
Donald is shot, but Sonny gets a good look at the man.
Donald is interviewed on the news, and inadvertently reveals Sonny's identity.
That night the robber (named Jack Locke) visits Sonny's house in order to kill him and his teenage daughter Candice, but Donald saves them.
Sonny and Donald take Jack to the police at gunpoint.
Donald has become paranoid and convinced of the imminent collapse of society.
He buys several guns, leaves his girlfriend, and goes to a Vermont "survival camp" led by a man named Wes.
Jack is released from jail.
Sonny tries to reason with him, and Jack agrees to leave Donald and Sonny alone if they say nothing to the police.
Sonny and Candice go up to the camp to tell Donald of the deal.
Donald, however, is so confident of his ability to face danger that he taunts Jack into coming up to the camp for a final showdown.
Donald has become a killing machine thanks to Wes' teachings.
He and Jack do battle, and end in a draw.
The whole group winds up in the same cabin, which the other campers surround in an attempt to kill Jack.
Sonny, Candice, Jack and Donald escape in Sonny's car.
The bloodthirsty campers give chase, but give up once Sonny exposes Wes as a rich businessman whose camp is a fraud.
The foursome head home.
Donald gets out of the car and has a breakdown, realizing how much he has lost.
Sonny tries to comfort him.
The two walk back to the car as friends.
The film did not garner many good reviews, scoring only a 9% fresh rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 11 reviews.
Many felt that Robin Williams and Walter Matthau's style of humor did not mesh well together.
An exception to the negative critical tide was the review that Pauline Kael gave the film in "The New Yorker":
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Éder Citadin Martins (born 15 November 1986), simply known as Éder, is a professional footballer, who plays as a striker for Italian club Internazionale, and for the Italian national team.
He began his career with Brazilian club Criciúma, and moved to Italian club Empoli in January 2006, spending the remainder of his career in the country.
Éder was born in Brazil, but qualifies to play for Italy through his Italian passport and more than two-years of residency in Italy.
He made his international debut for Italy in March 2015, and scored two goals in their successful qualification campaign for UEFA Euro 2016, also being selected for the final tournament.
Éder holds dual nationality (Brazilian and Italian) as his great-grandfather, Battista Righetto, was from Nove in the Province of Vicenza.
He was named in tribute to Éder Aleixo de Assis, striker of the Brazil national team during the 1982 FIFA World Cup.
Born in Lauro Müller, Santa Catarina state, Éder started his career at Criciúma Esporte Clube.
He made his first team – and Campeonato Brasileiro Série A – debut on 19 December 2004, coming on as a second-half substitute in a 3–3 home draw against Coritiba, with his side being already relegated.
Éder was definitely promoted to the first team ahead of the 2005 season, and scored his first goal on 30 January of that year, but in a 3–2 Campeonato Catarinense home loss against Joinville.
He finished the tournament with three goals in ten appearances, and scored in his Campeonato Brasileiro Série B debut against São Raimundo-AM on 26 April, finishing a 2–0 home sucess.
At the age of 19 and with five goals in 19 league appearances during the year, Éder was signed by Italian club Empoli.
Empoli bought Éder back from Frosinone in June 2009 for €2.42 million following an impressive Serie B season by the striker.
He scored four goals in one Serie B game on 15 April 2010, two of which were penalties, in a 5–2 victory for Empoli over Salernitana.
He finished the 2009–10 Serie B season as top scorer, with 27 goals.
On 20 August 2010, Éder signed a 1+4 year contract with Serie A newcomers Brescia, meaning that Éder would join Brescia on loan for the first year.
Brescia later revealed in its financial report that the loan fee was €1.8 million.
Éder scored just six goals for the club and on 13 July 2011 was transferred to Cesena from Empoli in a temporary deal for €2.2 million.
(which later compensate by the loan fee from Sampdoria)
On 24 January 2012, Éder moved to Sampdoria on a loan deal for €1.1 million fee to Cesena.
He scored his first goal for the club on 21 April 2012 in a 1–1 draw with Vicenza.
On 3 July 2012, Sampdoria signed Éder outright for €3 million on a five-year contract from Empoli, making Eder had cost Sampdoria €4.1 million in total, while on Empoli side, the club received €7 million fee from 2010 to 2012.
On 29 January 2016, Éder joined Internazionale on a 1½-year loan deal for €1.2 million which could be made permanent upon the fulfillment of certain conditions.
He signed a contract that could keep him at Inter until 2020, and is receiving a wage of reported €1.5 million per year.
He was presented to the media on the very same day, where he was assigned the number 23, saying that he did not think twice about signing with Inter.
He made his debut for the club on 31 January, in a 3–0 defeat to cross-city rivals Milan in the "Derby della Madonnina".
After making his first friendly appearance for Inter of the 2016–17 season on 14 August, the obligation to purchase him in a definitive deal was activated.
On 28 January of the following year, Éder celebrated his 200th Serie A appearance by scoring in a 3–0 home win over Pescara.
On 14 May 2017, Éder came off the bench to scoring his team's only goal in the 1–2 home defeat to Sassuolo, before profitting from Mauro Icardi's injury to start in the last two league matches, scoring against Lazio and a brace against Udinese, taking his tally up to 8 league goals.
It was also the first time that Éder had scored in three Serie A matches in a row as an Inter player, and first time since November 2015.
He finished his first full season with Inter by making 40 appearances in all competitions, including 33 in Serie A and 6 in Europa League, scoring 10 goals in the process.
Éder, as a dual citizen of Italy and Brazil, was eligible to play for both nations.
He qualified for the Italy national team through his Italian citizenship as well as more than 2-year of residence in Italy; he qualified to Italian citizenship through his Italian great-grandfather Battista Righetto, who came from Nove in Veneto.
Éder began to be considered for the Italian national team by head coach Antonio Conte due to his good form in the 2014–15 season with Sampdoria.
There was controversy surrounding Antonio Conte's call-up for Éder and Franco Vázquez, respectively born in Brazil and Argentina.
Speaking at a Serie A meeting on 23 March 2015, Inter manager Roberto Mancini stated, "The Italian national team should be Italian.
An Italian player deserves to play for the national team while someone who wasn't born in Italy, even if they have relatives, I don't think they deserve to."
Conte's response to the use of overseas-born players was: "If Mauro Camoranesi [who was born in Argentina] was allowed to help Italy win the 2006 World Cup, then why can't Éder and Franco Vázquez lead the Azzurri to glory in next year's European Championship?"
On 28 March 2015, Éder made his debut for Italy, coming on as a 58th-minute substitute for Simone Zaza in a Euro 2016 qualifier against Bulgaria and scoring the equaliser in a 2–2 draw in the 84th minute.
He made his first start three days later against England in a 1–1 draw in Turin, making way for fellow "oriundo" Vázquez after 61 minutes.
On 10 October 2015, Éder opened the scoring in a 3–1 away win over Azerbaijan, which sealed Italy's qualification for UEFA Euro 2016.
On 31 May 2016, he was named to Conte's 23-man Italy squad for Euro 2016.
On 17 June, he scored the only goal against Sweden in the 88th minute during the second group game, which qualified Italy to the Round of 16; he was named "Man of the Match" by UEFA.
Éder is a quick, diminutive, yet tenacious forward with an accurate shot, who usually plays in a central role as a main striker, due to his pace, positional sense, attacking movement, tactical intelligence, and eye for goal, which make him particularly effective during counter-attacks.
A versatile, hard-working, and technically gifted player, with good vision, he is also effective as a second striker, as a left winger, or even as an attacking midfielder, positions which allow him to provide depth to his team and participate in build-up plays, play off of his team-mates, hold up the ball, and provide assists.
Possessing substantial physical strength, despite his small stature, he can also be effective in the air, as well as from set-pieces and penalties.
In addition to his offensive and creative abilities, Éder has also stood out for his stamina and defensive work-rate, which make him extremely useful when his team are not in possession.
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Ziziphus nummularia, also called Jharber (), is a species of "Ziziphus" native to the Thar Desert of western India and southeastern Pakistan and south Iran (where it is called رمیلک ramilak in Persian).
"Ziziphus nummularia" is a shrub up to or more high, branching to form a thicket.
The leaves are rounded like those of "Ziziphus jujuba" but differ from these in having a pubescence on the adaxial surface.
The plant is commonly found in agricultural fields.
This species is native to parts of the Persian Gulf, especially Qatar, where it occurs in natural depressions.
The fruit is either eaten fresh, pickled, dried or made into confectionery.
The juice can be made into a refreshing drink.
In India, the fruit, when fully ripe and less than one centimeter in diameter, is gathered in the beginning of the winter months, dried, ground, and sieved.
The powder formed is eaten either alone, or mixed with Gur (a sugar condiment) or Bajra (millet) flour.
The leaves of "Z. nummularia" provide excellent fodder for livestock.
In India, the average total yield of forage was about 1000 kg ha-1.
The leaves are collected dried and stored.
Dried fruit used medicinally as astringent in bilious affliction in India.
The leaves are used to treat scabies and other skin diseases.
Poison: The fruits are greedily eaten by gerbils and rats and are used as baits for poisoning these rodents.
Seed storage behaviour is orthodox.
There are 1800-2000 seeds/Kg
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Mark A. Kuhn (born September 10, 1950 in Charles City, Iowa) was the Iowa State Representative from the 14th District.
He served in the Iowa House of Representatives from 1999 through 2011.
Kuhn currently serves on several committees in the Iowa House: the Agriculture committee; the Environmental Protection committee; Rebuild Iowa/Disaster Recovery Committee; the Public Safety committee; and the Appropriations committee, where he is the vice chair.
He also serves as chair of the Agriculture and Natural Resources Appropriations Subcommittee.
Kuhn was re-elected in 2006 with 8,154 votes (75%), defeating Independent opponent Darwin J. Rieman.
Kuhn lives just outside Charles City, Iowa, on his farm, where he maintains a one-court tennis facility dubbed the All Iowa Lawn Tennis Club, which was featured in an issue of "TENNIS Magazine".
Kuhn decided to retire from the Iowa House and not run in the 2010 election.
Instead Kuhn will run for an open seat on the Floyd County Board of Supervisors.
Kuhn is the son of Max, a farmer, and Helen, a school teacher.
He is married to his wife Denise and together they have two sons: Mason and Alex.
Kuhn grew up on his family's farm and graduated from Charles City High School in 1968.
He received his BS in history and his teaching certificate from Iowa State University.
After graduating college, Kuhn moved back home to work on the family farm.
Outside politics Kuhn has worked on the Kuhn family grain farm for 34 years.
He has also worked as a substitute teacher for fifteen years.
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Linda L. Upmeyer (born July 23, 1952) is the Iowa State Representative from the 54th District.
She has served in the Iowa House of Representatives since 2003 and is the current Speaker of the Iowa House of Representatives.
She is the first female Speaker in Iowa's history.
She received her BSN from the University of Northern Iowa and her MSN from Drake University.
On August 19, 2015 was elected by the members of the Iowa House of Representatives Republican majority to serve as the Speaker of the House.
Upmeyer's father, Del Stromer served as Speaker from 1981–82.
Upmeyer serves on the Administration and Rules committee in the Iowa House.
She is also a member of the Legislative Council.
Upmeyer was born in Mason City, Iowa to Del Stromer and Harriett Ostendorf.
She grew up in Garner on the family farm.
First elected in 2002, Upmeyer serves as the Majority Leader of the Iowa House of Representatives.
She is a cardiology nurse practitioner.
She is the National Chair of the American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC), an organization funded by the Koch brothers and focused on limited government, free markets, and federalism.
She graduated from Garner High School in 1970.
Following high school, she attended NIACC and the University of Iowa, where she received her BS in Nursing.
She received her Master’s in Nursing from Drake University.
Upmeyer and her husband Doug have five children and five grandchildren.
Upmeyer is a member of Farm Bureau, Prof. Cardiovascular Nurses Assn.
and Iowa/American Academy of Nurse Practitioners, Sigma Theta Tau International Nursing Honor Society, Omicron Delta Kappa National Leadership Honor Society, and Phi Theta Kappa.
She is a former trustee for North Iowa Area Community College and a former board member of both the National and Iowa Association of Community College Trustees.
She was elected as Iowa’s first female House Majority Leader by her peers in 2010.
During the 2017 legislative session, Upmeyer voted to shorten both the amount of time one may cast an absentee ballot and the number of days one can vote at satellite polling sites, and she voted to require all voters to present a state-issued ID.
Though she voted for the measure, the bill was opposed by the Iowa State Association of Counties, an advocacy group for Iowa's disabled, and Iowa's Department on Aging opposed the bill.
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15810 Arawn, provisional designation , is a trans-Neptunian object (TNO) from the inner regions of the Kuiper belt, approximately in diameter.
It belongs to the plutinos, the largest class of resonant TNOs.
It was named after Arawn, the ruler of the Celtic underworld, and discovered on 12 May 1994, by astronomers Michael Irwin and Anna Żytkow with the 2.5-metre Isaac Newton Telescope at La Palma Observatory in the Canary Islands, Spain.
Arawn is unique in that it has been observed at a much closer distance than most Kuiper belt objects, by the "New Horizons" spacecraft, which imaged it a distance of in April 2016; this and its other observations have allowed its rotation period to be determined.
This minor planet is moving in a relatively eccentric orbit entirely beyond the orbit of Neptune.
With a semi-major axis of 39.4 AU, it orbits the Sun once every 247 years and 6 months (90,409 days).
Its orbit has perihelion (closest approach to the Sun) of 34.7 AU, an aphelion (farthest distance from the Sun) of 44.1 AU, an eccentricity of 0.12 and an inclination of 4° with respect to the ecliptic.
It is a plutino, so it is trapped in a 2:3 mean motion resonance with Neptune, similarly to dwarf planet Pluto, the largest known plutino.
It measures approximately in diameter, based on an absolute magnitude of 7.6, and estimated albedo of 0.1.
In April 2016, a rotation period of 5.4 hours was determined for this minor planet.
In 2012, Arawn was hypothesized to be in a quasi-satellite loop around Pluto, as part of a recurring pattern, becoming a Plutonian quasi-satellite every 2 Myr and remaining in that phase for nearly 350,000 years.
Measurements made by the "New Horizons" probe in 2015 made it possible to calculate the motion of Arawn much more accurately.
These calculations confirm the general dynamics described in the hypotheses.
However, it is not agreed upon among astronomers whether Arawn should be classified as a quasi-satellite of Pluto based on this motion, since its orbit is primarily controlled by Neptune with only occasional smaller perturbations caused by Pluto.
Arawn is moving in a very stable orbit, likely as stable as Pluto's.
This suggests that it may be a primordial plutino formed around the same time Pluto itself and Charon came into existence.
It is unlikely to be relatively recent debris originated in collisions within Pluto's system or a captured object.
Arawn is currently relatively close to Pluto.
In 2017, it will be only 2.7 AU from Pluto.
Before was discovered in 2014, Arawn was the best known target for a flyby by the "New Horizons" spacecraft after its Pluto flyby in 2015.
Arawn was one of the first objects targeted for distant observations by "New Horizons", which were taken on 2 November 2015.
More observations were made in April 2016.
On 2 November 2015, Arawn was imaged by the LORRI instrument aboard "New Horizons", making it the closest observation of a Kuiper belt object other than the Pluto-Charon system by a factor of 15.
Between 7–8 April 2016, "New Horizons" imaged Arawn from a new record distance of about 111 million kilometers, using the LORRI instrument.
The new images allowed the science team at Southwest Research Institute (SwRI) in Boulder, Colorado, to further pinpoint the location of Arawn to within 1000 kilometers.
The new data also made it possible for scientists to observe Arawn's rotation period, which was determined to be 5.4 hours.
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The history of the Georgia Institute of Technology can be traced back to Reconstruction-era plans to develop the industrial base of the Southern United States.
Founded on October 13, 1885 in Atlanta, Georgia as the Georgia School of Technology, the university opened in 1888 after the construction of Tech Tower and a shop building and only offered one degree in mechanical engineering.
By 1901, degrees in electrical, civil, textile, and chemical engineering were also offered.
In 1948, the name was changed to the Georgia Institute of Technology to reflect its evolution from an engineering school to a full technical institute and research university.
Georgia Tech is the birthplace of two other Georgia universities: Georgia State University and the former Southern Polytechnic State University.
Georgia Tech's Evening School of Commerce, established in 1912 and moved to the University of Georgia in 1931, was independently established as Georgia State University in 1955.
Although Georgia Tech did not officially allow women to enroll until 1952 (and did not fully integrate the curriculum until 1968), the night school enrolled female students as early as the fall of 1917.
The Southern Technical Institute (now Southern Polytechnic College of Engineering and Engineering Technology of Kennesaw State University and formerly known as Southern Polytechnic State University) was created as an extension of Georgia Tech in 1948 as a technical trade school for World War II veterans and became an independent university in 1981.
The Great Depression saw a consistent squeeze on Georgia Tech's budget, but World War II-inspired research activity combined with post-World War II enrollment more than compensated for the school's difficulties.
Georgia Tech desegregated peacefully and without a court order in 1961, in contrast to other southern universities.
Similarly, it did not experience any protests due to the Vietnam War.
The growth of the graduate and research programs combined with diminishing federal support for universities in the 1980s led President John Patrick Crecine to restructure the university in 1988 amid significant controversy.
The 1990s were marked by continued expansion of the undergraduate programs and the satellite campuses in Savannah, Georgia and Metz, France.
In 1996, Georgia Tech was the site of the athletes' village and a venue for a number of athletic events for the Summer Olympics.
Recently, the school has gradually improved its academic rankings and has paid significant attention to modernizing the campus, increasing historically low retention rates, and establishing degree options emphasizing research and international perspectives.
As noted by a historical marker on the large hill in Central Campus, the site occupied by the school's first buildings once held fortifications built to protect Atlanta during the Atlanta Campaign of the American Civil War.
The surrender of the city took place on the southwestern boundary of the modern Georgia Tech campus in 1864.
The next twenty years were a time of rapid industrial expansion; during this period, Georgia's manufacturing capital, railroad track mileage, and property values would each increase by a factor of three to four.
The establishment of a school of technology was proposed in 1882 during the Reconstruction period.
Major John Fletcher Hanson and Nathaniel Edwin Harris, two former Confederate officers who became prominent citizens in the town of Macon, Georgia after the war, strongly believed that the South needed to improve its technology to compete with the industrial revolution that was occurring throughout the North.
Many Southerners at this time agreed with this idea, known as the "New South Creed".
Its strongest proponent was Henry W. Grady, editor of "The Atlanta Constitution" during the 1880s.
A technology school was thought necessary because the American South of that era was mostly agrarian, and few technical developments were occurring.
Georgians needed technical training to advance the state's industry.
With authorization from the Georgia General Assembly, Harris and a committee of prominent Georgians visited renowned technology schools in the Northeast in 1883; these included the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, the Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Stevens Institute of Technology, and Cooper Union.
Using these examples, the committee reported that the Worcester model, which stressed a combination of "theory and practice was the embodiment of the best conception of industrial education".
The "practice" component of the Worcester model included student employment and production of consumer items to generate revenue for the school.
When the committee returned, they submitted their findings to the Georgia General Assembly as House Bill 732 on July 24, 1883.
The bill, written by Harris, met significant opposition from various sources and was defeated.
Reasons for opposition included the general resistance to education, specifically technical education, concerns voiced by agricultural interests, and fiscal concerns relating to the limited treasury of the Georgia government; the state's 1877 constitution prohibited spending beyond its means as a reactionary measure to excessive spending by "carpetbaggers and Negro leaders".
In February 1883, Harris submitted a second version, this time with the support of contemporary political leaders Joseph M. Terrell and R. B. Russel as well as the popular support of the influential State Agricultural Society and the leaders of the University of Georgia, the latter of which would be the "parent college" of any state technical school.
In 1885, House Bill 732 was submitted and passed the House 94–62.
The bill was passed in the Senate with two amendments, and the amended bill was defeated in the House 65–53.
After back-room work by Harris, the bill finally passed 69–44.
On October 13, 1885, Georgia Governor Henry D. McDaniel signed the bill to create and fund the new school.
The legislature then established a committee to determine the location of the new school.
The school was officially established, and subsequent efforts to repeal the law were suppressed by supporter and Speaker of the House W. A.
Governor McDaniel appointed a commission in January 1886 to organize and run the school.
This commission elected Harris chairman, a position he would hold until his death.
Other members included Samuel M. Inman, Oliver S. Porter, Judge Columbus Heard, and Edward R. Hodgson; each was known either for political or industrial experience.
Their first task was to select a location for the new school.
Letters were sent to communities throughout the state, and five bids were presented by the October 1, 1886 deadline: Athens, Atlanta, Macon, Penfield, and Milledgeville.
The commission inspected the proposed sites from October 7 to October 18.
Patrick Hues Mell, the president of the University of Georgia at that time, believed that it should be located in Athens with the University's main campus, like the Agricultural and Mechanical Schools.
The committee members voted exclusively for their respective home cities until the 21st ballot when Porter switched to Atlanta; on the 24th ballot, Atlanta finally emerged victorious.
Students at the University of Georgia burned Judge Heard in effigy after the final vote was announced.
Atlanta's bid included $50,000 from the city, $20,000 from private citizens (including $5,000 from Samuel M. Inman), and $2,500 in guaranteed yearly support, along with a gift of of land from Atlanta pioneer Richard Peters instead of the initially proposed site in Atlanta's bid, which was near land that Lemuel P. Grant was developing, including Grant Park.
The school's new location was bounded on the south by North Avenue, and on the west by Cherry Street.
Peters sold five adjoining acres of land to the state for $10,000.
This land was situated on what was then Atlanta's northern city limits.
The act that created the school had also appropriated $65,000 towards the construction of new buildings.
The Georgia School of Technology opened its doors in the fall of 1888 with only two buildings, under the leadership of professor and pastor Isaac S. Hopkins.
One building (now Tech Tower, the main administrative complex) had classrooms to teach students; the other featured a workshop with a foundry, forge, boiler room, and engine room.
It was designed specifically as a "contract shop" where students would work to produce goods to sell, creating revenue for the school while the students learned vocational skills in a "hands-on" manner.
Such a method was seen as appropriate given the Southern United States' need for industrial development.
The two buildings were equal in size and staffing (five professors and five shop supervisors) to show the importance of teaching both the mind and the hands.
At the time, there was some disagreement as to whether the machine shop should have been used to turn a profit.
The contract shop system ended in 1896 due to its lack of profitability, after which point the items produced were used to furnish the offices and dorms on the campus.
The first class of students at the Georgia School of Technology was small and homogeneous, and educational options were limited.
85 students signed up on the first registration day, October 7, 1888, and the enrollment for the first year climbed to a total of 129 by January 7, 1889.
The first student to register was William H. Glenn.
All but one or two of the students were from Georgia.
Tuition was free for Georgia residents and $150 () for out-of-state students.
The only degree offered was a Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering, and no elective courses were available.
All students were required to follow exactly the same program, which was so rigorous that nearly two thirds of the first class failed to complete it.
The first graduating class consisted of two students in 1890, Henry L. Smith and George G. Crawford, who decided their graduation order on the flip of a coin.
John Saylor Coon was appointed the first Mechanical Engineering and Drawing Professor at the Georgia School of Technology in 1889.
He was also the first chair of the Mechanical Engineering department.
Coon assumed the role of superintendent of shops in 1896.
During his tenure at Georgia Tech, he moved the curriculum away from vocational training.
Coon emphasized a balance between the shop and the classroom.
Coon taught his students more modern quantification methods to solve engineering problems instead of outdated and more costly trial and error methods.
He also played a significant role in developing mechanical engineering into a professional degree program, with a focus on ethics, design and testing, analysis and problem solving, and mathematics.
Tech began its football program with several students forming a loose-knit troop of footballers called the Blacksmiths.
The first season saw Tech play three games and lose all three.
Discouraged by these results, the Blacksmiths sought a coach to improve their record.
Leonard Wood, an army officer who had played football at Harvard and was then stationed in Atlanta and taking graduate courses at the school, volunteered to serve as the team's player-coach.
In 1893, Tech played its first game against the University of Georgia (Georgia).
Tech defeated Georgia 28–6 for the school's first-ever victory.
The angry Georgia fans threw stones and other debris at the Tech players during and after the game.
The poor treatment of the Blacksmiths by the Georgia faithful gave birth to the rivalry now known as Clean, Old-Fashioned Hate.
The words to Georgia Tech's famous fight song, "Ramblin' Wreck from Georgia Tech", are said to have come from an early baseball game against rival Georgia.
Some sources credit Billy Walthall, a member of the first four-year graduating class, with the lyrics.
According to a 1954 article in "Sports Illustrated", "Ramblin' Wreck" was written around 1893 by a Tech football player on his way to an Auburn game.
In 1905, Georgia Tech adopted it in roughly the current form as its official fight song, although it had apparently been the unofficial fight song for several years.
It was published for the first time in the school's first yearbook, the 1908 "Blue Print", under the heading "What causes Whitlock to Blush."
Words such as "hell" and "helluva" were censored in this first printing as "certain words [are] too hot to print."
After Michael A. Greenblatt, the first bandmaster of the Georgia Tech Marching Band, heard the band playing the song to the tune of Charles Ives's "A Son of a Gambolier", he wrote a modern musical version.
In 1911, Frank Roman succeeded Greenblatt as bandmaster; Roman embellished the song with trumpet flourishes and publicized it.
Roman copyrighted the song in 1919.
Tech's first student publication was the "Technologian", which ran for a short time in 1891.
The next student publication was "The Georgia Tech", established in 1894.
"The Georgia Tech" published a "Commencement Issue" that reviewed sporting events and gave information about each class.
"The Technique" was founded in 1911; its first issue was published on November 17, 1911 by editors Albert Blohm and E.A.
Turner, and the content revolved around the upcoming rivalry football game against the University of Georgia.
The "Technique" has been published weekly ever since, with the exception of a brief period during which the paper was published twice weekly.
"The Georgia Tech" was merged into the "Technique" in 1916.
In 1888, Captain Lyman Hall was appointed Georgia Tech's first mathematics professor, a position he held until his appointment as the school's second president in 1896.
Hall had a solid background in engineering due to his time at West Point and often incorporated surveying and other engineering applications into his coursework.
He had an energetic personality and quickly assumed a leadership position among the faculty.
As president, Hall was noted for his aggressive fundraising and improvements to the school, including his special project, the A. French Textile School.
In February 1899, Georgia Tech opened the first textile engineering school in the Southern United States, with $10,000 from the Georgia General Assembly, $20,000 of donated machinery, and $13,500 from supporters.
It named the A. French Textile School after its chief donor and supporter, Aaron S. French.
The textile engineering program would move to the Harrison Hightower Textile Engineering Building in 1949.
Hall's other goals included enlarging Tech and attracting more students, so he expanded the school's offerings beyond mechanical engineering; new degrees introduced during Hall's administration included electrical engineering and civil engineering in December 1896, textile engineering in February 1899, and engineering chemistry in January 1901.
Hall also became infamous as a disciplinarian, even suspending the entire senior class of 1901 for returning from Christmas vacation a day late.
Hall died on August 16, 1905 during a vacation at a New York health resort.
His death while still in office was attributed to stress from his strenuous fundraising activities (this time, for a new chemistry building).
Later that year, the school's trustees named the new chemistry building the "Lyman Hall Laboratory of Chemistry" in his honor.
On October 20, 1905, U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt visited the Georgia Tech campus.
On the steps of Tech Tower, Roosevelt presented a speech about the importance of technological education:
Roosevelt then shook hands with every student.
Tech was later visited by president-elect William H. Taft on January 16, 1909 and president Franklin D. Roosevelt on November 29, 1935.
Upon his hiring in 1904, John Heisman (for whom the Heisman Trophy is named) insisted that the school acquire its own football field.
Previously, the team had used area parks, especially the playing fields of Piedmont Park.
Georgia Tech took out a seven-year lease on what is now the southern end of Grant Field, although the land was not adequate for sports, due to its unleveled, rocky nature.
In 1905, Heisman had 300 convict laborers clear rocks, remove tree stumps, and level out the field for play; Tech students then built a grandstand on the property.
The land was purchased by 1913, and John W. Grant donated $15,000 () towards the construction of the field's first permanent stands.
The field was named Grant Field in honor of the donor's deceased son, Hugh Inman Grant.
Attempts at forming an alumni association had been made since 1896; a charter was applied for by J.
B. McCrary and William H. Glenn on June 28, 1906 and was approved by Fulton County on June 20, 1908.
The Georgia Tech Alumni Association published its first annual report in 1908, but the group was largely dormant during World War I.
The organization played an important role in the 1920s Greater Georgia Tech Campaign, which consolidated all existing alumni clubs and funded a significant expansion of Georgia Tech's campus.
Georgia Tech's Evening School of Commerce began holding classes in 1912.
The school admitted its first female student in 1917, although the state legislature did not officially authorize attendance by women until 1920.
Anna Teitelbaum Wise became the first female graduate in 1919 and went on to become Georgia Tech's first female faculty member the following year.
World War I caused several changes at the school.
During the conflict and for some time afterwards, Georgia Tech hosted a school for cadet aviators, supply officers, and army technicians.
Tech also started a Reserve Officer Training Corps unit; the first in the Southern United States, it became a permanent addition to the school.
World War I affected the school academically as well: the United States government asked for and financed an automotive school for army officers, a rehabilitation program for disabled soldiers, and a geology department.
Federal aid also helped to establish Tech's Industrial Education Department, courtesy of the Smith-Hughes Act of 1917.
The war also placed on hold extensive fundraising efforts for a new power plant, and made it difficult to find engineers willing to teach at the school; Matheson toured Harvard, Yale, Princeton, Columbia, and MIT in 1919 but failed to secure a single hire, as none of the students wished to work for such low wages.
The bitter rivalry between Georgia Tech and the University of Georgia flared up in 1919, when UGA mocked Tech's continuation of football during the United States' involvement in World War I.
Because Tech was a military training ground, it had a complete assembly of male students.
Many schools, such as UGA, lost all of their able-bodied male students to the war effort, forcing them to temporarily suspend football during the war.
In fact, UGA did not play a game from 1917 to 1918.
When UGA renewed its program in 1919, their student body staged a parade which mocked Tech's continuation of football during times of war.
The parade featured a tank-shaped float marked "Argonne" with a sign "Georgia in France 1917" followed by an automobile with three people in Tech sweaters and caps bearing a sign "Tech in Atlanta".
A printed program was subsequently distributed in the stands with a similar point.
While the Tech faculty was able to prevent a riot, no apology was made, and this act led directly to Tech cutting athletic ties with UGA and canceling several of UGA's home football games at Grant Field (UGA commonly used Grant Field as its home field).
Tech and UGA did not compete in athletics until the 1921 Southern Conference basketball tournament.
Despite intense pressure on Tech to make amends, Matheson stated that he would never change his mind unless "due apologies" were offered, and if he was overruled, he would resign.
Regular season competition did not renew until after Matheson's retirement, in a 1925 agreement between the two institutions negotiated by athletic directors J.
B. Crenshaw and S. V. Sanford.
In 1916 Georgia Tech's football team, still coached by John Heisman, defeated Cumberland 222-0, the largest margin of victory in college football history.
Cumberland's total net yardage was -28 (minus 28), and it had only one play for positive yards.
Cumberland beat Georgia Tech's baseball team 22 to 0 the previous year, reportedly with the help of professional players Cumberland had hired as "ringers", an act which infuriated Heisman.
Heisman amassed 104 wins over 16 seasons and led Tech to its first national title in 1917.
After divorcing from his wife, Heisman moved to Pennsylvania in 1919, leaving Tech's Yellow Jackets in the hands of William Alexander.
In its first decades, Georgia Tech slowly grew from a trade school into a university.
The state and federal governments provided little initiative for the school to grow significantly until 1919.
That year, the Georgia General Assembly passed an act entitled "Establishing State Engineering Experiment Station at the Georgia School of Technology".
This change coincided with federal debate about the establishment of Engineering Experiment Stations in a move similar to the Hatch Act of 1887's establishment of agricultural experiment stations; each Engineering Experiment Station would be a consultant group dedicated to assisting a region's industrial efforts.
The EES at Georgia Tech was established with the goal of the "encouragement of industries and commerce" within the state.
The coinciding federal effort failed, however, and the state did not finance Georgia Tech's EES, so the new organization existed only on paper.
The latter years of Matheson's presidency were troubled by a chronic shortage of funds.
In 1919–1920, facilities designed for 700 students had to serve 1,365 students, and the school received the same $100,000 appropriation () that it had received since 1915, made worse by inflation which nearly halved its value in that time.
Matheson was able to acquire a $25,000 increase from the General Assembly that year.
In 1920–1921, though, an increase of $125,000 (to $250,000) was passed but subsequently tabled due to differences between the House and Senate version of the bill unrelated to Tech.
To continue running the school, a frantic scramble for funds was undertaken, resulting in $40,000 from the General Education Board, $30,000 from a loan fund organized by the Georgia Rotary Club, and a grant from the Atlanta City Council.
The University of Georgia, in a similar financial condition, was forced to cut its faculty's salary.
After this drama, the situation still did not improve: in 1922–1923, only $112,500 of the requested $250,000 had been appropriated, leading Matheson to reluctantly start charging in-state students for tuition.
The rates were $100 for in-state students () and $175 for out-of-state students ().
Georgia Tech still needed a $125,000 line of credit against its first professional fund-raising effort, the "Greater Georgia Tech Campaign".
As Matheson was leaving for the presidency of Drexel Institute in late 1921, he wrote in "The Atlanta Constitution" that while Georgia Tech was "my first love" he found it a "humiliating burden" to get enough money from the state legislature to run and enlarge the school.
The Board of Trustees offered him a substantial pay increase, but his issue was with the politics of the time, and not with his financial situation.
On August 1, 1922, Marion L. Brittain was elected as the school's president.
He noted in the 1923 annual report that "there are more students in Georgia Tech than in any other two colleges in Georgia, and we have the smallest appropriation of them all."
He was able to convince the state of Georgia to increase the school's funding during his tenure.
Additionally, a $300,000 grant () from the Daniel Guggenheim Fund for the Promotion of Aeronautics allowed Brittain to establish the Daniel Guggenheim School of Aeronautics.
In 1930, Brittain's decision to use the money for a new school of aeronautics, headed by Montgomery Knight, was controversial; today, the Daniel Guggenheim School of Aerospace Engineering boasts the second largest faculty in the United States behind MIT.
Other accomplishments during Brittain's administration included a doubling of Georgia Tech's enrollment, accreditation from the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools, and the creation of a new ceramic engineering department, building, and major that attracted the American Ceramics Society's national convention to Atlanta.
In 1929, some Georgia Tech faculty members belonging to Sigma Xi started a research club that met once a month at Tech.
One of the monthly subjects, proposed by ceramic engineering professor W. Harry Vaughan, was a collection of issues related to Tech, such as library development, and the development of a state engineering station.
Such a station would theoretically assist local businesses with engineering problems via Georgia Tech's established faculty and resources.
This group investigated the forty existing engineering experiments at universities around the country, and the report was compiled by Harold Bunger, Montgomery Knight, and Vaughan in December 1929.
The Great Depression threatened the already tentative nature of Georgia Tech's funding.
In a speech on April 27, 1930, Brittain proposed that the university system be reorganized under a central body, rather than having each university under its own board.
As a result, the Georgia General Assembly and Governor Richard Russell, Jr. passed an act in 1931 that established the University System of Georgia and the corresponding Georgia Board of Regents; unfortunately for Brittain and Georgia Tech, the board was composed almost entirely of graduates of the University of Georgia.
In its final act on January 7, 1932, the Tech Board of Trustees sent a letter to the chairman of the Georgia Board of Regents outlining its priorities for the school.
The Depression also affected enrollment, which dropped from 3,271 in 1931–1932 to a low of 2,482 in 1933–1934, and only gradually increased afterwards.
It also caused a decrease in funding from the State of Georgia, which in turn caused a decrease in faculty salaries, firing of graduate student assistants, and a postponing of building renovations.
As a cost-saving move, effective on July 1, 1934, the Georgia Board of Regents transferred control of the relatively large Evening School of Commerce to the University of Georgia and moved the small civil engineering program at UGA to Tech.
The move was controversial, and both students and faculty protested against it, fearing that the Board of Regents would remove other programs from Georgia Tech and reduce it to an engineering department of the University of Georgia.
Brittain suggested that the lack of Georgia Tech alumni on the Board of Regents contributed to their decision.
Despite the pressure, the Board of Regents held its ground.
The Depression also had a significant impact on the athletic program, as most athletes were in the commerce school, and resulted in the elimination of athletic scholarships, which were replaced by a loan program.
Plans for an industrial management department to replace and supersede the Evening School of Commerce were first made in fall 1934.
The department was established in 1935, and evolved into Tech's College of Management.
In 1933, S. V. Sanford, president of the University of Georgia, proposed that a "technical research activity" be established at Tech.
Brittain and Dean William Vernon Skiles examined the Research Club's 1929 report, and moved to create such an organization.
W. Harry Vaughan was selected as its acting director in April 1934, and $5,000 in funds were allocated directly from the Georgia Board of Regents.
These funds went to the previously established Engineering Experiment Station (EES); its initial areas of focus were textiles, ceramics, and helicopter engineering.
Georgia Tech's EES later became the Georgia Tech Research Institute (GTRI).
The EES's early work was conducted in the basement of the Shop Building, and Vaughan's office was in the Aeronautical Engineering Building.
By 1938, the EES was producing useful technology, and the station needed a method to conduct contract work outside of the state budget.
Consequently, the Industrial Development Council (IDC) was formed.
It was created by the Chancellor of the University System and the president of Georgia Power Company, and the EES's director was a member of the council.
The IDC later became the Georgia Tech Research Corporation, which currently serves as the sole contract organization for all Georgia Tech faculty and departments.
In 1939, EES director Vaughan became the director of the School of Ceramic Engineering.
He was the director of the station until 1940, when he accepted a higher-paying job at the Tennessee Valley Authority and was replaced by Harold Bunger (the first chairman of Georgia Tech's chemical engineering department).
When the ceramics department was temporarily discontinued due to World War II, the current students found wartime employment.
The department would be reincarnated after the war under the guidance of Lane Mitchell.
The Cocking affair occurred in 1941 and 1942 when Georgia governor Eugene Talmadge exerted direct control over the state's educational system, particularly through the firing of University of Georgia professor Walter Cocking, who had been hired to raise the relatively low academic standards at UGA's College of Education.
Talmadge justified his actions by asserting that Cocking intended to integrate a part of the University of Georgia.
Cocking's removal and the subsequent removal of members of the Georgia Board of Regents (including the vice chancellor) who disagreed with the decision were particularly controversial.
Talmadge attempted to place Tech football star Red Barron in a new position as vice president of Georgia Tech; the move was widely criticized by Georgia Tech alumni, who marched on the capitol, and Barron subsequently declined to accept the position.
In response to the actions of Governor Talmadge, the Southern Association of Independent Schools withdrew accreditation from all Georgia state-supported colleges for whites, including Georgia Tech.
The controversy was instrumental in Talmadge's loss in the 1943 gubernatorial elections to Ellis Arnall.
World War II resulted in a dramatic increase of sponsored research, with the 1943–1944 budget being the first in which industry and government contracts exceeded the EES's other income (most notably, its state appropriation).
Vaughan had initially prepared the faculty for fewer incoming contracts as the state had cut the station's appropriation by 40 percent, but increased support from industry and government eventually counteracted low state support.
The electronics and communications research that Directors Gerald Rosselot and James E. Boyd attracted is still a mainstay of GTRI research.
Two of the larger projects were a study on the propagation of electromagnetic waves, and United States Navy-sponsored radar research.
Until the mid-1940s, the school required students to be able to create a simple electric motor regardless of their major.
During World War II, as an engineering school with strong military ties through its ROTC program, Georgia Tech was swiftly enlisted for the war effort.
In early 1942 the traditional nine-month semester system was replaced by a year-round trimester year, enabling students to complete their degrees a year earlier.
Under the plan, students were allowed to complete their engineering degrees while on active duty.
During World War II, Georgia Tech was one of 131 colleges and universities that took part in the V-12 Navy College Training Program which offered students a path to a Navy commission.
The school was also one of only five U.S. colleges feeding into the United States Naval Academy.
Founded as the "Georgia School of Technology," the school assumed its present name on July 1, 1948 to reflect a growing focus on advanced technological and scientific research.
The name change was first proposed on June 12, 1906, but did not gain momentum until Blake R. Van Leer's presidency.
Unlike similarly named universities such as the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the California Institute of Technology, the Georgia Institute of Technology is a public university.
Concurrent with the name change, President Emeritus Marion L. Brittain published "The Story of Georgia Tech", the first comprehensive, book-length history of the school.
The Southern Technical Institute (STI) was established in 1948 in barracks on the campus of Naval Air Station Atlanta (now DeKalb Peachtree Airport) in Chamblee, northeast of Atlanta.
At that time, all colleges in Georgia were considered extensions of the state's four research universities, and the Southern Technical Institute belonged to Georgia Tech.
STI was established as an engineering technology school, to help military personnel returning from World War II gain hands-on experience in technical fields.
Around 1958, the school moved to Marietta, to land donated by Dobbins Air Force Base.
STI was split from Georgia Tech in 1981, at a time when most other regional schools separated from the University of Georgia, Georgia State University, and Georgia Southern University.
The only women that had attended Georgia Tech did so through the School of Commerce.
After it was removed in 1931, women were not able to enroll at Tech until 1952.
In 1952 women could only enroll in programs not offered at other universities in Georgia.
In 1968 the Board of Regents voted to allow women to enroll in all programs at Tech.
Also in 1968, Helen E. Grenga became Georgia Tech's first full-tenured female engineering professor.
The first women's dorm, Fulmer Hall, opened in 1969.
Women constituted 31.1% of the undergraduates and 25.5% of the graduate students enrolled in Fall 2010.
Glen P. Robinson and six other Georgia Tech researchers (including Robinson's former professor and future EES director Jim Boyd and EES director Gerald Rosselot) each contributed $100 to found Scientific Associates (later known as Scientific Atlanta) on October 31, 1951, with the initial goal of marketing antenna structures developed by the radar branch of the EES.
Robinson worked as the general manager without pay for the first year; after the fledgling company's first contract resulted in a $4,000 loss, Robinson (upon request) refunded five of the six other initial investors.
Despite its rocky start, the company managed to succeed.
In 1951, there was a dispute over station finances and Rosselot's hand in the foundation of Scientific Atlanta against Georgia Tech vice president Cherry Emerson.
Initially, Rosselot was president and CEO of Scientific Atlanta, but later handed off responsibility to Glen P. Robinson; at issue were potential conflicts of interest with his role at Georgia Tech and what, if any, role Georgia Tech should have in technology transfer to the marketplace.
Rosselot eventually resigned his post at Georgia Tech, but his participation ensured the eventual success of Scientific Atlanta and made way for further technology transfer efforts by Georgia Tech's VentureLab and the Advanced Technology Development Center.
This period also saw a significant expansion in Georgia Tech's postgraduate education programs, driven largely by the Cold War and the launch of Sputnik; this effort received substantial support from the EES.
Despite its slow start, with the first Master of Science programs in the 1920s and the first Doctorate in 1946, the program became firmly established.
In 1952 alone, around 80 students earned graduate degrees while working at EES.
Herschel H. Cudd, EES director from 1952 to 1954, created a new promotion system for researchers that is still in use.
Many EES researchers held the title of professor despite lacking a doctorate (or a comparable qualification for promotion as determined by the Georgia Board of Regents), something that irritated members of the teaching faculty.
The new system, approved in spring 1953, used the Board of Regents' qualifications for promotion and mirrored the academic tenure track.
After a successful (8–1–1) football season in 1955, Tech was invited to play in the 1956 Sugar Bowl in New Orleans against the University of Pittsburgh.
It would be the school's fifth straight bowl appearance under renowned coach Bobby Dodd.
Pittsburgh had a black starting player, fullback Bobby Grier, but as Tech had played a 1953 game against a desegregated Notre Dame team, and the University of Georgia had very recently played out-of-state games against desegregated opponents, president Van Leer and the Tech Athletic Association saw the game's contract as acceptable.
However, racial tension in the South was high following the recent "Brown v. Board of Education" decision.
Georgia Governor Marvin Griffin had privately given Dodd his support, but he surprised the campus and the state on Friday, December 2, 1955 by bowing to pressure from segregationists and sending a wire to the Georgia Board of Regents chairman, Robert O. Arnold, requesting not only that Tech not play the game, but that all University System of Georgia teams play only segregated games.
Enraged, Tech students organized an impromptu protest rally on campus.
At midnight, a large group of students hung the governor in effigy and ignited a bonfire.
They then marched to Five Points, the Georgia State Capitol, and the Georgia Governor's Mansion, hanging the governor in effigy at each location.
The students did some minor damage to the Governor's Mansion before the march was dispersed by state representative "Muggsy" Smith at 3:30 a.m.
Van Leer's only comment to the media came on Saturday, December 3, 1955: "I am 60 years old and I have never broken a contract.
I do not intend to start now".
At a tense meeting of the Board of Regents on Monday, it was decided that Georgia Tech would be allowed to play in the Sugar Bowl.
The new policy was that "all laws, customs and traditions of host states would be respected but all games played in Georgia would be segregated", a policy that would remain until 1963.
The regents, with the exception of Tech alumnus David Rice, condemned the "riotous" behavior of Tech students.
Rice instead criticized Marvin Griffin, and was lauded by "The Technique" as the "only man with the moral conviction to stand up against Griffin, ... and co".
Ironically, Tech defeated Pittsburgh 7–0 because of a pass interference call on the black player.
Van Leer died six weeks after this incident, on January 23, 1956; the stress of the controversy was believed to have shortened his life.
After Van Leer's death, Paul Weber served as acting president from January 1956 to August 1957, while still holding the title of Dean of Faculties; it was difficult to find a permanent replacement due to discriminatory state laws and the looming issue of integration, along with a salary gap between Georgia Tech and comparable institutions.
Weber's short tenure as acting president saw significantly increased enrollment standards, efforts by the Georgia Tech Foundation to increase faculty salaries, and further campus expansion including the Alexander Memorial Coliseum, which was completed and dedicated on October 27, 1956.
Weber left larger organizational changes and integration for his eventual successor.
After the selection of a replacement in the University of Toledo's Dean of Engineering, Edwin D. Harrison, Weber remained a Georgia Tech administrator and was named Vice President for Planning in 1966.
Around 1960, state law mandated "an immediate cut-off of state funds to any white institution that admitted a black student".
At a meeting in the Old Gym on January 17, 1961, an overwhelming majority of the 2,741 students present voted to endorse integration of qualified applicants, regardless of race.
Three years after the meeting, and one year after the University of Georgia's violent integration, Georgia Tech became the first university in the Deep South to desegregate without a court order, with Ford Greene, Ralph A.
Long, Jr., and Lawrence Michael Williams becoming Georgia Tech's first three African American students; they registered for class on September 18, 1963 and started class on September 20.
Members of the press were barred from the campus to discourage disruptive behavior, and plainclothes police officers were placed on the campus.
The ANAK Society claims to have met with their families and discreetly kept an eye on the students once they enrolled to ensure peaceful integration.
There was little reaction to this by Tech students who, like the city of Atlanta described by former mayor William Hartsfield, were "too busy to hate".
On the first day, the Ku Klux Klan came to Georgia Tech, marched up North Avenue, and picketed Harrison's house, staying just long enough to have their pictures taken.
Lester Maddox chose to close his restaurant (near Georgia Tech's modern-day Burger Bowl) rather than desegregate, after losing a year-long legal battle in which he challenged the constitutionality of the public accommodations section (Title II) of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
In 1965, John Gill became "The Technique"s first black editor, and Tech's first black professor, William Peace, joined the faculty of the Department of Social Sciences in 1968.
The Ramblin' Wreck, the iconic 1930 Ford Model A Sport coupe that serves as the official mascot of the student body, was acquired in this era.
The Wreck is present at all major sporting events and student body functions, and leads the football team into Bobby Dodd Stadium at Historic Grant Field, a duty it has performed since 1961.
Dean of Student Affairs Jim Dull recognized a need for an official Ramblin' Wreck when he observed the student body's fascination with classic cars.
Fraternities, in particular, would parade around their House Wrecks as displays of school spirit and enthusiasm.
It was considered a rite of passage to own a broken-down vehicle.
In 1960, Dull began a search for a new official symbol to represent the Institute.
He specifically wanted a classic pre-war Ford.
Dull's search employed newspaper ads, radio commercials, and other means to locate this vehicle.
The search took him throughout the state and country, but no suitable vehicle was found until the autumn of 1960 when Dull spotted a polished 1930 Ford Model A outside of his apartment located in Towers Dormitory.
The owner was Captain Ted J. Johnson, Atlanta's chief Delta Air Lines pilot.
When Johnson returned to his car, he found a note from Dull attached to his windshield.
Dull's note offered to purchase the car to serve as Georgia Tech's official mascot.
Johnson, after great deliberation, agreed to take $1,000; he eventually returned the money in 1984 so that the car would be remembered as an official donation to Georgia Tech and the Alexander-Tharpe Fund.
The Ramblin' Wreck was officially transferred to the Athletic Association on May 26, 1961.
James E. Boyd, Assistant Director of Research at the Engineering Experiment Station since 1954, was appointed Director of the station from July 1, 1957, a post in which he served until 1961.
While at Tech, Boyd wrote an influential article about the role of research centers at institutes of technology, which argued that research should be integrated with education; he correspondingly involved undergraduates in his research.
Under Boyd's purview, the EES gained many electronics-related contracts, to the extent that an Electronics Division was created in 1959; it would focus on radar and communications.
The establishment of research facilities was also championed by Boyd.
In 1955, Van Leer had appointed Boyd to Georgia Tech's Nuclear Science Committee, which recommended the creation of a Radioisotopes Laboratory Facility and a large research reactor.
The $4.5 million ($ million in ) Frank H. Neely Research Reactor would be completed in 1963 and would operate until 1996.
Harrison's administration also addressed the disparity between salaries at Georgia Tech and competing institutions.
This was solved via the "Joint Tech-Georgia Development Fund" developed by the Georgia Tech Alumni Association in 1967, which supplemented salaries of faculty at both Georgia Tech and UGA and worked to attract high-quality faculty members to both schools.
Students across the nation protested the Vietnam War, including at similar institutions such as the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where students picketed and blocked access to the Draper Laboratory that was producing guidance systems for the Poseidon missile.
While "The Technique" did publish editorials against the United States' involvement, the Student Council easily defeated a bill endorsing the Vietnam Moratorium in the fall of 1969.
There were significant protests at other institutions that conducted military research, but there were no protests against the military electronics research at the Georgia Tech Research Institute.
There was similar nationwide concern over the United States' involvement in the Cambodian Civil War, resulting in the Kent State shootings, which in turn caused about 450 colleges to suspend classes.
In Georgia, the student response was largely restrained.
Several hundred students at the University of Georgia marched on the home of president Frederick Corbet Davison demanding that the school be closed; consequently, all schools in the University System of Georgia were closed on May 8 and 9.
While there were no protests at Tech, the students were still concerned over the events at Kent State; on May 8, four hundred students and faculty filled Bertha Square for a student-organized memorial, after which the students left quietly.
A 1965 plan signaled the beginning of Tech's expansion to include what is now West Campus.
The area west of Hemphill Avenue, for decades the campus' western border, was then a working-class multiracial neighborhood, and Hemphill itself was a major city thoroughfare connecting Buckhead, the Atlantic Steel Mill, Techwood Homes and Downtown.
In July 1968, Harrison resigned to the surprise of many in the Georgia Tech community; it was leaked to the press prior to his official announcement, and he subsequently released a public statement, saying that "ten years was long enough to be president of one university".
The true reasons stemmed from his reorganization of the campus administration, and difficulties between Harrison and the Georgia Board of Regents and its chancellor over long-term goals and procedures.
On July 1, 1968, Vernon D. Crawford became dean of the institute's General College.
In March 1969, Harrison announced that he would take a leave of absence until his resignation was effective; Chancellor George L. Simpson subsequently announced that Crawford would be the interim president.
One notable development during Crawford's term was the advancement of the School of Industrial Management to a college.
In 1966, Arthur G. Hansen, then a chairman of the University of Michigan's mechanical engineering department, was named Georgia Tech's Dean of Engineering.
On August 1, 1969, Hansen became the institute's next president, a post he held until his resignation on July 1, 1971, to become president of his alma mater, Purdue University.
James E. Boyd, who had assumed the vice chancellorship of the University System of Georgia the previous month, was appointed Acting President of Georgia Tech by Chancellor George L. Simpson in May 1971.
Simpson's selection of Boyd as interim president was influenced by Boyd's previous experience as an academic administrator, his experience as director of the Engineering Experiment Station, and his ongoing position on the station's board of directors.
The chancellor hoped this combination would help resolve a brewing controversy over whether the EES should be integrated into Georgia Tech's academic units to improve both entities' competitiveness for federal money.
The EES had sizable and growing support from the state of Georgia and its Industrial Development Council, which developed products and methods and provided technical assistance for Georgia industry.
However, due in part to efforts made by Boyd and previous station director Gerald Rosselot, the station increasingly relied on electronics research funding from the federal government.
In 1971, funding to both Georgia Tech's academic units and the EES began to suffer due to a sharp decline in state funds combined with cuts to federal science, research, and education funding after the end of the Space Race funding boom.
Similar institutions, such as the Battelle Memorial Institute, Stanford Research Institute, and the Illinois Institute of Technology Research Institute had weathered this storm by becoming exceedingly good at obtaining research contracts.
Boyd's predecessor Arthur G. Hansen's "bold and controversial" solution to both entities' problems was to completely integrate the station into Georgia Tech's academic units.
On paper, this would dramatically increase Georgia Tech's stated research funding (as all of it would be performed through the academic units), and it would increase options and financial aid for graduate students.
Another, less publicized, reason was that Georgia Tech would gain access to the contract organization's reserve fund, which was said to be over $1 million ($ million in ).
Thomas E. Stelson, Dean of the College of Engineering at Georgia Tech, was named to "reorganize" the station.
Publicly, Stelson's task was simply to recommend a plan for reorganization, but the administration clearly intended for Georgia Tech and the EES to be closely integrated.
Maurice W. Long, who was director of the station at the time, viewed the move as a violation of the EES's charter as legislatively established by the Georgia General Assembly in 1919, and asserted that Georgia Tech did not have the authority to merge the two institutions.
EES employees and business executives involved with the station appealed to the Georgia Board of Regents and to Governor of Georgia Jimmy Carter (himself a Georgia Tech alumnus); the controversy received coverage in both "The Technique" and "The Atlanta Constitution".
This was the climate into which Boyd entered as interim institute president after Hansen had announced, on April 27, 1971, that he would be departing Georgia Tech to become president of Purdue University on July 1 of that year.
Boyd stopped the plan for absolute absorption of the station, but did allow plans for closer control and more aggressive contract solicitation to proceed.
Among these measures were increased resource-sharing, including increased sharing of physical assets and research staff.
The latter was evidenced by the increase in joint faculty appointments between the EES and Georgia Tech.
The move paid off, and the fiscal year 1970–1971 saw EES win new contracts and grants, totaling a record $5.2 million ($ million ).
Boyd had to deal with intense public pressure to fire Yellow Jackets football coach Bud Carson.
Georgia Tech alumni – accustomed to success under football legends John Heisman (whose career wins–losses–draws statistics were 185–70–17), William A. Alexander (134–95–15) and Bobby Dodd (165–64–8) – made repeated calls for Carson's dismissal.
The complaints were based on a long list of infractions, including "mistreating and humiliating students" and "unsportsmanlike conduct", but the most important issue was his 27–27 record.
The last straw was his 6–6 season in 1971, which included both a loss to Georgia Tech's longtime rival, the Georgia Bulldogs, and to the 1971 Ole Miss Rebels football team in the 1971 Peach Bowl.
As institute president, Boyd chaired the Board of Directors of the Georgia Tech Athletic Association, which had been suffering both in win percentage and in finances.
Traditional sources of Athletic Association income, primarily ticket sales, had declined as a result of both the Yellow Jackets' poor record and the relatively recent establishment of professional football in Atlanta, namely the Atlanta Falcons.
Bobby Dodd, then athletic director, had warned for years that Georgia Tech's rising academic standards and its limited curriculum would affect the athletic program.
At a meeting on January 8, 1972, the Athletic Association board, led by Boyd, ignored a 42-page list of "charges" drafted by an alumnus, but nevertheless voted to not renew Carson's contract, making him the first Georgia Tech coach to be fired.
The board also voted to not accept Bobby Dodd's resignation, which had been offered at the meeting.
Carson went on to have a successful career, particularly with the Pittsburgh Steelers.
On January 21, 1972, Boyd announced that Bill Fulcher had been selected as the new football head coach.
This would not change the Georgia Tech Athletic Association's fortunes, however; after Carson's departure, the on-field and financial problems remained.
Georgia Tech's mascot Buzz got his start in the 1970s.
The original Georgia Tech Yellow Jacket mascot was Judi McNair who donned a homemade yellowjacket costume in 1972 and performed at home football games.
She rode on the Ramblin' Wreck and appears in the 1972 Georgia Tech "Blueprint" yearbook.
McNair's mascot was considered a great idea, as it was a big hit with the fans.
In 1979, McNair's idea for a Yellow Jacket was reintroduced by another Georgia Tech student, Richie Bland.
Bland, who was apparently unaware of McNair's prior initiative, paid $1,400 to have a local theme park costume designer make a yellowjacket costume that he first wore at a pep rally prior to the Tennessee football game.
Rather than obtain permission from Georgia Tech as Judi had done in 1972, this student simply sneaked onto the field in costume during a football game and ran across the field.
The fans believed that this costumed character was acting as an official member of the cheerleading squad and responded accordingly.
By 1980, this new incarnation of the yellow jacket mascot was given the name Buzz Bee and was adopted as an official mascot by Georgia Tech.
This new Buzz character would be the model for a new Georgia Tech emblem, designed in 1985 by Mike Lester.
Joseph M. Pettit became president of the Georgia Institute of Technology in 1972.
During his 14-year tenure as president, Pettit was credited with turning Georgia Tech into a top-flight research institution.
Pettit has also received credit for shifting Georgia Tech back to its roots with regards to providing assistance with economic development within the state of Georgia.
In the decades known for the Vietnam War and the launch of Sputnik, research at Georgia Tech and the Georgia Tech Research Institute had become so tied with NASA and the Department of Defense that local industrial development had been largely forgotten.
During Pettit's tenure, the Institute progressed into the top tier of technological education institutions.
Under his leadership, Tech's research budget surpassed the $100 million mark for the first time in its history.
Thomas E. Stelson was Georgia Tech's Vice President for Research from 1974 to 1988.
Faced with a longstanding cultural war over the relative merits of basic research versus applied research, Stelson emphasized the importance of both.
An increased focus on research activities allowed more funding for academics, which allowed the school's ranking to start a long and continuing rise from that of the 20s.
Stelson simultaneously served as the interim director of the Georgia Tech Research Institute from 1975 to 1976, during which time he reorganized the station into eight semi-autonomous laboratories in order to allow each to develop a specialization and clientele—a model that GTRI retains (with slight modifications) to this day.
In the aftermath of the launch of Scientific Atlanta and the subsequent disputes, Georgia Tech's culture encouraged hard work, but did not encourage start-ups.
This changed during Pettit's administration; Pettit was at Stanford during the development of the Silicon Valley and worked to change the culture to inspire something similar in Atlanta.
"That was when Tech began actively encouraging faculty, staff and students to be entrepreneurial ...
In some ways it was a shift back to our roots, with Tech beginning to reconnect with the state through the Advanced Technology Development Center, the Economic Development Institute and the Georgia Research Alliance", according to Bob McMath.
Pettit also oversaw Georgia Tech's application and admittance into the Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC), an athletic league founded in 1953 which included seven charter members.
Georgia Tech had withdrawn from the Southeastern Conference in January 1964 and had operated as an Independent until 1975 when Georgia Tech joined the Metro Conference.
Georgia Tech was admitted to the ACC on April 3, 1978.
The ACC has expanded from 8 to 12 members since that time.
The Institute celebrated its centennial in 1985.
Pettit and J. Erskine Love, Jr. spearheaded Tech's $100 million Centennial Campaign.
A total of $202.7 million was raised during the Centennial Campaign, which was Georgia Tech's largest single fundraising effort to that date.
Among other centennial observances, a time capsule was placed in the Student Center, and a team of historians wrote a comprehensive guide to Georgia Tech's history, "Engineering the New South: Georgia Tech 1885–1985".
In 1986, Pettit died of cancer, and Henry C. Bourne, Jr. served as interim president.
President John Patrick Crecine proposed a controversial restructuring in 1988.
The Institute at that point had three colleges: the College of Engineering, the College of Management, and the catch-all COSALS, the College of Sciences and Liberal arts.
Crecine reorganized the latter two into the College of Computing, the College of Sciences, and the Ivan Allen College of Management, Policy, and International Affairs.
Crecine announced the changes without asking for input, and consequently many faculty members disliked him for his top-down management style.
The administration sent out ballots in 1989, and the proposed changes passed with very slim margins.
The restructuring took effect in January 1990.
While Crecine was seen in a poor light at the time, the changes he made are considered visionary.
In January 1994, Crecine resigned.
In October 1990, Tech opened its first overseas campus, Georgia Tech Lorraine (GTL).
A non-profit corporation operating under French law, GTL primarily focuses on graduate education, sponsored research, and an undergraduate summer program.
In 1997 GTL was sued on the grounds that the course descriptions on its internet site did not comply with the Toubon Law, which requires that advertisements must be provided in French.
The case was dismissed on a technicality; the GTL site subsequently offers course descriptions in English, French and German.
Crecine was instrumental in securing the 1996 Summer Olympics for Atlanta.
In September 1989 he imagined a grand multimedia presentation for the International Olympic Committee (IOC).
The resulting 3-D presentation, developed by the institute's Multimedia Laboratory, provided a "1996" view of Atlanta, complete with digitized graphic models of non-existent facilities overlaid on their proposed sites.
More than 40 Georgia Tech computer scientists were recruited to assemble the virtual reality, three-dimensional tour through Olympic venues that had not yet even been designed.
The term "virtual reality" was almost unknown in 1989 when Tech's seven-foot tall, three-screen, 3-D interactive video and laser disc projection system debuted during a meeting of the IOC at San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Members of the committee used a trackball and a touch screen to view a dazzling montage of animation, computer graphics, aerial photography, video, and satellite topographical photographs created to depict Atlanta during the Centennial Olympic Games.
Many believe the presentation showed the IOC that Atlanta was a major player in its Olympics bid and served to create the foundation for the city's high-tech theme for the Centennial Games.
After Atlanta won the Olympics bid, a dramatic amount of construction occurred, creating most of what is now considered "West Campus" in order for Tech to serve as the Olympic Village.
The Undergraduate Living Center, Fourth Street Apartments, Sixth Street Apartments, Eighth Street Apartments, Hemphill Apartments, and Center Street Apartments housed athletes and journalists.
The Georgia Tech Aquatic Center was built for swimming events, and the Alexander Memorial Coliseum was renovated.
In 1994, G. Wayne Clough became the first Tech alumnus to serve as the President of the Institute.
The 1996 Summer Olympics took place in Atlanta early in Clough's tenure.
In 1998, he split the Ivan Allen College of Management, Policy, and International Affairs, creating the Ivan Allen College of Liberal Arts and returning the College of Management to "College" status.
During his tenure, research expenditures increased from $212 million to $425 million, enrollment increased from 13,000 to 18,000, Tech received the Hesburgh Award, and Tech's "U.S. News & World Report" rankings steadily improved.
Clough's tenure especially focused on a dramatic expansion and modernization of the institute.
Coinciding with the rise of personal computers, computer ownership became mandatory for all students in 1997.
In 1998, Georgia Tech was the first university in the Southeastern United States to provide its fraternity and sorority houses with internet access.
A campus wireless network, the Local Area Wireless/Walkup Network (LAWN), was established in 1999; it now covers most of the campus.
In 1999, Georgia Tech began offering local degree programs to engineering students in Southeast Georgia.
In 2003 Tech established a physical campus in Savannah, Georgia, called Georgia Tech Savannah.
Clough's administration also focused on improved undergraduate research opportunities and the creation of an "International Plan" degree option that requires students to spend two terms abroad and take internationally focused courses.
In addition, Clough spearheaded the creation of a fund to make Georgia Tech more affordable for low-income students (the G. Wayne Clough Georgia Tech Promise Program).
The master plan for the school's physical growth and development—created in 1912 and significantly revised in 1952, 1965, and 1991—saw two further revisions under Clough's guidance in 1997 and 2002.
While Clough was in office, around $1 billion was spent on expanding and improving the campus.
These projects include the construction of the Manufacturing Related Disciplines Complex, 10th and Home, Tech Square, The Biomedical Complex, the completion and subsequent renovations of several west campus dorms, the Student Center renovation, the expanded 5th Street Bridge, the Georgia Tech Aquatic Center's renovation into the CRC, the new Health Center, the Klaus Advanced Computing Building, the Molecular Science and Engineering Building, and the Nanotechnology Research Center.
The school has also taken care to maintain its Historic District, with several projects dedicated to the preservation or improvement of Tech Tower, the school's first and oldest building and its primary administrative center.
As part of Phase I of the Georgia Tech Master Plan of 1997, the area was made more pedestrian-friendly by the removal of access roads and the addition of landscaping improvements, benches, and other facilities.
The National Register of Historic Places has listed the Georgia Tech Historic District since 1978.
In the 2007 "Best of Tech" issue of "The Technique", students voted "construction" as Georgia Tech's worst tradition.
On March 15, 2008, Clough was appointed to lead the Smithsonian Institution, effective July 1, 2008.
Dr. Gary Schuster, Tech's Provost and Executive Vice President for Academic Affairs, was named Interim President, effective July 1, 2008.
On February 9, 2009, George P. "Bud" Peterson, chancellor of the University of Colorado at Boulder, was named the finalist in the presidential search; he took office on September 3, 2009.
On April 20, 2010, Georgia Tech was invited to join the Association of American Universities, as the first new member institution in nine years.
In 2011, Georgia Tech opened the G. Wayne Clough Undergraduate Learning Commons building named in honor of his commitment to undergraduate students; it was dedicated on his birthday, September 24, 2011.
In 2012, Ernest Scheller Jr. gave a $50 million gift that led to the renaming of the Georgia Tech College of Management to the Scheller College of Business.
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Dr. Gerard Gillen is Professor Emeritus in Music at the National University of Ireland, Maynooth, having retired from the position of Professor and Head of the Music Department of that university at the end of September 2007.
He came to NUI Maynooth in 1985, previously having been a lecturer in music for sixteen years at University College, Dublin.
Professor Gillen has overseen the expansion of the Music Department in undergraduate and postgraduate programmes, for example, new diplomas in Music Technology and Church Music.
He also directed the University Choral Society from October 1985 until April 2007.
Gillen is a first-class honours graduate of University College Dublin and Oxford.
Professor Gillen's interest lie in the areas of Catholic church music, organ building and performance practice.
He was honoured as the John Betts Fellow in 1992 at the University of Oxford and since 1993 he has been chair of the Irish Episcopal Commission's Advisory Committee on Church Music.
He is also the general editor (with Harry White of UCD) of the bi-annual Irish Musical Studies.
Gillen enjoys an international reputation as an organ recitalist and has given recitals at such prestigious international venues as the Royal Festival Hall, London, McEwan Hall, Edinburgh, Ulster Hall, Belfast, cathedrals of Pittsburgh, Salt Lake City, San Francisco, Canterbury, Notre Dame, Paris, St Stephen's, Vienna, Salzburg, Regensburg, Freiburg, Hamburg, Lübeck, St Bavo, Haarlem, Brussels, Antwerp, Bruges, Ghent, Copenhagen, Madrid, and Tallinn.
Gillen was founder-chairman of the Dublin International Organ & Choral Festival and was the festival's artistic director from 1990–2000.
He was also consultant to the National Concert Hall in Dublin on the installation of the Hall's Kenneth Jones concert organ in 1991 and remains one of the Hall's honorary organ curators.
Gillen was the organist at the Statio Orbis mass of the 50th International Eucharistic Congress held in Croke Park, Dublin on 17 June 2012.
Gillen has had many recitals recorded and broadcast by various national radio networks: RTÉ, BBC, RTF (France), BRT (Belgium), Nord Deutsche Rundfunk, Mittel-Deutsche Rundfung, RAI, Estonian National Radio, and American Public Service Radio.
Gillen plays the 1869 Walker organ of St Audoen’s, Dublin, LP NIR, 1971.
He also played Buxtehude and Walther on the Chapel Organ of Trinity College, Dublin, LP NIR, 1972.
He has made many other recordings.
Dun Laoighre, St. Michael's Church
Dun Laoighre, St. Michael's Church
Dun Laoighre, St. Michael's Church
Dun Laoighre, St. Michael's Church
Dublin, Pro-Cathedral, 27 September
Spišska Nova Ves (Slovakia), Festival, 13 September
Kosice (Slovakia), Philharmonic Hall, 12 September
Dublin, National Concert Hall, recital as part of NCH’s 25th anniversary celebrations, 8 September
New York, St Patrick’s Cathedral, 29 August
Dublin, St Michael’s, Dun Laoghaire, 20 August
Carrick-on-Shannon, Water Music festival, 13 August
Castletownshend, Summer Music Festival, 3 August
Monasterevan, Hopkins Summer School, 28 July
Lyon, St Bonaventure Basilica, 7 May
Paris, La Madeleine, 30 April
Luxembourg, Dudelange Celtic Festival, 9 March
Ruzamberak Catholic University, Slovakia, Conference Recital, 21 October
Dublin, Pro-Cathedral, 7 September
Wales, St Davids Cathedral, 24 August
Dublin, St Michael’s, Dun Laoghaire, 21 August
Graz, Cathedral, 14 August
Legnica (Polaqnd), Cathedral, 19 July
Wroclaw, University Church, 17 July
Swieta Lipka, Festival Recital, 15 July
Dublin, Christ Church Cathedral, 11 May
Waterford, Christ Church Cathedral, 10 March
Oxford, The Queen’s College, 23 February
Dublin, National Concert Hall, 5 December (with Palestrina Choir)
Sardinia, Cagliari, S. Francesca de Paulo, 23 October
Dublin, Pro-Cathedral, 8 September
Hamburg, Wohltorf Kirche, 4 September
Schleswig Holstein, Neuenkirchen, 3 September
Copenhagen, Vor Frue Cathedral, 28 August
Denmark, Randers Church, 26 August
Dublin, St Michael’s, Dun Laoghaire, 15 August
Bratislava, St Martin’s Cathedral, 30 June
Tullamore, Church of the Assumption, 22 June
Bratislava Castle, official recital to mark the accession of Slovakia to the EU, 4 May
Dublin, St Patrick’s Cathedral, 28 April
London, St Lawrence Jewry (City), 16 March
Rome, S. Paulo entre la mura, 29 February
Dublin, National Concert Hall, 10 December (with Palestrina Choir)
Dublin, Pro-Cathedral, 24 September
Zilina (Slovakia), S. Barbera, 4 September
Piestany (Slovakia), Concert Hall, 2 September
Trnava (Slovakia), Cathedral Festival, 28 August
Kosice, St Elizabeth Cathedral, 26 August
Leipzig, St Thomas’s Church, 23 August
Torgau, Schloss und Stadt Kirche, 22 August
Potsdam, Erlöserkirche, 20 August
Schleswig Holstein, Sieseby Kirche, 18 August
Limburg/Lahn, Cathedral Series, 16 August
Dublin, St Michael’s, Dun Laoghaire, 10 August
Tullamore, Church of the Assumption, 17 June
Dublin, St Agatha’s, North William Street, Inaugural Recital, 15 May
Limerick, Redemptorist Church, 20 November
Turin, Basilica Santa Rita, 28 October
Fossano, Cathedral festival, 27 October
Dublin, Pro-Cathedral, 4 September
Dublin, St Michael’s, Dun Laoghaire, 18 August
Killaloe, Shannon Festival, 20 July
Dublin, Pro-Cathedral, International Organ festival Vesper, 28 June
Augusta, Georgia, Distinguished Artists’ series, 2 May
Hannibal, Missouri, First Presbyterian Church, 28 April
Dublin, National Concert Hall, 27 September
Dublin, Pro-Cathedral, 19 September
Schleswig Holstein, St Peter-Ording, 9 September
Schleswig Holstein, Keitum/Sylt, 5 September
Hamburg, Harsefeld, Kirche, 3 September
Copenhagen, Garrison Church, 29 August
Schleswig Holstein, St Laurentius, Itzehoe, 25 August
Denmark, Randers Church, 21 August
Galway, Cathedral of the Assumption, 16 August
Denmark, Bornholm, Rønne Church, 10 August
Strasbourg, St Pierre-le-Jeune, 15 July
Vienna, Stefansdom, 11 July
Sens (France), Cathedral, 8 July
Munich, University Church, 26 June
Cork, St Finbarr's Cathedral, 22 May
Frankfurt/Main, St Nikolai (Bergen-Enkheim), 23 March
Dublin, National Concert Hall, 12 December (with Palestrina Choir)
Dublin, Pro-Cathedral, 6 September
Wexford, Rowe Street Church, 6 August
Mühlhausen, Divi Blasii Church, 1 June
Limerick, Mary Immaculate College, 3 May
Kilrush, St Senan's Church, Inaugural recital, 28 April
Copenhagen, St David's Church, 27 February
Copenhagen, Kastrup Church, 26 February
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Prostitution in Finland is legal but soliciting in a public place, organized prostitution (operating a brothel or a prostitution ring and other forms of pimping) is illegal.
According to a 2010 TAMPEP study, 69% of prostitutes working in Finland are migrants.
As of 2009, there was little 'visible' prostitution in Finland as it was mostly limited to private residences and nightclubs in larger metropolitan areas.
Buying or attempting to buy sex from a minor is illegal.
The Public Law and Order Act prohibits offering or buying sex in a public place.
The criminalisation of the purchase of sex from adults has been a continuing topic of discussion in the Nordic countries.
In June 2006, parliament voted by 158 to 15 with four abstentions to approve a bill which outlaws the buying of sexual services from sex workers if it is linked to human trafficking.
The issue was raised again in 2013 by the Justice Minister.
Pro-tukipiste r.y.
(Pro Centre Finland), a registered non-profit organisation, supports and promotes the civil and human rights of sex workers in Finland, offering professional social support, health care services and legal advice, operating in Helsinki and Tampere.
Services are provided without charge, anonymously, and the centre is politically and religiously independent.
It also offers consultation on issues concerning sex work and human trafficking.
They are a partner in the Indoors Project, a European Union initiative for the analysis and policy recommendations on sex work inside the EU.
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The visa policy of the Schengen Area is set by the European Union and applies to the Schengen Area and to other EU member states without the opt-outs enjoyed by Ireland and the UK.
If someone other than a European Union, European Economic Area (EEA) or Swiss citizen wishes to enter the Schengen Area, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus or Romania they must have a visa or be a national of a visa-exempt country.
The Schengen Area consists of 22 European Union member states and four non-members who are members of EFTA: Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland.
Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus and Romania are not yet part of the Schengen Area but, nonetheless, have a visa policy that is based on the Schengen "acquis".
Ireland and the United Kingdom opt out of the EU's visa policies and instead operate their own separate visa policies, as do certain overseas territories of EEA member states.
European Union citizens and European Free Trade Association (EFTA) nationals are not only visa-exempt but are legally entitled to enter and reside in each other's countries.
Their right to freedom of movement in each other's countries can, however, be limited in a reserved number of situations, as prescribed by the European Union Treaties.
Directive 2004/38/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 recognises the right of citizens of the Union and their family members to move and reside freely within the territory of the Member States
defines the right of free movement for citizens of the European Economic Area (EEA), which includes the European Union (EU) and three European Free Trade Association (EFTA) members Iceland, Norway and Liechtenstein.
Switzerland, which is a member of EFTA but not of the EEA, is not bound by the Directive but rather has a separate bilateral agreement on the free movement with the EU.
Citizens of all EEA member states and Switzerland holding a valid passport, passport card, or national identity card enjoy freedom of movement rights in each other's territory and can enter, reside and work in each other's territory without a visa.
If EU/EEA/Swiss nationals are unable to present a valid passport or national identity card at the border, they must nonetheless be afforded every reasonable opportunity to obtain the necessary documents or have them brought to them within a reasonable period of time or corroborate or prove by other means that he/she is covered by the right of free movement.
However, EU, EEA member states and Switzerland member states can refuse entry to any EU, EEA or Swiss citizen on public policy, public security or public health grounds where the person presents a "genuine, present and sufficiently serious threat affecting one of the fundamental interests of society".
If the person has obtained permanent residence in the country where they seek entry (a status which is normally attained after 5 years of residence), the member state can only expel them on "serious" grounds of public policy or public security.
Where the person has resided for 10 years or is a minor, the member state can only expel them on "imperative" grounds of public security (and, in the case of minors, if expulsion is necessary in the best interests of the child, as provided for in the Convention on the Rights of the Child).
Expulsion on public health grounds must relate to diseases with 'epidemic potential' which have occurred less than 3 months from the person's date of arrival in the Member State where they seek entry.
A family member of an EU/EEA/Swiss citizen who is in possession of a residence permit indicating their status is exempt from the requirement to hold a visa when entering the European Union, European Economic Area or Switzerland when they are accompanying their EU/EEA/Swiss family member or are seeking to join them.
As from 6 April 2015, the UK recognizes this document.
Non-EU family members who otherwise require a Schengen visa will still need one before they travel to Switzerland even if they possess a UK residence permit that clearly mentions that they are the family member of an EEA citizen.
Since 2001, the European Union has issued two lists regarding visas for the Schengen Area: a white list of countries whose nationals do not require visas ("Annex II") and a black list of countries whose nationals do require visas ("Annex I").
The two lists are also adopted by Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus and Romania, even though the four countries are not yet part of the Schengen Area.
Individuals in the following categories can enter the Schengen Area, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, and Romania without a visa:
Currently the local border traffic regulation agreements exist with Belarus (with Latvia since 2011), Moldova (with Romania since 2010), Russia (with Norway since 2012, with Latvia since 2013 and Poland 2012-2016) and Ukraine (with Hungary and Slovakia since 2008, Poland since 2009 and Romania since 2015).
Agreement between Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina is pending ratification but is applied on provisional basis.
***LIST***.
Recent EU visa waiver bilateral agreements are exempting holders of non-ordinary passports from a visa requirement.
These waivers are applicable to the counter-party, the Schengen countries, Schengen associated countries (Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland) and countries that are obliged to implement the Schengen acquis (Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus and Romania):
***LIST***.
There are no common black or transit lists for holders of diplomatic, service and other official passports.
States may still maintain a different policy on these.
***LIST***.
Despite the fact that visas are not required for ordinary passport holders, a visa is required for Australian diplomatic and service/official passport holders by Bulgaria and Cyprus, for Israeli diplomatic and service/official passport holders by Cyprus, for Mexican diplomatic and service/official passport holders by Cyprus and Iceland and for the United States diplomatic and service/official passport holders by Bulgaria, Cyprus, France, Greece and Spain.
Schengen visas can be issued by any country in the Schengen area.
Travellers must apply to the country's embassy which they are visiting.
In cases of travellers visiting multiple countries in the Schengen area, travellers must apply to their main destination's embassy.
If the main destination cannot be determined, the traveller should apply for the visa at the embassy of the Schengen country of first entry.
Often, external service providers are contracted by certain diplomatic missions to process, collect and return visa applications.
Schengen visa applications may not be submitted more than three months prior to the proposed date of entry into the Schengen area.
Some countries' embassies may require applicants to provide biometric identifiers (typically fingerprints and a digital photograph) as part of the visa application process to be stored on the Visa Information System (VIS).
Biometric identifiers are not collected from children under the age of 12.
Providing that the visa application is admissible and there are no issues with the application, a decision must be given within 15 calendar days of the date on which the application was lodged.
A Schengen visa is only valid for the Schengen Area.
For individuals who require a visa for Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus and/or Romania, a separate visa has to be obtained for each country.
Note that holders of a Schengen visa can enter Bulgaria, Croatia and Romania for up to 90 days in a 180-day period during the validity of their Schengen visa without having to apply for visas for each country.
However, holders of Bulgarian, Croatian, Cypriot or Romanian visas need to apply for a Schengen visa to enter the Schengen Area.
Bulgaria additionally recognises short stay and transit visas issued by Croatia, Cyprus and Romania.
In exceptional cases, single-entry Schengen visas valid for up to 15 days may be issued on arrival at the border.
These visas are reserved for individuals who can prove that they were unable to apply for a visa in advance due to time constraints arising out of 'unforeseeable' and 'imperative' reasons as long as they fulfil the regular criteria for the issuing of a Schengen visa.
However, if the individual requesting a Schengen visa at the border falls within a category of people for which it is necessary to consult one or more of the central authorities of other Schengen States, they may only be issued a visa at the border in exceptional cases on humanitarian grounds, on grounds of national interest or on account of international obligations (such as the death or sudden serious illness of a close relative or of another close person).
In 2014, over 122,000 Schengen visas were issued to travellers on arrival at the border.
People trying this way to travel to the Schengen Area, can get into problems with the airline because of the carrier's responsibility, which penalises airlines if they carry passengers who do not have the correct documentation.
As the following travel documents are not recognised by any Schengen country, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus and Romania, visas are not endorsed inside the travel documents.
***LIST***.
In addition, the following entities are not recognised as sovereign states by any Schengen country, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus or Romania.
Therefore, passports issued by them are not recognised as valid travel documents by any Schengen country, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus or Romania, and visas will not be attached to such passports.
***LIST***.
The EU has concluded visa facilitation agreements that allow facilitated procedures for issuing visas for both the EU citizens and citizens of the partner country.
The facilitated procedures include faster visa processing times, reduced fee or fee-free visa application processing, reduces list of supporting documents.
The agreements are in force with the following countries:
These agreements are linked to readmission agreements that allow the return of people irregularly residing in the EU.
In exceptional cases, member states may issue visas with limited territorial validity (LTV) instead of a Schengen visa.
A LTV visa may either specifically name member state(s) for which it is valid or, inversely, specifically name member state(s) for which it is not valid.
Holders of LTV visas are only permitted to transit via, travel to, and circulate within the territories of, member states for which it is valid.
Schengen visa code that member states may issue LTV visas:
***LIST***.
Despite the fact that LTV visas may be issued in exceptional cases only, some member state abuse the facility.
For instance, the Spanish Embassy in Russia occasionally issues LTV visas to tourists.
In general, a passenger who transits through an airport in the Schengen Area, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus and Romania while remaining airside will not require a visa.
However, on 5 April 2010, common visa requirements for airport transit were introduced by the European Union.
At present, citizens of the following 12 countries are required to hold an airport transit visa (ATV) when transiting through any airport in the Schengen Area, Bulgaria, Cyprus or Romania, even if they remain airside:
However, citizens of the above 12 countries are exempt from airport transit visas if they:
***LIST***.
Additionally, individual Schengen countries can impose airport transit visa requirements for nationals of other countries "in urgent cases of mass influx of illegal immigrants".
Eight countries (Finland, Iceland, Latvia, Poland, Malta, Romania, Slovenia and Sweden) currently do not use this provision and have no additional requirements.
As Liechtenstein has indicated that it won't accept flights originating outside the Schengen Area, airport transit visa requirements are not relevant there.
The other Schengen countries require airport transit visas for nationals from up to 23 (in the case of France) additional countries (See the table below).
Changes to the entries on Annex I (list of visa nationals) and Annex II (list of visa-exempt nationals) are regularly considered by the Council of the European Union based on advice from the individual member states.
The Council then proposes draft legislation which has to be approved by the European Parliament.
On 24 January 2011, Moldova officially received an action plan on visa liberalization from the EU's Internal Affairs Commissioner.
In October 2013, the Commission proposed that visa requirements for short term visits be abolished for Moldovan citizens holding biometric passports.
On 27 February 2014, the European Parliament approved visa-free travel for Moldovan citizens.
The Council gave their consent on 3 April, allowing visa-free travel from 28 April 2014.
On 7 November 2012, the European Commission announced a proposal to introduce visa-free travel for citizens from 16 island nations — 5 from the Caribbean (Dominica, Grenada, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines and Trinidad and Tobago), 10 from the Pacific (Kiribati, the Marshall Islands, Micronesia, Nauru, Palau, Samoa, the Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu and Vanuatu) and Timor-Leste.
The European Parliament also amended the list to include three other countries: Colombia, Peru, United Arab Emirates in February 2014.
Each of the 19 countries were required to conclude a bilateral visa waiver agreement with the European Union.
Agreements were signed and took effect with the United Arab Emirates on 6 May 2015, with Timor-Leste on 26 May 2015, with Dominica, Grenada, Samoa, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago and Vanuatu on 28 May 2015, with Tonga on 21 November 2015, with Colombia on 3 December 2015, with Palau on 8 December 2015, with Peru on 15 March 2016, with Kiribati on 23 June 2016, with Marshall Islands on 28 June 2016, with Tuvalu on 2 July 2016, and with Micronesia on 20 September 2016.
As of 7 April 2017, Nauru is the only of the 19 countries that has not signed a visa waiver agreement.
On 5 August 2015, the European Commission submitted a recommendation authorising the opening of negotiations on a short-stay visa waiver agreement with China for holders of diplomatic passports.
The agreement was subsequently signed by both parties on 29 February 2016 and went into effect on 2 March 2016.
The agreement, however, does not apply to UK and Ireland as separate visa-waiver agreements were already in force with these two countries.
An action plan on visa liberalisation with Georgia was launched on 25 February 2013.
In December 2015, the European Commission concluded that Georgia met the criteria for visa liberalization.
In March 2016, a legislative proposal was presented by the Commission to amend the regulation on visa requirements to include Georgia.
The visa waiver for Georgia took effect on 28 March 2017.
On 22 November 2010, the European Council and Ukraine announced "an action plan for Ukraine toward the establishment of a visa-free regime for short-stay travel".
In December 2015, the Commission concluded that Ukraine met the criteria for visa liberalization.
The visa waiver for Ukraine took effect on 11 June 2017.
In November 2016, the European Commission proposed a system for an electronic authorisation of visa-exempt third country nationals called ETIAS (European Travel Information and Authorisation System).
Under the proposal the ETIAS will be managed by the European Border and Coast Guard in cooperation with national authorities.
Foreign visitors will be required to submit personal data in advance and pay a processing fee (fee is waived for children).
Submitted applications will be processed automatically by checking against databases and watch lists and in case no issues appear the authorisation should be issued immediately.
The authorisation request may be processed for up 72 hours in which case the applicant must be notified if the authorisation request was issued or refused or if additional information is required.
In case the authorisation is refused the applicant will have the right of appeal in accordance with national law of the member state.
The authorisation will be valid for five years.
A travel authorisation with limited territorial validity may be issued only exceptionally.
It is imagined as a system similar to the ESTA system of the United States and the eTA system of Canada.
It is expected to enter into operation on 1 January 2020.
The cost for developing ETIAS is estimated at EUR 212,1 million.
ETIAS requirements will not apply to
***LIST***.
Asides from visa-exempt third country nationals the ETIAS requirements will also apply to
***LIST***.
In addition, the EU citizens who have multiple nationalities will be obliged to use the passport issued by an EU Member State for entering the Schengen area.
The EU plans to establish a Registered Traveller Programme that would allow pre-screened travellers easier access.
In 2013, the EU also adopted a proposal for establishment of an Entry/Exit System that would make it possible to identify overstayers.
On 7 November 2012, the European Commission announced a proposal to introduce visa-free travel for citizens from 16 island nations, and the European Parliament amended the list to include three other countries in February 2014.
Each of the 19 countries were required to conclude a bilateral visa waiver agreement with the European Union.
As of October 2016, Nauru is the only of the 19 countries that has not signed such agreement.
On 14 June 2012, Kosovo received a roadmap for visa liberalisation with the EU.
In December 2015, the European Commission has adopted the third, and final, report on Kosovo’s progress in fulfilling the requirements of its visa liberalisation roadmap which lists eight outstanding requirements that remain.
In December 2013, after signing a readmission agreement, the EU started a visa dialogue with Turkey including a "Roadmap towards the visa-free regime".
The EU announced readiness to accelerate the implementation of the visa liberalisation roadmap if Turkey stems the influx of refugees and migrants to Europe.
In the first half of 2016, legislative proposals were presented by the Commission to amend the regulation on visa requirements to include Kosovo and Turkey in the list of countries whose nationals are visa-exempt for short stays in the Schengen Area.
Other countries with which the EU is negotiating a visa waiver:
***LIST***.
On 10 July 2015, the Foreign minister of Indonesia, Retno Marsudi and the European Commission Vice President, Frans Timmermans, discussed possibilities for Indonesian passport holders to get visa-free access to the Schengen Area.
They noted that the visa rejection rate for Indonesian citizens is low at 1.1% in 2014 and immigration violations by Indonesian citizens are very low.
Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Romania and Switzerland are some Schengen members who gave their support to Indonesia for visa-free access to the Schengen Area.
During the sidelines of the EU-ASEAN ministerial meeting in Luxembourg on 5 November 2015, the European Commission reportedly included Indonesia in a list of countries proposed for review by the European Council.
Indonesia's proposal will be submitted to the council in early 2016.
The European Council then ask three main entities (Frontex, Europol and the EASO) to study and review Indonesia's eligibility.
If the study results are positive, then the Council and the European Commission will propose new regulations for Indonesia's Schengen visa waiver.
On 25 February 2016, Indonesian Foreign Ministry spokesman, Arrmanatha Nassir, claimed that Indonesia has already received a green light from the EU Commission and almost two-third of Schengen countries to get the visa-waiver status.
However, the implementation will not happen in the near future, because the visa-waiver procedure in the EU is quite complex and there are new migration issues in the region.
Meanwhile, Patrick Herman, ambassador of Belgium to Indonesia, is confident that the visa waiver agreement will be reached as soon as possible as all stakeholders are working to finalize the necessary agreements.
***LIST***.
On 15 December 2011, in a statement given after an EU-Russia summit, the President of the European Commission confirmed the launch of "Common Steps towards visa-free travel" with Russia.In 2013, Russia and the European Union have agreed on the issue of biometric service passports.
The EU suspended talks in March 2014, as a result of the situation in Ukraine.
As per Regulation No 539/2001 (amended by Regulation No 1289/2013) reciprocity is required from all Annex II countries and territories.
That means that these countries must offer visa-free access for 90 days to all EU citizens (except citizens of Ireland and the United Kingdom) and to the citizens of Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland.
When this is not the case, the affected EU or Schengen member state is expected to notify the European Commission.
Starting six months after the notification, the Commission may adopt an implementing act to suspend the visa-free regime for certain categories of nationals of the third country concerned, for a period of up to six months, with a possible prolongation by further periods of up to six months.
If the Commission decides not to adopt such an act, it has to present a report explaining the reasons why it did not propose the measure.
If after two years from the notification the third country is still requiring visas from citizens of one or more Member States, the Commission shall adopt a delegated act to re-impose the visa obligation on all citizens of the third country, for a period of 12 months.
Either the European Parliament or the Council could oppose the entry into force of the delegated acts.
All of the states that implement the common visa rules – including Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, Switzerland, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus and Romania – may notify the European Commission about non-compliant third states.
When the European Commission carried out its first visa reciprocity assessment on 1 May 2004 following the accession of 10 new Member States, only the following Annex II countries and territories were found to offer fully reciprocal visa-free treatment to all EU citizens: Andorra, Argentina, Chile, Holy See, Hong Kong SAR, Israel, Japan, Monaco and South Korea.
On 24 June 2005, additional countries were found to offer full reciprocity: Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Macao SAR, Mexico, New Zealand, Paraguay and San Marino.
However, after the accession of Romania and Bulgaria in 2007, some of these countries were found to no longer offer full reciprocity: Israel, Japan, Mexico, New Zealand and Paraguay.
Since the adoption of this policy, full reciprocity has been achieved with the following countries (listed in order of achieving reciprocity): Nicaragua, Venezuela, Uruguay, Costa Rica, Mexico, New Zealand, Israel, Malaysia, Paraguay, Panama, Singapore, Brazil and Brunei.
Full reciprocity is also ensured with countries added to Annex II since 2006, such as Taiwan.
According to a report from April 2015, the Commission dismissed notifications by both Bulgaria and Romania of a general visa requirement by Australia.
It concluded that the Australian electronic visa 'manual processing' treatment should not be considered as equivalent to the Schengen visa application procedures and consequently will not be covered by the reciprocity mechanism.
In its previous report, the Commission also committed to assessing certain provisions of the US electronic visa system — such as the application fee.
The current status as of November 2016, based on the Commissions communications from April and July 2016:
***LIST***.
For stays in the Schengen Area as a whole which exceed 90 days, as a general rule, a third country national (i.e.
a non-EU, EEA or Swiss national) will need to hold either a long-stay visa for a period of no longer than a year or a residence permit for longer periods.
Similarly, a third-country national who wishes to stay for more than 90 days in Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus or Romania will be required to hold a long-stay visa or a residence permit.
Although long-stay visas issued by Schengen countries, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus and Romania have the same uniform design, as a national visa, in general, the procedures and conditions for issue are determined by each individual country.
Therefore, for example, whilst some Schengen countries (such as France) require applications for long-stay visas to be made in the applicant's home country, other Schengen countries permit applicants to lodge their applications after arrival.
Some countries, such as Germany, Hungary, the Netherlands and Switzerland offer a hybrid regime, whereby third-country nationals are required to apply for long-stay visas in their home country, with the exception of a few nationalities who are permitted to apply for a residence permit directly upon arrival without having first to obtain a long-stay visa.
For example, Germany, Hungary, the Netherlands and Switzerland allow New Zealand citizens to apply for a residence permit upon arrival without having to apply for a long-stay visa in advance, but not South African citizens.
However, in some situations, the procedures and conditions for the issue of long-stay visas have been harmonised among all Schengen member states, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus and Romania.
For example, Council Directive 2004/114 has harmonised the conditions of admission of third country nationals wishing to study in a Schengen member state, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus or Romania.
Consequently, following the deadline for the implementation of the Directive (i.e.
12 January 2007), all Schengen member states (as well as Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus or Romania) are obliged to apply the same criteria in dealing with applications from third country nationals who wish to be admitted to their territory in order to study (namely that the applicant must have a valid travel document covering the duration of the stay, parental authorisation (if a minor), sickness insurance, not be regarded as a threat to public policy, security or health, and payment of the relevant fee).
Long-stay visas issued by a Schengen country entitle the holder to enter the Schengen Area and remain in the territory of the issuing state for a period longer than 90 days, but no more than one year.
If a Schengen state wishes to allow the holder of a long-stay visa remain there for longer than a year, the state must issue him or her with a residence permit.
The holder of a long-stay visa or a residence permit issued by a Schengen country is entitled to move freely within the other states which comprise the Schengen Area for a period of up to 90 days in any 180 days.
Third-country nationals who are long-term residents in a Schengen state may also acquire the right to move to and settle in another Schengen state without losing their legal status and social benefits.
However, some third-country nationals are permitted to stay in the Schengen Area for more than 90 days without the need to apply for a long-stay visa.
For example, France does not require citizens of Andorra, the Holy See, Monaco and San Marino to apply for a long-stay visa.
In addition, Article 20(2) of the Convention implementing the Schengen Agreement allows for this 'in exceptional circumstances' and for bilateral agreements concluded by individual signatory states with other countries before the Convention entered into force to remain applicable.
As a result, for example, New Zealand citizens are permitted to stay for up to 90 days in "each" of the Schengen countries (Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, The Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden and Switzerland) which had already concluded bilateral visa exemption agreements with the New Zealand Government prior to the Convention entering into force without the need to apply for long-stay visas, but if travelling to other Schengen countries the 90 days in any 180 day period time limit applies.
In addition to general requirements, EU member states also set entry conditions for foreign nationals of countries outside the EEA and Switzerland called the "reference amounts required for the crossing of the external border fixed by national authorities" regarding means of subsistence during their stay.
Authorities of Austria, Cyprus and Luxembourg decide on a case by case basis.
Netherlands exempts visitors from Australia, Canada, Japan, New Zealand, South Korea, United States and Vatican City from holding proof of sufficient funds and return tickets.
Romania requires visitors from the Republic of Macedonia, Moldova, Montenegro, Russia, Serbia and Ukraine to hold a medical insurance covering the period of stay.
Romania also exempts visitors from Australia, Canada, South Korea and the United States from holding proof of sufficient funds and return tickets.
Countries applying to join the European Union are obliged to adopt the EU's visa policy no later than three months before they formally join the Union.
Schengen countries give visa-free access to nationals of all European Union candidate and applicant states except Turkey.
Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia and Montenegro grant 90-day visa-free entry to all Schengen Annex II nationalities except some countries added since 2015, while Serbia also requires visas from some earlier Annex II nationalities.
In addition to requiring visas from some Annex II countries, Turkey still requires visas from some Schengen states, but they may be obtained online or on arrival.
All of these candidate and applicant states also grant visa-free entry to some additional nationalities not listed in Schengen Annex II.
Below is a table of Schengen countries which permit nationals of Annex II countries and territories to enter the country on a 90-day visa-free period of stay with the intention of working in the country during that period.<ref name="539/2001notifications">Information on national derogations from the visa requirement, Directorate-General for Migration and Home Affairs, 27 February 2017.</ref> Nonetheless, some Schengen countries which permit certain Annex II nationals to work during their visa-free stay may still require them to obtain a work permit (either in advance or on arrival).
The table below includes Bulgaria, Croatia and Romania (which apply the Schengen Area's visa list), but excludes states which do not allow any Annex II nationals to work during their visa-free stay, namely: Austria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Portugal and Spain.
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César fullname César Vinicio Cervo de Luca (born 19 May 1979) is a Brazilian football defender who currently plays for Italian Serie B side Virtus Entella.
César also holds Italian nationality through descent.
In January 2004, he was signed by Italian Serie A club Chievo on free transfer.
He signed a 6 months contract with option to extend to 30 June 2007.
In January 2005 he was loaned to Serie B club Catania along with Higo.
Catania later bought him in co-ownership deal for €150,000.
He followed the team promoted to Serie A and played his first Serie A match on 18 February 2007 against Fiorentina since he left Chievo 3 years before.
That season he only played 8 Serie A matches.
In June 2007, Chievo was announced to buy back the player from Catania through closed tender bid mediated by Lega Calcio, for €440,000.
He was a regular starter for Chievo in 2007–08 Serie B, partnered with Davide Mandelli, winning the "cadetto" that season and promoted back to Serie A in 2008.
With arrival of Santiago Morero and Mario Yepes, César became a backup again in 2008–09 Serie A.
In January 2009, he was loaned to Padova.
He won Lega Pro Prima Divisione runner-up with team and promoted to Serie B.
But Padova did not excise the rights to buy him in co-ownership deal.
However, in July 2009 he was signed outright for free, agreed a 2-year contract.
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The was an infantry division in the Imperial Japanese Army.
Its tsūshōgō code name was the , and its military symbol was 11D.
The 11th Division was one of six infantry divisions newly raised by the Imperial Japanese Army after the First Sino-Japanese War (1894–1895).
The division received its colors on 1 October 1898 and was disbanded in September 1945.
Its troops were recruited primarily from communities in the four prefectures of the island of Shikoku.
It was originally headquartered in the city of Zentsuji, Kagawa, and its first commander was Lieutenant General Nogi Maresuke.
During the Russo-Japanese War, under the command of Lieutenant General Tsuchiya Mitsuharu, this division was assigned to General Nogi's 3rd Army, and thus saw considerable combat (and casualties) at the bloody Siege of Port Arthur.
It subsequently formed the core of General Kawamura Kageaki’s 5th Army, where (under the command of Lieutenant General Samejima Shigeo, it played a significant role in securing the Japanese victory at the Battle of Mukden.
The division remained stationed in Manchuria as a garrison force for two years after the end of the Russo-Japanese War, and only returned to Zentsuji 7 May 1911.
The 11th Division was deployed again to the continent during the Japanese intervention in Siberia in August 1920, replacing the IJA 14th Division.
The division has demobilized and returned to Japan in June 1921.
The 11th Division was one of the three Japanese divisions deployed to Shanghai in China during the January 28 Incident in 1932.
It returned to Shanghai in July 1937 with the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War, but was reassigned to garrison duty in Manchukuo from September 1938.
In October 1939, the division was reorganized into a triangular division, with its IJA 22nd Infantry Regiment forming the core of the new 24th Division.
After the start of the Pacific War, the division was based at Mishan, near Lake Khasan in eastern Manchukuo as part of the 5th Army, in support of anti-partisan police actions and to act as a deterrent against Soviet border forces.
At the time it was commanded by Lieutenant General Mitsuru Ushijima.
In February 1944, a large part of division (3rd battalions of 12th infantry, 43rd infantry and 11th mountain artillery regiments) of the 11th Division's strength were detached to 10th Independent Mixed Regiment (tsūshōgō code 17584) and sent to Guam to reinforce the 1st division, which was annihilated at the Battle of Guam (1944) in July–August 1944.
In April 1945, the remainder of the 11th Division was transferred from Manchukuo back to Shikoku under command of the 55th army in preparation for the expected Allied invasion of Japan.
It and disbanded with the surrender of Japan in August 1945.
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Bruno Koschmider (born 1926, Danzig (Gdańsk) - died 2000, Hamburg, Germany) was a German entrepreneur in Hamburg, best known for employing the Beatles in the early 1960s.
He controlled various businesses, such as the Bambi Kino, which was a cinema, the Indra club and the Kaiserkeller.
Allan Williams booked the Beatles (in May 1960) into Koschmider's Indra club.
The Beatles first played at the Indra club - sleeping in small, dirty rooms in the Bambi Kino - and then moved (after the closure of the Indra) to the larger Kaiserkeller In October 1960, they left Koschmider's club and worked at the "Top Ten Club", which was run by Peter Eckhorn.
When Paul McCartney and Pete Best went back to the Bambi Kino to get their belongings they found it in total darkness.
Attaching a condom to a nail on the wall of their room and setting fire to it gave McCartney and Best a source of light, which they used to pack their belongings.
There was no real damage, but Koschmider reported them for attempted arson.
McCartney and Best spent three hours in a local jail and were deported, as was George Harrison, for working under the legal age limit.
Koschmider has been portrayed in films about the early career of the Beatles.
He was played by Richard Marner in the 1979 film "Birth of the Beatles", by Paul Humpoletz in the 1994 film "Backbeat", and by Alex Cox in the 2000 TV movie "".
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The Mylanthanai massacre happened on August 9, 1992 when 35 minority Sri Lankan Tamils, including 14 children, at Mylanthanai in Batticaloa District in Sri Lanka, were killed.
Sri Lankan Army soldiers from an army camp in Punanai were initially accused of the crime,<ref name="sm1/9/07"></ref> but they were acquitted by the unanimous verdict of a jury in Colombo.
On August 9, 1992 according to the government prosecutor Sri Lankan Army soldiers attacked the village of Mylanthanai, after the army's commanding officer in Jaffna was killed along with seven soldiers in a landmine explosion earlier the same day.
According to the pro-rebel Tamilnet reporting on the court proceedings, an eye witness Ms Sinnathurai Indrakala, 28 was quoted as saying,that the soldiers had used guns, knives and axes to carry out the murders.
Children as young as 1 to 15 were amongst the dead.
The government reaction was swift, according to the Sri Lanka Monitor, a reporting organization in the ongoing Sri Lankan Civil War, a line-up was held at Batticaloa Magistrate’s Court on April 2, 1993.
Survivors of the killings identified 24 soldiers.
The Attorney General at the time transferred the case to Polonnaruwa District.
He then transferred the case again to Colombo on the grounds of safety for the accused.
This arrangement made it difficult for witnesses who were survivors to appear.
The indictment was filed in Colombo High Court in September 1999.
More than 30 eyewitnesses came from Batticalao along with coroner who conducted most of the autopsies and the presiding regional judge.
Eye witness accounts from dead persons were also allowed to be read in the case.
After an extensive hearing the case went before the jury.
The jury found the soldiers not guilty.
The Judge requested the Jury to reconsider the verdict but the jury found the accused soldiers not guilty again.
The attorney general turned down the request of the victims representatives to appeal.
Human rights agencies and relatives of victims expressed shock after 18 soldiers accused in the Mylanthanai case were released on 27 November.
A local Human Rights agency UTHR considered the jury's verdict unfair and reported that about the lack of expression of concern over the verdict among the international community.
According to "Northeastern Herald", although the constitution provides room for appalling such cases, the Attorney General refused to appeal the verdict citing convention.
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The Ottawa-Kent Conference is an athletic league located in West Michigan.
It has member schools from Allegan, Barry, Ionia, Kent, Montcalm, Muskegon, and Ottawa Counties.
It has 48 member schools that partake in athletics.
According to the MHSAA they have the main offices located at Grandville High School.
The current commissioner is Jim Haskins.
Dave Bos is an assistant commissioner of the conference.
As of the 2006-07 school year the conference has put a requirement in writing for which sports they want all schools to have a varsity level program in.
Those include Baseball, Basketball (boys & girls), Football, Softball (girls), Track & Field (boys & girls), Volleyball (girls), and Wrestling They also listed a second group of sports which they want a minimal of two more sports in varsity level.
Those include Bowling (boys & girls), Competitive Cheer (girls), Cross Country (boys & girls), Golf (boys & girls), Gymnastics (girls), Ice Hockey, Soccer (boys & girls), Swimming (boys & girls), Tennis (boys & girls), and Water Polo (boys & girls)
Furthermore, for expansion purposes they must have a JV program in the mandatory programs along with adding freshman programs.
This has been a change when in 2004 they wanted freshman programs in all of the required programs instead they want to see improvement in the schools to have them form one when participation is high enough to warrant it.
Sports not listed as ones they will offer varsity status for include Lacrosse (boys & girls) and Skiing (boys & girls).
This new alignment will be enacted starting in the 2016-2017 school year.
The OK Bronze division was abolished and alignments were adjusted.
Hastings left for the Interstate-8 Conference, Fruitport and Spring Lake were added.
OK-Red
***LIST***.
OK-White
***LIST***.
OK-Black
***LIST***.
OK-Green
***LIST***.
OK-Gold
***LIST***.
OK-Blue
***LIST***.
OK-Silver
***LIST***.
This alignment was enacted starting in the 2008-09 school year after the Grand Rapids City League was officially absorbed into the conference.
This alignment continued until the conclusion of the 2011-2012 school year when another major re-alignment occurred.
Every two years, the conference realigns itself due to changes in school sizes as some school districts increase at a large rate while others may stay constant or decline.
Along with the changes in school populations, they also hear requests to join the conference.
The process is a lengthy one and requires a 75% majority of the member schools to allow any new school in the conference.
The Grand Rapids City League will be joining the conference for the 2008–2009 season.
According to the "Grand Rapids Press", the principals passed the league with a 43 to 1 vote.
The future alignment for the expansion is still on the table but the one currently being discussed will have seven divisions (one more than present) and has been passed by the committee of athletic directors 34 to 10.
It is in line with what the conference has done in the past.
The executive board is made up of at least one principal from each division would have to pass the alignment on April 18.
After that the Executive Council made up all of the principals will ratify it by May 9.
The thought process is only do minor alignment change in two years followed by a possible major realignment in fours depending on different factors.
The difference would be actual schools added to the conference or change in the number of divisions versus just flip flopping schools around.
According to the GR Press, seven schools voted "no" for several different reasons.
Two schools, Lowell and Zeeland West did not show up for the meeting and as such "no" votes were given to them.
The other schools include Lee, East Kentwood, Hudsonville, Jenison, and Middleville.
The reasons given by the press for their "no" votes were because of concerns about the possibility that the four Grand Rapids Public Schools might drop their athletic programs, because of the enrollment differential in some divisions and because of the size of some of the divisions.
According to past policies of those schools and previous article quotes from those schools it is assumed what schools felt which way.
For Jenison, Hudsonville, and Lee it was the enrollment differences along with the size of their division.
East Kentwood and probably Middleville were upset with the Athletic Director of the Grand Rapids Public Schools discussing saving money by eliminating two high school ADs after the first two votes of the conference to let them into the conference.
All seven City League schools officially became full members of the OK Conference beginning with the 2008–09 school year.
The Swimming Conferences were realigned for the 2011–2012 school year and consist of only four levels.
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Gameshow Marathon was a British game show, broadcast on ITV from 17 September 2005 to 26 May 2007.
After a quick retrospective look at the history of the particular show, the show itself is recreated.
This involved recreating the original set and using original opening programme titles, including the appropriate producer ident (excluding Blankety Blank).
All participants are celebrities, and any prizes won go into a "Viewer Prize Mountain" which is awarded to a viewer via a phone-in competition.
Ant & Dec's Gameshow Marathon was a seven-episode special event aired in 2005 on Britain's ITV Network, as part of a celebration of ITV's 50th Anniversary.
In it, hosts Ant & Dec presided over recreations of seven classic game shows that had been seen on the network.
Six celebrity contestants competed in a series-long tournament, receiving a donation to their favourite charity for their participation.
In addition, home viewers were given the opportunity to win the cash and prizes each episode's winning contestant "won" via telephone.
The programme was co-produced by Granada Productions/ITV Productions and Thames Television/Talkback Thames.
The shows recreated were:
The celebrity contestants in series 1 were:
***LIST***.
The series was run as a three-round tournament.
In the first round, each show was played by every contestant who had not already won a show.
The four winners from the first round then competed in single-elimination format.
Carol Vorderman was the eventual winner of the series.
"The Golden Shot" was broadcast live like the original show, and "Sale of the Century" had a dedication at the end to comedian Ronnie Barker, who had died five days earlier.
Following the series, several of the shows were revived; "Bullseye" returned on the game show channel "Challenge", followed by "The Price Is Right" and "Family Fortunes" (in a celebrity format) on ITV, the latter hosted by one of the "Gameshow Marathon" celebrities, Vernon Kay.
(Ironically, on Kay's "Family Fortunes", the Vorderman family would play the game again.
They didn't win on their second attempt, however.
Les Dennis presented the prizes each week to the winners of the home viewer competition.
"Gameshow Marathon" was presented by series 1 runner-up Vernon Kay.
The programme aired every Saturday night on ITV from 7 April to 26 May 2007.
The shows that were played were:
The celebrities competing in series 2 were:
***LIST***.
There was a slight change to the format for this series.
As before, each show in the first round was played by those celebrities who have not already won a show.
However, the remaining rounds were each a single show played by all celebrities still in the tournament: five in the quarter-final, three in the semi-final and two in the final.
The celebrity panelists for "Blankety Blank" were Andrew Castle, Fern Britton, Joe Pasquale, Holly Willoughby, Vic Reeves, and Lorraine Chase.
The special guests on "The Golden Shot" were Jo Brand and Jim Bowen.
The celebrity conductor on "Name That Tune" was Noddy Holder.
The celebrity instrument players were Antony Cotton on the tubular bells, Carley Stenson on the recorder, Adele Silva on the xylophone and Kelvin Fletcher on the swanee whistle.
The celebrity pianist in the Bid-a-Note round was Myleene Klass.
In "Mr. and Mrs.", the celebrities invited their real-life partners to play along.
On "Bullseye", the celebrities were paired up with professional dart players.
Andrea Catherwood was paired with Martin Adams, Graeme Le Saux was paired with Phil Taylor and Michael Le Vell was paired with Raymond van Barneveld.
Tony Green reprised his role as the scorer.
On Play Your Cards Right, each celebrity invited another celebrity to play with them.
Graeme Le Saux played with Kyran Bracken and Michael Le Vell played with Kym Ryder.
On the "Blankety Blank" and "Mr and Mrs" editions, the more recent revivals of both series were not mentioned on Gameshow Marathon, due to "Blankety Blank" having been presented by Paul O'Grady (no footage of him), who was then in a legal dispute with ITV.
Following the series, two of the shows were revived; "Mr. and Mrs." (in a celebrity format) on ITV in 2008 and "Blockbusters" on Challenge in 2012 for one series.
Lionel Blair presented the prizes each week to the winners of the home viewer competition.
In the works, is an Italian version of the Marathon for Canale 5.
It is unknown what shows will be used (though it's likely the Italian versions of "The Price Is Right", "Password", and "Family Fortunes" will be included) and who will host, though it's likely there will be two people hosting, as with all other European versions aired.
In Mexico, it also has its own version of "Gameshow Marathon" as well, as part of Teleton's charity funds for 2007.
Marco Antonio Regil hosts the marathon, which includes its versions of "The Price Is Right" ("Atínale al Precio") and "Family Fortunes" ("100 Mexicanos Dijeron").
It's on Televisa.
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Gheorghe Stratulat (born 13 March 1976) is a retired Moldovan football player.
He is also a former member of the Moldova national football team, making 16 appearances from 1998 to 2001.
At the moment he is a FIFA-licensed players' agent.
Stratulat graduated the sportive high school from Chisinau, in 1994.
In 1994–1999, he graduated from the Academy of Economy from Moldova.
At Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk, Stratulat played in the period when he was disputed by Andrei Shevchenko, Revbrov Kaladze from Dinamo, Kiev.
After playing the match with Dinamo, Kiev and also with Shakhtar Donetsk, Gheorghe Stratulat was named the best player of the match.
With Alania Vladikavkaz he played in all the European Cups.
In that period, Alania was one of the best club in the Russian Premier League.
With Zob Ahan, from Iran, he won the Iranian Cup and got second place in Pro League.
He participated also with Zobahan at the Champions League of Asia.
Zobohan Esfahan, Iran is one of the best football clubs from Iran and Asia, showing its value with the best performances at the Champions League of Asia.
On 2010–2011's edition Zob Ahan played the final of the Champions League from Asia.
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Ray was recruited from Peel Thunder with the fourth pick in the 2003 AFL Draft.
He debuted in 2004, playing seven games.
He then played 14 games in the 2005 season followed by 21 in the 2006 season.
At the end of 2006 he played his first two finals matches, in the first he gathered his highest possession count for the season with 27 touches.
Ray left the Western Bulldogs at the end of the 2008 season to look for opportunities elsewhere.
He feared there could be limited opportunities at the club and was disappointed to be dropped after the qualifying final loss to Hawthorn.
He has said that he had to move to give himself the opportunity to become a regular senior footballer.
There were question marks on his decision making and willingness to strongly contest the ball.
During the 2008 trade week he was traded along with the Round 3 draft pick, number 48 overall, to St Kilda for their Round 2 pick, number 31 overall.
After a trade to the Saints which involved the swapping of selection 31 (Jordan Roughead) for selection 48 (Nicholas Heyne), most expected Ray to be a fringe player who could add some handy depth to the side.
But he exceeded all expectations, playing in all of the Saints' 22 home and away games plus all finals in his first season at the club.
He was only one of two players at the Saints to do so, the other being defender Jason Blake.
Ray was a valuable contributor for the Saints throughout 2009.
His first match against his previous club was successful, gaining 31 disposals and 11 marks and probably only shaded for best on ground honours by teammate Brendon Goddard in the Saints' 28 point win.
Ray played in 22 of 22 matches in the 2009 home and away rounds in which St Kilda qualified in first position for the finals series, winning the club’s third minor premiership.
St Kilda qualified for the 2009 AFL Grand Final after qualifying and preliminary finals wins.
Ray played in the grand final in which St Kilda were defeated by 12 points.
Ray played 25 games in 2010, including four finals matches.
As of the end of the 2010 season, he had played in 10 finals series matches including three grand finals.
Ray was delisted in October 2015, however St Kilda stated that he might be redrafted in the 2016 rookie draft if available.
Ray was recruited by in the 2016 rookie draft.
He retired at the end of the 2016 season after just four games with North Melbourne.
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Menahem Stern (; March 5, 1925 – June 22, 1989) was an internationally acclaimed Israeli historian of the Second Temple period.
He was murdered in Jerusalem by Palestinians during the First Intifada.
Menahem Stern was born in 1925 in Białystok, Poland.
His father was a Lithuanian misnaged while his mother came from a Hasidic family.
In his childhood he studied Hebrew and religious texts, but later acquired a general education that included Latin.
In 1938 he immigrated to Palestine with his parents via Vienna.
They settled in Haifa, where he studied at the Hebrew Reali School.
When the family moved to Tel Aviv, he switched to Geulah high school, from which he graduated in 1942.
In 1943, after working on a kibbutz for a year, he enrolled in the History of the Jewish people, General History and Classical Studies departments at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
In 1950, he received his M.A..
In 1952, after his marriage to Hava Brenner, the niece of Hebrew-language author Yosef Haim Brenner, he spent two and a half years at Oxford.
Upon his return to Jerusalem in 1954 he received the highest research award in Jewish Studies of the Warburg Foundation.
After a year he began teaching at the university.
In 1960 he received his Ph.D. and was appointed Lecturer of the History of the Jewish people in Second Temple period.
In 1964 he was promoted to Senior Lecturer, in 1966 to Associate Professor and in 1971 to Full Professor.
In 1977, Stern won the Israel Prize, for history of the Jewish people.
In 1979, he was appointed to the Israeli National Academy of Science and became one of its most active members.
He was president of the Israeli Historic Company, a founder of the Zalman Shazar Center and an editor of "Zion".
He was on the Executive Committee of the World Union of Jewish Sciences and was very active in Yad Yitzhak Ben Zvi.
On June 22, 1989, Stern was murdered by Arab terrorists while walking to the Jewish National and University Library in Givat Ram through the Valley of the Cross in Jerusalem, as he did every day.
He left a wife, a son and three daughters.
The annual Menahem Stern Jerusalem Lectures were established in his name.
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Andrés Velasco Brañes (born August 30, 1960) is an economist and professor.
He served as the Finance Minister of Chile from March 2006 to March 2010, the whole of the first presidential period of Michelle Bachelet.
He is currently Professor of Professional Practice in International Development at the Columbia University School of International and Public Affairs.
The son of former radical politician Eugenio Velasco and lawyer Marta Brañes, Velasco was born in Santiago, where he lived until the age of 16.
Following the exile of his father in 1977, the whole family moved to the US, first to Los Angeles and then to Boston.
He finished his secondary school studies at Grange School, Santiago.
He holds a PhD in Economics from Columbia University.
He took post-doctorate studies at Harvard University and at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).
Earlier, he obtained his bachelor's degree in Economics and Philosophy at Yale University, and a Master in International Relations at the same university.
He is Sumitomo-FASID professor of Development and International Finance at Harvard University's John F. Kennedy School of Government.
Velasco has received several distinctions, such as the Award for Excellence in Research granted by the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB), in recognition for his contributions to economic research, the design of policies, and the creation of research institutions in Latin America and the Caribbean (2006), "Latin America Finance Minister of the Year" by Emerging Markets magazine, published by Euromoney Institutional Investor plc during the annual meetings of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund, based on the preferences of the most influential economists, investors and experts in the region (2008), and an award from "América Economía" magazine, which also considered him as "Finance Minister of the Year".
In 2009, "Latin Trade" magazine gave him the price for the "Most Innovative Leader of the Year".
Velasco has been director of the New York University Center for Latin-American and Caribbean Studies and assistant professor at Columbia University Department of Economics and Public Affairs.
He was Chile’s Ministry of Finance Chief of Staff between 1990 and 1992, International Finance coordinator between 1992 and 1994, and North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) negotiator in 1995.
From 2000 to 2006, he was Sumitomo-FASID professor of Development and International Finance at Harvard University's John F. Kennedy School of Government.
Between 2001 and February 2006 Velasco was an associate researcher at the Corporation for Latin-American Research (Cieplán) and president of the board of Corporación Expansiva.
He has also been a consultant for the International Monetary Fund, the Inter-American Development Bank, the World Bank, and for the governments of the Dominican Republic, Mexico and El Salvador.
Velasco is married to journalist Consuelo Saavedra and is the father of three.
When the price of copper reached all-time highs in 2006, boosting government revenues, Velasco resisted intense political pressure from government workers and students to spend the windfall.
Instead he opted to hold it in reserves equivalent to 30% of the country's GDP.
After the copper price plummeted following the 2007-2010 global financial crisis, threatening the Chilean economy, Velasco then used these reserves on stimulus spending for subsidies and tax cuts policies now being praised for their positive social impact His popularity reversed from one of the most reviled politicians to one of the most admired.
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Eight Carat (GB) (1975–2000) was a British-bred Thoroughbred broodmare.
in Australasia.
She produced five individual Group One winners, including Octagonal, Mouawad, Kaapstad, Diamond Lover and (Our) Marquise who had 28 stakes wins between them.
Eight Carat was a black mare bred in Britain.
She was sired by the Eclipse Stakes winner Pieces of Eight out of Klairessa.
Klairessa had little success as a racehorse, but was a sister to both the King's Stand Stakes winner D'Urberville and the mare Lora who produced the 1000 Guineas winner On the House.
In addition to Eight Carat, Klairessa also produced a colt by General Assembly named Knesset, who won the Ballyogan Stakes in 1988 and Habibti, the British champion sprinter and Horse of the Year in 1983.
Eight Carat's sons: Octagonal, Kaapstad, Colombia and Mouawad have all stood at stud.
Octagonal is currently standing at Woodlands Stud, and will be best remembered as the sire of the two brothers: Niello and world champion miler of 2004, Lonhro (now also at stud at Woodlands).
Kaapstad stood at Windsor Park Stud in New Zealand and was a leading sire and broodmare sire until his death on 9 May 2007.
At stud Kaapstad sired 40 individual stakes winners.
Colombia is currently standing in New Zealand at Newmarket Lodge.
Mouawad stood one season in Australia at Glenlogan Park Stud in QLD, however due to fertility problems, he was re-sold again at public auction for A$525,000 to the former Domeland Syndicate and shipped to China.
Unfortunately his whereabouts are unknown due to the collapse of the Chinese racing industry in late 2005.
Eight Carat won the New Zealand Broodmare of the Year a record-equalling three times from 1995 to 1997 due to the deeds of Octagonal and Mouawad.
In 1996 Eight Carat was named Broodmare of the Year by the international journal Owner-Breeder (USA).
Eight Carat died in 2000, aged 25 at Sir Patrick Hogan's Cambridge Stud.
She is buried alongside Sir Tristram (IRE).
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Oxkintok is a pre-Columbian Maya archaeological site in the Puuc region of Yucatán state, in southeastern Mexico.
There is no evidence of warfare, or famine to cause the abandonment of Oxkintok.
Nor is there evidence for occupation after it had been abandoned around 1500 CE.
This date of abandonment has been interpreted by the disappearance of pottery production at the site.
Research at this site is ongoing along with the interpretation of previously collected data.
As with all investigations, ideas and interpretations do not always coalesce.
Reported here is primarily work by Miguel Rivera Dorado in the late 90's.
The site of Oxkintok is located on the northwestern tip of the Yucatán Peninsula, and is situated uncharacteristically (for the region) near two other sites.
Oxkintok lies 6 kilometers southeast from Maxcanu, 46 kilometers to the northeast of Uxmal, and 50 kilometers south of the current state capital city of Merida.
The Puuc region, "Puuc" being the Mayan word for hill.
The Puuc hills extend from the southern Yucatan up to Campeche in the north and Quintana Roo in the west.
These are the limits of the karstic hills in the otherwise flat landscape of the Yucatan.
The Yucatan is an extensive, limestone rich plains region that is dominated by karst topography and geology.
Being karst landscape is significant, as no surface water is present.
This means no major river systems and hardly any lakes are present in the northern Yucatan as the limestone lithology drains subterraneously.
Any surface water that is retained is unsuitable for consumption and occurs in very small amounts.
The underground drainage results in the northern Yucatan being covered in caves and sinkholes called Cenotes, which are subsequently used by the inhabitants to access drinkable ground water.
Any relief in the Puuc region is due to unequal dissolution rates within the limestone bedrock, and never reaches 400 meters above sea level.
The northern Yucatan is rainy tropics with heavy summer rains, in most areas precipitation is upwards of 1000mm^3 with a rainy and dry season.
80% of precipitation occurs in the months between May and October, with only moderate precipitation November to March.
At the archaeological site of Oxkintok there is substantial rainfall of around 700mm.
The temperatures of the peninsula are notably uniform, with an average of 25C, with warmer temperatures towards the coast, and a continuous cooling towards the center.
***LIST***.
In the Yucatec Maya language, the name "Oxkintok" can be parsed as "Ox" (three) and "Kin" (day/sun), but there are multiple possibilities for "Tok" (if the final letter is a soft /K/ then it may mean "snatch away / defend, lean, fall, or burn", but if the final letter is truly a glottalized /K’/ then it may mean "puncture, let blood, or chert / flint / hard stone").
Different translations, based upon the various meanings of "Tok" are found in the literature.
The site of Oxkintok was first described in the 16th century by Brother Antonio de Ciudad Real, who noted the proximity of the site to the Puuc mountain range and the large ruined structures.
He was also first to make note of Satunsat "the place where they tossed those who had committed great offenses so that there they may die" (Torecilla, 1998).
Afterwards the site isn't mentioned again until the 19th century when it's visited by J.L.
Stephens (Torecilla, 1998).
In 1842, John Lloyd Stephens and Frederick Catherwood explored Oxkintok, including The Labyrinth.
In the early 20th century, under the Carnegie project, Edwin M. Shook spent a short time at the site.
The first actual excavations were funded by the University of Pennsylvania and directed by H.E.
Mercer in February 1895.
These first investigations were focused on the architectural group of Satunsat.
Between 1932 and 1940 the Carnagie institution of Washington funded a large project to collect data on many sites of the Yucatan peninsula (Torecilla, 1998).
Oxkintok was studied by H.E.D Pollock, E.M.
Shook and G.W.
Brainerd with a focus heavily on architecture and ceramics during the 40's but no large scale excavations took place.
Since the 1980s a long-term project directed by Miguel Rivera Dorado (of Madrid, Spain) has produced a vast amount of data on Oxkintok.
Most recently, Mexico's INAH has invested in excavations and reconstructions at the site (under the direction of Ricardo Velazquez Valadez).
***LIST***.
The first large scale excavations at Oxkintok were conducted from 1986 to 1991 during the Oxkintok Project/M.A.E.M.
(Mision Arcqueologica de Espana en Mexico) headed by Miguel Rivera Dorado.
The goals of the excavations were two fold (Madrid, 1991).
***LIST***.
This is by far the majority of the body of publications available as individual team members publish on Oxkintok.
The site has provided evidence of habitation from the Late Preclassic through the Late Postclassic periods of Maya prehistory.
However, Oxkintok became a major center between the Early Classic and Terminal Classic periods (including what Carmen Varela terms the "Middle Classic").
It is well known as possessing a very early Long Count date in 475 CE (on the lintel of Structure 6 in the "Canul" group).
The latest dated monument at the site records a date in 859 CE.
In total there are about 70,000 pot sherds collected at Oxkintok, and 38 complete vessels.
The chronology is largely based on pottery types that emerge and die out in Mayan culture.
However, there is ongoing debate within the excavation team about how to interpret the ceramics.
The chronology that includes aspects aside from ceramics includes architecture and iconography.
Based on this model, there were six phases:
The chronology of the site starts at ~600 BCE and lasts until ~1500 CE The first two phases are weakly defined and things don’t solidify until the Ichpa phase, which lines up with the Early Classic Period and is consequently the first agreed upon phase.
There is polychrome pottery characteristic of the region in that time period, and hieroglyphics.
The Noheb phase lines up with the Middle Classic and there we see polychrome pottery disappears along with any sort of stone inscriptions, and the construction of large pyramids begins.
In the Ukmul phase, hieroglyphics re-emerge and there is an abundance of rich detailed iconography.
The Nak phase is a high point, with the building of the most 'glamorous' architecture, and Pre-pizarran ceramics emerge, characterized by supporting conical feet but displaying a broad diversity in design otherwise.
Finally the Tokoy phase is defined by a disappearance in all evidence of human activity, except for pottery with a deterioration in materials and in consistency in technique, which fades out completely towards 1500 CE.
The style of architecture is an interesting mix of Early, Late and Terminal Classic techniques.
Some of the structures exhibit slab-vaulted masonry (indicative of the Early Classic and early Late Classic periods), while many quadrangles contain structures with veneer masonry (introduced at the end of the Late Classic and elaborated during the Terminal Classic period).
The site is used as an example of the transition from traditional Classic Period architecture to Puuc Veneer masonry by George F. Andrews.
Oxkintok also exhibits a type of "talud-tablero" architecture, most commonly associated with central Mexican sites such as Teotihuacan, Monte Albán and Cholula (but can also be found among certain Maya sites, such as Tikal, Kaminaljuyu and neighboring Chunchucmil, during the Middle Classic).
The architecture is best understood and is almost always broken up into four groups and then looking at how architecture changed or didn’t change within those groups.
The four groups are: May, Satunsat, and Ah Canul/Canul and Dzib.
These groups make up the urban center, and are almost exclusively monumental architecture.
They were defined by the excavation team and they’re essentially just a cluster of buildings, or a building (Madrid, 1991).
There’s a lot more than just these four groups; the rest just hasn’t been excavated really, since there was such a heavy focus on excavating monumental architecture.
Most of what’s been excavated at Oxkintok is temples, palaces, and multiroom structures.
To trace the changes in architecture of the site, the above chart (Fig.
7) was compiled.
It’s a compilation of data from the three sources listed below figure 7.
It is evident that there are lots of major changes between the three periods, and in general it's a transition from irregular design to a more elaborate, very planned out geometric design with decoration and complex stucco art and stone wrought decorations.
One thing that remains consistent the use of domes and arches for entryways and open spaces.
Concerning the individual groups, there's a concentration of Proto Puuc in the Ah-Canul group and Early Oxkintok in the May group that was later modified in the Proto Puuc phase, but no group is confined to one phase.
***LIST***.
The most popular structure at the site is the tzat tun tzat (sometimes written Satunsat, but most commonly called "The Labyrinth").
The Satunsat group is an outlier.
It’s a single building, a sort of a maze or labyrinth, built to replicate a cave complex.
There’s no real guess as to what it was built for, though there was a recent discovery that most the ventilation shafts line up with specific positions of the sun, so some think it was a maze used for initiation and practice of religion but there’s nothing conclusive.
So it’s a little hard to place Satunsat into any one phase, but sources continuously point to a probability that this structure was built in the early Oxkintok phase.
***LIST***.
Oxkintok is well known for its anthropomorphic columns.
These Late to Terminal Classic columns were sculpted to represent elites, warriors and deities – a potential precursor to the “warrior columns” of Chichen Itza and Mayapan.
Notes on some of these columns were included in the pioneering work of Tatiana Proskouriakoff (see references, below).
Unfortunately the looting of Oxkintok has left this part of research hardest hit.
There were only 11 (though the number of intact tombs varies in the literature between 11 (Dorado) and 5 (Torecilla)) undisturbed tombs, almost all of which were very similar.
Tombs 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 dated to the Middle Classic, 6,7, to the transition between the Late and Middle Classic, 8, 9 and 10 belong to the late Classic and 11 is preliminarily dated to the terminal classic.
There are no foreign burials, and the only burials that aren’t of males are of undetermined sex.
It does seem however that these burials were only of those of high status.
***LIST***.
There many skeletal remains throughout site that aren’t included in burials, and were clearly parts of offerings or have been intentionally deposited.
Some of them are animal, but most are human.
Many of the bones have signs of breakdown through arthritis, osteomieltisis (which is a bone marrow disease that leads to deterioration of the affected bones), and many of the teeth had severely worn down enamel.
At Oxkintok, religion, government and architecture were closely tied together as was the case for Maya religion at most cites.
Firstly it is clear that the northern half of the urban center was less important than the southern half, due to the lack of iconography and the presence of a ball court in the southern half.
Of the three architectural groups of this southern half the Ah Canul group is considered to have been the center of power, with three monumental pyramids and connecting tunnels to the other groups.
The Dzib group was specialized, possessing a ball court making it extremely important in the expression of social order, power relations, and legitimization of monarchy (Dorado, 1996).
There is also a complex relationship described between the Mayan monarchy and the sun-god.
It is accepted that the layout of Oxkintok is closely tied with the movements and patterns of the sun.
Looking at the orientation of buildings, such as the facades of Satunsat that face east and west it is specially prepared for observing the solar equinox and trapping sunlight in the interior of the labyrinth (Dorado, 1996).
The orientation of the ball court is also important as it faces north-south so that "the ball may imitate the annual itinerary of the sun in its comings and goings" (Dorado).
Lastly, it is noted by Dorado (1996) that "we lack sufficiently complete maps of numerous cities, the looting and the elements have wiped out the clearest remains" but later concludes that the city itself was designed to represent the heavens The king in some reliefs holds up an emblem of the sky is considered to be connected to the sun-god who appears throughout the city in the kings works.
In the Ah Canul group we can still see effigies to the sun and the moon and images of the "governing family" referred to as Walas, further interlinking these two aspects of Mayan culture at Oxkintok.
***LIST***.
Dorado (1996) presents the idea that continual construction that took place at Oxkintok and other Mayan site is related to the symbolization of kinship ties and the cult of ancestors.
Each successive ruler established ties t the "founding fathers" through stone works.
Constructing is the affirmation and expression of kinship ties and laws of stratification, so each building reaffirms a lineage, the memory of its existence and the justification of its power.
***LIST***.
Discussion of leadership and inequality revolves around the site's architecture as many of Oxkintoks excavations have been focused on the design of its urban center and its development during antiquity (Dorado, 1997).
All of the burials were relatively well endowed with an unvarying set of grave goods and well designed structures, further suggesting that all of the burials were of higher status individuals.
There is a burial that included a modified skull suggesting there was status differentiation, assuming Oxkintok followed the traditional Mayan status practice of cranial deformation.
There is clear evidence of inequality and sources of power in Oxkintoks architecture.
It is hard however to separate the government structure from what we know of the religion at Oxkintok: "The layout of the city seems to have been related to the movements of the sun and the political power of the leader (Manzanilla, 1997)".
Religion, government, and to an extent inequality are best understood, and frequently discussed simultaneously through the lens of architecture.
Therefore, to avoid repetition, I have included most of this in the Religion section (see above).
A governing group deemed “Walas” has been preliminarily investigated at the sight, not much is known about them in particular, but they do show up frequently in the surviving iconography.
Any wars that did occur, and any marriages for that matter, occurred between sites at an average distance of 38 km (Manzanilla, 1997).
This brings the idea that there was violence at this site.
Manzanilla (1997) also states the Dorado stresses the difficulty of maintaining widespread territorial control in the tropical rainforest and that strength is based on kinship ties.
However, there are several key pieces of evidence missing for any further conclusions.
The architecture does not suggest any preparation for warfare, through the lack of walls and other fortifications.
It is hard to make any conclusions based on the burials described above due to the sheer lack of a data set.
Furthermore, there are no written records of violence Oxkintok, nor are there evidences of tributes received/paid or of conquest.
Through the lack of so many indicators of violence and warfare, it isn't unreasonable to conclude that Oxkintok was not frequently involved in large scale violence.
Most of our information for the writing at Oxkintok comes from the Dzib architectural group.
The group includes the previously mentioned ball court, two staircases, and 18 stelae that all include some form of iconography.
The stelae at the site are illegible/uninterpretable do to advanced erosion and deterioration, but can be without doubt placed in the late classic period by other characteristics (Dorado, 1996).
The first staircase has not been fully interpreted, but is assumed to be concurrent to the second staircase and therefore similar in meaning.
The second set of stairs mentions the Walas government, and seems to be dedicated to it.
A calendar wheel that has not been fully interpreted but seems to be connected to the ball court ring, as they start on the same date, is also present.
The ball court ring is inscribed with the date it was presumably constructed, 713-714 AD.
It is possible that more writing/iconography was not preserved due to the natural tendency of the building material (karstic limestone and sandstone) to weather rapidly relative to other building materials.
It is also important to note that there was a conspicuous "hiatus" of writing at Oxkintok during a boom in architectural contraction at the site, 550-650AD (Dorado, 1996).
Interpretation of this hiatus has not been presented.
The site of Oxkintok is a protected “"zona"”, open to visitors with an admission fee.
It is accessible from the nearby town of Maxcanú, approximately 62 km (38.5 mi) south of Mérida on Federal Highway 180.
The site lacks facilities, but is attended by guides.
Nearby attractions include the Calcehtok caves.
Andrews, George F. (1999) "Pyramids, Palaces, Monsters and Masks: The Golden Age of Maya Architecture."
Labyrinthos Press, Culvert City.
Cosme Munoz, Alfonso.
1989 Laberintos, Piramides y Palacios las Fases Arquitectonicas de la Ciudad de Oxkintok, Ministerio de Cultura, Direccion General de Bellas Artes y Archivos, 1987-1990 3:99-111.
Kelly, Joyce (1993) "An Archaeological Guide to Mexico's Yucatán Peninsula".
University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.
Proskouriakoff, Tatiana (1950) "A Study of Classic Maya Sculpture".
Carnegie Institute of Washington Publication No.
Rivera Dorado, Miguel (1994) Notas de arqueología de Oxkintok.
In "Hidden Among the Hills: Maya Archaeology of the Northwest Yucatán Península".
Hanns J. Prem, ed.
44–58 Acta Mesoamericana, 7 Verlag von Flemming, Möckmühl.
Rivera Dorado, Miguel (1999) La emergencia del estado maya de Oxkintok.
"Mayab" 12:71-78 Madrid.
Rivera Dorado, Miguel (2001) Oxkintok (Yucatán, Mexico).
In "Archaeology of Ancient Mexico and Central America: An Encyclopedia".
Susan T. Evans and David L. Webster, eds.
561–562.
Garland, New York Shook, Edwin M. (1940) (English) Exploration in the ruins of Oxkintok, Yucatán.
"Revista mexicana de estudios antropológicos" 4:165-171.
Mexico Shook, Edwin M. (1983) (Spanish) Exploración en las ruinas de Oxkintok, Yucatán.
"Revista mexicana de estudios antropológicos" 29(1):203-210.
Mexico Stephens, John L. (1962) "Incidents of Travel in Yucatán" (2 vol.).
University of Oklahoma Press, Norman Varela Torrecilla, Carmen (1990) Un nuevo complejo en la secuencia cerámica de Oxkintok: El Clásico Medio.
"Oxkintok" 3:113-126.
Madrid Varela Torrecilla, Carmen (1992) La cerámica de Oxkintok.
"Mayab" 8:39-45.
Madrid Varela Torrecilla, Carmen, and Geoffrey E. Braswell (2003) Teotihuacan and Oxkintok: new perspectives from Yucatán.
In "The Maya and Teotihuacan: Reinterpreting Early Classic Interaction", edited by G. E. Braswell, pp.
249–272.
University of Texas Press, Austin.
Dorado Rivera, Miguel 1996 Los Mayas De Oxkintok.
Ministerio de Educaciâon y Cultura, Direccion General de Bellas Artes y Bienes Culturales, Instituto del Patrimonio Historico Espanol, Spain.
Dorado Rivera, Miguel 1997 Arqueologia y etnografia en Oxkintok.
Revista Española de Antropología Americana 27:113-127.
Dorado Rivera, Miguel 1995 Arquitectura, gobernantes y cosmologia: Anotaciones sobre ideologia maya en los cudernos de Oxikintok.
Revista Española de Antropología Americana 25:23-40.
Dorado Rivera, Miguel 1998 El urbanismo de Oxkitok: Problemas e interpretaciones.
Revista Española de Antropología Americana 28:39-61.
Dorado Rivera, Miguel 1999 La emergencia del estado maya de Oxkintok.
Sociedad Espanola de Estudios Mayas 12:71-78.
Marqínez, M. Yolanda F., and Alfonso M. Cosme 1993 Estilos arquitectónicos y estadios constructivos en el grupo May, Oxkintok, Yucatán.
Revista Española de Antropología Americana 23:67-82.
Manzanilla, Linda (editor)1997 Emergence and Change in Early Urban Societies.
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México.
Torrecilla Vare, Carmen 1996 La secuencia historica de Oxkintok: Problemas cronologicos y metodologicos desde el punto de vista de la ceramica.
Revista Española de Antropología Americana 26:29-55.
Torrecilla Vare, Carmen 1998 El Clasico Medio en el Noroccidente de Yucatan: La fase Oxkintok Regional en Oxkintok (Yucatan) como paradigma.
Paris Monogrphs in American Archaeology 2
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William Lawrence Heisey, (May 29, 1930 – May 28, 2009) was a Canadian businessman and philanthropist.
He was president and chairman of Harlequin Enterprises Limited.
Born in Toronto, Ontario he was the son of Karl Brooks Heisey, mining engineer.
He went to Lawrence Park Collegiate Institute class of 1948, before receiving a Bachelor of Arts degree from University of Trinity College and an M.B.A. from the Harvard Business School.
Heisey joined Procter & Gamble in 1954 and left in 1967 to serve as executive Vice President in Sales for Standard Broadcasting.
From 1971 to 1982, he was President of Harlequin Enterprises Limited, a publisher of romance novels, and from 1982 to 1990 he served as Chairman.
Described as a "marketing genius", he revolutionised the sale and marketing of books in the international publishing industry.
At Harlequin drawing upon his experiences at Procter & Gamble he first put free books in boxes of detergent and feminine sanitary napkins.
Under his leadership Harlequin was the first publisher to sell books in drug stores and grocery stores.
He pioneered the mail order book club and, contrary to publishing industry practise, refused to sell publishing rights to foreign publishing companies establishing new publishing ventures in new markets.
He served as a director for Aetna Life Insurance Co. of Canada, Business Depot Ltd., and Staples Inc.
He was involved with the Toronto French School where he was a Director from 1966 to 1973, Chairman from 1967 to 1971, and Foundation Trustee from 1978 to 1982.
He was a Governor of the Banff Centre from 1982 to 1988.
He was a member of the Board of Governors of York University from 1985 to 1997 and established The W. Lawrence Heisey Graduate Awards in Fine Arts that recognize outstanding ability and achievement in scholarly and/or creative work for students on the Fine Arts graduate programme at York University.
He was a Director of the Canadian Opera Company from 1984 to 1986 and the Chamber Players of Toronto.
In addition, he served as chairman of the commercial division of the United Way of Canada in Toronto.
He was also member of the Advisory Board of the Peggy Guggenheim Collection.
and president of the National Ballet School Foundation.
He and his wife Ann made a major financial contribution to help fund a new production of "The Nutcracker" by The National Ballet of Canada in 1995.
In 1994, he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada in recognition for being a "leader in Canadian business and philanthropy".
He and his wife Ann Heisey donated a Vincent van Gogh painting called "A woman with a spade, seen from behind" c. 1885 to the Art Gallery of Ontario in 1997.
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The GF method, sometimes referred to as FG method, is a classical mechanical method introduced by Edgar Bright Wilson to obtain certain "internal coordinates" for a vibrating semi-rigid molecule, the so-called "normal coordinates" "Q".
Normal coordinates decouple the classical vibrational motions of the molecule and thus give an easy route to obtaining vibrational amplitudes of the atoms as a function of time.
In Wilson's GF method it is assumed that the molecular kinetic energy consists only of harmonic vibrations of the atoms, "i.e.," overall rotational and translational energy is ignored.
Normal coordinates appear also in a quantum mechanical description of the vibrational motions of the molecule and the Coriolis coupling between rotations and vibrations.
It follows from application of the Eckart conditions that the matrix G gives the kinetic energy in terms of arbitrary linear internal coordinates, while F represents the (harmonic) potential energy in terms of these coordinates.
The GF method gives the linear transformation from general internal coordinates to the special set of normal coordinates.
Often the normal coordinates are expressed as linear combinations of Cartesian displacement coordinates.
Let R be the position vector of nucleus A and R the corresponding equilibrium position.
***LIST***.
Wilson's linearizing of the internal curvilinear coordinates "q" expresses the coordinate "S" in terms of the displacement coordinates where s is known as a "Wilson s-vector".
If we put the ***formula*** into a (3"N" − 6) × 3"N" matrix B, this equation becomes in matrix language The actual form of the matrix elements of B can be fairly complicated.
Especially for a torsion angle, which involves 4 atoms, it requires tedious vector algebra to derive the corresponding values of the ***formula***.
See for more details on this method, known as the "Wilson s-vector method", the book by Wilson "et al.
", or molecular vibration.
Now, In summation language:
Here D is a (3"N" − 6) × 3"N" matrix, which is given by (i) the linearization of the internal coordinates q (an algebraic process) and (ii) solution of Wilson's GF equations (a numeric process).
From the invariance of the internal coordinates "S" under overall rotation and translation
of the molecule, follows the same for the linearized coordinates s.
It can be shown that this implies that the following 6 conditions are satisfied by the internal
These conditions follow from the Eckart conditions that hold for the displacement vectors,
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Carpentier, born in 1920, is the grandson of the French inventor Jules Carpentier (manufacturer, with the Lumière brothers, of the first cinematographe device) and the French acoustician Gustave Lyon.
Alumni from the Conservatoire de Paris, he is a pianist, organist and composer.
Just after World War II, Gilbert Carpentier starts working at the French radio Radio-Luxembourg (which will later become RTL) as an orderly, before becoming a radio technician.
From 1946, he composes musical illustrations, then, with the help of his wife who writes the texts, they start to produce radio soaps.
From the 1950s, Maritie and Gilbert Carpentier realize popular radio shows in France.
On Radio-Luxembourg, they host six shows : "L’heure musicale", "Le Club des Vedettes", (presented by Maurice Biraud), "Musique à la Clay" (presented by Philippe Clay), "Les contes de l’aigle", "L’heure exquise" (presented by Anne-Marie Carrière) and "Le miroir aux Etoiles" presented every Sunday by a different artist.
In 1957, they create a Babar disc series for the children.
Maritie Carpentier adapts the texts from Jean de Brunhoff while Gilbert Carpentier composes the musics.
Those discs were awarded the "Grand prix du disque" in 1957 from the Académie Charles Cros, the French equivalent of the US Recording Academy.
Maritie and Gilbert Carpentier are more famous for being pioneers of variety TV shows in France.
From 1960, after a proposal from the French TV channel ORTF, they start working for the TV.
From 1960, Maritie and Gilbert Carpentier head for TV by first creating numerous shows with their friends Roger Pierre and Jean-Marc Thibault, broadcast live on the ORTF.
Later on, others artists join, including Jean Poiret, Michel Serrault, Jacqueline Maillan or Jean-Claude Brialy.
Until the 1980s, they realize lots of others variety TV shows in France, being instrumental in making some French artists popular, such as Serge Gainsbourg, Jane Birkin, Charles Aznavour, Sacha Distel, Claude François, Chantal Goya, Johnny Hallyday, Sylvie Vartan, Mireille Mathieu, Thierry Le Luron, Eddy Mitchell, Dalida, Alain Souchon or Joe Dassin, among others.
Maritie and Gilbert Carpentier's TV shows are recognizables by unexpected duets of artists, actors singing or singers playing, the creation of different sceneries each week, or even the scripting of their shows.
Also, Maritie and Gilbert Carpentier's TV shows were often live broadcast and did not promoted artists' current events.
For most of them, since their beginnings in radio and until the 1980s, their shows are recorded in the mythic "studio 17" of the "Buttes-Chaumont" studios in Paris.
Some of their shows, the "Top à..." and "Numéro 1" series in particular, had an audience of 15 million viewers each week, and were being shown in 20 French-speaking countries.
Gilbert Carpentier was in charge of the technical part and the sceneries, while his wife Maritie Carpentier, sometimes nicknamed "la nounou des artistes" ("the artists' nanny"), was dealing with the artistic part.
In 1980, Maritie and Gilbert Carpentier won an Emmy Award for the best foreign TV show.
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Giovanna Garzoni (1600-1670) was an Italian painter who was prominent in Europe during the Baroque period.
Garzoni started her career painting religious, mythological, and allegorical subjects but became famous for her works with tempera and watercolors of botanical subjects.
The artist rose to prominence due to her precision and balance with space and scientific realism of her subjects.
Garzoni was often called the Chaste Giovanna due to her vow to remain a virgin.
Garzoni is also notable for being one the few women who opted to travel throughout Europe and receive an education during the 17th century instead of settling down and starting a family.
Scholars have speculated Garzoni may have been influenced by fellow botanical painter Jacopo Ligozzi although details about Garzoni's training are widely unknown.
Giovanna Garzoni was born in 1600 in Ascoli Piceno in the Marche district of Italy to Giacomo Garzoni and Isabetta Gaia.
Both of Garzoni's parents were of Venetian origin and are believed to have come from a long line of Venetian painters but this item is often disputed.
Garzoni's grandfather Nicola and uncle Vincenzo from her mother’s side were both goldsmiths while her other uncle, Pietro Gaia, was a painter who studied at the school of Palma the Younger.
Historians have widely speculated that Garzoni started off her career as an apprentice under her uncle sometime before 1615.
Garzoni also had a brother, Mattio whom she would travel with throughout her career as an artist.
After residing in Rome for the first 15 years of her life, in 1616 Garzoni accepted a commission from chemist Giovanni Vorvino of Rome to paint a herbarium.
Four years later in 1620 Garzoni arrived into Venice and painted "Saint Andrew" for the Venetian Church of the Ospedale delgi Incurabili.
Garzoni stayed in Venice for a few more years and during that time attended the Calligraphy school of Giacomo Rogni.
Shortly after her studies, Garzoni produced a book of cursive characters called the "Libro de'caratteri Cancellereschi Corsivi".
After receiving an education, in 1630 Garzoni along with her brother Mattio, left Venice for Naples where she worked for the Spanish viceroy, The Duke of Alacala.
Garzoni remained in Naples for one year until she moved to Rome in 1631.
Garzoni’s stay in Rome was short lived however, due to Christina of France’s persistent efforts to have the artist come to Turin to serve as the miniaturist for the Turinese court.
Garzoni reached Turin in 1632 and lived there until 1637.
After staying in Turin, Garzoni became familiarized with fellow artists Fede Galizia and Panfilo Nuvolone.
A few years later in 1640, Garzoni arrived in Paris and stayed there until 1642 when she went to Rome.
Garzoni traveled back and forth from Rome to Florence until 1651 where her primary client became was the prominent Medici Family,particularly Grand Duke Ferdinando II, Grand Duchess Victoria, and Gardinal Giovan Carlo.
After serving the Medici Court,Garzoni decided to settle in Rome in 1651 where she worked for the Florentine Court.
As well as painting, Garzoni attended the Accademia di San Luca meetings, a program aimed at educating, socializing, and professionalizing painters, architects and sculptors of Rome.
It is noted by several historians that Garzoni’s pieces were so well received by the public; she was able to ask any price for her paintings.
"Plate with White Beans:" "Plate with White Beans" was one of the many pieces the Medici Family commissioned Garzoni to paint.
The piece depicts a dish containing ripe beans and has been noted for the amount of detail the artist put into the piece, even marking points of decay on the beans.
The painting was created some time between 1650-1662 and is now located in Florence at the Galleria Palatina.
"Cherries on a Plate, Broad Beans, and Bumblebee:" The painting is another example of Garzoni’s many tempera pieces.
Garzoni created this piece around 1665 and dedicated it to the prominent Medici family of Florence.
The piece is now located in Florence at the Galleria Palatina.
"Portrait of Carlo Emanuele I, Duke of Savory:" Thise tempera piece on vellum depicts one of the two portraits created by Garzoni of one of the two dukes of Savory, Carlo Emanuele I, the other being of Emanuele Filiberto.
The piece was created between 1623-1637 when Garzoni was invited to work for the court of Turin by Christina of France in 1632.The painting is now located in Palazzo Reale, Turin and was last restored in 1995.
"Still Life with a Basket of Fruit, a Vase with Carnations and Shells on a Table:" This gouache on vellum piece is one of the 20 still-life miniatures that Garzoni produced for the Medici family from the years 1650-1662.
The piece depicts carnations, conch shells, as well as a basket of fruit.
Due to her work for the Medici Court, Garzoni became a favorite within the Florentine court for her depictions of nature and botanical subjects.
The piece is now located in the Wallace and Wilhelmina Holladay Collection in Washington, DC.
"Plate of Figs:" The year of creation varies from 1661 to 1662.
The painting is believed to be part of a 20-piece collection on vellum by Garzoni that all depict miniatures of fruit.
There have been several sightings of the piece being reproduced for Garzoni often duplicated her pieces for various clients.
The piece is part of the Graham Arader III Collection in New York.
Two important manuscript notebooks by Garzoni exist.
The rare books library, Dumbarton Oaks, contains a self-portrait of the elderly artist, in addition to a number of botanical studies.
Another album, held by the Accademia di San Luca, the artists' institute to which Garzoni left her estate, includes flower studies and still lifes.
It is believed by historians that Garzoni never married but several others have claimed the artist was once married to Venetian portrait painter Tiberio Tinelli in 1622.
However the marriage was short lived due to Garzoni’s vow of chastity and as a result Tinelli and Garzoni separated in 1624.
Others have also suggested that the reason for the split was due to the belief that Tinelli practiced magic.
This resulted in Garzoni’s father Giacomo to suspecting that his son-in-law was practicing witchcraft and encouraging his daughter to end the marriage.
Garzoni’s marriage to Tinelli was ended by annulment rather than divorce because they two never consummated their marriage.
This was the only way to end a marriage in an era when divorce was not condoned due to the belief that divorce would ruin a man's honor.
Due to her ailing health, prior to her death, in 1666, Garzoni devised a will that left her estate to the Church of Santa Martina, the church of the Accademia di San Luca on the basis that she would be buried in the church.
Garzoni died in Rome in February 1670 at the age of 70.
Today, Garzoni’s tomb remains at the Church of Santa Martina but it was not interred there until 1698, nearly 29 years after her death.
Along with her tomb, a portrait of Giovanna Garzoni conducted by Roman painter Giuseppe Ghezzi is also located at the Accademia.
1.“Artists: Giovanna Garzoni”.
The J. Paul Getty Museum.
Accessed October 22, 2014.
Ferraro, Joanne M. Marriage Wars in Late Renaissance Venice.
(New York: Oxford 3.Fortune, Jane, and Linda Falcone.
Invisible Women.
(Florence: The Florentine 4.Frick, Carole Collier, StefaniaBiancani, and Elizabeth S. G. Nicholson.
Italian Women 5.McTighe, Sheila.
“Foods and the Body in Italian Genre Paintings, about 1580: Campi, 6.“The Flowering of Florence: Botanical Art for the Medici”.
National Gallery of Art.
Accessed October 22, 2014. http://www.nga.gov/exhibitions/flowerartist.htm.
“The History of the Accademia di San Luca, c. 1590-1635: Archived from the Archivio di 8.
Vigué, Jordi.
Great Women Masters of Art.
(New York: Watson-Guptill, 2003).
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The Cultural Centre of Belém (), located in the civil parish of Santa Maria de Belém (in the municipality of Lisbon), is the largest building with cultural facilities in Portugal.
The CCB's 140,000 m² spaces was initially built to accommodate the European Presidency, but adapted to provide spaces for conferences, exhibitions and artistic venues (such as opera, ballet and symphony concerts), in addition to political and research congresses, high security meeting halls, and a 7,000 m² exhibition area.
The decision to construct the Cultural Centre of Belém occurred in January 1988, as part of the Portuguese government's need to construct a building to welcome and accommodate the people involved in Portugal's European Union Presidency (in 1992).
The facility would also serve as a core facility for cultural and leisure activities after its term, and serve as a venue for conferences and exhibitions.
An international architectural competition was held and six proposals were invited to submit a preliminary project, out of the 57 submissions.
The final proposal, submitted by the architectural consortium of Vittorio Gregotti (Italy) and Atelier Risco at the time led by Manuel Salgado (Portugal), was designed to include five modules: a Conference Centre, a Performing Arts Centre, an Exhibition Centre, Hotel and complementary equipment zone, but only the Conference Centre, the Performing Arts Centre and the Exhibition Centre were initially constructed.
Starting in July 1989, the buildings along the waterfront were demolished and many of the infrastructures were reestablished.
By January 1992, modules 1, 2 and 3 were completed and ready to accommodate the institutions, administration, communication centre and security of the European Union Presidency.
A year later the Conference Centre and small auditorium (March) and later the Exhibition Centre were opened to the public.
By fall of the same year (September), the main auditorium was inaugurated.
The building is located in Santa Maria de Belém, near the riverfront west of Lisbon, between the dual Avenida da Índia-Avenida de Brasília motorway and "Rua Bartolomeu Dias".
Apart from fronting the "Praça do Império" ("Imperial Square"), it juxtopositions the Jerónimos Monastery, and is surrounded by many historical buildings, such as the Palace and the Tower of Belém, the Museum of Archaeology, the Planetarium, the Monument to the Discoveries.
The Belém Cultural Centre has 140,000 m² of construction area and was prepared in a very short period (1989–1992).
The client of the project was the Portuguese State through the "Secretaria de Estado da Cultura" (State Agency for Culture).
Completed in 1992, it occupies a total of 100,000 m² and is the work of architects Vittorio Gregotti and Manuel Salgado; the interior was planned by Daciano Costa.
Its designed, aligned with the Jerónimos' Monastery, intentionally fronts the Império Square, and consists of structural blocks with courtyards and "patio-squares" that interconnect the three principal structures.
Each centre is separated by transversal "streets", that link the building's interiors which are extensions of the city of Lisbon's historical urban structure.
The centrality of the main building extends the urban fabric to the interior creating a public space.
This architectural style can best be interpreted by Santana and Matos (2010) who refer to as the ""patios-squares" versus the "narrow streets"" a conflicting dynamic structure.
With highly sophisticated equipment and a wide variety of installed services, it has several areas with different roles:
***LIST***.
The Cultural Centre of Belém won the International Stone Architecture Award at the Verona Fair in 1993.
It has already hosted important events like the summit meeting of the Heads of State of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE).
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Lot's Wife is the student newspaper of Monash University's Clayton campus.
It is produced by students, for students and operates as part of the Monash Student Association.
"Lot's Wife" began when a collection of Monash (Clayton) students stormed the office of the Monash student newspaper of the time, Chaos, in reaction to the sexist and derogatory material Chaos routinely published.
Throughout the 1960s, "Lot's Wife" remained at the forefront of student media.
"Lot's Wife" gained its name from the Biblical passage in which Lot and his wife fled Sodom.
Lot and his wife were spared from God’s wrath at Sodom on the premise that if they left behind the destruction that befell their town without looking back, they would be spared.
Once they had escaped, Lot's wife looked back.
As a consequence she turned into a pillar of salt for disobeying God's orders.
The message of never looking back has been enshrined in "Lot's Wife" since its inception and continues to be reflected in each edition of the publication.
Many of "Lot's Wife"’s contributors have achieved considerable notoriety in later life.
"Lot's Wife" found itself in the middle of a media storm when an article was published and distributed to first year students at the traditional O-Week events discussing different ways to consume and prepare marijuana.
The article titled "Cooking with Schapelle" drew the ire of anti-drug groups.
"Lot's Wife" is put together through a collaborative effort by students from the Monash Clayton Campus.
Some past editors and contributors to "Lot's Wife" include:
***LIST***.
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Royal Air Force Station Fulbeck or more simply RAF Fulbeck is a former Royal Air Force station located east of Newark-on-Trent, Nottinghamshire and west of Sleaford, Lincolnshire, England.
The airfield is located about north-northwest of London and was opened in 1940 when it was used by both the Royal Air Force and United States Army Air Forces.
During the war it was used primarily as troop carrier airfield for airborne units.
After the war it was closed in 1948.
RAF Fulbeck is no longer used for military training exercises, and is now privately owned.
It was known as USAAF Station AAF-488 for security reasons by the USAAF during the war, and by which it was referred to instead of location.
Its USAAF Station Code was "FB".
In October 1943, the 434th Troop Carrier Group arrived at Fulbeck from Baer AAF, Indiana.
The group was assigned to the 53d Troop Carrier Wing and flew Douglas C-47/C-53 Skytrains.
Operational squadrons of the 434th and fuselage codes were:
***LIST***.
The 434th TCG had 56 C-47s and started training with some detachments elsewhere until finally moving to RAF Welford on 10 December 1943.
At the end of March 1944 the 442d Troop Carrier Group arrived at Fulbeck from Baer AAF, Indiana.
The group was assigned to the 50th Troop Carrier Wing and flew Douglas C-47/C-53 Skytrains.
Operational squadrons of the 442d and fuselage codes were:
***LIST***.
The 442d TCG moved to RAF Weston Zoyland in mid-June after having taken part in the D-Day operations.
The IX Troop Carrier Command relinquished the airfield back to the RAF in late September and No.
5 Group Bomber Command moved in the distinguished No.
49 Squadron from Fiskerton, an airfield which was transferred to No.
1 Group the following month.
On 2 November the recently formed No.
189 Squadron arrived from Bardney having taken part in its first operation the previous day.
Both Nos.
49 and 189 Squadron's Lancasters remained based at Fulbeck until April 1945.
49 flew some 60 raids from the airfield losing 15 aircraft and No.
189 took part in 40 raids with 16 aircraft lost.
189 moved back to Bardney on the 8th of the month and No.
49 moved to Syerston on the 22nd.
On the morning of transfer, a No.
49 Squadron Lancaster making a low farewell pass across the airfield crashed into the technical area and of the resulting 24 casualties among air and ground personnel, 15 were fatal.
Bomber Command operations from Fulbeck cost 38 Lancasters, either failing to return or destroyed in crashes.
The runways, apart from narrow strips used as farm roads, were removed in the 1970s and all but three of the hardstandings but the perimeter track was kept intact.
Small sections of the 30 and 10 runway ends, however, still exist in their full width.
At one time Fulbeck was proposed for a nuclear waste disposal site.
RAF Fulbeck was used for military training exercises but is now in private ownership.
A karting track has been built over the previous site of one of the runways.
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Vaithilingam Sornalingam (September 1949 – 26 September 2001; , alternative spellings include Vythilingam Sornalingam; often referred to by his "nom de guerre" Colonel Shankar) was founder of the air wing and marine division of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam and a relative of Velupillai Prabhakaran.
He was educated in Sri Lanka, and worked for some time in Canada before returning to Sri Lanka and joining the LTTE.
Sornalingam was born in September 1949, the second of six sons.
He studied at the Tamil Maha Vidyalayam in Vanni and later as a boarding student at Hartley College in Point Pedro, Sri Lanka between 1959 and 1969.
While there, he lived in Thamotheram House, and proved himself a talented sportsman, representing the college in cricket and football.
He then went on to the Hindustan Institute of Engineering Technology in Chennai, where he studied aeronautical engineering.
Some time after completing his studies, he moved to Montreal, Canada, where he worked for Air Canada; while there, he was known to have become involved with the LTTE as early as 1973.
Though he did not formally become a member of the LTTE at that time, he assisted in setting up their Office of Overseas Purchases, which was responsible for acquiring communications equipment, ships, radar, and armaments.
From Montreal, Sornalingam moved to Chennai in July 1983, and from there went back to Sri Lanka; upon his return, he chose to become a full time member of the LTTE, and began his rise through the ranks.
He participated in a gun battle near the Tamil Information Centre in Chennai in 1985 in which he and his colleagues kidnapped the People's Liberation Organisation of Tamil Eelam military commander Kannan; Kannan was later exchanged by the LTTE for Pottu Amman, who had been kidnapped earlier by the PLOTE.
During these years, three of his brothers who were involved with the LTTE died: Manoharan committed suicide by cyanide after his capture by the Sri Lankan navy; Vaseekaran, alias "Lieutenant Siddharth", died in a bomb blast when preparing for an attack in Mannar and a third brother was arrested by Sri Lankan forces and presumed dead after no further news was heard of him.
In 2000, Sornalingam accompanied Prabhakaran in his meeting with Norwegian envoy Erik Solheim, acting as an interpreter; he and political wing leader S. P. Thamilselvan were the only ones whom Prabhakaran trusted closely enough to accompany him to that meeting.
Sornalingam was killed by a claymore mine on 26 September 2001 at around 10:45 AM in the jungle near Vanni, while driving alone from Oddusuddan to Puthukkudiyiruppu.
Sornalingam's killing was part of a series of attempts around the same time on the lives of LTTE leaders, including Gangai Amaran and S. P. Thamilselvan; An LTTE press release a few hours after his death attributed the attack to a special deep penetration unit of the Sri Lankan army, and claimed that the date of his killing had been chosen deliberately to coincide with the anniversary of the death of Thileepan, who had died 14 years earlier in a hunger strike protesting the policies of the Sri Lankan government and the Indian Peace Keeping Force.
Government newspapers denied the LTTE's charges and instead attributed the attacks to an alleged internal power struggle in the LTTE.
His funeral was held at the Great Heroes' Commemorative Hall in Mulliyawalai; he is survived by his elder brother, a doctor in the United Kingdom.
The book "ATM Interworking in Broadband Wireless Applications" was also dedicated in his memory.
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A drill purpose rifle is a rifle which has been altered so that it can no longer be fired.
This is generally undertaken by either removing the firing pin or leading the barrel.
These rifles are used solely for drill purposes, training and teaching usually by cadet forces.
These rifles can be marched with but also these rifles are used to perform high flying, exhibition style individual or group maneuvers.
In the United Kingdom an example of a drill purpose rifle was the L59A1 Drill Rifle, which was used mainly by the Army Cadet Force.
The rifles are clearly labelled with a white band around the stock and the butt of the rifle with the letters "DP" written in bold black script.
In addition, it may be stamped 'DP' above the serial number on the receiver.
The rifle was used as a teaching aide.
A drill purpose version of the L98A1 Cadet GP Rifle is available, the L103 Cadet Drill Purpose rifle.
In America, exhibition rifle drill has become more popular, due to many factors.
Active duty military groups have for many decades raised the profile of Drill Purpose Rifles.
These groups are hosted by all four services, with the most well-known being the United States Marine Corps Silent Drill Platoon and the U.S. Army Old Guard Drill team.
However, the rifles in use by these two groups actually can fire if loaded.
New Guard America., the Hawaiian Village King's Guard Drill Team and the Hawaii Royal Honor Guard are the most well-known private, non-military groups involving in using drill purpose rifles.
Along with the performing groups listed above, military contractor Sports Network International, Inc. (SNI) has promoted military drill on some of the largest stages across the United States.
SNI hosts military drill competitions annually which bring together roughly 10,000 young high school drillers representing all four Junior ROTC service branches.
Hosting these events for three of the four service headquarters, the largest of these remains the all-service National High School Drill Team Championships.
This event, annually hosted in Daytona Beach, Florida in early May, brings together over 4,000 individuals performing drill & ceremony, the majority using drill purpose rifles.
In addition to the many drill events hosted by SNI, they produce an annual international magazine entitled DrillNATION viewed by over 2,500 JROTC units globally, host military drill camps where drill purpose rifles are used and proper drill execution is taught, while also filming and providing the Best of the Nationals Video Series which have been viewed currently by over 100,000 cadets to date since their inception in 1989.
The most popular weapons used in America are replicas of the M1903A3 Springfield, M1 Garand, and the M14.
Currently, there are three main weapons designed exclusively for military exhibition drill.
These are the DrillAmerica replica M-1 rifle offered by Glendale Inc; the Parris Manufacturing Company and Daisy replica M1903A3 Springfield drill rifle, created at the request of the United States Navy; and the Mark-1 facsimile rifle, a light-weight replica weapon modeled after an M1903A3 w/ pistol grip stock.
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Royal Air Force Station Langar or more simply RAF Langar is a former Royal Air Force station located near the village of Langar, Nottinghamshire, England.
The airfield is located approximately east-southeast of Radcliffe on Trent and about north-northwest of London, England.
Opened in 1942 during World War II, it was used by both the Royal Air Force and United States Army Air Forces.
During the war it was used primarily as troop carrier transport airfield.
After the war it was provided to the Royal Canadian Air Force which used it as an operational base until 1963.
Today the airfield is the location for the British Parachute Schools, who use the original control tower for their headquarters.
The former Avro industrial complex is used by private industry.
The first flying unit arrived in September 1942 when No.
207 Squadron arrived with Lancaster bombers from RAF Bottesford.
207 Squadron was a major RAF Bomber Command unit and participated in major raids on occupied Europe.
Also, in September 1942, A.V.
Roe Ltd. prepared to use a large hangar complex on the west side of the Langar/Harby road to carry out major repair and maintenance of Lancasters.
The squadron remained until October 1943 when it moved to RAF Spilsby.
In November 1943 Langar was transferred to the USAAF Ninth Air Force as a troop carrier group base.
Langar was known as USAAF Station AAF-490 for security reasons by the USAAF during the war, and by which it was referred to instead of location.
Its USAAF Station Code was "LA".
The 435th Troop Carrier Group arrived at Langar on 3 November 1943 from Baer AAF Indiana with four squadrons of 56 C-47s.
Operational squadrons of the group were:
***LIST***.
The 435th TCW was assigned to the 53rd Troop Carrier Wing.
The group began operational training at the airfield, however it was moved on 25 January 1944 to RAF Welford to train alongside the 101st Airborne Division.
Langar remained vacant for about a month until the 438th Troop Carrier Group arrived in early February 1944 from Baer AAF, Indiana.
Operational squadrons of the group were:
***LIST***.
The 438th TCW was assigned to the 53rd Troop Carrier Wing.
Like its predecessor, the group was moved south after a month to a new station at RAF Greenham Common.
The 441st Troop Carrier Group arrived at Langar on 17 March Baer AAF Indiana with four squadrons of 56 C-47s.
Those being:
***LIST***.
The 441st was a group of Ninth Air Force's 50th Troop Carrier Wing, IX Troop Carrier Command.
It was scheduled to be assigned to Langar, however it only remained until 25 April until being moved to RAF Merryfield.
In August 1944 Langar was returned to RAF control for operational use.
In October 1944, RAF Bomber Command returned to Langar moving in with No.
1669 Heavy Conversion Unit with 32 Lancasters which used the station until March 1945.
Although retained by the Ministry of Defence.
The airfield was used after the war for a short time for prisoners of war and then for displaced persons.
Early in 1952 it was taken over by the Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) to become a supply station for the Canadian NATO squadrons.
The airfield was constructed on the old domestic and technical sites with completely new buildings, to a much higher standard than the Air Ministry was used to, by an English design team led by architect Peter Benton, under the direction of an RCAF officer.
For 12 months nearly 1000 men worked constructing the station, which worked around two two acre warehouses.
another was added later and is now in private ownership.
The first RCAF personnel arrived autumn 1952.
The airfield was used for eleven years (1952–1963) as 30 Air Materiel Base, RCAF Langar.
Langar was the RCAF's primary supply station for No.
1 Air Division RCAF in Europe, a complex of four fighter bases set up in nearby RAF North Luffenham and in France and West Germany by Canada to help meet NATO's European air defence commitments during the Cold War.
It was the only Canadian airfield in the UK.
The RCAF established No.
30 Air Materiel Base (AMB), to handle the transportation of supplies, equipment, aircraft, personnel, and other support essential for the operation of the four NATO air bases and its headquarters.
Several units were attached to 30 AMB; No.
137 (Transport) Flight, which was attached to the Movements Unit of 30 AMB, operated several types of aircraft including six Bristol Freighters, one Beechcraft Expeditor, and two Dakotas.
312 Supply Depot handled medical supplies and spares for mechanical equipment, including aircraft (e.g.
the F-86 Sabre) and vehicles.
314 Technical Services Unit was tasked with inspecting all supplies before they were forwarded to operational bases.
This unit also assisted with repair contracts and provided technical advice.
The final use of the station by the Canadian Forces was in May 1995 on the 50th anniversary year of VE-Day.
During the commemoration, a small team of Canadian military parachutists arrived from Holland—where they had conducted parachute activities during the 'Thank you Canada' liberation celebrations.
They joined a larger group of American airborne veterans at the British Parachute Schools at Langar, Nottinghamshire.
In the days before, the Americans and Canadians had undergone some conversion training at the No.1 Parachute Training School at Royal Air Force Brize Norton.
However, inclement weather and other factors prevented the group from jumping onto the Weston-on-the-Green drop zone.
Following a quick refresher course fittingly conducted by a former 'Red Devil' who was the school's chief parachute jumping instructor, the paratroopers embarked on the twin engine Britten Norman aircraft and a giant biplane—the Antonov AN-2 Colt.
Despite marginal weather and high winds, the mass parachute drop was made without casualties onto the airfield using round G-Q military type parachutes.
The para drop afforded these Canadians the only opportunity to jump in the UK, but more importantly, it provided a fitting venue from which to pay tribute to the memory of all the Canadians who fought from bases in Britain during the Second World War.
A pipe band led the parade off the drop zone to the wreath laying ceremony at the airfield's RAF memorial.
A reception was given by the Lord Mayor Peter Burgess at the Nottinghamshire County Council Hall in West Bridgford.
Lieutenant Colonel C.A.
Kiernan, MBE: a war Veteran (1942 to 1965) of the Parachute Regiment, and local members of the UK Territorial Army's 144 Parachute Medical Squadron, attended to mark the occasion.
With the facility released from military control in 1963, the airfield (now called Langar Airfield) is the base for the British Parachute Schools, who use the original control tower for their headquarters.
The former Avro industrial complex is used by private industry.
There is a go-karting track.
The airfield is relatively intact, with most of its wartime facilities still in use.
The main runway (01/19) and NE/SW secondary (07/25) are still active and in use.
The original technical site is still in use, along with both wartime T-2 hangars.
Additional postwar hangars and a secondary maintenance site built to the northwest, along with many of the loop dispersal hardstands around the wartime perimeter track still exist.
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Little Mosque on the Prairie is a Canadian television sitcom created by Zarqa Nawaz and produced by WestWind Pictures, originally broadcast between 2007 and 2012 on CBC.
Filmed in Toronto, Ontario and Indian Head, Saskatchewan, the series was showcased at the Dawn Breakers International Film Festival.
After the series finale aired in April 2012, Hulu announced it would begin offering the series under the name "Little Mosque" that summer.
The series made its U.S. syndication debut on Pivot in August 2013.
The series focuses on the Muslim community in the fictional prairie town of Mercy, Saskatchewan (population 14,000).
The primary institutions of the community are the local mosque, presided over by imam Amaar Rashid and located in the rented parish hall of the town's Anglican church, and Fatima's Café, a downtown diner run by Fatima Dinssa.
The community patriarchs are Yasir Hamoudi, a construction contractor who originally fronted the money to establish the mosque under the pretense that he was renting office space for his business, and Baber Siddiqui, a college economics professor who served as the mosque's temporary imam until Amaar was hired.
The town of Mercy is governed by Mayor Ann Popowicz.
Sarah Hamoudi, Yasir's wife, works as a public relations officer in Popowicz's office.
However, after Yasir had to leave Mercy and go to Lebanon in season 4 episode 10, Sarah managed his contracting company.
The title is a play on the name of the classic American book and TV drama series, "Little House on the Prairie".
The two series are not related aside from the modified version of the title logo which was used for early seasons.
Although the show is set in Saskatchewan, the actual production is split between Saskatchewan and Ontario.
Episodes 1 and 2 were filmed in Regina, but the rest of season one was filmed in the Toronto area.
Indian Head, where a set has been built for the exterior of the mosque, doubles for the show's exteriors.
Film Rescue International's building exterior stands in for the town hall and Certified Plumbing and Heating as the local used car dealership.
The Novia Cafe, the front of which is used in the show as a stand-in for Fatima's, was located in Regina.
It closed in the early summer of 2011.
Actors Zaib Shaikh and Aliza Vellani are Muslims.
Sitara Hewitt (Rayyan) is also of partial Pakistani Muslim descent, but was raised Christian as both of her parents are Anglican Christians.
Manoj Sood (Baber) is a Hindu Punjabi.
Zarqa Nawaz based much of the show on her personal experiences.
Many of the characters are partially inspired by her family and friends.
The episode "The Barrier" is based on a true happening at Nawaz's mosque when incoming conservative Muslims pressured the imam to put up a barrier separating men and women.
The pilot episode also contained a satire of Maher Arar's 2002 detainment.
In the episode "The Archdeacon Cometh", the archdeacon mentions having to "shut down a church in Dog River", referencing Canadian sitcom "Corner Gas" on rival network CTV.
Carlo Rota and Sheila McCarthy, in character as Yasir and Sarah, also later appeared in a crossover with Brent (Brent Butt) and Hank (Fred Ewanuick) from "Corner Gas" on the sketch comedy series "Royal Canadian Air Farce", debating the location of Mercy and Dog River (both fictional towns) in relation to each other after Yasir and Sarah bought the gas station and fired Brent.
Guest actors who have appeared on the show include Colin Mochrie, Dan Redican, Samantha Bee, Dave Foley, Maria Vacratsis, Sam Kalilieh, Peter Wildman, Sugith Varughese, Hrant Alianak, Veena Sood, Kathryn Winslow, Jayne Eastwood, Patrick McKenna and Tom Jackson, as well as hockey player Darcy Tucker, curler Glenn Howard, and sportscaster Ron MacLean.
The show's executive producers are Mary Darling and Clark Donnelly, owners of WestWind Pictures, and Allan Magee.
Producers are Colin Brunton and Michael Snook.
Associate producer is Shane Corkery, with Jason Belleville, Dan Redican and Zarqa Nawaz as consulting producers.
The writing staff includes or has included Susan Alexander, Cole Bastedo, Jason Belleville, Andrew Carr, Andrew De Angelis, Claire Ross Dunn, Sadiya Durrani, Greg Eckler, Anthony Q. Farrell, Josh Gal, Sarah Glinski, Barbara Haynes, Karen Hill, Paul Mather, Jackie May, Zarqa Nawaz, Paul Pogue, Al Rae, Dan Redican, Sam Ruano, Vera Santamaria, Rebecca Schechter, Rob Sheridan, and Miles G. Smith.
Carr, Mather, and Sheridan were previously writers for "Corner Gas".
The directors for the first four seasons include Michael Kennedy (33 episodes including the pilot and entire first season), Brian Roberts (14), Jim Allodi (6), Steve Wright (4), Jeff Beesley (4), Paul Fox (4), and Zarqa Nawaz (1).
Faisal Kutty, a Toronto-based lawyer, academic and writer served as the first Islamic culture and practice content consultant for the show.
He was responsible to provide advice and feedback on accuracy in terms of the portrayal of Islamic norms and practices.
He also provided input to producers and writers.
While the show does derive some of its humour from exploring the interactions of the Muslims with the non-Muslim townspeople of Mercy, and the contrast of conservative Islamic views (held primarily by the characters of Baber and Fatima) with more liberal interpretations of Islam (as represented by Amaar and Rayyan), at its core the show is essentially a traditional sitcom whose most unusual trait is the simple fact of being set among an underrepresented and misunderstood cultural community.
Nawaz herself has stated that the show's primary agenda is to be funny, not to be a political platform.
She has also stated that she views comedy as one of the most valuable and powerful ways to break down barriers and to encourage dialogue and understanding between cultures.
This is represented by the show's promotional tagline, "Small town Canada with a little Muslim twist": the religious angle, while always present, is largely tied to and sometimes even secondary to standard and universal sitcom themes such as family, friends and the humour in everyday life.
For example, while the show sometimes tackles storylines with a political edge, such as a character claiming to be unable to attend a conference in the United States because he says he was wrongly placed on a no-fly list (when in fact he is simply afraid of flying) or the mosque being raided by the Canadian Security Intelligence Service, even these situations are explored as much for their humour as their politics.
The show much more commonly explores purely comedic issues such as whether a Muslim woman still has to cover her hair if the only man who can see her is gay, whether Muslims can curl, whether to haggle with the carpet salesman when buying a prayer rug, or whether a Muslim woman's head scarf is enough to mitigate a bad hair day.
Television critics have also credited this very combination of an attention-grabbing premise with conventional and familiar sitcom themes as one of the primary reasons that the show successfully retained an audience after its debut.
The series also sidesteps issues of stereotyping by having characters in both the Muslim and non-Muslim communities who cross the entire spectrum of political opinion.
Baber and Fatima, who represent conservative views within Islam, are balanced by conservative radio host Fred Tupper among the non-Muslims, while Amaar and Rayyan, who represent Islamic liberalism, are balanced by the liberal Anglican Rev.
The more moderate Yasir and Sarah, who try to be good Muslims but aren't particularly strongly defined by their faith, are balanced among the non-Muslims by Mayor Popowicz, who doesn't care what anybody's religious beliefs are as long as they vote for her on election day.
Hewitt's character of Rayyan Hamoudi, in particular, has been singled out in the media as a strong and unique role model for young Muslim women—both for her ability to reconcile a commitment to her Muslim faith with a modern, feminist-inspired Western lifestyle and career, and as a fashion icon who dresses in clothes that are religiously appropriate yet stylish, professional and contemporary.
Entertainment One has released all six seasons of "Little Mosque on the Prairie" on DVD in Region 1 (Canada only).
Season 6 was released on 23 October 2012.
The series logo used for the cover art of the DVD releases does not use the mosque imagery of the televised version, thus rendering it similar to that used by "Little House on the Prairie" except for the use of the word "Mosque" instead of "House".
Unusual for a Canadian television series, "Little Mosque" received extensive advance publicity in international media, with stories appearing in "The New York Times", the "Washington Times" and the "Houston Chronicle", as well as on CNN, NPR and the BBC
The show premiered on January 9, 2007, at 8:30 p.m.
The pilot then reaired on January 15 in the show's regular timeslot, and the series subsequently aired Mondays at 8:00 p.m. (all times half an hour later in Newfoundland).
The series premiere drew an audience of 2.1 million, an exceptionally strong rating for domestic programming in the Canadian television market, and on par with Canadian ratings for popular American series.
It was, in fact, the largest audience the CBC had achieved in a decade for an entertainment program.
By comparison, "Corner Gas", one of the highest-rated Canadian TV shows, attracts just under one and a half million viewers for a typical episode.
The second episode, airing against the second night of the much-anticipated season premiere of "American Idol" in most markets, had 1.2 million viewers, a sharp drop but still a high rating for a Canadian sitcom, and very high for CBC Television, which has had trouble garnering large audiences for its scripted programming in recent years.
At the end of the show's season on March 7, 2007, the show attracted 1.1 million viewers, or an average of 1.2 million for the season.
CBC Television renewed the show for a second season consisting of 20 episodes, which began airing on October 3, 2007, and continued to attract an average of one million viewers per episode.
CBC renewed the show for a third season on March 7, 2008.
Season three premiered on CBC Television October 1, 2008.
In its third season ratings declined and as of December 2008 it was attracting a quarter of its original audience.
In its fourth season ratings declined further and as of December 2009 it was drawing 420,000 viewers a week, or twenty percent of its original audience.
On February 11, 2011, it was announced that CBC had renewed the series for a sixth and final season.
This season began airing on CBC on January 9, 2012 and concluded on April 2, 2012.
Canadian writer and producer Ken Finkleman (best known for his CBC series "The Newsroom") criticized the show's sunny outlook.
"There’s deep confusion and racism about the place of Islam in the Western world and it’s the thing that’s broiling up under everything in the world, and the show presents this world where everything is happy."
The "Los Angeles Times" wrote: "'Mosque' was conceived in the wake of the 2005 Danish Muhammad cartoon crisis by producer Mary Darling, her husband, Clark Donnelly, and writer Zarqa Nawaz when they met at the Banff Television Festival.
The basic premise was: What would it look like if a Muslim born and raised in Canada became an imam?"
In regards to the program's initially not being shown in the United States, the "Los Angeles Times" said: "The genius of 'Mosque' is that the characters resonate with viewers all over the world.
The show is broadcast in 83 countries, including the United Arab Emirates and Turkey; the format was sold to 20th Century Fox in 2008 for a U.S. remake but nothing came of it.
Nawaz's explanation: 'We didn't have 9/11, and we have a public broadcaster.
9/11 affected the American psyche in a major way, and you have to be sensitive to that.'"
On May 8, 2007, WestWind Pictures announced that the show would be airing in France, Switzerland, and francophone African countries beginning in July.
The French television company Canal+ Group will distribute the show's first season in July to non-subscribers of Canal+, a channel to which viewers must subscribe in order to watch.
French voice-actors will dub the show.
On September 26, 2007, WestWind Pictures announced that the show would soon air in Israel, the West Bank, Gaza, United Arab Emirates, Finland and Turkey.
On October 2, 2007, Al Jazeera English confirmed that the United Arab Emirates and Finland had signed deals to begin airing the series in 2008.
From June 12, 2008, SRC, CBC's French-language network in Canada, started to air the show, dubbed in French, under the title "La Petite Mosquée dans la Prairie".
The series began airing under the name "Little Mosque" on Hulu in June 2012.
The series made its United States television debut on Pivot in August 2013 under the name "Little Mosque."
The show was nominated for Best Writing at the 2007 Canadian Comedy Awards.
The episode "The Convert" was nominated for Best Writing in a Comedy or Variety Program or Series and Best Direction in a Comedy Program or Series at the 2007 Gemini Awards.
The show was also nominated for Best Television Series – Comedy at the 2007 Directors Guild of Canada Awards.
Internationally, "Little Mosque" won awards for Best International Television Series and Best Screenplay at the 2007 RomaFictionFest.
Former Canadian federal Member of Parliament Rahim Jaffer, who is Muslim, and director Michael Kennedy introduced the program screening.
The show won the Canada Award for media representation of multiculturalism at the 2007 Gemini Awards, and the 2007 Search for Common Ground Award, an international humanitarian award whose past recipients have included Muhammad Ali, Desmond Tutu and Jimmy Carter.
Since the producers of the show are Baha'is, it was selected and showcased in the Dawn Breakers International Film Festival in both 2008 and 2009 festivals making its first international film festival premieres in the US and Europe.
In June 2008 Fox announced plans to adapt "Little Mosque on the Prairie" into an American setting, in partnership with the show's production company, WestWind Pictures.
The planned deal would not affect the Canadian version if it were to be picked up in the United States by another distributor or network.
The U.S. version of the show has never been produced since the acquisition.
In 2012, PPI Releasing, LLC acquired the U.S. broadcast rights of the Canadian television series.
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Cosmic Carnage, known in Japan as , is a 1994 2-D fighting video game released for the Sega 32X, developed by Givro and published by Sega.
It was one of the few original titles created for the add-on during its short lifespan.
It hold similarities with and is considered by some a spiritual successor to Fighting Masters, also from this developer.
In an uncharted star system, a group of prisoners en route to a celestial space mine overpower the ship’s guards and take control of the ship, but during their breakout, most of the ship’s controls are damaged.
After days of drifting, the criminals realize that their only hope is to hijack another ship and use their distress signal to bring a military ship to their aid.
They then trick the ship by ramming their own vehicle into it.
The impact, however, badly damages both and destroys all but one of the escape pods, as well as killing all but four from each ship (eight in total).
The few survivors fight for the final escape pod and a chance of survival.
The game was designed to use the Mega Drive’s six-button controller, along with "Eternal Champions".
Also like "Eternal Champions", "Cosmic Carnage" can be very difficult to compete against the CPU characters using the standard three button controller.
With the six button controller, the player is given two buttons to kick, two buttons to punch and two to ‘provoke’ (taunt), with the ‘provoke’ attack differing depending on how fast one presses the button.
Four of the characters use armor to assist them in battle; one may choose one of the two options (‘light’ or ‘heavy’) for each of the three armors (body armor, leg armor and arm armor), each providing the character with its own special move.
For instance, Zena-Lan can perform a whirlwind kick in light armor and an electric ground pound attack with the heavy armor.
The armor can be torn off, however, removing these attacks, a gameplay feature previously used in Allumer's "Blandia", while Sega would later use it in the decade for their "Fighting Vipers" games.
A death move can be achieved by using special moves to win a battle in the final round of each fight (special throws will not accomplish a death move).
This gameplay mechanic was previously used by Sega, who had used it in "Eternal Champions" and was created and popularized by Midway Games’ Mortal Kombat series.
In "Cosmic Carnage," either the opponents head will explode, their arms will be cut off, or they will be cut in half at the waist.
Also included is a ‘zoom feature’ similar to the one used in SNK’s Art of Fighting and Samurai Showdown games that amongst other things, highlights faults with the game’s sprites.
Achieving a ‘good ending’ for a fighter is time based, so depending on how fast the player kills his/her opponents, the more time there is left to escape to the life pod and to drift far enough away from the crashed ships, so the explosion won't hit the player.
"Cosmic Carnage" was released by Sega in North America on November 21, 1994, as a launch title for the Sega 32X.
Former Sega of America executive producer Michael Latham stated that the company was rushed to release games on time for the 32X's launch, and said that "hen "Cosmic Carnage" showed up, we didn't even want to ship it.
It took a lot of convincing, you know, to ship that title."
The Japanese version, under the title known as "Cyber Brawl", was released on January 27, 1995.
"Cosmic Carnage" received mostly negative reviews.
The four reviewers of "Electronic Gaming Monthly" unanimously commented that even taking into account the fact that it is a launch title, "Cosmic Carnage" is a disappointing game which fails to push significantly beyond the capabilities of the standalone Sega Genesis in either graphics or audio.
They did remark that the armor mechanic is an impressive innovation, but nonetheless felt that the overall gameplay was mediocre at best.
In their review, "GamePro" praised the armor mechanic and sci-fi styled graphics, but criticized the slow action and limited originality, and concluded that "there are more exciting Genesis fighters around".
Even Sega of America president Tom Kalinske declined to defend the game; when an interviewer brought up the negative response "Cosmic Carnage" was getting, Kalinske said only, "Well, you know, every now and then there are games with which we're not so happy.
It's all part of the learning process."
In a retrospective review, Levi Buchanan of IGN applauded the character sprites, noting that they are "large, colorful, and decently detailed", but felt that the sprite detail were "ruined" by zooming effects.
Buchanan also criticized the audio, which consist of "orrid, crunchy music and weak sound effects."
Brett Alan Weiss of AllGame cited "Cosmic Carnage" as " poor cousin of such 2D fighters as "Mortal Kombat" and "Street Fighter II"", criticizing its slow gameplay and pixelated graphics.
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My Lovely Sam-soon (; lit.
My Name Is Kim Sam-soon) is a South Korean television series based on the internet novel of the same title by Ji Soo-hyun, which was published on March 9, 2004.
Touted as the Korean version of "Bridget Jones's Diary", it starred Kim Sun-a (who gained 15 pounds for the role), Hyun Bin, Jung Ryeo-won and Daniel Henney.
The series aired on MBC from June 1 to July 21, 2005 on Wednesdays and Thursdays at 21:55 for 16 episodes.
"Sam-soon" is an old-fashioned name in Korean culture.
It is translated as "3rd daughter" ("sam" (삼) is three, "soon" (순) is meek or feminine).
The romantic comedy-drama series was a huge hit, with an average viewership rating of 37.6%, and its peak rating of 49.1% (for the finale) makes it one of the highest rated Korean drama of all time.
It also won numerous awards, including the Baeksang Arts Awards Grand Prize for TV, and the Grand Prize at the MBC Drama Awards for Kim Sun-ah
Kim Sam-soon (Kim Sun-a) is loud and brash, yet insecure about her weight.
She has always been embarrassed by her old-fashioned first name, and nearing her 30th birthday, she dreams of changing it.
She is an excellent baker with a fervent passion for making desserts.
On Christmas Eve, Sam-soon gets dumped by her cheating boyfriend (Lee Kyu-han) and loses her job.
One of the witnesses to her public humiliation is Hyun Jin-heon (Hyun Bin), the owner of upscale French restaurant Bon Appetit.
Upon recognizing her talent, Jin-heon hires her as Bon Appetit's new pastry chef.
From their first meeting, the two have an antagonistic relationship (she calls him the equally old-fashioned "Sam-shik"), and sparks fly.
Jin-heon is the son of a wealthy hotelier (Na Moon-hee), and his mother constantly nags him about succeeding her in the hotel business.
She also keeps setting him up on matchmaking dates, saying his niece Mi-joo (Seo Ji-hee), who hasn't spoken a word since the childhood trauma of her parents' deaths, needs a mother figure.
When Sam-soon finds herself in need of (approximately ) to prevent the foreclosure of her mother's house, Jin-heon proposes a deal: in exchange for the money, she agrees to become his pretend girlfriend.
They draw up a complicated contract, of which the most important stipulation is that they should never fall in love for real.
But as they spend more time together, Sam-soon and Jin-heon grow closer and gradually fall for each other.
But just when things are going well, Jin-heon's ex-girlfriend Yoo Hee-jin (Jung Ryeo-won) returns from the United States.
Hee-jin had suddenly left Korea years ago, right after a car accident that had killed Jin-heon's older brother, his sister-in-law and a motorcyclist, and left Jin-heon (who was driving) seriously injured.
Though Jin-heon's leg eventually recovered, emotional scars remained, a mixture of sorrow, guilt, and anger at Hee-jin's abandonment.
But what he didn't know was that Hee-jin had been diagnosed at the time with stomach cancer, and she'd broken up with him because she didn't want to add to the tragedy he was already experiencing.
Now in remission, she returns to Korea to ask for a second chance, followed by her Korean-American doctor Henry Kim (Daniel Henney), who is in love with Hee-jin and eager to learn his roots.
Upon learning the truth, Jin-heon reconciles with Hee-jin.
Broken-hearted, Sam-soon resigns from Bon Appetit, and she and her older sister Yi-young (Lee Ah-hyun) decide to open an online pastry business using Yi-young's settlement from her recent divorce.
Meanwhile, Jin-heon can't stop thinking about Sam-soon and realizes that he wants to be with her.
After several run-ins in which he sabotages her blind date and immaturely invents reasons to see her, he finally confesses his love for Sam-soon.
After a difficult break-up with Hee-jin, Jin-heon proves to Sam-soon's mother and sister that he's serious about her and the couple begin dating happily.
Then Hee-jin asks a final favor of Jin-heon, to accompany her back to the U.S. to rejoin her parents there.
Sam-soon is initially resistant, but later gives her blessing when Jin-heon reassures her that this journey will be a form of closure for him and Hee-jin.
He promises to return after one week.
Sam-soon goes once again to the city clerk's office to have her name changed, but finally believing that her name is special and an important part of her identity, changes her mind at the last minute and tears up the papers.
Two months pass, with no calls or letters from Jin-heon, and Sam-soon has given up on him and gone on with her life.
When Jin-heon eventually returns to Korea, she gives him the cold shoulder.
But the misunderstanding is cleared up when two-months-worth of postcards gets delivered to Sam-soon's house; as they had been sent to the wrong address all this time.
Jin-heon had spent the two months traveling and inspecting hotels all over America; in his desire to be a man worthy of Sam-soon, he is finally ready to take up the reins as his mother's heir.
Whatever obstacles come their way (including his mother's continuing benign disapproval of their relationship), Sam-soon and Jin-heon decide to face the future together, doing their best at work and love, and living life to the fullest.
Some critics believe its huge success was due to the show's focus on the life of a single woman in her late twenties.
Particularly, the heroine's chubby physical appearance and frank, flawed yet lovable personality broke long-held Korean drama stereotypes, greatly increasing its popularity due to its resonance with many Koreans.
The "My Lovely Sam-soon" soundtrack was released on June 18, 2005.
Korean electronica band Clazziquai contributed two songs to the soundtrack: "Be My Love" and "She Is", the former of which became the show's theme song.
The show's popularity brought the group increased media and public attention.
A 2007 Indonesian remake titled "" starred and Baim Wong.
A 2008 Philippine remake titled "Ako si Kim Samsoon" starred Regine Velasquez and Mark Anthony Fernandez.
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The Seventh Cross is a 1944 film starring Spencer Tracy, Hume Cronyn, Ray Collins and Jessica Tandy.
Cronyn was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor.
It was the first film in which Cronyn and Tandy, who were married, appeared together, and was among the first feature films directed by Fred Zinnemann, later noted for films such as "From Here to Eternity", "High Noon", "Julia", "A Man for All Seasons", "Oklahoma!
", and "The Nun's Story".
The movie was adapted from the novel of the same name by the German refugee writer Anna Seghers.
Produced in the midst of the Second World War and released on 24 July 1944, it was one of the few films of the era to deal with the existence of Nazi concentration camps.
The year is 1936.
Seven prisoners escape from the fictitious Westhofen concentration camp near Worms, Germany near the Rhine.
They represent a cross-section of German society: a writer, a circus performer, a schoolmaster, a farmer, a Jewish grocery clerk, and two prisoners who are apparently political activists.
One is George Heisler (Spencer Tracy) and the other his mentor Wallau (Ray Collins), the leader of the group.
The camp commandant erects a row of seven crosses and vows to "put a man on each."
The first to be apprehended is Wallau, who dies without giving up any information yet continues to narrate the film.
The film follows Heisler as he makes his way across the German countryside (Rhenish Hesse), steals a jacket to cover his prison garb, and watches out, as the Nazis round up every other escaped prisoner and puts them up on the crosses, and the local population remains largely indifferent.
Despite the common brutality of some of his countrymen, Heisler does receive help.
Still, he is somewhat soured on the German people and humanity in general.
He first makes his way to his home city of Mainz where his former girl friend, Leni (Kaaren Verne), who had promised to wait for him, but has since married, refuses to help him in the slightest way, and threatens to "report" him; he steals a bit of her food and departs.
He next witnesses the suicide leap of the cornered circus performer and then goes on to see a contact whose name he had given him, where he encounters Mme.
Marelli (Agnes Moorehead) who gives him the outfit she was holding for the performer and slips some money into his coat pocket.
Next he goes to a Jewish doctor a few doors away who had been suggested by Mme.
Marelli, who treats a hand injured during his escape which had become infected.
Intercut with Heisler's escape odyssey are some scenes involving some of his friends who are trying to locate and help him.
When he finally reaches the home of his prearranged contact he finds that the contact has been arrested.
He cannot visit his family, because they are being watched, so he goes to his old friend, Paul Roeder (Hume Cronyn).
Though Paul is a factory worker with a wife, Liesl (Jessica Tandy), and young children, he still risks all to help Heisler.
Roeder gets in touch with the German underground, whose members risk their lives to get Heisler out of the country.
Through his exposure to this courage and kindness, and with the help toward the end of a sympathetic waitress (Signe Hasso) in an inn where he's hiding out and with whom he has a brief tryst and promises to send for later, Heisler regains his faith in humanity.
Thanks to their help, the film ends as he approaches a cargo ship that is to take him away, "perhaps to Holland", with a shot of the empty seventh cross.
Anna Seghers, the author of the novel from which this movie was adapted, was a Communist, and Wallau and Heisler were Communists in the book.
In the film, their political affiliation is not given.
The film also conformed to Hollywood norms by showing Heisler as unmarried.
In the novel, he is married, has a small child and had been cheating on his wife.
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Santa Fe 5000 is a 2-10-4 steam locomotive constructed by Baldwin Locomotive Works in 1930 for the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway.
5000 was immediately nicknamed "Madame Queen" and remained a unique member of its own class.
It was donated to the city of Amarillo, Texas, in 1957 and is currently maintained by the Railroad Artifact Preservation Society.
Santa Fe 5000 is on the National Register of Historic Places.
The Texas type on the Santa Fe is by design a Berkshire with an additional driving axle, as it was ordered by most railroads.
Although Santa Fe 3829 was the first steam locomotive with the 2-10-4 wheel arrangement, Santa Fe 5000 served as the prototype for all further 2-10-4 locomotives rostered by the road.
In 1930, Santa Fe looked at the contemporary heavy-duty motive power policies of other railroads, and decided that its own needed substantial reappraisal.
Additional locomotives were ordered as a result of this study, including the 5000.
Santa Fe 5000 was placed in service between Clovis and Vaughn, New Mexico for observation.
The result was the company had purchased a locomotive which would pull 15% more tonnage in 9% less time, burning 17% less coal per 1000 gross ton miles than its 3800 series 2-10-2s.
Although the locomotive was a success, the 1930s brought the national depression and Santa Fe adopted a policy of avoiding capital expenditures during this period.
By the time the next 2-10-4s were delivered in 1938 they were placed in a different class because of many design refinements.
With the various classes of 4-8-4 types, the 2-10-4 type represented the pinnacle of modern heavy-power development on the Santa Fe Railway System.
Santa Fe 5000 underwent few modifications during its service life.
It received a larger 'square tender' which required the cab roof to be modified with an area that allowed crew members to pass from the cab to the top of the tender.
In 1940 the locomotive was converted from coal to oil fuel.
On April 17, 1957, after several years of storage and of service, Santa Fe 5000 was retired and donated to the city of Amarillo, Texas.
It was placed on outdoor static display at the Santa Fe station.
In August 2005, 5000 was moved by the Railroad Artifact Preservation Society to a new location in Amarillo where they plan to construct a building to house and preserve the locomotive.
In July 2016, the city of Amarillo has proposed to sell the locomotive.
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Perfecto Presents: Another World is the twelfth DJ mix album by British electronic music producer Paul Oakenfold, released in 2000.
It is the second instalment in his "Perfecto Presents" series, a series of DJ mix albums themed around Oakenfold's label Perfecto Records.
The album employs Oakenfold's progressive trance sound and sees a return to the Goa trance sound he had helped popularise with "Goa Mix" (1994) and "Perfecto Fluoro" (1996).
Similar to those albums, it also features a more eclectic array of music genres, featuring music from film soundtracks, the ethereal wave band Dead Can Dance and a remix of a Led Zeppelin song.
Although the album received mixed reviews from critics, at the time of release, it became the biggest-selling DJ mix album in the United States, where it reached the Top 50 of the Top Electronic Albums chart.
With his "Essential Mix" instalment "Goa Mix" (1994), released as an album in 1995, and "Perfecto Fluoro" (1996), Oakenfold had helped popularise a subgenre of the emerging progressive trance genre known as Goa trance, originating from the beaches of Goa, India.
Both albums received critical acclaim.
In this era, he was experiencing a surge in popularity, and in June 1995, he became the first DJ to play on the main stage at the Glastonbury Festival in Somerset for 90,000 people, a performance which he considers his favourite gig.
Broadening his usage of various styles of dance music, his mix album ' (1997), a double mix CD in the Global Underground series recorded live at Cosmopolite Club in Oslo, Norway, as part of the official launch of the Quart Festival, was noted for showcasing Oakenfold's eclectic taste in music at the time, as the mix combines various forms of dance music.
His second instalment for the series, ' (1998), has become the best-selling album in the series, selling 150,000 copies.
The two "Global Underground" albums were seen as particularly launching his career in the United States, and his trance music-based "Tranceport" (1998) was ranked at number 23 in "Rolling Stone"'s 2012 list of "The 30 Greatest EDM Albums Ever".
After his two-year residency contract with Cream expired in 1999, Oakenfold toured the United States.
Such was the success of "Global Underground 007: New York" that, with increasing demand for British dance music in the United States, making up over two-thirds of the Global Underground label's sales, a New York office was opened in on Ninth Avenue in Manhattan.
The Mekka Electronic Music Festival, otherwise known as the "electronic Lollapallooza" took place in ten cities in the United States and Canada during August and September, including New York City, Los Angeles, Toronto and San Francisco.
The event featured Oakenfold amongst other electronic artists.
Oakenfold next moved to Los Angeles to work on film soundtracks and to focus his DJing stateside.
His experiences with the United States influenced the creation of his "Perfecto Presents" series of mix albums.
Launched with "" (2000), the series built on his eclectic usage of music and the albums were themed.
"Perfecto Presents: Another World" was the second instalment in the series.
Oakenfold continues with the style of progressive trance and Goa trance styles had first explored six years earlier on "Goa Mix" (1994).
As with "Goa Mix", samples of Lisa Gerrard's vocals and snatches of dialogue from the "Blade Runner" soundtrack are dropped into the mix (notably Roy Batty's final speech), which is used between the last two tracks on the first disc.
As with another of his other mix albums, "Perfecto Fluoro" (1996), snatches of dialogue from other films are present as they form part of the tracks used.
For example, the dialogue sample he inserted into Tatonie's "Music" is from the film "Contact" (1997).
John Bush of Allmusic said, "perhaps realizing that the market for progressive trance mix albums was fast approaching saturation amidst a raft of inferior products, Paul Oakenfold displayed a touch more variety" with this album, noting that whilst the album contains tracks from "the usual trance producers" such as Timo Maas, Salt Tank, Tone Depth and LSG, as well as signings to Oakenfold's Perfecto Records label, the album "incorporates snippets from more atmospheric sources, including Dead Can Dance and Vangelis' soundtrack classic, "Blade Runner".
And he even tapped Perfecto stalwart Quivver to apply the trance treatment to Led Zeppelin's "Babe I'm Gonna Leave You"", a remix that he noted "applies a sleek backing to a few of Robert Plant's bluesier vocal lines."
The album was released in the United States and Canada on September 19, 2000.
In the United States, it was released on Sire Records.
In Canada, the album was released as a collaboration between both Sire Records and London Records.
To promote the album, a sample CD containing eight tracks entitled "Perfecto Presents: Another World Sampler" was released before the album.
It was only released as a promotional disc sent to radio stations to promote the album.
Similarly, another promotional sample CD entitled "Selections from Perfecto Presents: Another World", featuring the first four tracks from both discs, was released after the album in October 2000.
After the album was released in the United States, "Perfecto Presents: Another World" soon became the biggest-selling DJ mix album of all time, and once the Top Electronic Albums chart (later renamed the Dance/Electronic Albums chart) was launched in June 2001, the album appeared in the top 50.
The album received mixed to positive reviews from music critics.
The album holds a 62/100 score on Metacritic from six reviews.
John Bush of Allmusic rated the album two and a half stars out of five, saying "Except for these stylistic detours (two tracks from Blade Runner, with one each from Dead Can Dance and the group's vocalist Lisa Gerrard), "Another World" is the same old trance album.
There are a few intriguing anthems that manage to wear out their welcome over the course of seven minutes and up, plenty of breakdowns to maintain attention on the dancefloor, and an overall pleasant sound that simply floats by without making much of a positive impact."
"Spin" awarded the album a half-perfect score and stated "the human element is a diva parade that skates by like Lilith Fair on (dry) ice: opera-lite from Jan Johnston, squishy spiritualism from Dead Can Dance, the dread Sarah McLachlan belting the coda of DJ Tiesto's remix of Delerium's "The Silence"."
More positive reviews came from "Rolling Stone", who rated the album with three and a half stars out of five, stating "Oakenfold steers the ultra-European, classical-minded pulse of trance toward syncopated rhythms, drum-free interludes and actual songs."
"Wall of Sound" gave the album an 8.3/10 score, saying that "working from a crate stuffed with quality cuts that blur the lines between trance, techno, and tribal house, Oakenfold deliberately showcases selections that err on the melancholy or contemplative side...
Contrasted against the sometimes formulaic feel of Oakenfold's other comps, this is a stellar reminder of why he's remained a superstar for so long in a genre that's notorious for its short attention span."
Oakenfold continued the "Perfecto Presents" series with his final two instalments for the series, "Perfecto Presents Ibiza" (2001), released eleven months later, and "Perfecto Presents... Great Wall" (2003).
Timo Maas, who features on "Another World", also mixed the instalmnet "Perfecto Presents: Connected" (2001).
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Daniel 8 (the eighth chapter of the Book of Daniel) tells of Daniel's vision of a two-horned ram destroyed by a one-horned goat (an allegory for the transition from the Persian to the Greek eras in the Near East), followed by the history of the "little horn", which is Daniel's code-word for the Greek king Antiochus Epiphanes.
The subject of the vision is Antiochus' oppression of the Jews–he outlawed Jewish customs such as circumcision, dietary restrictions, and Sabbath observance, made ownership of the Torah scroll a capital offense, and built an altar to Zeus in the Temple (the "abomination of desolation").
His program sparked a popular uprising which led to the retaking of Jerusalem and the Temple by Judas Maccabeus (164 BCE).
In the third year of Belshazzar, king of Babylon, Daniel in a vision sees himself in Susa, which is in Elam.
In his vision he sees a ram with two horns, one greater than the other; the ram charges to the west, north and south, and no other beast can stand against it.
Daniel sees a male goat with a single horn come from the west without touching the ground and strike the ram and destroys it.
At the height of his power the goat's horn is broken and in its place four horns grow.
One of the horns is small but grows great and prospers in everything it does, throwing stars down to the earth, stopping the daily sacrifice, destroying the sanctuary and throwing truth to the ground.
Daniel is told the vision will be fulfilled in 2,300 evenings and mornings, when the sanctuary will be cleansed.
The angel Gabriel appears and tells Daniel that this is a vision about the time of the end.
It is generally accepted that the Book of Daniel originated as a collection of folktales among the Jewish community in Babylon and Mesopotamia in the Persian and early Hellenistic periods (5th to 3rd centuries BCE), and was later expanded by the visions of chapters 7-12 in the Maccabean era (mid-2nd century).
Modern scholarship agrees that Daniel is a legendary figure; it is possible that his name was chosen for the hero of the book because of his reputation as a wise seer in Hebrew tradition.
One of the peculiarities of the book of Daniel is that it begins in Hebrew at chapter 1, switches to Aramaic for chapters 2 to 7, and then back to Hebrew at chapter 8.
It has been suggested that this transition means that Daniel 7 and 8 were written by different persons, but although there are stylistic differences between the two chapters,they are parts of a composite whole, so that even if composed by a group, both chapters together are a coherent literary work.
The structure of the chapter can be described as follows:<br> I.
Introduction: date and place (verses 1-2);<br> II.
Vision report: ram, he-goat, angelic conversation (3-12);<br> III.
Epiphany (appearance) of interpreter: circumstances and desire for interpretation, epiphany (15-17);<br> IV.
Interpretation: circumstances, interpretation of images, concluding statement by the angel (18-26);<br> V. Concluding statement of visionary's reaction, v.27.
The Book of Daniel is an apocalypse, a literary genre in which a heavenly reality is revealed to a human recipient; such works are characterized by visions, symbolism, an other-worldly mediator, an emphasis on cosmic events, angels and demons, and pseudonymity (false authorship).
Apocalypses were common from 300 BCE to 100 CE, not only among Jews and Christians, but Greeks, Romans, Persians and Egyptians.
Daniel, the book's hero, is a representative apocalyptic seer, the recipient of the divine revelation: has learned the wisdom of the Babylonian magicians and surpassed them, because his God is the true source of knowledge; he is one of the "maskil", the wise, whose task is to teach righteousness.
The book is also an eschatology, meaning a divine revelation concerning the end of the present age, a moment in which God will intervene in history to usher in the final kingdom.
Daniel 8 conforms to the type of the "symbolic dream vision" and the "regnal" or "dynastic" prophecy, analogous to a work called the "Babylonian Dynastic Prophecy"–a more extensive example appears in Daniel 11.
For its sources it draws on Daniel 7, which supplies the symbolism of the "little horn" and the "holy ones" (angels), as well as on the Book of Ezekiel, which provides the location by a river and the epiphany of the angel, and on the Book of Habakkuk with its concern with the "end of time."
The "little horn" which casts some of the stars to the ground recalls Isaiah 14:12 and Lucifer, which in turn presupposes the Ugaritic (Canaanite) myth of Attar's attempt to take the throne of Baal.
Chapter 8 is about the actions of the world-powers at the "end-time".
The course of history is pre-determined, and Antiochus is merely playing a role in the unwinding of God's plan.
Daniel 8 is thus a reinterpretation and expansion of Daniel 7: where chapter 7 spoke only cryptically of the change-over from the Medo-Persian empire to the age of the Greek kings, chapter 8 makes this explicit; by the same token, chapter 8 speaks cryptically of the "little horn," whose story will be taken up in detail in the following chapters.
Daniel 8 is an interpretation of the author's own time, 167-164 BCE, with a claim that God will bring to an end the oppression of the Jewish people.
It begins with the Greek conquest of the Persian empire, touches on the rise of the four Greek successor-kingdoms, and then focuses on the career of Antiochus IV Epiphanes, who took the throne of Seleucid Syria in 175 BCE.
While the details which led to Antiochus' conflict with the Jews are obscure, it appears that there was a revolt in Jerusalem, he sent troops to suppress it, and as a result the daily Jewish sacrifice was stopped and the Temple polluted.
The date for this is usually given as 167 BCE.
The attempt to wipe out traditional religion and culture inevitably provoked a reaction, and the Jews, led by Judas Maccabee and his brothers, won sufficient military victories over the Seleucids to take back and purify the temple three years later.
The ram and he-goat are interpreted explicitly as the kings of Persia and Greece.
It is generally agreed that they are drawn from the constellations that preside over Persia and Syria in Hellenistic astrology.
Scholars are also agreed that the goat's first horn (the horn which is broken) is Alexander the Great, and the four horns which then arise are the four generals who divided his empire.
The detail that the goat does not touch the ground as he attacks the ram may reflect the speed of Alexander's conquest.
The "little horn" which arises from the four horns is Antiochus Epiphanes.
It "grows in power to the south and to the east and towards the beautiful land," reflecting Antiochus' campaigns in Egypt (169-168 BCE), Persia (166 BCE) and Palestine (the "beautiful land").
"Truth was flung to the ground" by the little horn as it tramples the land: this is probably a reference to the Torah, the Law of Moses.
Daniel 8:13's "holy ones of the Most High" clearly means angels, although sometimes in the Hebrew Bible it seems to refer to the Israelites.
Stars were commonly identified with angels in ancient Israel, and in 8:10 the reader is told that the little horn "grew great ... and some of the host of the stars it cast down to the ground and trampled upon them," indicating that Antiochus fights against the "heavenly host" of God's angels.
Indeed, he "aspired to be as great as the Prince of the host," God himself.
Daniel is the only book in the Hebrew Bible which gives names to angels.
Gabriel may have received his because he "has the appearance of a man" (Hebrew "gaber"); he appears here as a messenger and interpreter of God's message, the same role he was later given by the author of Luke's annunciation scene (Luke 1:19,26).
Michael is depicted as Israel's guardian angel and a warrior.
The prominence given these divine beings in Daniel is typical of Hellenistic Jewish literature, but much more restricted than in contemporary works such as First Enoch.
In verse 13 Daniel overhears two "holy ones" (angels).
One asks" "For how long is this vision concerning the regular burnt offering, the transgression that makes desolate, and the giving over the sanctuary and host to be trampled?"
and Daniel is informed that it will be "for 2,300 evenings and mornings."
The "evenings and mornings" refer to the twice-daily sacrifice, so that the number is 1,150 days.
This is contradicted (twice in one sentence) at the end of Daniel 12, which says that "from the time the regular burnt offering is taken away ... there shall be 1,290 days; happy are those that persevere and attain the 1,335 days" (Daniel 12:11-12): the different numbers, first 1,150 days, then 1,290, finally 1,335, are presumably revisions made when the earlier numbers passed without fulfillment.
The period in question was initially the duration of the desecration of the Temple, but 1,150 days is slightly less than three and a half years, while the desecration lasted only three years.
It seems likely that the focus of the author shifted from the desecration and re-dedication of the Temple to the end of history, which would be marked by the resurrection of the dead: the final number in Daniel 12:12 is followed by the instruction to Daniel to "go your way and rest; you shall rise for your reward at the end of days."
(The interpretation of the 2300 evenings and mornings as equivalent to half that number of days–1150 days–appears to be the most common, but C. L. Seow, a leading Daniel scholar, takes it to mean 2300 full days.
This would be equivalent to about seven years; assuming that the end-point is the re-dedication of the Temple and restoration of sacrifices in 164 BCE, the starting point would then be the murder of the high priest Onias III in 171, another notable year in the events leading up to the desecration).
The Book of Daniel, and along with Revelation, formed one of the foundations of Christian eschatology.
The authors of the Gospels identified Jesus with Daniel 7's "one like a son of man", and by the 3rd century CE the stone of Daniel 2 and the fourth figure in the furnace in Daniel 3 were interpreted as Christ, the fourth kingdom of Daniel 7 was Rome, and the "little horn" was the Antichrist (his identification as Antiochus was denied by Saint Jerome in a famous exchange with the pagan philosopher Porphyry).
Daniel's timetable was reinterpreted to fit Christian expectations: the prophecy of 70 weeks in Daniel 9:20-27, for example, was commonly held to end either with the life and death of Christ or with the destruction of Jerusalem in 70 CE.
In the Middle Ages dissident Catholics identified the pope as the Antichrist, and for Martin Luther the Fourth Empire was Rome, living on as the German Empire, while the "little horn" included Mohammed, Antiochus, and the papacy, depending on which chapter of Daniel involved.
In the 17th century the English Puritans interpreted their struggle in terms of God's army (themselves) battling the Antichrist (the pope) and his ally (the king), and the Fifth Monarchy Men took their name and ideal of government from Daniel 7.
As late as the 18th century no less a figure than Isaac Newton could still read Daniel as a coded prediction of the future, but already this approach was in decline.
A few 17th century scholars had begun saying that Daniel referred only to Antiochus, and in the 19th century this and the 2nd century date of the book became the scholarly consensus.
Nevertheless, the traditional "historicist" interpretation continues in popular culture, and conservative scholars continue in its defence.
The prophecy of 2,300 days in Daniel 8:14 plays an important role in Seventh-day Adventist eschatology.
The 2,300 days are interpreted as 2,300 actual years using the Day-year principle.
According to the Adventist teaching, this period starts in unison with the Prophecy of Seventy Weeks in 457 BC and ends in 1844 AD.
It was thought that the end of this period would bring the "End of Days" as advocated by the Millerite movement at the turn of the 19th century.
Most Adventist groups in the Millerite tradition hold similar beliefs about the Great Apostasy as do those of other Restorationist types of Christian faith.
Some of these, most notably the Seventh-day Adventist Church, have traditionally held that the apostate church formed when Bishop of Rome began to dominate and brought heathen corruption and allowed pagan idol worship and beliefs to come in, and formed the Roman Catholic Church, which teaches others traditions over Scripture, and to rest from their work on Sunday, instead of Sabbath, which is not in keeping with Scripture.
Seventh-day Adventists teach that the Little Horn Power which as predicted rose after the breakup of the Roman Empire is the Papacy.
In 533 A.D. Justinian, the emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire, legally recognized the bishop (pope) of Rome as the head of all the Christian churches.
Because of the Arian domination of some of the Roman Empire by the barbarian tribes, this authority could not be exercised by the bishop of Rome.
Finally, in 538 A.D., Belisarius, one of Justinian's generals routed the Ostrogoths, the last of the barbarian kingdoms, from the city of Rome and the bishop of Rome could begin establishing his universal civil authority.
So, by the military intervention of the Eastern Roman Empire, the bishop of Rome became all-powerful throughout the area of the old Roman Empire.
Like many reformation-era Protestant leaders, the writings of Adventist pioneer Ellen White speak against the Catholic Church as a fallen church and in preparation for a nefarious eschatological role as the antagonist against God's true church and that the pope is the Antichrist.
Many Protestant reformers such as Martin Luther, John Knox, William Tyndale and others held similar beliefs about the Catholic Church and the papacy when they broke away from the Catholic Church during the reformation.
Ellen White writes,
The Baha'i Faith interprets the prophecy of the 2300 days and the 70 weeks in the same manner as the Seventh-day Adventists, with the period ending in the year 1844.
In Baha'i belief, 1844 marked the end of the "old world" and the start of the millennial period.
This meant the end of the "Islamic age", the end of the prophetic cycle of all religions, and the inauguration of the common era where the fulfillment of prophecies would occur for all religions.
For the Baha'i, the promise of the return of "God's Messenger" was fulfilled in this year by the appearance of the Báb, followed 19 years later by Baha'u'llah.
Methodist theologian and historicist Adam Clarke proposed an alternative to the 1844 date as used by Seventh-day Adventists and followers of Bahá'í Faith.
Clarke viewed Daniel 8 as a separate vision from Daniel 7.
In his 1831 commentary on Daniel 8:14, he states that the 2,300-year period should be calculated from 334 BC, the year Alexander the Great began his conquest of the Persian Empire.
His calculation ends in the year 1966, where he links to Daniel 7:25.
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"M. denhamii" grows to about 6m tall.
The large, stiff, leathery leaves are elongated, curved at the edges and appear in tufts or bunches at the ends of the branches.
Their central rib is thick and fleshy with longitudinal grooves.
On younger trees the leaves are up to 45 cm long and about 12 cm wide.
On older trees the leaves may be up to 1 metre long and 24 cm wide.
The flowers exude a sweet scent.
The plants are either female or male.
Since the anthers protrude from the flowers, it is likely that the pollen is spread mainly by wind.
Female flowers also occasionally produce anthers, but these are stunted and unproductive.
"M. denhamii" owes its discovery to Scots William Grant Milne (?-1866), a gardener at the Edinburgh Botanic Garden, who joined the "HMS Herald" expedition to the south-western Pacific (1852-1856) as a botanist.
Milne found the tree growing on the Isle of Pines in the south of New Caledonia.
Specimens were sent to the Royal Botanical Gardens in Kew where the plant flowered in the greenhouse in 1860.
Two years later botanist Berthold Seeman named the plant "Meryta denhamii" in honour of Henry Mangles Denham, Captain of the "Herald", for whom also the town of Denham, Western Australia was named.
Rare in cultivation, "M. denhamii" may be grown fairly easily in warm frost-free climates like those of Sydney, Australia, or Florida in the United States.
A slightly hardier alternative is the New Zealand Puka tree, "M. sinclairii", which has wider leaves and can withstand frosts down to -2C once established.
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WIAR was an experimental, short-lived radio station in Paducah, Kentucky, broadcasting on a frequency of 833 kHz with 100 watts power, that went on the air eight years before WPAD debuted.
It helped establish how radio would work in Paducah and gave the town a taste of what was to come.
Paducah entered radio early, and the first station owner was concerned with pure promotion.
The Commerce Department issued Kentucky's second radio license to J.A.
Rudy & Sons at 115 South Third St. in Paducah "during the week beginning 17 July 1922," less than two years after KDKA in Pittsburgh made its groundbreaking broadcast of the 1920 Presidential election returns.
WIAR became a promotional arm of Mr. Rudy's retail establishment.
While much of the content of the station's programming during its early days is now a lost memory due to the station's sporadic transmissions, the continuous promo line "It's at Rudy's" established itself well enough in the minds of listeners to outlast the store itself.
The station operated for about six months before it was sold to the "Paducah Evening Sun", a daily newspaper that was owned by Paducah's Paxton family.
"The transmitter room and small studio were located on the second floor of The Sun's plant on South 3rd Street."
WIAR was one of only five stations listed for Kentucky in the 1923 "Citizens Radio Call Book".
WIAR enjoyed a brief, but dynamic run through the first half of 1923 under the "Sun's" lead.
The newspaper cross-promoted the station heavily beginning in early January.
The daily rag would run front-page stories "ad nauseam", promoting that evenings programming among the hard news.
Headlines such as "Concerts Continue to Bring Praises for Sun Station", "Impressive are Music Programs by Sun's Radio", and "Artists Keep Up Splendid Quality of WIAR Concerts" were common front-page fare.
The paper, which had only run stories about radio sparingly beforehand, now had features about the station and radio in general several times throughout each day's edition.
Many articles were very technical in nature.
A series appeared on new radio receiving circuits including detailed instructions on how the reader could build their own set.
The series was accompanied with schematics.
One article detailed how a Paducah man received a WIAR signal by wrapping a lead pencil in wire, attaching it to a doorknob and a crystal, and then grounding it.
The radio station even boasted its ability to beat the weather.
A storm hit the city on March 12, and most telegraph lines were down.
The paper's two dedicated AP telegraph lines were inoperable.
The Sun tried to use WIAR to pick up news messages, but station workers were only able to receive entertainment programs or "vacant" air.
A separate article sported the headline "WIAR Laughs at Elements, Music on Time Tonight" in a jab to the telegraph industry.
"Wires may come and wires may go," the article stated, "but radio laughs at all the efforts of the elements to stop communication between mortals".
The local flavor of Paducah radio emerged early.
Programming was live and the station depended on local talent to come to the studio and perform.
On January 9, 1923, for instance, the paper reported, "Tonight's concert will feature Mrs. Emma Greer Horn, of the Palmer Chocolate Shop".
Radio broadcasting was truly a community event.
The newspaper started running detailed set lists from the previous night's broadcasting.
The station generally broadcast programming from 7-8pm Monday through Saturday and would often present an afternoon sports broadcast.
Jazz bands, Rotary Club performers, singers, and violinists performed in the WIAR studios.
An African-American choir, billed as "Negro Harmonists" performed a set of "sacred songs" in the early days of the station under the Sun's ownership.
Paducah resident Joe Allen, who was known as an "expert imitator of animals and birds" presented a program called "Kentucky Possum Hunt".
The program featured Allen playing every character including the dogs and the coon.
The Sun also asked local residents to notify them when talented friends or family visited from out of town.
WIAR was constantly on the lookout for people to sing, play instruments, and perform for listeners.
Alben Barkley, then United States Congressman from Paducah and future Vice-President once broadcast from WIAR as did Paducah native and humorist Irvin Cobb.
Cobb would later go on to perform on network radio, using his unique brand of southern humor to entertain listeners.
Both Barkley and Cobb "made their first broadcast speeches over WIAR."
In the middle of January, the station went off the air for a day in order to make improvements.
The paper reported that technology was changing and the "Sun" station wanted to provide listeners the best possible experience.
According to the "Sun", the walls were padded to "intensify the sound" and improve quality.
One radio historian reported that the walls were draped with old World War I army blankets.
In addition, the studio became a closed set when most of the transmitting equipment was moved out, and artists were the only ones permitted in during broadcasts.
The station moved quickly during those early days to grab the attention of radio enthusiasts.
It was about this time that the "Sun" started printing portions of listeners' letters in the paper.
The national appeal and reach of radio was seen in letters from listeners both nearby and from areas such as Texas, Minnesota, and California.
The paper later bragged about letters and telegraphs of praise from as far away as Canada.
The "Sun" also showed its enthusiasm for radio by running a full-page list of all the known radio stations in the United States in early 1923.
Radio was not only a local event; it was a national phenomenon.
The uniqueness of radio was in the ability of Americans to tune in to a station and grab a slice of life from virtually anywhere in the United States.
The programming consisted of local citizens, therefore each station had a sound that was exclusive to its region.
A "Sun" story reported that Mike Danaher, a Paducah businessman, went to the home office of his company in Colorado Springs and was able to hear a program from his hometown at a listening station.
The paper in Colorado Springs reported that listeners "heard concerts from Paducah, KY, and Fort Worth, Tex."
The power of radio as a national phenomenon, as well as a local one, was then evident.
The pride of Paducah was something to be displayed.
In March 1923, Fred G. Neuman, author of "The Story of Paducah" and "Paducahans in History" presented a program about the city as a type of public relations move to provide the nation with information on "that gem in diadem of American cities…" The script of the show was re-printed in the "Sun".
The station reasoned that letters were pouring in from distant locations, and listeners would probably be interested in the city that produced such entertaining programming.
Those at the "Sun" must have beamed with pride as their station took the story of Paducah to residents across the eastern United States and even parts of Canada.
But just as listeners from far away were tuning in to hear Paducah stations, some local radio fans were tuning in to hear stations from outside the Paducah area.
Radio was a hobby to many, and tracking stations from points afar was entertainment itself.
At the beginning of March 1923, the station announced that it would stop broadcasting on Saturday nights.
WIAR, along with other stations in broadcasting range, had agreed to be silent one night a week so listeners could try to receive long distance signals.
While there was support for local programming, this was an indication that local listeners also wanted to hear programs from other areas.
The fans of radio came together to form a club in February.
Charter members set Edwin J. Paxton, owner of WIAR, as the president, and the club had 130 members within two weeks.
The club said it represented about ten percent of the radio station owners in Paducah, which the paper estimated to be about 1,000.
The radio club held meetings at the car barns of the Paducah Railway Company at Fourteenth and Broadway and would occasionally have control of WIAR during the evening broadcast hour.
In March, the club called for people who could "moan to the bones" to play "craps by radio."
While the details were sketchy and the call was riddled with the slang of the day, the club made it known that those to the west and north of the station would be appreciative of "southern songs, games, and pastimes, and a real 'OONTZ' party would create no end of interest."
Twenty-three years later in 1946, the "Sun" reflected on WIAR and the playing of craps on the air.
According to the Sun article, four "colored performers" were given two dollars in nickels, a pair of dice, and then invited into the studio.
After getting over a bit of stage fright, the program was reportedly "a riot," and letters came in asking for more programs of its type.
In addition to the rich, local programming, a sense of service to the community was present from the beginning.
The Paducah radio club, along with WIAR and "The Paducah Evening Sun", started a fundraiser to purchase a radio for Paducah's orphanage, then known as the Home of the Friendless.
Radio fans wanted to share the new world of radio with the children and reasoned that the new innovation was meant to instruct as well as entertain.
According to one plea in the "Sun": Possessing a radio set, the children of the Home can tune in each day and evening, and the simple process of tuning in will open up to them a new world rich in charm and mystery.
The infinite happiness they may attain from such a gift will repay whatever sum may be expended in its purchase, a million fold.
Early in the campaign, the Paducah Exchange club held a radio-broadcasting banquet at the station, a live radio event that boasted fourteen acts of entertainment.
Children from the Home of the Friendless listened to the broadcast at the car barns in the rail yard where the radio club held meetings.
In addition to providing a radio for orphans, several Paducah businesses and businessmen raised funds to give local firemen a radio for the central station.
The firemen had been tinkering with homemade sets, but the new set included an antenna wire that was 100-feet in length and stretched from the fire station to the flagpole on city hall.
Radio was already a community project, and service to citizens was evident.
Later, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) would seek to regulate a public service commitment aspect of radio, yet those at WIAR started the station with those thoughts in mind.
The station was heard as far away as Pittsburg, Kansas and Indianapolis, Indiana.
An article in a Pittsburg newspaper January 28, 1923, reported that Robert C. Ernhart had listened to 33 radio stations the preceding Friday afternoon and night.
Among those listed was "WIAR, Paducah."
Similarly, a writer from Indianapolis, in a magazine article, listed WIAR among stations he had heard on his one-tube receiver.
WIAR was also mentioned in an ad in the April 1924 issue of Popular Radio.
The ad for "The Improved MIRACO" receiver touted the success of E.D.
Elliott of Milford, New York, in receiving stations from a variety of locations, including "WIAR Paducah."
At one point, the station asked listeners to write in, telling where they received WIAR's signal.
"The most distant response came from New Zealand."
In April, the "Sun" announced that the station would close for the summer season and end regular evening broadcasts until the fall (autumn).
The paper stated that the studio, which was heavily padded, would be very uncomfortable for performers during the summer months.
The Sun indicated that afternoon broadcasts of baseball news would begin and remain throughout the summer.
Unfortunately, the station's programming never returned.
The fall "Paducah Sun" papers did not mention the station again.
An article in the April 26, 1924, issue of the Harrisburg (Pennsylvania) Telegraph listed WIAR among 11 "stations closed."
One historian stated that the station did not have a licensed radio operator by mid-1923 and that constant equipment problems may have also played a role in the station's demise.
The 1946 "Sun" article stated that operations were expensive, and this was at a time when an advertiser supported model of business had not been established in radio.
Two or three tubes would burn out every day at a cost of seven dollars apiece.
One of the last entertainment performances was fittingly the singing of "My Old Kentucky Home".
What made WIAR so amazing was the dynamic way it affected the community in only a four-month life span.
Fundraisers were held, a club had formed, readers built their own sets, and a daily recruitment of local talent gave listeners across the eastern United States a taste of Paducah.
One could only imagine, however, the difficulty in maintaining such a service of recruiting local talent to perform nightly.
Eventually, the radio industry would find strength in network programming in order to relieve that stress.
The equipment was sold before the end of 1923 to Acme Flour Mill in Hopkinsville, a Louisville owned company.
Even though WIAR's run was short, it established a standard of local broadcasting in Paducah.
Local citizens proudly provided broadcasting content.
Paducah listeners would be introduced to the national networks later, yet the fact that network programming was not available in the early days built within radio a bond between itself and the communities it served.
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David Hoflin (; born 25 February 1979) is a Swedish-born Australian actor.
He is most famous for playing Jason Bates in "Ocean Girl" between 1994 and 1998, and Oliver Barnes in "Neighbours" between 2007 and 2008.
He has appeared in TV shows such as "Ocean Girl", "Head Start", "A Country Practice", "McLeod's Daughters", "Eugenie Sandler P.I.
", "State Coroner", and "The Lost World".
Hoflin was ten when he starred in his first role alongside Meryl Streep and Sam Neill in "Evil Angels" (released as "A Cry in the Dark" outside of Australia and New Zealand), a film about the famous tragic case where a dingo stole baby Azaria Chamberlain from her tent at Ayers Rock.
In the Australian medical drama "All Saints", he played a character named Kieran who had become heavily intoxicated with alcohol at a rave and subsequently passed out and neglected his younger sister, who was later raped by his friend Lewis.
In "Ocean Girl", he played one of the lead male characters.
The romantic chemistry between his character and that of Marzena Godecki's character, Neri is one of the central themes of the series.
Hoflin joined "Neighbours" in 2007 as Oliver Barnes.
He received the job without auditioning after Christian Clark quit with immediate effect.
He filmed his last scenes on 6 May 2008, the same day as fellow cast member Daniel O'Connor.
Hoflin returned to "Neighbours" in April 2011 for a two-week guest stint.
Hoflin joined the cast of "Alcatraz" in 2012.
He plays Thomas "Tommy" Madsen, a supposedly deceased, former Alcatraz inmate who disappeared in 1963.
He is Rebecca Madsen's grandfather.
In 2013 he was also seen on "Touch" and on Season 8, Episode 20 of "Criminal Minds".
In 2014 he appears in "Crossbones".
In 2015 he was a guest star in "Supernatural."
Hoflin was born in Stockholm, Sweden and has a sister called Emma.
Hoflin began a relationship with his "Neighbours" co-star Natalie Blair in 2008.
The pair currently live together in Los Angeles.
On 10 March 2012, Fiona Byrne of the "Herald Sun" reported the couple were engaged.
They married on the 4th January 2013 in Wharton Victoria.
Blair and Hoflin welcomed their first child, a son, on 29 July 2016.
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Kandhwala or Kandhwala HazarKhan is a village located in the Fazilka district of Punjab, India.
Village falls under Tehsil Fazilka of district.
This village is settled mainly by Jatts who follow Sikhism.
A large majority are Bhullars, as well as Sandhus who fled here after the Indian/Pakistan partition.
Many of these settlers were previously from villages near district of Lahore.
This Village used to be called Hazarkhan.
This village is currently referred to as "Kandhwala Hazarkhan" as there is another village called Kandhwala in the tehsil Abohar, which is also in Firozpur district and located approximately 20km from Fazilka.
Kandhwala is on the rice growing and cotton rich belt of the state.
Being at the border, Fazilka had to bear the brunt of the two Indo-Pakistani wars of 1965 and 1971.
This also affected Kandhwala as many Sikhs migrated here as Muslims fled.
In the second war many lost crops.
This village has a historical place(Baba Bhule shah"s Mazar)every year the people celebrate the Baba bhule shah " mela on 25-26 bhadro &so many area of agriculture land covered by kinnow fruit.
Buses travel to Fazilka.
National Highway 10 passes through Fazilka which links to Kandhwala.
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Quartermaster Harbor is formed by Vashon Island on the west and Maury Island on the east.
It opens about east of the Tahlequah, Washington ferry landing at the south end of Vashon Island, with the entrance between Neill Point on Vashon Island and Piner Point on Maury Island.
It is a nearly five-mile-long inlet, about a half-mile wide, that extends about north between the islands.
It then turns east into the bay at Dockton, swings north around Burton Peninsula, past Portage and turns west, ending in the "inner harbor" at Burton.
The harbor is sheltered and has no commercial marine traffic.
The harbor itself is shallow, with a maximum depth of about ten meters at high tide.
The bottom is sand and mud with abundant shellfish.
Evergreen trees line the shores and climb the hills above Quartermaster Harbor, with heights rising to over on both islands.
There are good anchorages as well as several places to moor in the north end of the harbor.
Quartermaster Harbor hosts the largest spawning population of Pacific herring in south Puget Sound, and is also a major spawning area for surf smelt.
The narrow strip of land between the two islands contains a small saltwater marsh.
It is part of the "Washington State Department of Natural Resources Maury Island Environmental Aquatic Reserve".
Due to the high concentration of forage fish and shellfish, the harbor is a major wintering area for 35 bird species.
The most abundant bird is the Western Grebe, which totals eight percent of Washington's wintering population.
There are hundreds of scoters and other diving sea ducks that feed on the shellfish during the winter.
The grebes, loons, mergansers, diving sea ducks, gulls, and dabbling ducks, in addition to other species, make a total of about 3,000 individual birds wintering there annually.
The harbor is home to "Quartermaster Yacht Club" and "Quartermaster Marina", both of which house many different private motor and sailing yachts and smaller boats.
This harbor is also the location of the main practice areas of Vashon Island Junior Crew.
Quartermaster Harbor was named by Charles Wilkes during the Wilkes Expedition of 1838-1842.
Wilkes chose the name because he had named a great number of other features in the vicinity for quartermasters and other petty officers of the expedition.
Places in the area named for quartermasters include Piner, Neill, Dalco, Sanford, Southworth, Williams, Henry, Pully, Robinson, and Henderson.
Quartermaster Harbor once held one of the largest drydocks in Puget Sound.
In 1892, the structure, originally built to be installed at Port Townsend, was installed at Quartermaster Harbor instead.
Measuring long and wide, the drydock could lift several large ships at a time.
The dock remained in place until 1909.
Over the years a number of vessels were also built at the nearby shipyard of John Martinolich, at Dockton on Maury Island.
These included the propeller steamers "Vashon" (1905), "Verona" (1910), "Nisqually" (later renamed "Astorian") and "Calista", both built in 1911, "Florence J."
(1914), "F.G. Reeves", (1916), "Vashona" (later renamed "Sightseer") (1921), and the ferry "Whidby" (1923).
Launchings did not always go well.
"Florence J".
rolled over and sank on the first launching attempt.
Shipyard operations eventually ceased in the 1912.
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The Mar Augustine Kandathil Memorial Lisie Hospital is a hospital near Kaloor, in Kochi, India, noted for its service to the poor.
It was founded in memory of Mar Augustine Kandathil, shortly after his demise, according to his original vision and plans, in 1957, as a token of his devotion to St. Thérèse de Lisieux.
It is managed by the Archdiocese of Ernakulam.
It is a tertiary referral hospital and one of the largest in Cochin.
The Lisie Heart Institute is a major interventional Cardiology and Cardiothoracic centre.
It performed nearly 4000 interventional cardiac procedures and cardiac surgeries in 2006.
Their team of doctors was reconstituted in 2008 with the joining of Jose Chacko Periappuram as the Head of Cardiac Surgery and Jacob Abraham as the head of Cardiac Anaesthesia.
The present team was instrumental in performing the first total arterial bypass surgery on a beating heart and heart transplantation under Dr.Jose Chacko in the state of Kerala.
The hospital have departments including Anaesthesia, Cardiac Anaesthesiology, Cardio Thoracic Surgery, Cardiology, Dentistry, Dermatology, Diabetology, Emergency Medicine, ENT, Gastroenterology, Nephrology, Neurology, Neurosurgery, Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Urology, Radiology, Medical Social Work, Oncology, Pain & Palliative, Pathology, Gastrointestinal Surgery and Ophthalmology.
Department of Cardiac Anaesthesiology is one of the largest Cardio thoracic practices in South India.
The general medicine department handles 50,000 outpatients and 5,000 inpatients every year.
The Lisie Heart Institute is a tertiary care Interventional Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery Unit at the Mar Augustine Memorial Lisie Hospital.
The Heart Institute is one of the leading centres for Interventional cardiology and Cardiac surgery in the state of Kerala.
It was set up in 2002 and has since then performed more than 14,000 interventional procedures and 3800 Cardiac surgeries until 2007.
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The Latin Rite Catholic Archdiocese of Wellington is the Metropolitan Archdiocese of New Zealand.
Catholics number about 83,214 (2006 census).
Parishes number 47 and the archdiocese extends over central New Zealand between Levin and Masterton in the north to Kaikoura to Westport in the south.
The Catholic faith of the new immigrants to Wellington was initially sustained through the efforts of Dr John Fitzgerald who arrived on 31 January 1840.
He led the Sunday prayers and organised Christian Doctrine classes.
The first resident priest was the Capuchin Father Jeremiah O’Riley who arrived as chaplain to Hon Henry William Petre, a director of the New Zealand Company and one of the founders of Wellington.
O’Riley arrived in January 1843 and within a year the first, small Catholic church was built and dedicated to the Nativity.
Meanwhile, the Auckland-based French Marists ministered extensively throughout the country and Fr J.B. Compte SM established a permanent mission at Otaki in 1844.
In June 1848, Pope Pius IX divided New Zealand into two dioceses, Auckland and Wellington, consisting of the lower half of the North Island and the whole of the South Island.
Bishop Philippe Viard, who arrived in Wellington on the barque “Clara” on 1 May 1850, was the first Bishop.
With him were five Marist priests, ten lay brothers, two lay male teachers, three Māori and four young women, the “Sisters of Mary” who commenced teaching at what became St Mary’s College and Sacred Heart Cathedral School.
Viard bought and was given land in Thorndon on which his residence, St Mary’s Convent and St Mary's Cathedral were built.
Fr Garin and Br Clause went to Nelson to establish the church there.
Fr Lampila and two others established a mission in Hawkes Bay.
Fr Forest and Mr Huntley worked in the Hutt Valley.
Fathers Petitjean and Seon travelled extensively throughout the South Island.
By 1852 a parish had been established in Whanganui and the Māori mission on the Whanganui River had a resident priest.
For ten years, however, Viard received no reinforcements and illness took a toll on his personnel.
In March 1860 the Sisters of Mercy arrived from Auckland to take over the works of the four Sisters of Mary.
In 1859 three more Marist priests arrived and pastors could be provided to New Plymouth, Christchurch and Dunedin.
The discovery of gold in 1857 and after meant a rapid expansion of the Church on the West Coast, and Dunedin which became a separate diocese in 1869.
Irish priests arrived and followed their compatriots and their families to the diggings.
The Sisters of the Missions also arrived to establish schools in Napier (Sacred Heart College (Napier) and St Joseph's Māori Girls' College) and in Christchurch and Nelson.
Bishop Viard died on 2 June 1872 and was succeeded by Bishop Francis Redwood SM who was to remain ordinary of the Diocese for 61 years.
The Diocese was raised to an Archdiocese on 10 May 1887 and Christchurch became a separate diocese.
Thomas O’Shea SM became his Coadjutor Archbishop in 1913 and remained so for 22 years.
Redwood died in 1935 and was succeeded by O’Shea whose archepiscopate lasted for 12 years.
Peter McKeefry was appointed Coadjutor Archbishop in 1947 and succeeded on the death of O’Shea in 1954.
McKeefry was appointed as a Cardinal in 1969 and was assisted by Bishop Owen Snedden who was auxiliary bishop from 1962.
During McKeefry’s episcopate the Catholic population of Wellington more than doubled and 39 new parishes were established.
New orders arrived such as the Cistercians in Hawkes Bay.
McKeefry was succeeded in 1973 by Cardinal Reginald Delargey and he in turn was succeeded, on his death in 1978, by Archbishop Thomas Williams who was made a cardinal in 1983.
In 1980 the Archdiocese was split with the creation of the Palmerston North Diocese.
Williams retired in March 2005 and Archbishop John Dew was appointed as his replacement.
He was appointed as a cardinal in 2015.
Philippe Viard was Vicar Apostolic of the Diocese of Wellington from 1848 until 1860 when he became the Bishop of Wellington.
Francis Redwood was Bishop of that diocese until 1887 when he became Archbishop of the Archdiocese of Wellington (created in that year) and Metropolitan of New Zealand.
All incumbents since then carry those latter two titles.
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Flimby is a village in the Borough of Allerdale in Cumbria, England.
Historically in Cumberland, it forms part of the civil parish of Maryport.
Flimby railway station on the Cumbrian Coast Line has served the village since 1846.
Trains stop only by request.
The village is also served by regular buses between Maryport, Workington and beyond.
The Anglican church of St Nicholas is in the Diocese of Carlisle.
It holds services on the second and fourth Sundays of the month.
Flimby Methodist Church lies in West Lane.
The village has a primary school with about 150 pupils.
There is one convenience store.
There is also a working men's social club.
Flimby's amateur rugby league club, the Vikings, plays in the Iggesund Cumberland League.
The shoe manufacturer New Balance has a factory in Flimby on the Risehow Industrial Estate.
Flimby Wind Farm opened in June 2013.
The name of the village was recorded as "Flinbi" in 1056 and "Flemyngeby" in the 12th century, and seems to come from Old Norse "Flæminga bý", meaning "the village of the Flemings".
Flimby has three Grade II historic buildings listed by English Heritage.
Flimby Cottage in Main Road is an early 19th-century pebble dash lodge in Gothic Revival style.
Flimby Hall is a three-storey country house completed in 1766.
Flimby Lodge is a mansion dating from the late 18th or early 19th century, derelict at the time it was listed in 1977.
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Jack Sheedy is a former Dublin senior Gaelic footballer.
He played his club football for Dublin-based club Lucan Sarsfields.
Sheedy made his Championship debut for Dublin against Meath in the first round of the Leinster Senior Football Championship in 1991,after having been a panellest on the Dublin team beaten by Kerry in 1984.
The series famously finished after four games (three replays), with Dublin losing by a point.
He scored a goal in the opening game against Meath and finished the series with 1-03.
He went on to win five Leinster championships with Dublin in 1984,1992, 1993, 1994 and 1995.
He won an allstar for Dublin in 1994, the same year that he won his fourth Lenster championship and then an all-Ireland senior football final defeat to Down; a game which finished on a scoreline of 0–13 to 1–12.He suffered a cruciate ligament injury in 1995,ruling him out of an allIreland medal with Dublin that year.
Sheedy won two national football league finals with Dublin.
The first final was against Kildare in his first senior football year.
He then won his second title in 1993 against Donegal in a game that was forced to a replay which Dublin eventually won.
Sheedy also won a North American championship with the Wolfe Tones Gaa club in Chicago in 1997 a team that included Kevin O'Brien of Wicklow and Gregory Macarton of Down.
Sheedy won the All-Ireland Masters Football Championship with Dublin in 2004 when he captained Dublin to victory over Leitrim.
Sheedy was manager of the Edenderry senior team in County Offaly.
He won a Division Two League title as manager of Edenderry in June 2009.
On 7 December, he resigned from managing Edenderry.
He managed Moorefield of Kildare to a Kildare Senior Football Championship on 17 October 2010.
In October 2013, Sheedy was confirmed as the new manager of the Longford Senior Football team.
He is currently the manager of the St. Sylvester's senior football team in Malahide, County Dublin.
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