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This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pharmacology | cafc0a38-bb29-4271-a180-95433a85392c | [{'content': 'Prucalopride drug is ? \nSelect and explain. \nA. 5HT4 agonist, B. 5HT2b agonist, C. 5HT2b antagonist, D. 5HT2a agonist', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Ans. A. 5HT4 agonist* Prucalopride is a drug acting as a selective, high affinity 5-HT4 receptor agonist which targets the impaired motility associated with chronic constipation, thus normalizing bowel movements.* Approved for use in Europe in 2009.* Prucalopride, a first in class dihydro-benzofuran-carboxamide, is a selective, high affinity serotonin (5-HT4) receptor agonist with enterokinetic activities.* Prucalopride alters colonic motility patterns serotonin 5-HT4 receptor stimulation: it stimulates colonic mass movements, which provide the main propulsive force for defecation.* The observed effects are exeed highly selective action on 5-HT4 receptor.* Prucalopride has >150-fold higher affinity for 5-HT4 receptors than for other receptors.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Physiology | f6c37d84-4658-45dd-b75d-741f6f1bcff2 | [{'content': 'During voluntary movements, Golgi tendon organ has an impoant role to play because it continuously relays to the efferent neurons: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Length of the muscle at rest, B. Change in angle of joint during motion, C. Change in length of muscle before and after the movement, D. Tension in the muscle', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: Ans: D. Tension in the muscle(Ref.: Ganong 25/e p232; Guyton 13/e p697, 701).Golgi tendon organ senses muscle tension."The Golgi organ (also called Golgi tendon organ, GTO, tendon organ, neurotendinous organ or neurotendinous spindle) senses changes in muscle tension.It is a proprioceptive sensory receptor organ that is at the origins and inseion of skeletal muscle fibers into the tendons of skeletal muscle. It provides the sensory component of the Golgi tendon reflex.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Physiology | bc7fdabc-0c33-4e85-befe-0015ca601164 | [{'content': 'The hormone, which stimulates uterus contraction and lets down milk, is: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Progesterone, B. Prolactin, C. Prostaglandin, D. Oxytocin', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 6b3b112c-3f6a-4f33-afe6-421e410a1700 | [{'content': 'Production and citation impact of published work of a scientist or scholar \nSelect and explain. \nA. Impact factor, B. Citation, C. H index, D. Z index', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | b84028e6-34ae-44f6-9deb-10d9122d592f | [{'content': 'Ig in GCF? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Ig A, B. Ig M, C. Ig G, D. Ig D', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 8db1c114-d051-431f-93d1-4a7f2ae7d2a6 | [{'content': 'The function of compensating curve is \nSelect and explain. \nA. To provide balanced occlusion in complete dentures when mandible is protruded, B. To aid in establishing an incisal guide, C. Same as function of curve of spee, D. None of the above', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Anaesthesia | 3fb75e9e-82c7-424f-b7ff-60e5ddaa24b5 | [{'content': 'Induction of inhalational agent is faster. \nSelect and explain. \nA. Agent with high blood gas solubility, B. Combined with nitrous oxide, C. Person with increased residual volume, D. Right to left shunt', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: B \nExplanation: Answer- B. Combined with nitrous oxideInduction of inhalational agent is faster, if it is combined with nitrous oxide.'The blood:gas paition coelficient is the mainfactor that determines the rate of induction and recovery of an inhalationanaesthesic, and the lower the blood: gas paition coefficient, the faster is induction and recovery.The second gos effect usually refers to nitrous oxide combined with an inhalation agent. Because nitrous oxide is notsoluble in blood, its rapid absorption from alveoli causes an abrupt rise in the alveolar concentration of the otherinhalation anesthetic leading to faster induction.", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | bbe12324-c347-478e-b5bb-9a39e8969571 | [{'content': 'Hammock ligament is present: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Between temporal and sphenoid bone, B. Between hamular notch and mandible, C. In apical area of a tooth, D. As a part of deep cervical fascia', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 7c79a7f1-20d7-4205-a05a-f974ecc2186c | [{'content': 'Centric holding cusp is? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Mesiobuccal cusp of maxillary 1st molar, B. Mesiolingual cusp of mandibular first molar, C. Distolingual cusp of mandibular 1st molar, D. Mesiopalatal cusp of maxillary 1st molar', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Gynaecology & Obstetrics | 09971098-f9bf-4cc3-969f-e77e18595c96 | [{'content': 'What is the Ilekt step in management of a 32 years old woman with a 5 years history of primary infeil-ity with bilateral tubal block seen at cornu on hys-terosalpingogram? \nSelect and explain. \nA. In vitro feilization, B. Laparoscopy and hysteroscopy, C. Intracytoplasmic sperm injection, D. Tuboplasty', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Answer- B. Laparoscopy and hysteroscopyBilateral tubal block at cornu should be confirmed using Laparoscopy and hysteroscopy (Chromopeubation test), which is the gold standard. Trestment of choice will be tuboplosty, but other causes like spasm shoukl be ruled out ss hysterosalpingogram is not a very reliable test.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | bdc7d080-b3a4-4edb-acc4-08a35d181e75 | [{'content': 'Pickling is done: \nSelect and explain. \nA. To remove oxide film from casting, B. Polish the casting, C. Improve the strength of casting, D. Avoid casting defects', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Microbiology | de1065e8-37ba-4b6b-a05d-f967fdf76f58 | [{'content': 'MHC Class II proteins are expressed by: \nSelect and explain. \nA. B-cells, dendritic cells and macrophages, B. Platelets, C. T-cells, D. All nucleated cells', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Answer- A. B-cells, dendritic cells and macrophagesMHC Class II proteins are expressed by all antigen-presenting cells, which include B-cells, follicular dendritic cells and macrophages. MHC Class I proteins are expressed by all nucleated cells, which excludes platelets and RBCsHLA class I antigens (A, B and C) are found on the surface of viually all nucleated cells- They ere the principal antigens involved in graft rejection and cell-mediated cytolysis.Class, I molecules may function as components of hormonal receptors. HLA class II antigens are more restricted in distribution, being found only on cells of the immune system macrophages, dendritic cells, activated T cells, and paicularly on B cells."', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | a0c6e73e-5ed5-42b5-a71c-24e031f7e7e8 | [{'content': 'Soft tissue curettage is used for: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Shallow pockets with gingivitis, B. Deep pockets with gingivitis, C. Infrabony pockets, D. Oedematous gingiva', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | c1ad828e-687d-4f0b-b014-9b0b5555548e | [{'content': 'All are true about RVG except: \nSelect and explain. \nA. 80% reduction of patient exposure, B. Instant imaging, C. Easy to storage and retrieval., D. Image is sharper than caused by silver halide.', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: The digital radiographic resolution is lower than produced with silver halide emulsions.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Biochemistry | 20445700-6fe0-4e44-b27c-561d580c5ea9 | [{'content': 'HCO3/H2CO3 is the best buffer because it is: \nSelect and explain. \nA. pKa near physiological pH, B. Its components can be increased or decreased in the body as needed, C. Good acceptor and donor of H+ ions, D. Combination of a weak acid and weak base', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Ans: B. Its components can be increased or decreased in the body as needed(Ref:Harper 30/e p11; Gaizung 25/e p6).HCO/H2CO3:Best buffer.As components can be increased or decreased in body as needed.Bicarbonate buffer system:Most powerful extracellular buffer in body.Since both elements of buffer system (HCO 3- & CO).Regulated respectively by kidneys & lungs.pH of extracellular fluid precisely controlled by HCO removal & addition by kidneys & CO 2 removal by lungs.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Biochemistry | ed24d502-040d-47a0-b3ed-d355cd0481a8 | [{'content': 'Which of the following is an essential fatty acid? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Linoleic acid, B. Alpha linolenic acid, C. Both of the above, D. None of the above', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: The fatty acids that are required\xa0by humans, but are not synthesized in the body, hence need to be supplied in the diet are known as essential fatty acid (EFA). Humans lack the enzymes that can introduce double bond beyond 9th Carbon.\nThey are Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid namely:\n\nLinoleic acid.\nAlpha linolenic acid.\nArachidonic acid is considered as semi-essential fatty acid as, it can be synthesized from linoleic acid.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Physiology | 6bd02755-f813-46d8-87ff-e40297a2a949 | [{'content': 'In female adrenal gland secretes which hormone? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Progesterone, B. Testosterone, C. Estrogen, D. DHEA', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: Ans. D. DHEADHEA is an endogenous steroid hormone. This means it is naturally made by the body, and it spurs specific tissues or cells into action.It is also known as androstenolone, 3b-hydroxyandrost-5-en-17-one and 5-androsten-3b-ol-17-one.DHEA is one of the most abundant steroid hormones in the human body. It is produced by the adrenal glands, the gonads, and the brain.It is normally found in the form of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS).The body holds DHEAS in reserve and conves it to specific hormones when needed.It is impoant for creating estrogen and androgen sex hormones and contributes to the development of so-called androgenic effects, or masculinization.These changes include the production of oilier skin, changes in body odor, and the growth of armpit and pubic hair.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Physiology | eb01af3c-48a4-484b-a376-1074eb7450e2 | [{'content': 'Which of the following is the function of Hyperpolarizing Cyclic Nucleotide (HCN) gated channels? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Cardiac rhythm generation, B. Generation of mitochondrial action potential, C. Myocardial muscle contraction, D. Memory formation', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Ans: A. Cardiac rhythm generationHyperpolarizing Cycling Nucleotide (HCN) gated channels:Present in SA & AV nodes.Channel opens in hyperpolarization phase.Essential for generating pacemaker potential in SA Node (cardiac rhythm generation).HCN-Nervous systemHCN-Cardiovascular systemControls neuronal excitability, synaptic transmission & rhythmic oscillatory activity in individual neurons & neuronal networks.Play an impoant role in synaptic plasticity & memory, thalamocoical rhythms & somatic sensation.Some evidence indicates they also play a role in mechanisms of epilepsy & pain.HCN4 is the main isoform expressed in the SA node, but low levels of HCN1 & HCN2 are also seen.Current through HCN channels, called "funny current or pacemaker current", plays a key role in generation & modulation of cardiac rhythmicity.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 62b9add2-a5e9-451f-92c2-2eee629ee143 | [{'content': 'A 4 year old child sustained a fracture in central incisor one month ago. On examination, a necrotic pulp was seen with no other pathological findings. The treatment of choice is: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Watchful observation, B. Extraction followed by space maintainer, C. Pulpectomy and root canal filling with gutta percha, D. Endodontic treatment and root canal filling with ZOE', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: A 4 year old child sustained a fracture in central incisor one month ago. On\xa0examination, a necrotic pulp was seen with no other pathological findings. The\xa0treatment of choice is endodontic treatment and root canal filling with ZOE.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Biochemistry | 5948bf46-bda9-45d2-8165-c12f8387e345 | [{'content': 'Both ketogenic and glucogenic amino acids as \nSelect and explain. \nA. Isoleucine, B. Leucine, C. Arginine, D. Glycine', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pediatrics | 238019d8-3c6b-486e-9d00-fda1273d22e7 | [{'content': 'An un-immunized 13 months old child comes to you in OPD, according to the latest immunizations schedule, what vaccines will you advise?? \nSelect and explain. \nA. OPV 3 doses, I IPV 3 Pentavalent and I measles, B. BCG, OPV 3 doses, 3 lPV, 3 Pentavalent and I measles, C. OPV 3 doses, I IPV 3 Pentavalent and 2 measles, D. OPV 3 doses, 3 IPV 3 DPI : Hep-B', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: Ans: D. OPV 3 doses, 3 IPV 3 DPI : Hep-BRef: ip. o rg/file s/I A P-imm unizution-sc he du le- 2 0 I 6- I P- 2 0 I 6-E p u b. p df* The latest schedule of immunization under NIS is as follows:* vNational Immunization Schedule (NIS) for Infants, children and Presnant women - - OPV 3 doses, 3 IPV 3 DPI : Hep-B', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2018, Subject name: Gynaecology & Obstetrics | 05f7f85c-a5f7-438b-a8b4-afd025228b21 | [{'content': 'A 32 weeks pregnant female presented with labor pains and minimal vaginal discharge, on analysis of the cervicovaginal discharge showed presence of fetal fibronectin. What is the probable diagnosis? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Preterm labour, B. IUGR, C. IUD, D. Cervical infection', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Fibronectin is a glycoprotein that binds amnion and chorion to the decidua of uterus. Normally present in the cervicovaginal secretions before 22 weeks and after 37 weeks of pregnancy. Presence of Fibronectin (>50ng/ml) in between these weeks is suggestive of preterm labor. When the test is negative it reassures that delivery will not occur within next 7 days.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Medicine | babb3528-da02-4ffa-b15f-4a678c902be2 | [{'content': 'A65-year-old male adult presents with chronic sinusitis, nasopharyngeal ulcers, cavitatory lung nodules and renal failure. What will be the appropriate next diagnostic step? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Lung biopsy, B. Sputum AFB and PCR for TB, C. ANCA and evaluation for vasculitis, D. ESR', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: C \nExplanation: Ans: C. ANCA and evaluation for vasculitis(Ref Harrison 19/e p2182-2184, 18/e p2786, 2789)Suggestive of Wegener's Granulomatosis.Wegener's Granulomatosis:c-ANCA positive small vessel vasculitis. levels are required for diagnosis.Tests:Specificity of a positive antiproteinase-3 ANCA for granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener's) is very high, especially if active glomerulonephritis is present.However, the presence of ANCA should be adjunctive and, with rare exceptons, should not substitute for a tissue diagnosis.", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Medicine | 7ffc9c61-2859-48c9-8d16-7776f1e81c3d | [{'content': 'All of the following are true about COPD except: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Decreased FEV1, B. Decreased MEFR, C. Increased RV, D. Decreased diffusion capacity', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 0915d8e7-21e1-4755-99a0-ac45b259c408 | [{'content': 'Bias that arises from evaluating data on patients and hospital records only such that probability of exposure to a particular factor is increased is known as: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Berkesonian bias, B. Confound bias, C. Memory or recall bias, D. Selection bias', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Gynaecology & Obstetrics | 086cd30e-0ed9-4b7b-9346-38529b1445b8 | [{'content': 'A midwife at a PI-IC is monitoring pregnancy and maintaining the paograph of pregnancy progression. At how much cervical dilation should the paograph plotting be staed? \nSelect and explain. \nA. 4 cm, B. 5 cm, C. 6 cm, D. 8 cm', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Answer- A. 4 cmPaograph recording is usually staed after a cervical dilation of 3 cm (not the 4 cm), i.e. the active stage of labor As 3 cm is not given in the option, we have to choose 4 cm.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pathology | 05863ba7-3f7b-48eb-a74b-7cd2598065b4 | [{'content': 'Geniculate neuralgia is caused in the nerve \nSelect and explain. \nA. VII, B. IX, C. X, D. II', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Geniculate neuralgia (Nervus intermedius neuralgia) results from herpes zoster infection of geniculate ganglion and nervus intermedius branch of seventh cranial nerve.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2018, Subject name: Radiology | d7f6905a-377d-4fa0-a5a5-d7f5c8d8ac4f | [{'content': 'Empty Thecal sac sign in: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Arachnoiditis, B. Tethered Cord syndrome, C. Veebral osteomyelitis, D. Discitis', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: * Arachnoiditis is chronic inflammation of meninges and can occur after intrathecal injection of contrast agent, infections, drugs leading to nerve root getting adhered into peripheral meninges giving the appearance of EMPTY THECAL SAC sign on T2 weighted MRI * Tethered Cord Syndrome is when the spinal cord extends below the elbow level due to lipoma of Filum terminal or post op scarring/ adhesions that prevent spinal cord from ascending upward and it remains below L2 level.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Gynaecology & Obstetrics | 7ce281ed-c512-4456-a9f7-87b7620d628d | [{'content': 'An absolute indication for LSCS in case of a Heart disease is: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Co-arctation of Aorta, B. Eisenmenger syndrome, C. Ebsteins anomaly, D. Pulmonary stenosis', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Heart disease during pregnancy, in itself is not an indication for cesarean section.\nCesarean section in heart disease is done in specific cases.\n\n“In coarctation of aorta, elective cesarean section is indicated to prevent rupture of the aorta or mycotic cerebral aneurysm.”\n\nDutta Obs. 7/e, p 278', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Microbiology | f23569ea-da84-4e74-aa14-69c64f04424d | [{'content': 'Which is not true about vibrio cholera \nSelect and explain. \nA. It is non-halophilic, B. Grows on simple media, C. Man is the only natural host, D. Cannot survive in extracellular environment', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Ophthalmology | 71803632-1b88-4332-88f5-be3ac2515b85 | [{'content': 'Gene commonly indicated in congenital cataract: \nSelect and explain. \nA. PAX-6, B. CRYGS-3, C. LMX- IB, D. PITX-3', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: B \nExplanation: Answer- B. CRYGS-3'Gene-S crystalline gene (CRYGS) mutalion causes dominant progressive coical cataract in humans.", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pediatrics | 3b184f01-db13-4379-ab0b-7709853e0326 | [{'content': 'A case of jaundice with 50% direct bilirubin, other LFTs normal. Diagnosis is – \nSelect and explain. \nA. Rotor syndrome, B. Gilbert syndrome, C. Glucuronyl transferase deficiency, D. Primary biliary cirrhosis', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: 50% direct bilirubin means conjugated hyperbilirubinemia.\nNormally the direct (conjugated) bilirubin is less than 15-20% of total bilirubin.\n\nNormal Values of bilirubin\nTotal bilirubin\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0 >\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0 0.2 - 1.9 mg/d1.\n\xa0\xa0\xa0 Direct bilirubin >\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0 0 - 0.3 mg/dl.\n\nSo, this child has : -\n\n\nConjugated hyperbilirubinemia\nOther LFTs normal\n\n\nAmongst the given options, Rotor syndrome and Primary biliary cirrhosis cause conjugated hyperbilirubinemia.\nIn Primary biliary cirrhosis, other LFTs are also abnormal, e.g., SGOT and SGPT are raised. Now we are left with Rotor syndrome which causes conjugated hyperbilirubinemia. Other LFTs are normal.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | bd9727ab-e559-41ba-9006-304697e2c9b7 | [{'content': 'Pickling: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Is accomplished by soaking the casting in baking soda, B. Causes porosity in gold, C. Removes surface oxides from gold castings, D. Remove investment from gold casting', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | b304b0be-c800-43e4-be04-739bd0cc47fd | [{'content': 'Easiest 3rd molar surgical extraction is: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Mesioangular, B. Horizontal, C. Vertical, D. Distoangular', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 4cb6b49b-3422-4add-9f90-7a7d6678be62 | [{'content': 'In examining the edentulous mouth of an aged patient wearing complete maxillary denture against six mandibular teeth, the dentist will see: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Cystic degeneration of the foramina of the anterior palatine nerve, B. Loss of osseous structure in the anterior maxilla, C. Flabby tissue in the posterior region, D. Decrease interocclusal distance', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | 18f4759f-08b6-4600-b14c-27e86a1e7e38 | [{'content': 'Obstructive sleep apnoea caused by the following \nSelect and explain. \nA. Mandibular ameloblasma, B. Dentigerous cyst, C. Orbital fracture, D. Bilateral TMJ ankylosis', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2019, Subject name: Pathology | 35e5b5ae-82da-4f68-a011-91818a64c684 | [{'content': 'Von Willebrand factor is secreted by which of the following? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Macrophages, B. Endothelial cells, C. Platelets, D. Fibroblast', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Endothelial cells contain intracellular stores known as WeibelPallad bodies which contain Von-willebrand factor and P-selectin.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Medicine | 6acbfeaf-7cbc-44d4-8d2c-e5555da695a2 | [{'content': 'Factors affecting the treatment of MI \nSelect and explain. \nA. Regional wall motion abnormality, B. Troponin level, C. Both, D. None', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pediatrics | ee3171ee-b65b-477b-9a73-ea8316b648aa | [{'content': 'All of the following are features of systemic Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis except – \nSelect and explain. \nA. Uveitis, B. Rash, C. Fever, D. Hepatosplenomegaly', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: The eye manifestation are seen in Pauciarticular and Polyarticular JRA but not in systemic JRA.\nJuvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis can be divided in 3 major clinical types', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Medicine | b934e553-46ba-4692-a9cc-cc1ae26e7d4f | [{'content': 'An 80 kg male patient presented to the emergency with hypotension and you have been instructed to sta him on an inotrope at a dose of 10 mcg/kg/min. Each 5 mL amp of the drug contains 200 mg drug. You choose 2 ampules of the drug and decide to mix it with saline to make a 250 mL solution. What should be the flow rate of the drug solution to maintain the BP of the patient (assuming 16 drops = 1 mL)? \nSelect and explain. \nA. 4 drops/min, B. 8 drops/min, C. 10 drops/min, D. 16 drops/min', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Ans: B. 8 drops/minA dosing of 10 mgm/kg/min of drug is requiredWeight = 80 kgTotal dose required = 10x80 = 800 mgm/min = 0.8 mg/minNow two 5 mL ls each containing 200 mg is diluted to a 250 mL solution.i.e. 400 mg is mixed in 250 mLConcentration of solution: 1 mL = 400/250 = 1.6 mg/mLNow, 1 mL 16 drops = 1.6 mg i.e. 16 drops contain 1.6 mgHence, 0.8 mg/min = 8 drops/min = 0.5 mL/min', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pediatrics | f9739409-2790-47a9-80b7-98c70f0bcc16 | [{'content': "A two year old girl child is brought to the out patient with features of hand wringing stereotype movements, impaired language and communication development, breath holding spells, poor social skills and deceleration of head growth after 6 months of age. The most likely diagnosis is – \nSelect and explain. \nA. Asperger's syndrome, B. Rett's syndrome, C. Fragile x–syndrome, D. Colarad syndrome", 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: This 2 years child has following problems.\n\n\nHand wringing movements.\nImpaired language and communication development.\nBreath holding spells\nPoor social skills\nDecleration of hand growth after 6 months.\n\n\nNow see the clinical features of Rett syndrome.\n\na. Age of onset is around 5 months.\n\nDevelopment may proceed normally until 1 yr of age, when regression of language and motor milestones become apparent.\n\na. Acquired microcephaly (Decleration of head growth due to significantly reduced brain weight).\n* Most children develop peculiar sighing respirations with intermittent periods of apnea that may be associated with cyanosis --> Breath holding spells.\n\nThe hallmark of Rett syndrome is repetitive hand wringing movements and a loss ofpurposeful and spontaneous use of the hands.\nAutistic behavior is a typical finding in all patients.\nGeneralized tonic-clonic convulsions occur in the majority.\nFeeding disorder and poor weight gain are common.\nDeath occurs in adolescence or in the 3rd decade.\nCardiac arrhythmias may result in sudden, unexpected death.\nClinical features given in question prefectly match with Rett syndrome\n\nAsperger syndrome \n\nQualitative impairment in the development of reciprocal social interaction.\nMore common in males\nNormal intelligence.\nEccentric interests.\nNo language impairments that characterize autism.\nChildren with Asperger syndrome appear to be at high risk for other psychiatric disorder', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 541cbd4f-c0d8-43b8-bebe-9fabaa9023cd | [{'content': "How many scores are used in modified Dean's fluorosis index? \nSelect and explain. \nA. 4, B. 6, C. 8, D. 5", 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: B \nExplanation: DEAN'S FLUOROSIS INDEX\n\nIt was introduced by Trendley\xa0H. Dean in 1934. It is also known as 'Dean's Classification System For Dental Fluorosis'.\nThe criteria for Dean's fluorosis index was based on a\xa07-point ordinal scale: normal, questionable, very mild, mild, moderate, moderately severe, and severe.\n\nDean's Fluorosis Index – Modified Criteria (1942)\n6 points – Normal, questionable, very mild, mild, moderate, severe.\nEssentials of preventive and community dentistry\n5th edition\nSoben Peter", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2019, Subject name: Microbiology | a1bea2c7-217e-4240-a208-541618437eec | [{'content': 'Beta 3 glucan assay testing not done for \nSelect and explain. \nA. Invasive candidiasis, B. Aspergillosis, C. Pneumocystis carnii, D. Mucormycosis', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: Beta 3 glucan assay is used to detect the presence of beta 3 glucan in the fungal cell wall. It is used for Invasive candidiasis, Aspergillosis, Pneumocystis cranii but not for Mucormycosis.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: ENT | b192b045-d178-4bbf-8796-3c26dae548f3 | [{'content': 'Topical treatment for recurrent respiratory papillomatosis includes: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Acyclovir, B. Cidofovir, C. Ranitidine, D. Zinc', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Ans: B. Cidofovir(Ref Dhingra 74, p346, 6/c, p305).Cidofovir:Topical treatment for recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (Incomplete in stopping tumor growth).Mostly injected to control frequency of tumor growth.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | b81486a0-3a2d-447b-b740-7d086488d10c | [{'content': 'More than 80% cephalic index of a patient indicates which of the following \nSelect and explain. \nA. Brachycephalic, B. Mesocephatic, C. Dolicocephalic, D. Depends on age', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2018, Subject name: Pharmacology | c3b4d610-571b-4e86-be27-d41b8b2efc65 | [{'content': 'Major determinant of loading dose of a drug is \nSelect and explain. \nA. Half life, B. Clearance, C. Volume of distribution, D. Bioavailability', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: LOADING DOSE = Vd * target plasma concentration MAINTENANCE DOSE = Clearance * target plasma concentration', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 149a2ddf-56f1-431b-ba74-5ba05950ae9e | [{'content': 'Divergence from contact area in proximal surfaces\ncauses embrasures: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Facially, B. Lingually, C. Cervically, D. Facially, lingually, cervically & occlusally', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Radiology | b973cb7b-da19-43d1-a05c-7fa5ec994cdc | [{'content': 'Yellowish-brown staining of the IOPA dental X-ray film is due to: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Immersion in fixer without washing, B. Increased temperature of developer, C. Increased exposure time, D. Drying away of the developer solution', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | 870f28d5-6352-429f-a3c0-a881671f6d37 | [{'content': 'Which of the following is not ture about increased intracraniaL pressure \nSelect and explain. \nA. Headache, B. Nausea / vomiting, C. Muscle twitching, D. Somnolence', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | f90856e7-a924-43b9-9e08-89b95508c61f | [{'content': 'Retromolar pad: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Should not be covered by Low denture, B. Should be covered by lower denture, C. Has tendon of temporal muscle attached to it, D. Disappears on eruption of mandibular last molars', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Biochemistry | 5f653449-2396-4d96-83e8-f4d2d3cb43be | [{'content': 'The process of transfer of information from the RNA to the proteins is called: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Mutation, B. Translation, C. Transcription, D. Conjugation', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pharmacology | 5891372b-60e8-4a7c-b773-48598b2712e3 | [{'content': 'All of the following are potentially serious side effects of thioamide group of antithyroid drugs except: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Hepatic dysfunction, B. Severe rash, C. Agranulocytosis, D. Anaphylaxis', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: Ans: D. Anaphylaxis(Ref. Goodman Gilman 12/e p1149; Katzung 13/e p671, 12/e p688)Adverse effects of anti-thyroid drugs:Most serious reaction: AgranulocytosisMC reaction: Mild, purpuric, uicarial papular rash.Less frequent complications: Pain & stiffness in joints, paresthesias, headache, skin pigmentation & loss of hair.ANCAs in -50% of patients receiving propylthiouracil.Cholestatic jaundice - More common with methimazole than propylthiouracil.Propylthiouracil-associated hepatic failure.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pathology | 10b14133-7f8a-43dd-ab66-b0cfd0c784c2 | [{'content': 'In which stage of neurocysticercosis, there is no edema? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Vesicular, B. Vesicular colloidal, C. Granular nodular, D. Nodular calcified', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: Ans. d. Nodular calcified (Ref Robbins 9/e1)395, SA, 1)392-393)Surrounding edema is seen in the colloidal vesicular and granular nodular stages.StageCyst wallScolexCommentVesicularNon-enhancingWall defined membraneOnly one ble scolexEccentric hyperdense hole-with-dot" appearanceSuggestive of ble larvaColloidalRing Enhancing with perilesional edemaDegenerating scolexFluid becomes more turbidEarliest stage in the cyst involution - larval degenerationGranularFocal nodular enhancing necrotic lesions with perilesional edemaDegenerating scolexEosinophilic structure Bladder and scolex are in various stages of disintegationCalcifiedSmall hyperdense nodules without perilesional edema', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2018, Subject name: Pathology | f3f3ad74-951f-4907-913d-f5c6c6c2dd2a | [{'content': 'Which of the following is not a pa of the quadruple test for antenatal detection of Down syndrome? \nSelect and explain. \nA. AFP, B. Estriol, C. Beta HCG, D. Inhibin B', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: TRIPLE TEST b Hcg || a feto protein || Estriol || QUADRAPLE TEST BHcg || A feto protein || Estriol || Inhibin A ||', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Microbiology | 3d3896ce-b736-4e9a-bb7e-cb4608cdd29a | [{'content': 'Antibody-dependent enhancement is implicated in the immunopathogenesis of which disease? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Influenza, B. Staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome, C. Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome, D. Dengue hemorrhagic fever', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: Ans: D. Dengue hemorrhagic feverAntiborly-dependent enhancement is implicated in the immunopathogenesis of Dengue hemorrhagic fever.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pharmacology | eddd8435-1826-40ba-97d9-83a73e23a5f3 | [{'content': 'The drug not belonging to amide group \nSelect and explain. \nA. Procaine, B. Xylocaine, C. Lignocaine, D. Bupivacaine', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 56889b42-0d93-428e-bc1e-b4e7432944a7 | [{'content': 'Extra retention in abutment teeth is obtained with: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Dovetail, B. Slots, pins and grooves, C. Outline form, D. Increasing tooth reduction', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 815a13ca-72f8-4964-8732-04f03b313aa4 | [{'content': 'Sonic frequency range is: \nSelect and explain. \nA. 1000-2000 Hz, B. 1500-6000 Hz, C. 20,000-30,000 Hz, D. 10,000 Hz', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 4a7410ad-78f0-457e-abf9-b5beb5ec4a1c | [{'content': 'Cause of apical periodontitis is/are: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Sequel of pulpal diseases, B. Wedging of foreign object between the teeth, C. High points in restoration, D. All of the above', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: Apical periodontitis (AP) may occur in a vital or nonvital tooth.\nCauses of AP in a vital tooth:\n\nAbnormal occlusal contacts\nHigh points in restoration\nWedging of foreign object between the teeth\nTraumatic blow to teeth (Eg: Concussion).\n\nCauses of AP in a nonvital tooth:\n\nSequelae of pulpal diseases\xa0\xa0\nIatrogenic\nApical extrusion of debris through apical foramen during RCT.\nPushing irrigants or medicaments or obturating material through apical foramen.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 3c7f7351-8925-4c0e-89e7-1d4b8e806797 | [{'content': "Which of the following series act as the best space\nmaintainer in a child's mouth? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Restored deciduous tooth, B. Acrylic partial denture, C. Distal shoe space maintainer, D. Band and loop space maintainer", 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pediatrics | 5900458a-b839-47eb-a745-b93e35ba2d40 | [{'content': "Most common cause of postauricular lymphadenopathy in children : \nSelect and explain. \nA. Sore throat, B. Pediculosis capitis, C. Pulmonary Koch's, D. Chronic suppurative otitis media", 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Posterior or Suboccipital cervical lymphadenopathy is caused by Roseola, Rubella, Scalp infections.\nThe lymphatic drainage of posterior scalp is to the occipital region.\nPosterior or Suboccipital cervical lymphadenopathy without obvious disease or secondary infection is\xa0characteristic of lice.\nSecondary pyodenna due to scratching may result in matting together of the hair and cervical and occipital lymphadenopathy.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | a629e297-c858-4665-8991-b4c49606bf38 | [{'content': 'Infected mandibular angle fracture is treated by? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Mini plates, B. Reconstruction plates, C. Champy plate at upper border, D. IMF + ID', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: We can never place a foreign object(implant mini plates or reconstruction plates) at infection site.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 10bc576b-b04f-41cf-ba0f-f6536df45ca2 | [{'content': 'Of all the solvent used to dissolve Gutta Percha, safest & efficacious G.P. solvent is? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Halothane, B. Chloroform, C. Methylchloroform, D. Xylene', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Physiology | e1cf9f3f-2fd8-40e3-96c3-1a6ecb016b22 | [{'content': 'The following enzyme is responsible for thirst mechanism during dehydration? \nSelect and explain. \nA. ADH, B. Noradrenaline, C. Epinephrine, D. Dopamine', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Ans. A. ADH* Because, arginine vasopressin (AVP) also known as antidiuretic hormone, cannot reduce water loss below a ceain minimum level obligated by urinary solute load and evaporation from skin and lungs, a mechanism for ensuring adequate intake is essential for preventing dehydration.* This vital function is performed by the thirst mechanism.* Like AVP, thirst is regulated primarily by an osmostat that is situated in the anteromedial hypothalamus and is able to detect very small changes in the plasma concentration of sodium and ceain other effective solutes.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Medicine | 6345cacc-9150-4410-8add-3153eaed701c | [{'content': 'Ptosis may be caused by a lesion of the: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Oculomotor nerve, B. Superior oblique, C. Trigeminal nerve, D. Trochlear nerve', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pediatrics | 6f03967a-8c4b-4a57-8443-1c81d4543711 | [{'content': 'The treatment of choice for primary grade V vesicoureteric reflux involving both kidneys in a 6 month old boy is – \nSelect and explain. \nA. Antibiotic prophylaxis, B. Ureteric reimplantation, C. Cystoscopy followed by subureteric injection of teflon, D. Bilateral ureterostomies.', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Since the age of the boy is less than 1 year we will try medical management.\nSee the below given tables from Nelson and the answer will be clear.\n\nTreatment Recommendation for VUR diagnosed following a UTI', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pharmacology | 82356aae-5bd4-4503-acab-5f70c0db6bee | [{'content': 'Idiosyncratic side-effects of carbamazepine are all except: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Steven-Johnson syndrome, B. Agranulocytosis, C. Rash, D. Blurred vision', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: Answer- D. Blurred visionDiplopia (not the blurring of vision) is a dose related side effect of carbamazepine, while others are idiosyncratic, reactions."The most common dose-related adverse effects of carbamazepine are diplopia and ataxia. The diplopia often occursfirst and may last less than an hour during a paicular time of day', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pathology | f3b10e99-fb84-459f-8947-e90618a9e6c8 | [{'content': 'Neoplasia of blood vessel is called \nSelect and explain. \nA. Angioma, B. Hematoma, C. Lymphosarcoma, D. Papilloma', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Anatomy | 298fc434-3b3e-48bf-bd3b-cd93efb45fdb | [{'content': 'Which of the following is innervated by the vagus nerve? \nSelect and explain. \nA. The levator veli palatine (levator palatini), B. The posterior belly of digastric, C. Mylohyoid, D. The tensor veli palatine (tensor palatini)', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2017, Subject name: Pathology | da143133-e8d3-44d6-a66d-607ed0bcf458 | [{'content': 'A voluntary donor underwent apheresis for platelet donation for the first time after which he developed perioral tingling and numbness. This is seen because \nSelect and explain. \nA. His platelet count was low for donation, B. He underwent apheresis for the first time, C. Due to fluid depletion, D. Due to citrate based anticoagulant', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: SDP-Single Donor Platelet are preffered. -In this process whole bloodis drawn from one arm into a sterile kit inside a cell separating machine. -The machine separates the bloodso that onlyplateletsand plasma are collected. -The other bloodcomponents (red cells and white cells) are returned to thedonor the same arm. -Because we want the blood to flow in the proper way, so we will do addition of anti-coagulant solution like citrate based anti-coagulant. -This anti-coagulant solution will not only prevent clot formation but will also cause decrease in the concentration of ionized Ca2+ - causing transient hypocalcemia which will lead to Perioral tingling and numbness. To prevent this condition from happening we prescribe oral calcium supplementation to the respective patient or we reduce the flow of device through which the blood is supposed to pass.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Gynaecology & Obstetrics | a2106819-7406-4698-8f7d-b166a05fe17e | [{'content': 'P3L3 came to opd with postcoital bleeding and pap positive p/v cervix hyperophied bleed on touch diagnosis - \nSelect and explain. \nA. CA cervix, B. Fibroid, C. Cervicitis, D. Cervical polyp', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Ans. A. CA cervixSYMPTOMS:Arises from: Squamo-columnar junctionEarliest symptom: Post-coital bleedingAs the cancer progresses, symptoms may include:Unusual vaginal dischargeVaginal bleeding between periodsBleeding after menopausePyometraBleeding or pain during sexMC site: EctocervixLymph nodes affected: Obturator, hypogastric and external iliacTime taken for conversion of CIN to invasive Ca: 10 yearsMC type: Squamous cell Ca100% cure rates are seen in: CISUremia: altered sensorium and is having hiccupsMC cause of death: Renal failureCa cervix can be prevented by screeningBoth positive Pap smear and test is suggestive of CA cervix', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2019, Subject name: Surgery | 6ec2995f-3b3d-495c-8768-98368ad2b08d | [{'content': 'Which of the following PPE (Personal Protective Equipment) is removed first? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Gloves, B. Face shield, C. Gown, D. Mask', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Personal protective equipment: PPE - protect the user against health or safety risks at work. Can include items such as safety helmets, gloves, eye- protection, high visibility clothing, safety footwear and safety harness. It can also include respiratory protective equipment (RPE) Order of removing PPE: Gloves Face shield Gown Mask', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pathology | e0d6862e-e62f-4aa6-a4b1-f42c042e46c6 | [{'content': 'A cyst occurs under the tongue, caused by obstruction of a salivary gland. Such a cyst is called: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Mucocele, B. Ranula, C. Derrnoid cyst, D. Dentigerous cyst', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Gynaecology & Obstetrics | c97369ec-b7b9-405c-ba9c-35cfdae8ce24 | [{'content': 'What is the maximum capacity of Bakri balloon which is used in post paum hemorrhage? \nSelect and explain. \nA. 200 mL, B. 300 in L, C. 500 mL, D. 1000 m L', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Ans: C. 500 mLBakri balloon:Inseed & inflated to tamponade endometrial cavity to stop bleeding.Initially staed by rapidly infusing at least 150 mL followed by fuher instillation over a few minutes for a total of 500 mL to arrest hemorrhage.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pharmacology | f14171b9-69fe-4e7f-b004-40f2eb8d4b8c | [{'content': 'All of these are G2 phase blockers except: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Etoposide, B. Topotecan, C. Paclitaxel, D. Daunorubicin', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: C \nExplanation: Ans: C. Paclitaxel(Ref: Goodman Gilman 121e p1708; Katzung 13/e p932, 12Ie p963; KDT 7/e p865)Paclitaxel:Taxane, which act by causing disruption of the cell's microtubule function by stabilizing microtubule formation.Acts on the M-phase of cell division.Binds specifically to the P-tubulin subunit of microtubules and antagonizes the disassembly of this key cvtoskeletal protein, with the result that bundles of micro-tubules and aberrant structures derived from microtubules appear in the mitotic phase of the cell cycle.Arrest in mitosis follows.", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | bf4732f0-2a61-4911-8463-11e3bee37870 | [{'content': 'The primary action of topical fluoride is a: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Conversion of hydroxyapatite to fluoroapatite, B. Decrease in the plaque bacteria, C. Form a reservoir in saliva, D. Improve morphology of teeth', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pediatrics | 2e78ce60-b4af-41c4-b2bd-595a6e728c1d | [{'content': 'A child is admitted on 7 days of life with severe respiratory distress and shock. He was discharged 2 days back healthy. What could be the probable diagnosis – \nSelect and explain. \nA. VSD large, B. Hypoplastic left heart syndrome, C. Ebstein anomaly, D. AP window defect', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: B \nExplanation: livpolastic left heart syndrome \n\nHypoplastic left heart syndrome occurs when parts of the left side of the heart (mitral valve, left ventricle, aortic valve, and aorta) do not develop completely. The condition is present at birth (congenital).\nHypoplastic left heart is a rare type of congenital heart disease. It is more common in males than in females. As with most congenital heart defects, there is no known cause. About 10 % of patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome also have other birth defects.\nThe problem develops before birth when the left ventricle and other structures do not grow properly, including the:\n\n(i) Aorta-the blood vessel that carries oxygen-rich blood from the left ventricle to the entire body\nEntrace and exit of the ventricle\nMitral and aortic valves\n\nThis causes the left ventricle and aorta to be poorly developed, or hypoplastic. In most cases, the left ventricle and aorta are much smaller than normal.\nIn patients with this condition, the left side of the heart is unable to send enough blood to the body. As a result, the right side of the heart must maintain the circulation for both the lungs and the body. The right ventricle can support the circulation to both the lungs and the body for awhile, but this extra workoad eventually causes the right side of the heart to fail.\nThe only possibility of survival is a connection between the right and left side of the heart, or between the systemic\n\narteries and pumonary arteries (the blood vessels that carry blodd to the lungs). Babies are normally born with two\nof these connections:\n(i) Foramen ovale (a hole between the right and left atrium)\nDuctus arteriosus (a small vessel that connects the aorta to the pulmonary artery)\n\nBoth of these connections normally close on their own a few days after birth.\nIn babies with hypoplastic left heart syndrome, blood from the right side of the heart travels through the ductus arteriosus. This is the only way for blood to get to the body. if the ductus arteriosus is allowed to close in a baby with hypoplastic left heart syndrome, the patient may quickly die because no blood will be pumped to the body.\nBabies with known hypoplatic left heart syndrome are usually started on a medicine to keep the ductus arteriosusopen.\nBecause there is little or no flow out of the left heart, blood reaming to the heart from the lungs needs to pass through the foramen ovale or an atrial septal defect (a hole connecting the collecting chambers on the left and right sides of the heart) back to the right side of the heart. If there is no foramen ovale, or if it is too small, the baby could die. Patients with this problem have the hole between their atria opened, either with surgery or using a thin, flexible tube (heart catheterization).\n\nSymptoms\n\nAt first, a newborn with hypoplastic left heart may apper normal. Symptoms usually occur in the first few hours of life, although it may take up to a few days to develop symptoms. These symptoms may include:\n\n\nBluish (cyanosis) or poor skin color\nCold hands and feed (extremities)\n\n\nLethargy\n\n\nPoor pulse\nPoor suckling and feeding\nPounding heart\nRapid breathing\nShortness of breath.\nSince the systemic circulation is dependent on the patent ductus arteriosus the closure of ductus arterious leads to shock.\nSigns of heart failure usually appears within the first few days or weeks of life and include dyspnoea, hepatomegaly and low cardiac output. When PDA closes suddenly shock occurs all the peripheral pulses may be weak or absent.\n\nVentricular septal defect\n\nThese patients with VSD's become symptomatic around 6-10 weeks of age.\nThey usually present with congestive cardiac failure.\n\nEbstein's anomaly \n\nEbstein's anomaly consists of downward displacement of an abnormal tricuspid value into the right ventricle.\nThese patients usually present in teenage/adolescent years.\nThey may also present in infancy but they usually do not present with shock or severe hypoperfusion.\n\nAorticopulmonary window defect\n\nAn Aorticopulmanry window defect consists of a communication between the ascending Aorta and the main pulmonary artery.\nIn these cases minimal cyanosis is present and they may present with heart failure in infancy.", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pathology | 90b7e4be-4395-4305-9f19-8499bc1bff4a | [{'content': "A 20 years old boy presented with persistent cervical lymphadenopathy for the past 1 year. Histopathology of lymph node shows Reed-Sternberg cells with focal nodularity and background of T reactive lymphocytes. The cells were positive for CD20, LCA, EMA and negative for CD15 and CD30 and EBV negative. Diagnosis is: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin's lymphoma, B. Lymphocyte rich Hodgkin's lymphoma, C. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, D. Small cell lymphoma", 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Answer- A. Nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin\'s lymphomaThis tumor contains so-called L&H (lymphocytic and histiocytic) variants, which have a multilobed nucleus resembling a popcorn kernel ("popcorn cell"). Eosinophils and plasma cells are usually scant or absent. In contrast to the Reed-Sternberg cells found in classical forms of HL, L&E variants express B-cell markers typical of germinal-cenler B cells, sach as CD20 and BCL6, and are usually negative for CD15 and CD30.Histological diagnosis is established by presence of Reed-Sterntrerg cells along with background of mixed inflammation consisting of neutrophils, plasma cells, eosinophils & histiocytes.Reed-Sternberg cells are large and are either multinucleated or have a bilobed nucleus (thus resembling an "owl\'s eye" appearance) with prominent eosinophilic inclusion-like nucleoli.Reed-Sternberg cells are CD30 & CD15 positive, usually negative for CD20 & CD45.Nodular sclerosisMC subtype; usually stage I or ll disease frequent mediastinal involvementMore common in females, most patients young adults', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Anatomy | 82d43b40-d7e9-427f-8870-81445cc14391 | [{'content': 'Among all of the following foramens in the base of skull, which is, the most posteriorly present: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Foramen spinosum, B. Foramen rotundum, C. Foramen ovale, D. All at same level', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | 6370f514-0f67-4a88-835d-9d94a6ffa24d | [{'content': 'Most common pathognomonic sign of mandibular fracture: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Sublingual hematoma., B. Malocclusion, C. Tenderness, D. Buccal hematoma.', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Sublingual hematoma is the best pathognomonic sign.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | 1c392503-537c-4926-a3bc-3daf8ddefeb3 | [{'content': 'Open reduction of condylar fracture is strongly indicated in\n(Or)\nAbsolute indication for open reduction in condylar fractures \nSelect and explain. \nA. Condyle fracture along with body fracture, B. Lateral displacement of the condyle (or) Lateral fracture dislocation condyle, C. 200 angulations, D. Condyle is separated from the stump', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2018, Subject name: Pediatrics | 9572a3f9-b8a0-4fc4-96a1-cc0409721155 | [{'content': 'BCG is maximally protective against:- \nSelect and explain. \nA. Pulmonary TB, B. Pulmonary and CNS TB, C. CNS and Disseminated TB, D. Extra pulmonary TB', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: BCG VACCINE: - Vaccine used in India- Copenhagen strain - Primarily includes cell-mediated immunity - It has low protective efficacy against primary infection & pulmonary infection & all forms of TB - But enables satisfactory protection against severe forms of TB like Miliary TB, Tubercular meningitis & reduces moality', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | d8c8d387-cac9-4633-b85c-9fd5f0aa2dd2 | [{'content': 'A patient underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy and was discharged on the same day. On postoperative day 3, he presented to the hospital with fever. Ultra-sonography showed a 5 x 5 cm collection in the right sub diaphragmatic region. What will be the manage!ment? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Observe with antibiotic cover, B. Re-explore the wound with T-tube inseion, C. Pigtail inseion and drainage, D. ERCP and proceed', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Answer- C. Pigtail inseion and drainageThis patienl is most likely having a biliary leak from the cystic duct stump, which has formed a large 5 x 5 cm collection.Such a patient needs to be managed with intravenous antibiotics as well as drainage of the collections (as it acts as source of injection). Ultrasound guided pigtail inseion is the easiest method to obtain adequate drainage of the bile leak.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Medicine | e367bed7-6413-438a-94c7-bf4a3d7b4f4b | [{'content': 'About Transfusion Related Acute Lung Injury (TRALI), all of the following are true except: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Signs and symptoms usually subsides within 2-3 weeks of onset, B. Suppoive care is the mainstay of treatment, C. Steroids have a doubtful role in management, D. Moality is less than 10%', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: A \nExplanation: Ans: A. Signs and symptoms usually subsides within 2-3 weeks of onset(Ref Harrison 19/e p138e-5, 18/e pg 1217 Wintrobe's 14/e p 575)TRALI - Treatment & recovery:Recovery within 2-3 days (instead of 2-3 weeks).No definitive treatment.Suppoive care:Patient's oxygenation improves & return to normal in 2-3 days.", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Gynaecology & Obstetrics | f9be858f-ef2f-475e-9c82-ced530a1a623 | [{'content': 'A pregnant lady is diagnosed to be HBs Ag positive. Which of the following is the best way to prevent infection to the child: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Hepatitis vaccine to the child, B. Full course of Hepatitis B vaccine and immunoglobulin to the child, C. Hepatitis B immunoglobulin to the mother, D. Hepatitis B immunization to mother', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: The best way to prevent infection in a child born to HBsAg positive mother is to give both active and passive immunization.\nInfants born to HBsAg positive mothers should be given hepatitis immunoglobulin (0.5 m 1/m) within 12 hours after birth. Along with this the first dose of hepatitis B recombinant vaccine is given.\nThis is followed by hepatitis B vaccine at 1 and 6 months.\nHepatitis B is not a contraindication for breastfeeding.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Gynaecology & Obstetrics | 4067ea1a-de54-4762-a2d8-54acaaf54a18 | [{'content': 'Which of the following statements concerning hepatitis infection in pregnancy is true?: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Hepatitis B core antigen status is the most sensitive indicator of positive vertical transmission of disease, B. Hepatitis B is the most common form of hepatitis after blood transfusion, C. The proper treatment of infants born to infected mothers includes the administration of hepatitis B immune globulin as well as vaccine, D. Patients who develop chronic active hepatitis should undergo MTP', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Persons at increased risk of hepatitis B infection include homosexuals, abusers of intravenous drugs, healthcare personnel, and people who have received blood or blood products.\nHowever, because of intensive screening of blood for type B hepatitis, hepatitis C has become the major form of hepatitis after blood transfusion. (i.e. option b. incorrect).\nThe most sensitive indicator of positive vertical transmission of disease is HBe antigen. (i.e. option a. incorrect). The proper treatment of infants born to infected mothers include administration of hepatitis B immune globulin as well as vaccine.\nChronic acute hepatitis does not necessarily warrant therapeutic abortion (i.e. option d. incorrect). Fertility is decreased, but pregnancy may proceed on a normal course as long as steroid therapy is continued. Prematurity and fetal loss are increased, but there is no increase in malformations.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Medicine | 1546ba77-5320-472a-9b48-ac0a2734f57a | [{'content': 'Endocarditis is most commonly seen in: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Aortic stenosis., B. Mitral regurgitation., C. Patent ductus arteriosus., D. Venous bypass graft.', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Medicine | 52214090-675c-402d-b898-bb6c05aa3e95 | [{'content': 'A patient with multiple loose teeth requires extraction and has mitral stenosis with mild cardiac insufficiency. He is on enalapril, digoxin, and furosemide. The antibiotic of choice to prevent bacterial endocarditis is: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Amoxicillin, B. Doxycycline, C. Cotrimoxazole, D. Gentamicin', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Ophthalmology | 18c1a5f9-d998-414e-bb9c-991191c10710 | [{'content': 'A patient with a history of diabetes for one year with no other complications should have an ophthalmic examination? \nSelect and explain. \nA. As early as feasible, B. After 5 years, C. After 10 years, D. Only after visual symptoms level', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Answer- A i.e. As early as feasibleAll diabetic (IDDM & NIDDM both) aged over 12 years and/or entering pubey should be screened (visual activity measurement and fundus examination by ophthalmoscopy)For retinopathy. and those with risk for visual loss referred to an ophthalmologist.Type I DM (IDDM) require ophthalmoscopic examination within 3 years of diagnosis and annual review. (If lt is diagnosed before the age of pubey).Type II DM (NIDDM) require ophthalmoscopic examination at the time of diagnosis (because it is usually diagnosed after the age of 12 years) and annual review.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Medicine | 94cfe1dc-7810-4c50-af95-87a3c560f6bb | [{'content': 'An I.V. drug abuser presents with fever for 10 days. CXR shows B/L lower lobe consolidation with necrosis and right sided pyopneumothorax. Probable diagnosis is: \nSelect and explain. \nA. MV endocarditis due to viridans Streptococci, B. TV endocarditis due to Staph. aureus, C. Tuberculosis, D. Pneumocystis jirovecii infection', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Infective endocarditis typically occurs at sites of pre-existing endocardial damage, but infection with particularly virulent or aggressive organisms such as Staphylococcus aureus can cause endocarditis in a previously normal heart. Staphylococcal endocarditis of the tricuspid valve is a common complication of intravenous drug use. Many acquired and congenital cardiac lesions are vulnerable, particularly areas of endocardial damage caused by a high-pressure jet of blood, such as ventricular septal defect, mitral regurgitation and aortic regurgitation, many of which are haemodynamically insignificant. In contrast, the risk of endocarditis at the site of haemodynamically important low-pressure lesions, such as a large atrial septal defect, is minimal.\nReference: : Davidson 23rd ed page no 527', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pediatrics | 0f86c441-70a5-466d-b59f-1512fe88cbfd | [{'content': 'A breast fed child presents with hypernatremia (Serum sodium > 170m Eq/L). His urine sodium is 70 mEq/L. Which of the following is the most likely cause – \nSelect and explain. \nA. Diabetes insipidus, B. Acute necrosis, C. Severe dehydration, D. Excessive intake of sodium', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: The child is having hypernatremia. Serum sodium >170 rnEq/L (Normal level is 135-145 mEq/L).\nUrine sodium is also very high, >70mEq/L (Normal urine sodium level in <20 mEq/L)\nThis combination can be seen with excessive intake of sodium.\nWith excessive intake of sodium there will be increase in serum sodium and excessive excretion of sodium in urine (Kidney tries to compensate for increase in serum sodium by excreting large amount of sodium).\nDiabetes Insipidus\xa0 \xa0 \xa0\xa0->\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0Serum sodium conc. will be high but urine sodium conc. will be very low (Lack of ADH leads to defect in concentration of urine).\nAcute necrosis\xa0 \xa0 \xa0 \xa0 \xa0 \xa0\xa0-> \xa0 \xa0Urine sodium conc. will be high but serum sodium conc. will be low.\xa0\nSevere dehydration\xa0 \xa0\xa0->\xa0 \xa0Urine sodium concentration will be low.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 4329bad6-ab20-42bc-8cb5-b89601d7bdee | [{'content': 'Gingival massage increases blood supply in: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Epidermis, B. Basal layer, C. Lamina propria, D. All of the above', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 3b514c9e-965c-463a-b141-9dcecd91c957 | [{'content': "Initial calcification of crown represents Which Nolla's stage: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Stage 1, B. Stage 2, C. Stage 3, D. Stage 4", 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Stages\n0 : Absence of crypt\n1 : Presence of crypt\n2 : Initial calcification of crown\n3 : 1/3rd calcification of crown – completed\n4 : 2/3rd of crown completed\n5 : Crown almost completed\n6 : Complete calcification of crown. Tooth shows eruptive movement\n7 : 1/3rd of root completed\n8 : 2/3rd of Root completed\n9 : Root almost completed with open apex\n10 : Apical end of Root completed', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 2b325080-a90d-4813-b2bd-cfa4fa246c27 | [{'content': 'Plastic carrier size of 40-90 in carrier base Gutta percha are made from? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Poly propylene, B. Poly Sulphone, C. Poly Sulphide, D. Liquid crystal plastic', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 22f5d1c3-8073-452a-937e-63414dc5065e | [{'content': 'All of the following are true for light cure composite except: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Held at distance of 1 mm from tooth, B. Use of orange glass shield for eye protection, C. Polymerization reaction continues for a period of 72 hours, D. Adding increments of 1-2 mm', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: In case of light cure composites, application of light source to the composite material\xa0is held at a distance of 1 mm from the tooth surface and the 1-2 mm of increments are added, bulk addition of composite is contraindicated.\xa0\nUsually, 70% of polymerization takes place during the first 10 minutes, though the polymerization reaction continues for a period of 24 hours.\xa0\nThe operator is asked to wear an\xa0orange glass shield for the protection of the eyes.\n\nRef: Textbook of Operative Dentistry, Nisha and Amit Garg, 3rd edition, Pg no:264', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | a9dcb424-8323-4d52-9cf6-22edf370b728 | [{'content': 'The joint which histologically & morphologically best simulate the TMJ is \nSelect and explain. \nA. 5th costochondral graft, B. 3rd metatarsal graft, C. Sternoclavicular graft, D. None of the above', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | 5c0f862f-2651-4ed4-88d4-2456dab0f036 | [{'content': 'A patient sustained A and endotracheal intubation was done. Most likely GCS score of such a patient would be:March 2013 (b, c, d) \nSelect and explain. \nA. 8, B. 10, C. 12, D. 15', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: A \nExplanation: Ans. A i.e. 8Patients with severe head injury, an altered level of consciousness, or a Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score of 8 or less usually require placement of a definitive airway.Orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation can be attempted with cervical spine precautions if a second person maintains axial immobilization of the head to prevent destabilization of the spine.In this patient, GCS score was 8, so endotracheal intubation was done to secure airway.You don't have to calculate the GCS score of this patient after intubation.", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | c6a12e46-d354-43bf-9230-6fe2fb96feab | [{'content': 'Rapid onset of action seen by local anesthesia in small nerve endings is due to \nSelect and explain. \nA. Increased threshold of small nerves due to depolarization, B. Low pH of small nerve fibres, C. High ratio of surface area to the volume of small nerve fibres, D. Increased resting potential of small nerve fibres', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pediatrics | 05887319-687e-4b8e-a850-9c4097ceeef7 | [{'content': 'Which of the following intrauterine infections is associated with limb reduction defects and scarring of skin – \nSelect and explain. \nA. Varicella virus, B. Herpes virus, C. Rubella, D. Parvovirus', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Congenital varicella syndrome is characteristically associated with scarring of skin and limb reduction defect (limb\xa0hypoplasia).\n\nPerinatal chicken Pox (Perinatal varicella infection)\n\nThe baby may develop two types of complications depending on the period of gestation.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 6e76c806-14b1-49b3-a6f9-898a83447e54 | [{'content': 'Acromegaly is associated with \nSelect and explain. \nA. Class. I malocclusion, B. Class. I cross bite, C. Class. II malocclusion, D. Class. III malocclusion', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |